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PK 177.W74
A glossary of judicial and revenue lerrns

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 J"

GLOSSARY
OF

JUDICIAL AND EEYENFE TEEMS,

AND OF

USEPUL WORDS OCCURRING IN OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

RELATING TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE GOVERNMENT

OF

BRITISH INDIA,
mOM THE

ARABIC, PERSIAN, HINDUSTANi, SANSKRIT, HINDI, BENGALI, URIYA, MARATHI,

GUZARATHI, TELUGU, KARNATA, TAMIL, MALAYALAM,
AND OTHER LANGUAGES.

COMPILED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE

AUTHORITY OF THE HONORABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS

OF THE

EAST-INDIA COMPANY.
BY

H. H. WILSON, M.A. F.R.S.

LIBEARIAlf TO THE BAST-IIfDIA COMPANT,
AND
BODEW PROFBSSOB, OP SANSKRIT IN THE HITIVERSITY OP OXFORD,
&C. &C. &C.

LONDON
W^. H. ALLEN AND CO.
BOOKSELLERS TO THE HONORABLE EAST-INDIA COMPANY.

MDCCCLV.
(k
 LONDON
PRINTED BY WILLIAM MAYOR WATTS,
PRINTER TO THE HON. E. I. COMPANY'S COLLEGE, HAILEYBUEY.
 PREFACE.

The numerous documents relating to the administration of the government of India by the East-India
Company which have been printed, and the still more voluminous correspondence which remains in
manuscript, have, from the earliest to the most recent dates, been thickly studded with terms adopted from
the vernacular languages of the country, and commonly inserted without any explanation of their purport.
Various reasons may be assigned for a practice which, to say the least of it, is attended with considerable
perplexity to those who have not studied the languages of India at all, and is not free from embarrassment
even to many by whom those languages have been in part only, or imperfectly acquired. In many cases, no
doubt, it might be difficult or impossible to discover exact equivalents for the native words in English, and the

use of the original term most expressively conveys its meaning to those to whom the occasion of its employment
is famlHar, although they be not Oriental
scholars : Ryot and Ryotwar, for instance, suggest more precise

and positive notions in connexion with the subject of the land revenue in the south of India, than would
be conveyed by cultivator, or peasant, or agriculturist, or by an agreement for rent or revenue with the
individual members of the agricultural classes in this and similar instances the employment of the original
:

native term recommended by the advantages of conciseness and precision.

is

In the far greater number of cases, however, the practice cannot be vindicated by an equally cogent plea,
and must be ascribed to other considerations. It may sometimes, perhaps, be assigned to a pedantic affectation
of conversancy with the native languages, but it
may more frequently be attributed to indolence to a —
reluctance to take the trouble of ascertaining the proper sense of the word, and of seeking for a suitable
equivalent, even where such an equivalent is at hand, and where the original term denotes nothing peculiar
or technical. It is scarcely necessary, for example, to introduce the word Midde in its native dress, when it
" Widow " is quite as much to the purpose as Avlru, especially when
signifies only " an Upper-storied house;" and

the latter is barbarously transmuted to Oheera. It is very obvious, however, that whatever may be the famiharity
acquired in some instances with the spoken language of the Courts of Justice and Revenue, that familiarity
is restricted to a few of the dialects, and that a critical acquaintance, even with those that are understood, is

far from common. This is very evident when, as is sometimes the case, an attempt has been made by ofiicers
of unquestioned efficiency in other respects, to analyse etymologically the terms they employ, particularly in
regard to the languages of the south of India. Thus it is said by a functionary of more than ordinary merit,
and one who was specially selected for his knowledge of the languages, that the last syllable of Dessaye is
"
a Canarese term for mother," when it is nothing more than the abridgment of adhi,
" over one who is —
placed in authority over a district." The same functionary explains Desmuhh, literally the head or chief
(muhhya) of a country (des), as meaning " ten blows," confounding evidently the Sanscrit des, " a country,"
with the Hindi das, " ten," and mukha, —
" face," with the Hindustani muth, " a fist." East- India Selections,
iv. 798. In fact, the whole linguistic stock of the major portion of the Civil Service was for many years a

Hindustani and less Persian ; and it is only recently that attempts have been made to extend the range
little

of attainment, and place it upon a sound and comprehensive basis.

"Whatever the acquirements, however, of those with whom Indian official documents originate, it is

undeniable that many of those to whom

they are addressed, or for whose information they are designed,

members of the Court of Proprietors, of the Court of Directors, of the Board of Controul, the Houses of
ii PREFACE.
Parliament, the British public, pretend to no acquaintance with the languages of India, and to them an
interpretation of the native words which come hefore them is indispensable. A few may have become almost
naturalized by repetition, but by far the greater number remain Even of the meaning of those
unintelligible.
however which have been longest and most extensively current, precise ideas are not always entertained ; and
it may be doubted if there are many persons, of those who have not been in India, or who have no knowledge

of Hindustani, who possess a ready and correct conception of the purport of such frequently recurring terms,
as Adalat and Zaminddr.
But besides the great proportion of those who may feel It their duty to consult the records of the Indian
governments for information, without pretending to any conversancy with the Indian languages, many even
of those who have been educated for the service of the Company will be occasionally pei-plexed by the
appearance of native terms with which they are unacquainted. The Company's servants at the different
Presidencies are not expected to be proficients In the languages spoken In the territories of other Presidencies
than their own, and yet they must find It of material benefit to be able to consult their records ; while even
In their own branch of the service, they will not unfrequently be crossed by unusual designations. The
Persian or Hindustani scholar will not, therefore, always be competent to appreciate the value of the Sanskrit
and Arabic vocables which constitute the language of Hindu and Mohammadan law. Those languages will
but imperfectly prepare the Bengal •civIHan for Hindi, Bengali, and Panjabi they will be of equally little
:

avail In the peninsula for the Interpretation of terms pertaining to Tamil, Telugu, Karndta, and Malayalim
and they will but lamely help the Bombay servant over the intricacies of MaratM and Guzerathi, to say
nothing of SIndhi and Marwari. Even with the scale of acquirements extended as far as may be reasonably
expected, the great variety of the prevailing forms of speech in India renders It impossible, perhaps, that even
all those which would be of service may be so mastered, that words derived from them will always convey
the meanings they bear independently of such explanation as is to be looked for from a Glossary or a
Lexicon.
Supposing, indeed, that a much more comprehensive and critical acquaintance with the languages of
Itidia existed than that which usually prevails, such knowledge will still not be always sufficient to enable Its

possessor to recognise a native word, howeverhim in its original characters, in the unusual and
familiar to
often preposterous form in which it appears when represented by the English alphabet. Of cQurs^, English
documents cannot admit Oriental letters and Indian words, when transferred from their native garb to an
;

English dress, are often so strangely disguised, that it is always difficult, sometimes impossible, to Identify
them. The causes of their transfiguration are easily understood : they may have been written down by the
European functionary from native enunciation, agreeably to his conception of the sound, without advertence

to the original characters, the only guides entitled to reHance : the ear is far from accurate, particularly the
EngHsh which is unaccustomed to a definite system of pronunciation in its own alphabet, especially as
ear,

regards the vowel sounds. The consequences are, an entire misrepresentation of the original spelling, and a
total want of consistency, the very same word being written in every possible variety of orthography.
Another source of error is the employment of a native amanuensis, who knows a little English, to write the
word, and in all likelihood, he wOl diverge still farther from accuracy than his European superior. The
term thas Incorrectly and blunderingly set down has to be transcribed repeatedly by native copyists for
transmission to higher authority, and eventually, perhaps, to England ; and every time that It is re-written
there is a renewed probability of error. In this state It comes home, and Is here re-copied by English clerks,
who are, of course, unable to correct the most palpable mistakes, and are fully qualified to commit more. In
the last place, it has to be transferred to the press, the correction of which Is entrusted to Incompetent

revision,and by which fresh blunders are copiously grafted on the already abundant crop. Many printed
documents, of the first Importance as to their subjects, and upon which very great expense has been incurred
by the Company, have been rendered almost useless by the innumerable inaccuracies which disfigure almost
every page. The collection, for example, known as Selections from the Judicial and Revenue Records, in four
folio volumes, containing many most important and valuable documents, is all but spoiled by the perpetual
recurrence of such errors as Lokar and Sokar for Lohar; Sale for Lai; Derk and Desh for Berh ; Pottar
for Pot-ddr ; Swinjammy iox Sarivjami ; Kadarnaibh {ov Kaddrambam. Such as these admit of correction
others are more puzzling, but may be corrected conjecturally : Bazar-heetick, is no doubt intended for

Bazar-laithak ; Mohcuddum Quaz appears from the context to be designed for Mukaddam-karz
 PREFACE. iii

and Ooleim holey and Muddum kaley are intended for Uttama kali and Madhyama kali. Others, again,
baffle conjecture. It passesmy ingenuity to propose probable substitutes for Barhee Mutputti, Herymut
desa, or Quaeem seodi jumma. The Selections are not singular in this respect, and strange perversions find
their way into official reports, even when printed in India, where competent revision is more plentiful than it
should be in this country. In the reports of the judicial proceedings in the Zila Courts we have Jummee,
and even Jemmy for Janmi, " one who holds a birthright ;" and Halfan, " by or upon oath," is metamorphosed
to Hul Fun. Documents emanating from the highest authority are not exempt from such disfigurement.
In the Instructions to the Settlement Officers from the Governor of the North-west Provinces we have
Dhurkast for Durkhast ; and in the Decisions of the Sadr Adalat we find Tun-khaw for Tamkhwah, and
Joonmoohoostee for Junum-moohoortee, "the hour of nativity." Now, whether these be blunders of
transcription or typography, they are calculated to perplex even Oriental scholars, and are grave blemishes in
documents emanating from authority, and intended to communicate information on which implicit reliance
may be placed.
The deficiencies in this respect, of the pubhshed and unpublished documents relating to India, as well as the
want of a more comprehensive key to the numerous native terms employed than any previously compiled, having
been brought to the attention of the Court of Directors in August 1842, it was resolved to adopt measures for
forming a Glossary of words in current use in various parts of India, relating to the administration of public
business in every department, the want of which had long been found a source of much inconvenience. Under
an impression that this could not be effected without the co-operation of the Company's servants locally
employed in all parts of India, instructions were given to the Supreme Government of India to call upon the
functionaries at the several Presidencies for their assistance. In order to serve as a guide for their proceedings,
a rough Glossary, alphabetically arranged, was compiled in the India-House, taken chiefly from a list of
words collected by the Mr. Warden during his residence at Bombay, and from sundry printed collections
late

and a sufficient number of printed copies were transmitted to India for distribution to the several officers. In
this Glossary the words were inserted purposely as they were met with, without any attempt to correct them, or to

reduce their spelling to a uniform system ; as, in the absence of the native characters, any attempt to represent
the words in those of Europe might only have multiplied the obvious inaccuracies of the original collection
their correction was left to the Indian authorities, by whom the proper native orthography could be most
readily ascertained, and they were instructed to return the lists in an accurate form, and accompanied by the
native characters of the district in which the words were current. The authorities were also directed to add
to the collection the many words that were known to be wanting, and to subjoin full, carefal, and accurate
explanations of their meaning. The copies were printed- in such a shape as to admit of the insertion of the
requisite additions and emendations, and several hundreds were sent out fi'om time to time, with an expectation
expressed that they would be returned in six months from the time of their distribution. The final
arrangement of the whole work was to be committed to the compiler of the present publication.
After a much more protracted interval than that of six months, the rough Glossaries found their way
back from Bengal and partially from Madras from Bombay none returned. The latter default was not
:

much to be regretted, for however judicious the design, its execution at the other Presidencies proved almost
an entire failure. Many of the lists came back blank had not been cut; in the far
; of several the leaves
greater number, a mere pretence of doing something was displayed by the insertion of a few terms neither
novel nor important a few afforded some serviceable materials, especially when, as was frequently the case,
;

the task had been transferred to the subordinate officers, Munsiffs, Amins, Sadr-amins, and Deputy-collectors,
the uncovenanted servants of the Company. Some of these did furnish lists of native terms, of a useful
description, written in both the English and native characters. Several of the native officers, however,
misapprehended the object of the and admitted a copious infusion of words which had no peculiarly
collection,
official significations. More than one, indeed, in Upper India, turned to Shakespear's Hindustani Dictionary, and
deliberately covered the blank pages of the Glossary with words taken at random from the Lexicon. The practice
was too glaringly obvious to be doubted ; but it was confessed one of the perpetrators, Mir Shahamat
to me by
Ali, whom I taxed with it when in England. He was an individual eminently qualified to have responded
to the intentions of the Court as an efficient public officer, a scholar, and a man of ability ; but so little interest
was felt in Jndia in the subject, such was the unwillingness to devote any time or trouble to the task, that
eren he evaded its performance. The same feelings pervaded the service in Bengal. At Madras, matters
iv PREFACE,
were not much better. The returns were collected by the Persian and Telugu translator to tlie Government,
Mr. C. P. Brown, and embodied in one compilation. The character which he gives of those returns shews
that they were equally meagre and insufficient as those of Bengal. He has since printed therd, enlarged with
additions of his own, under the denomination of a Zillah Dictionary, the utiUty of which is somewhat impaired by
the erroneous explanations derived from the documents with which he had been furnished. From his aggregate
collection in manuscript, some useful terms, however, have been •obtained, although their accuracy has been
rendered occasionally questionable by the observations of the Board of Revenue on the printed form which was
not received in time to be made much use of. From Madras, also, came two serviceable lists supplied by the
Residents at Mysore and Hyderabad, Generals Cubbon and Fraser. From Bombay, as already observed, not a
single list has been returned. The fate which has attended a measure so judiciously conceived, and so well
calculated to have brought together a large body of valuable information of the most authentic character, is
far from creditable to the public zeal and philological proficiency of the East-India Company's Civil Service.
One honourable exception must, however, be acknowledged. " Observing with regret that the call for
information had not been responded to, except to a very limited extent, by any of the officers under the
control of theBoard of Revenue of the North-western Provinces," of which he was then a member, the late
—
Sir Henry Elliot whose early death has deprived the Bengal Civil Service of a most zealous and accomplished
—
Oriental scholar, and an enlightened and efficient public officer undertook to supply the deficiency, and to
put together the information he had collected respecting the tribes, the customs, and the fiscal and agricultural
terms ciurent in Upper India. The collection was printed under the modest designation of a Supplement to
the Glossary, and contains a number of local terms of the most useful and authentic description, arranged
alphabetically according to the order of the English alphabet, but accompanied by the native characters, both
Arabic and Sanksrit, and expressed according to the modified system ^of spelling devised by Dr. Gilchrist, as
well as that of Sir William Jones. The greater portion of the contents of this collection are embodied in the
present, but some, especially the articles relating to the different Hindu clans and tribes, have been
necessarily abbreviated or omitted, as assuming a higher character than that of the mere items of a Glossary,
being, in fact, memoirs subservient to the History of India. The north- west provinces of Hindustan limit the
extent of the compilation of course to Hindi and Urdu terms, and unfortunately, also, the compilation stops
with the letter J. As far, however, as the Supplement goes, it is a contribution to the compilation contemplated
by the Court, of which the value and merit cannot be too highly estimated.
The first little aid was to be expected from
returns of the blank Glossaries from India having proved that
that quarter, became necessary to look round for other sources of information and in the first instance, at
it ;

least, to make use of such as were in print. Of tMs class were Gladwin's Dictionary of Mohammadan Law
and Revenue Terms, Rousseau's Vocabulary of Persian Words in common use in India, and the Indian
Vocabulary of Lieutenant Robertson. For the south of India there were the technical terms attached to Morris's
Telugu Selections, Brown's Gentoo Vocabulary, and Robertson's Glossary in Tamil and English of words used
chiefly in the business of the Courts. There were also, for general reference, the Indices of the Regulations,
whether attached to them separately, or as collectively formed by Dale, Fenwick, and SmaU, the Glossary
of the Fifth Report, and, above all, the Dictionaries of all the principal languages, in which a great number
of technical terms are necessarily comprised, although the explanations are not always as full and particular
as could be wished. The most comprehensive of them in this respect are Major Molesworth's Marathi Dictionary,
Reeves's Kamata Dictionary, and Mohammad Kasim's Dictionary of Guzarathi. The Bengali Dictionaries of
Carey and Houghton are singularly defective in technical and colloquial words. Steele's Summary of the law
and custom of Hindu castes in the Presidency of Bombay affords a mass of very valuable information respecting
the west of India, although sadly disfigured by an uncouth and unsystematic representation of the original words.
These were, in the first instance, available manuscript materials were at first less abundant, and the only
:

collections in the India House were a Glossary of Marathi terms of some extent and authenticity, compiled
for the use of the Bombay Government, and a collection of Malayalim words compiled by the latqMr. Greeme.
The stock of manuscript materials was, however, speedily and importantly augmented.
A collection of Indian technical terms had been for some time in progress, made by my friend Richard
Clarke, EsqJ, whose connexion with the Privy Council in the matter of Indian appeals had impressed him
with the necessity of a general compilation of this description, and whose high position when in India as a
judicial servant of the Madras Government, and wljose attainments as a Tamil scholar, fully qualified him to
 PREFACE. V

supply the want. He had accordingly been diligently engaged in the collection and arrangement of materials
for such a work, and had accumulated a large quantity of the most useful words selected from the Regulations,
from the Reports of the Committees of Parhament' at different dates, from the Selections from the Records,
from the early Reports of cases decided in the Sadr Adalat of Calcutta, from Harington's Analysis of the
Regulations, Elhs's Mirasi Tenures, Malcolm's Central India, Buchanan's Travels and Eastern India, and
various other standard authorities. He had also formed lists of Mohammadan law terms, extracted from the
Hiddya, Macnaghten's Mohammadan Law, and Baillie's Digest, and of Hindu law terms from Colebrooke's
Digest and Law of Inheritance, Macnaghten's Hindu Law, and my Sanskrit Dictionary. There were also
MS. collections of words in the languages of the south of India, accompanied, in some instances, by the native
characters. These materials had been classed and arranged alphabetically, and constituted an aggregate of about
six or seven thousand terms. They were written according to the system of Sir William Jones, but not
accompanied by the native characters. The whole of these materials were most liberally placed at my disposal
by Mr. Clarke, when he learned that I was occupied in a similar task ; and the greater portion of them, all those
which came within the plan of the present compilation, have been incorporated with it, after verifying them by
reference to the authorities whence they were taken, and supplying, wherever practicable, the original native letters.
Copious as were the materials furnished by these different sources, it was very soon evident that the supply
was far from exhausted, and that a great number of words employed in official documents still remained to be
collected and explained. Public documents respecting the judicial and revenue and other departments of the
administration of India have of late years been communicated to the public through the press with a liberality
which, although no doubt in many respects of great public utility, might perhaps be now curtailed with
advantage, as the voluminous extent of the publications who would wish to consult them,
may appal some
and deter them from availing themselves of the information. Thus we have in print Monthly Reports of Cases
decided in the Sadr Courts of Appeal at Calcutta, Agra, Madras, and Bombay ; Monthly Reports of the
Cases decided in the Zila and subordinate Courts of Bengal, the North-west Provinces, and Madras, which have
come latterly to average about 500 pages each, or 6000 pages per annum, or, altogether, 18,000 octavo pages
annually. Besides these, the Settlement Reports of the Revenue Officers of the North-west Provinces have been
printed, and, at all the Presidencies, Extracts from the Records for many years past have been published, or
are in course of publication. AU these documents abound more or less with native terms, which, if not in all

instances strictly technical, are treated as officially current, and are therefore in need of interpretation. All these
have been gone over for several years past, from 1 846 to 1853, and such words as were not previously included
have been added to the compilation.
Still, these, however ample, are not the only authorities which it has been thought advisable to refer to.

Various other public documents are in print, calculated to supply additional materials, such as the Circular
Orders of the Sadr Diwani Adalat ; Instructions to Settlement Officers emanating from the Government of
the North-west Provinces ; the particulars of the Settlement Misl, or Collection of Official Forms ; and other
similar Documents. Others, originating with private intelligence, have been also found of service, such as
Smyth's Bengal Zamindari Accounts Urdu and Hindi, termed Khet-karm, or Field
; the clever Tract in
Business the amusing and instructive
;
" Revelations of an Orderly ;" and a host of contributions to the
Asiatic Researches, the Transactions of the Bombay Literary Society, the Transactions and Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society, and the Journals of the Asiatic Society and Agricultural Society of Bengal, of the
Literary Society of Madras, and of the Branch Asiatic Society of Bombay. The great extent of these several
authorities renders it them more than a cursory examination, and there are,
impossible to have bestowed upon
no doubt, still abundant materials to be gathered from them but they have been consulted with more or less
;

care, and from these and other works incidentally referred to, the collection has been carried far beyond the
limit which was anticipated when the task was undertaken. The Index of the Glossary exhibits an aggregate
of more than 26,000 words and although many of them are mere varieties of spelling, yet the far greater
;

proportion are leading terms, in their correct orthography, agreeably to the system which has been followed in
representing Indian words by the letters of the Roman alphabet.
The only trustworthy representation of an Indian word is its native costume : it can never be thoroughly
nationahsed in any other : but as it has to take a place in English documents, and is addressed to those to whom
it would otherwise be illegible, it is the especial object of the present compilation to give it as faithful an
equivalent as the difference in the values of letters and the peculiarities of national enunciation will permit.
VI PREFACE.
attaching to it at the same time, as a check upon the copy, the original delineation of the word in the letters of
its own alphabet, wherever verifiable, for the use of those who are qualified to make the comparison. To be
able to appreciate, however, the intention of the copy, and to make use of it with advantage, it is necessary
that the principles upon which it has been developed should be properly understood.
The extreme and contradictory variety which prevails in the spelling of Oriental words has been often
made the subject of remark, and not unfrequently of censure. The latter may not be always undeserved yet ;

those who condemn are not always qualified to judge, and they often exhibit in themselves a most
perverse determination not to be set right. Above a century ago the most unexceptionable authorities
established by their example how Mohammed should be spelled, or nearly so, but to so little purpose
that it still is most common to write it Mahommed, and even Mahomet is still far from unfrequent. As
long as this disregard of exactitude is so imiversal it little imports what animadversions may be passed upon
the want of by incompetent judges but those who should know better, those who are acquainted with the
it ;

original languages, are inexcusablewhen they write the native words without reference to their proper form,
and without any consistent or systematic mode of expressing them, each individual writing it as he hears, or
thinks he hears it articulated, and without paying any attention to its original alphabetical structure. It is

undoubtedly true that many of those who are in the habit of hearing and uttering native words in the course
of official duty are unfamiliar with their written forms, and will not take the trouble to acquire a knowledge
of their alphabet. Even, however, when acquainted with the characters, they will not be at the pains
of acquiring a systematic plan of representing them, but write them according to the fancy of the moment,
and with a total indifference to consistency which produces the most needless and incompatible misrepre-
sentations of one and the same word, to an extent that would scarcely be thought possible if it were not
substantiated by and simple words. It would, for instance, be
daily experience, even in the most ordinary
thought impossible to represent Lahhiraj (from " without," and khiraj, " tax,") by any other letters, and
la,

the disciples of the two chief propounders of schemes of Oriental orthography, Sir William Jones and Dr.
Gilchrist, would unhesitatingly concur in the representation ; yet notwithstanding the concurrence of the two
systems, and the simplicity of the original word, we meet with Lahhiraj under the monstrous disguises of
Lakerage, Lackeradge, Lackirnz, Lackerage, Laqueerauz, and Leeakeerazee. It is high time that such
monstrosities should no longer be perpetrated or tolerated, and that the only remedy of which it admits should
be applied— the authoritative enforcement of a uniform system for the representation of the original letters by
those of the English alphabet. For this purpose a system must be devised, and then it must be learned. The
cause of the confusion is, chiefly, neglect of the latter. We have systems, good enough in their respective ways,
but few or none will take the trouble to study and apply them.
The representation of Oriental words by Roman characters has not now for the first time to be considered :

the question was most ably discussed nearly seventy years ago by Sir William Jones, and was placed upon its
right footing in his Memoir, which judiciously prefaces the Researches of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and
commences the first volume, printed in 1788. There are but two principles involved in the adaptation

of one alphabet to another: 1. an analogous classification of the letters themselves, according to their
original arrangement ; or, 2. the representation of their sounds in equivalents of similar enunciation ; in

other words, the one principle is analogy, the other, pronunciation. Sir William Jones adopts the former as

the more simple, universal, consistent, and scientific, and as exempt from the anomalies and contradictions

which the EngHsh alphabet he ingeniously pointed out, every vowel and a diphthong
presents, in which, as

may be used to articulate one and the same soimd, as in the sentence " a mother bird flatters over her

yoimg," in which every vowel of the alphabet and the combination ou has the sound of m in but. He also
instances, in the quotation from Maleherbe, the absurd results that would follow an attempt to transcribe the
original French passage according to even its French pronunciation,— an absurdity which we commonly,
though not invariably, avoid in ordinary life by Writing foreign names, not according to their pronunciation,

but their original spelling. No one would think of writing Paris "Paree," Rousseau " Roosso ;" nor, except in a

conundrum, Toulonani T'owfowse, "Too long "and "Too loose;" audit would be a sorry jest that should convert

Grisi into "Greasy." We do not, therefore, follow sound alone in the Anglicising of European foreign
words ; and the principle is, if possible, still less applicable to the languages of the East.

Not very long, however, after the system of Sir WiUiam Jones had been adopted by the Asiatic Society

of Bengal, the principle of pronunciation was taken up by Dr. Gilchrist, with relation especially to the
 PREFACE. vii

Hindustani language as written in the Arabic and Persian alphabet ; and with great ingenuity he devised a
scheme for expressing the letters of one alphabet by the other, according to their prevailing sounds. This
plan he advocated with an earnestness which savoured something of extravagance but his scheme, as finally
;

developed as his Hindee-Roman Orthoepical Ultimatum, was, with one or two exceptions, exceedingly well
adapted to its object, that of expressing with uniformity and consistency the Oriental characters in English

such a manner that English readers, unacquainted with the former, would be enabled to articulate
letters, in

the words with a very near approach to their correct pronunciation. Here, then, is all that is wanted two —
ingenious systems, one based on analogy, one on pronunciation ; and it is only requisite that a person
proposing to write Oriental words in Roman letters should make himself familiar with one or the other. It
has been more congenial, however, to the natural indolence and self-sufficiency of writers on Indian subjects
to study neither, but to blunder on without any previous preparation, to put down words at random, and
mystify the public with all sorts of incongruous creations.
Although fully adequate to the determination of the principles on which the mutual adjustment of the
Oriental and Roman alphabets ought to be grounded, yet some of the details of the two systemshave been thought
to admit of improvement, and different modifications of both have been from time to time proposed. The system
of Sir William Jones was scrupulously adhered to by Mr. Colebrooke, and prevails in the Asiatic Researches,
and in the Journals of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and of the Royal Asiatic Society; it was used, somewhat
modified, by Sir Charles Wilkins, in his edition of Richardson's Persian Dictionary, and in Shakespear's
Hindustani Dictionary ; nearly unaltered in Rottler's Tamil, Campbell's Telugu, and Bailey's Malayalam
Dictionaries ; and, in a mixed form, in Reeves's Karnata Dictionary. Major Molesworth, in his Marathi
Dictionary, follows generally Dr. Gilchrist's system.The public authorities in Bengal also usually observe a
when they follow any system at all but there is
modification of Gilchrist's spelling, ; little uniformity in this
respect In 1834, a vigorous effort was made in Bengal to establish what was termed the Romanizing system,
or the substitution of the Roman letters for the characters of the country, in aU printed books, and the
project is still in operation to a limited extent. Competent scholars from different Missions, Dr. Duff,
and Messrs. Pearce, Yates, and Thomas ; and distinguished Members of the Company's Service, Mr. H. T.
Prinsep, the late Mr. J. Prinsep, Mr. John Tytler, and Mr., now Sir Charles Trevelyan, took part in the
discussion, and their several communications were collected and printed at Serampore. The different modes
of writing the Oriental words in Roman letters were then fully and fairly considered, and a system nearly
identical with iJiat of Sir William Jones was adopted. Again, in 1845, an intelligent and ingenious
treatiseon the mode of writing Oriental words, having especial reference to the present Glossary, by Mr.
Crow, Deputy Collector, was published in Calcutta, who was wrong only in supposing that the crude
spelling of the Draft Glossary was final. Still more recently, the subject has been taken up by the

Missionaries of England and America, and some eminent German Oriental scholars and philologers and ;

several conferences were held, under the auspices of Chevalier Bimsen, for the purpose of fixing a standard in
Roman characters for the expression of foreign forms of speech, whether possessed of alphabets or without
them. Proposals for a Missionary alphabet founded on these discussions, have been published by my friend
Maximilian Miiller, Professor of Modern Languages in the University of Oxford. There is no lack, therefore,
of careful and competent investigation of the subject; and although uniformity of practice has not been, and
probably will not be, the result, yet an approximation has been made to it, and the principle of analogy,

where alphabets exist, is recognised as preferable to that of pronunciation. Where the language is unwritten,
sound must be more or less the guide but with such forms of speech we have no concern, all the languages of
;

the civilised races of India being provided with alphabets.

In the following pages the principle of analogy has been preferred, and the system of Sir William
Jones has been pursued, with some modifications of detail, which will be particularised in the remarks on the
table of equivalents, which will presently be given. Their object will be rendered more obvious by prefacing a
few general rules for the conversion of one set of characters into another, and the observations which they
suggest. The rules are in general harmony with those acknowledged as the basis of the Missionary
alphabet. The observations have also reference to the propositions for its development.
I. The same letter should be invariably used to represent the same letter or the same sound: if a be

chosen as the representative of the short vowel, it should never be allowed to alternate with e or m, o or oe.

II. The same letter should never be used to express two different letters or sounds.
viii PREFACE.
On this account I object to the proposal to represent both k and ch by k, although etymologically there may-

be an affinity between them, as pointed out half a century ago by Dr. Gilchrist, in his recognition of the identity
oikirk andi church. Etymology, however, is admitted to be a somewhat unsafe guide; and I would restrict
k to its guttural duties, on the same principle as, inconsistent with this rule, I conceive it objectionable to give a
double office to </, although it has such a duality in English, as in gin and (jun. It is proposed, indeed, to
distinguish both the k and the g by printing them in italics when palatals, but the distinction is insufficient,
as it is one of form, not of value, and is both uncouth and likely to be overlooked. My friend Miiller's "(?agatai

/fingis' khan" will be much more consistently and correctly written "Jagatai Chingis khan," i. e. ch and
k each having but one power.
III. Simple letters should, as far as possible, be used for simple letters.

On this ground, objections may be taken to the use of ch

letters, it has in
; but although written as two
English the power of but one: and although the nations of the Continent express it by combinations of a rather
uncouth appearance, yet, as symbols have to be devised for sounds which are foreign to an individual
alphabet, there is no good reason why one should not borrow of another. Ch, as a novelty, is not more novel
than k as ch ; and the one has an existence, which the other has not. On this, and on the use of aspirates as
simple letters, we shall have further occasion to animadvert.
It is sufficiently obvious, that if an alphabet of twenty-four letters is to express one of fifty or more, some
contrivance must be had recourse to, to extend the elasticity of the former. If the sounds are wholly and
radically strange, new symbols must be invented ; but if, as is most usual, they are only qualifications of
sounds, of which, in the unmodified form, symbols exist, the latter may be adapted to these expressions
conformably to the following:
IV". Diacritical signs, lines, accents, or dots, are to be attached to the Roman letters, in order to enable
them symbols or sounds which they themselves express.
to represent modifications of the
The choice of these diacritical or distinguishing marks is matter of taste, or, more correctly speaking, of
convenience. Sir William Jones objected to the ordinary modes of characterising long and short vowels as properly
belonging to prosodial distinctions ; to some of the European languages, he
and as the use of accents was familiar
preferred their employment, and distinguished the long vowels by the acute accent in the middle of words, and
by the grave accent in the last syllable he also characterised the cerebral consonants by the accent. Dr.
:

Gilchrist's representation of the vowels proceeded on a different plan altogether, and he expressed them by
special equivalents. In his earliest scheme he distinguished pecuHar consonants by small circles above them, as
i, d, &c. but in his final alphabet he substituted dots underneath t, d, s, z, z, and the like. Mr. Shakespear,
;

in his Hindustani Dictionary, uses both, lines above or below, and dots underneath, as a, i, kh, s, s, &c. ; and
Mr. Crow proposes, in various instances, a line, or a line and dot, below the letter, as a, i, k, k. It seems
inexpedient, however, to diversify the diacritical marks beyond the distinction of vowels and consonants, and
the acute accent' may be reserved for the long vowel, and dots underneath for the peculiar consonants : the
latter have the advantage of being typographically more convenient, of being unobtrusive to the eye, and of

being easily multiplied with any number of modifications of the original sound, as will be hereafter shewn.
V. The vowels are to have the powers which they enjoy in most languages except English, and especially
in Italian ; and, as in Latin, quantity is not to be represented by a difference in the letter, the long and short
vowel being held to be one and the same letter, the former being distinguished by the acute accent in
whatever part of the word it may occur, as o, a, i, i, u, u.

It is in this respect that Dr. Gilchrist's system differs radically from that of Sir William Jones, and
violates the rule with which we set out, as well as the preceding, in representing one vowel, varying only in
the accident of quantity, by two or more, as the short a by u, the long by a, the short i by i, the long
by ee, the short m by a new character, which he proposed to be There is no doubt co, and the long u by oo.

that these equivalents represent to an English eye and ear the sounds of the original vowels more readily than
the unaccented a or the accented { and u but they do not represent the original letters, and destroy all
;

alphabetical identity. A
vowel is the same letter, whether it be long or short, and in most languages, except
our own, is so written. To represent the long vowel by one symbol and the short by another is to create a
distinction where none exists, and to disjoin words which are closely connected. To change the short a to u,
and leave a to represent the long, divides words which are essentially identical, and places one at the head
and the other at the tail of a dictionary. Dabee, for instance, and dubea, are radically the same word : the
 PREFACE. ix

latter occurs in Sir Henry Elliot's Supplement at an interval of forty pages from the former in the present ;

compilation, as Ddbi and Dahia, they come as they should do together. However accommodating, therefore,
to national peculiarities, the Gilchrist vowel system will never be universally adopted ; and accordingly it

does not form an element in any of the schemes proposed for the Missionary alphabet. We shall have
further occasion to advert to this part of the subject.
VI. Consonants of the same elementary sound, modified only by pronunciation, but expressed by different
symbols, are to be expressed by one and the same symbol, distinguishing it as the equivalent of the original
sign by dots underneath the letter, multiplying them according to the multiplied variety of the original
sounds.
The multiplied modifications of sounds may be expressed by separate signs in the same alphabet, or they
may occur in different alphabets with their respective representations. Thus we have five or six nasals in the

Hindu alphabets, and five modifications of z in the Semitic alphabets, each of which it is necessary to
represent separately, both with regard to the appropriation of the word to the language to which it belongs, and
to discriminate between words of very different significations, although very nearly similar forms. Thus, in
Arabic, kul means " all ;" in Karnata, kul is a payer of government revenue they are not the same word, how- :

ever, even in form the final /of the Karnata word being peculiar to its alphabet in figure, and slightly, perhaps,
:

in pronunciation : it is therefore distinguished from the ordinary I which the same alphabet also possesses by a
dot underneath. Pat, in Hindi, is " a leaf;" Pat, in Marathi, is " a plank :" the difference is in the t, which,
in the latter, is the cerebral, in the former, the dental letter : the cerebral then is to be distinguished by the
dot. Tar, Persian, is "a wire;'' Tar, Hindi, "a palm-tree:" the hard r indicated by the dot marks an
essential difference. In the mouth of a native there is no doubt a different enunication of these apparently
identical words, but the distinction is not easily by the European ear and as the general
caught ;

articulation is the same, it does not require to be represented by any other than a modified symbol. In
may be multiplied to any required extent without
proportion as these varieties increase, the diacritical dots
becoming obtrusive or uncouth, as would be the case with accents n, for instance, is typographically less ;

offensive than n. In some cases the marks may be dispensed with, as in that of the nasals, the value of which
is* commonly determined by the following letter, and n before k or g would be necessarily the guttural nasal,

and n before ch and,; the palatal letter ; and, except for the sake of systematic consistency, would not need
to be distinguished as n, v. It has been proposed in the scheme for the Missionary alphabet to represent
peculiar consonantal symbols by italics, or the cerebrals of the Nagari alphabet for instance, t, d, by ^, ^ ; but,
besides that the presence of an oblique italic letter amongst the upright broad-faced Roman letters were
offensive to the eye, the contrivance would be able to represent only a single modification. It could not, in
the case of t be extended to the Arabic to (L), and it could not be possible to repeat an italic z three times over to
represent the Semitic letter zo (k), although that may be easily typographed as z. The argument in favour of

the italic letter is, that all founts are already provided with them, and not with dotted letters : the latter can,
however, be provided with equal facility, if required.
VII. The aspirates of the original letters must be represented in European alphabets by a double
letter, or the proper equivalents with the addition of h, as kh, gh, &c., considering the composite as representing
a single sound.
We
have here some slight difficulty as regards the English alphabet in the forms and powers of ch, th,

sh : these, to be consistent, should be treated which they are not and they therefore constitute
as aspirates, ;

exceptions to the rule, that a single consonant with h added is to be regarded as a smgle aspirated letter. In
order to avoid. the dilemma. Sir William Jones proposed to distinguish the aspirates by an apostrophe,
separating the aspiration above, as in aswatiha ; Dr. Gilchrist, by a comma below, as h,h, k,h, &c, but these ;

distinctions are inconvenient and scarcely necessary. There can be no misconception as to ch and sh,
which in English and in Russian, as well as in the Indian alphabets, are simple sounds. Th with the sound
of theta is not of frequent occurrence, and, if it be thought expedient, may
be distinguished by a diacritical
mark as a line midemeath it, th, or even the Greek letter might be borrowed, as it would harmonise well
enough with the Latin characters. So, if it be considered indispensable that a single symbol should be always
employed for a single unaspirated sound, the Russian ch (h) and sh (m) might be pressed into the service.
VII. When it, is necessary, as it is in the monosyllabic languages, and in some of those of barbarous
nations, to express intonations, these may be designated by conventional marks or figures placed above or
d
X PREFACE.
below the letters, as has been proposed in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol, IV. No. 2, by
the Hon. C.W. Bradley, late Consul at Amoy ; but we have no concern with these at present in the languages
of the people subject to the government of British India.
In conformity to the tenor of the rules thus laid down, I have adopted for the representation of the
Oriental words that occur in the subsequent pages the system of equivalents described in the following Table, in
which it will be observed that the characters of the English alphabet have been enabled to represent letters, in

nine alphabets of thirteen Indian languages, without the introduction of a single new character. I may not be
found invariably to have adhered to the scheme as it appears in the Table, partly from my not having definitively
determined all the equivalents when the compilation was commenced, partly from occasional inattention or
forgetfulness, and partly for strongly recommending a departure from imiformity.
special considerations
These deviations are, however, only occasional, and the Table may be accepted as embodying the plan which
I have conclusively adopted, and which I think will be found to provide for the representation of all the
alphabetical symbols hitherto known in India. The progress of events may bring other alphabets within the
range of similar representation, and to them the principles of the scheme will admit, it may be expected, of
its adaptation.
 PREFACE.

REMARKS.
A a represents the short A of the Indian alphabets ; it is found in English plentifully as an initial, as in
" adore, amend, above." It occurs also as a medial in " woman," and as initial and final in "America," in aU which
it has the dull sound of the common English u in " bud, but." It is the equivalent proposed by Sir WiUiam
Jones, although he allows its alternating with E, a licence incompatible with our Rule I. The A has had the
concurrence of Sir Charles Trevelyan, of the Calcutta Missionaries, Mr. Shakespear, Mr. Crow, and has
been most usually adopted in the Transactions and Journals of the several Asiatic Societies. The proposed
Missionary alphabet suggests for the short vowel w, e, or o ; but these are not necessary, and would be
inconsistent with Rule I. The same objection applies to Dr. GUchrist's representation of a short, by u,
however more congenial that may be to the practice of our own language, and although the a as repre-
senting the short vowel, constitutes a stumbling block in the way of English articulation, which, it must be
admitted, it is almost impossible to overcome. It is very dilEcult, almost impossible, to induce an English
reader to pronounce Man as Mun, Pan as Pun, Sab, Sub, Thag, Thug, and the like ; but the diiBculty may be
surmounted witli a little perseverance, and the spelling must be adhered to if consistency is to be observed. In
conformity, however, to the prevailing prejudice, I have frequently inserted, in leading Hindustani words
especially, the Gilchrist reading, as in Man, Mun, Thai, Thul, as parallel with the more correct form. Since,
in the Index the letter U, either as an initial or medial, occurs twice over, the words that first come being
identical with those having an initial or medial A, those that succeed having the proper vowel or Italian U,
they are separated by a short line, thus, Bhuda, Bhudahur, equivalent to Bhada, Bhadahar, and the like,

precede and are distinct from Bhu, Bhuband ; and Bubool, Buboor, precede and are distinct from BH, Bud,
Bubu, and the like. Leading words commencing with Uas A, or as the vowel proper, are also separately classed.
The short A of the other Indian alphabets is pronounced commonly in Bengali as O, but it is not so
written, the Bengali being essentially the same as the Nagari alphabet, and the value thus given to the vowel
is merely provincial, and, in some degree, a vulgarism. I have not, therefore, altered the spelling, as the
object of all the above equivalents is not the sound but the symbol, the letter as it stands in its own alphabet,
and not as it may happen to be enunciated.
^ d is our letter in " far, car," expanded sometimes, in the pronunciation of Arabic and Persian words into
a broader sound, as in " ball, fall, water." It is admitted by all the systems as representing the long vowel. In
the table it is distinguished, after Sir WUliam Jones, by the acute accent. Dr. Gilchrist uses it unaccented,
as he does not need to distinguish it from the short A ; Mr. Shakespear marks it by the prosodial mark, a
line above the letter Mr. Crow would designate it
; by a similar line underneath but there does not seem to
;

be any reasonable objection to the accent.

The Arabic letter c has always constituted a difficulty, owing not only to its peculiar articulation, but to
itscombining with the different vowel-sounds of a, i and u. Hence Meninski proposed to retain it unaltered, in
which he has been followed by Richardson, Sir Charles Wilkins, and Mr. Johnson, and, in an abbreviated form,
by Mr. Shakespear. Sir William Jones adopted this modification in his Grammar, but proposed in his Memoir to
distinguish it by a circumflex, as a, i, u, which plan has been here adopted the appearance of the character itself ;

in the midst of English letters being anomalous, and, to persons not acquainted with the Arabic alphabet,
unintelligible, as for Dundt, Duc.dt, or for Ahd, cahd, for Babd, Babe, for Khildt, Khila't : Sir Charles

Trevelyan agrees with Dr. Gilchrist in expressing it by a dot under the vowels Mr. Crow would employ
.•

two dots ; but as the letter is a peculiar one, it is perhaps best distinguished by a peculiar diacritical mark
of its own. Its representation by 'A in the proposed Missionary alphabet would be wholly inadequate to
its verification, as in Amlah, Ilm, Umr, and the like.

The diphthong Ai occurs in the word " aisle." For Au we have only, in English, the representative sound of
ou, as in "hour," but the' compound is a + u, not o + u; and the above therefore follows Sir William
Jones's plan, which is generally concurred in. Dr. Gilchrist proposed to express them by ue and uo, but few
even of his disciples have followed him. Mr. Elliot generally writes them ei and ou, as in Bek for Bais,
Gour for Gaur.
B is uniformly rendered, as in " beat, bad." The aspirate Bh, as Gilchrist observes, may be represented in
" abhor" dropping the initial ; but it may be doubted if we have any exact equivalents in English for these
 PREFACE. xiii

aspirated letters other than by the addition of the h, which, witli the unaspirated letter, is to be regarded, as it

is in the Oriental alphabets, a simple sound.

The scantiness of the Tamil alphabet, comprising but eighteen consonants, has compelled the
assignment of multiplied powers to certain of the letters, to enable them to express the Sanskrit words with
which the language is copiously infused : hence the equivalent oi B u is also that of Bh, and is more
especially the representative of P and Ph : the differences of value depend, in this case and in the analogous
instances of ^ST and T, upon the As an initial, the u represents P, and so it does when
position of the letter.
double in the middle of the word ; but when single as a medial it represents either B or Bh. Thus, Mahdbharata
iswritten in Tamil letters Mahapdrata, but it is pronounced by native scholars correctly according to its
Nagari valuation. Some difficulty occasionally occurs with regard to the reduplication of these letters as
medials. According to Beschi, the reduplication has only the effect of preserving for the letter its proper
sound, as pa^aippan is nothing more than pagaipan. Rhenius, however, says that both are to be pronounced
hard, as in iruppu, not as Beschi would make it, merely irupu. The preservation or rejection of the duplicate
can only be determined by practice, the only essential point being the retainment of what may be considered
the especial value of P, K, and T, as a medial when repeated.
C, except in the combination Ch, does not occur in the above scheme. Sir William Jones employed it
to represent the K
of the Nagari alphabet, retaining the for the harsher Arabic guttural K
but in that case ;

we employ two letters to represent but one, for the Arabic is only a modification of the guttural, not a distinct
power. C, in Enghsh also, is an inconsistent letter, having, in fact, no power of its own but that of K before
a and o, and of S before e and i : its use is therefore apt to mislead. Ittook me some time to read Sir
William Jones's Cocila, not as Kosila, but KoMla, as it should be : so in a word in common use, Circar, we
have one two sounds, and two sounds for one letter, a breach of all system. C is therefore
letter for

altogether discarded, except in the form of Ch, which, although written with two letters, is as much a simple
sound in English as it is in Sanskrit. Mr. Crow proposes to represent it by C, but all other English orientalists
retain the combmation. The sound is peculiar in some degree to Englishand Russian, although the Italians
have it in ce and cio ; and its representation as tch or tsch in French and German is no doubt somewhat
uncouth. For from the guttural ch, as in macht, nicht, the German
this reason, as well as to distinguish it

orientalists have by K with an asterisk, as k', and in the proposed Missionary alphabet
latterly represented it

the italic K
is suggested. To this I have already objected, as employing one letter to represent two different
letters, and therefore a violation of an important principle. There seems no reason for the non-adoption of
the English form in either case the equivalent is conventional k' or K, with the sound of Ch, is quite as much
: :

an innovation as would be the graft of Ch itself on the German alphabet. The power it possesses must be
explained and agreed upon in either case equally, and its being confounded with the guttural ch might be
obviated by a diacritical point or ch. If, however, a single symbol that could not be mistaken for any thing

else were thought indispensable, it would be preferable to borrow the Russian h. For English uses, however, it
will be far the most convenient to preserve the combination. The aspirate of Ch or Chh is to be considered as
a single sound.
Here, again, we have a case of the assignment of more than one power to one symbol in the Tamil
alphabet, and Ch can only be expressed by &, which has to do duty also for /, for S, and for Sh. It has the
power of Ch when double, as a medial following certain letters or I, or when single following t, as in
k&niy&tchi. In Telugu, Ch before certain vowels has the sound of Ts, as / has that of Dz, but these are
and do not alter the identity of the letter.
dialectical peculiarities,

Dand Dh, as dentals, require no comment: they are the same in all systems. But we have
another D
and Dh which are cerebrals, and are pronounced harder than the dentals, the d especially often
becoming in pronunciation like a rough r, as ghoda is pronounced ghora. The letters, however, are the same.
We have only to deal with modifications of sound, and these may be distinguished in all the consonants by a
dot or dots underneath. Sir William Jones distinguished them by accents ; but besides the advantage of con-
fining the accent to the vowels, the form of the d renders an accent over it, as 'd, typographically inconvenient.
Dr. Gilchrist's final use of the dot, concurred in by Mr. Shakespear and Sir C. Trevelyan, has been adopted.
The representation of 2) in the English alphabet by the same letter in the Oriental alphabets has one
exception, and we have nothing for it in Tamil, as observed above, but T, which has the power of T, Th, B,
or Dh, according to its position : it is y as an initial, or as a medial when double ; it is Tli or D when medial
and single.
xiv PREFACE.
E has the power of the vowel in French or Italian rather than in English, but we have it in the word
" there." In Sanskrit, always a long vowel, but in some of the languages of the south of India a more
it is

prolonged sound is sometimes given to it, and different symbols are employed for it. Sir William Jones and
Dr. Gilchrist both represent it by one symbol, E: the former accents it, as in Veda ; but I have thought it
better to retain the accent for the more prolonged sound. The proposed Missionary alphabet suggests the
italic E for the long letter.
F occurs with the same power in the Semitic alphabets. In the Indian dialects it has no representative,
but the aspirated P or Ph takes its place, as Faisala, Phaisala.
G is the English " go, gun," Gh in " ghost." In the two leading systems Gh is written g'h and g,h,
letter in

but Mr. Shakespear and Sir Charles Trevelyan are satisfied with gh. The harsh Arabic guttural is a mere
modification of the same sound, and is therefore indicated by Gh. Jones and Gilchrist rendered it simply by
gh. Shakespear underlines it qJi.

—
For reasons already urged the inconsistency of representing two different sjonbols by one, although in
this case sanctioned by the practice of our own alphabet —
I must object to the use of G with the power of J, as
in " gin, general," as adopted by the German orientalists in the form of G', or as in the proposed Missionary
alphabet in that of the italic letter G.
H occurs in various modifications in the Oriental alphabets, but they are mere modifications of the simple
breathing, and may therefore be easily discriminated by dots : the two that are derived from the Arabic
alphabet are not very nicely distinguished in Indian pronunciation. One may be something harsher than the
other, and so far agrees with the strong Sanskrit aspirate, whilst the softer breathing of the Nagari alphabet,
the Visarga, or sign of the nominative case, may be regarded as peculiar. Sir William Jones distinguishes the
harsher forms by an accent, as AKmed. Gilchrist and Shakespear distinguish it by a dot underneath it. I
have transferred the dot to the softer Arabic aspirate, as otherwise would have been applied to two letters
it

instead of one, which would be typographically less convenient.- I am afraid, however, I have not always
observed or rightly applied the diacritical mark, having for some time hesitated as to its preferable
application. The representation of the unmodififed flatus by an apostrophe, in the proposed Missionary alphabet,
as ve'ement for "vehement," is too uncongenial to European habits to be readily concurred in.
I short is as familiar to English as to the Continental languages, as in " kin, king." J long is less

familial-, but we have it in " police, pique, ravine." The accent is according to Sir William Jones. Gilchrist,
as observed above, represents it by ee, which is objectionable on principle.
/in English, as in "just, join," corresponds exactly with the same letter in the Oriental alphabets. Foreign
alphabets have it not, and, as has been observed, German writers propose to render it by g' or by the italic G;
but this has been already objected to, as using one letter to represent two sounds ; and, as of Ch, it may be
said there seems no good reason why so convenient a symbol should not be borrowed from the English
alphabet. The objection as relates to German is its present power in that language of Y; but as g' for / is

equally strange to that alphabet, there is no ground for preferring one conventional sign to another, especially

when the one is a fact as regards English, the other a fiction as regards both English and German. The
aspirate Jh will follow the general analogy.
K is generally employed with its simple guttural power, as in "keep, king." The strong clicking guttural
of the Arabic alphabet is only a modified sound, which may be expressed by a dot underneath, as K. Sir WiUiam
above stated, reserved the Kiox the Arabic
.Jones, as letter, and employed C for the simpler guttural. Gilchrist

employed for the former, Q, without its usual qualification Qu, as in Qazi, in which he is followed by Sir
C. Trevelyan. Shakespear marks it, as here proposed, by a dot underneath, which seems the simplest and
most consistent mode of distinguishing it. To the use of k' or the italic K as the representative of Ch, I have
already objected. The aspirate Kh is analogous to the preceding aspirates, and
is to be regarded as a simple

sound. There is also a minor aspiration as a final in Hindustani, arising from the omission of the following
short vowel in the original, as Bhuhh for Bhuhha. This may be distinguished by a dot under the h, as h Bhukh;
but not perhaps material. Mr. Shakespear distinguishes it by a double dotunder the h, as hh.
it is

L, as in " Lord," needs no remark ; but there are two other modifications of this semivowel which require
to be distinguished. One of them, the L of the Vedas, is used in Marathi, and in several of the languages
of the south, being a rather harsher sound : this I have denoted as L. The other is peculiar to Tamil.
Beschi says it is an X " quod crassiori sono reflexa omnino ad interiorem palati partem lingua pronunciatur.
Anderson calls it a cerebral r when medial, a cerebral I when final. Rhenius directs it to be pronounced
 PREFACE. XV

as Ir ; but tlie late Mr. Ellis represented it by zh, and he is followed by Mr. Clarke. As, however,
there is sufficient authority for its being a modification of L, I have preferred adhering to that letter,
marking it by two dots, as I. The enunciation is singularly obscure, and cannot be precisely represented
by any written characters.
M, as in "mouth, mother," is the same labial in the, Oriental languages as in English. In Hindustani it

is often represented before a labial by n, as in Bambu, sometimes written Banhu.

N offers a greater variety of symbols. There are four in the Nagari alphabet, all which exist in English,
although not distinguished by separate letters, the distinction not being in the letter itself so much as in the
influence exercised upon it by the letter that follows it, as a guttural, palatal, cerebral, or dental, as in the
words " sink, change, ant, end," as I have shewn in my Sanskrit Grammar, p. 5. Hence it is, perhaps,
scarcely necessary to provide the symbols severally with diacritical points, but they are added for the sake
of consistency, as n, n, n, n. There is another n which is peculiar to the Tamil alphabet, although little
differentfrom the dental nasal in sound this I have marked as n. Again, in Hindustani, and still more in
:

Guzerathi and Marathi, there is a nasal, usually a final, though sometimes a medial, which is scarcely sounded,
although it gives a sort of nasality to a preceding vowel, like the 7i in the French hon, soins : this it is proposed
to denote by a small circle below the letter n. These marks, however, have not been very rigorously retained
in the following pages.
0, like E, is in Sanskrit always long, but in the southern dialects there is a still more prolated quantity

of it, which has been therefore marked by the accent. Perhaps it were more correct to treat the former
letter as a short e or short o ; but they are scarcely as short as our e and o in " bed " or " gone." They hold
more of a middle place,and are as often as not of Sanskrit derivation.
P requires no remark it is the English letter in " parent, pair."
: Ph is to be treated as a simple aspirate,
as in " up-hill," not as an F, although, as there is no equivalent for it in the Indian languages, Ph is always
used for such Arabic words as begin with F, as Fakir, Phakir The use of the Tamil P (u) to
represent ph as well as b and hh has already been pointed out.
Q is discarded from our system. Its employment for the Arabic K, as proposed by Dr. Gilchrist, has
been noticed.
R offers various modifications. The usual semivowel has the sound of the letter in our " round, ruin."
We have next a rougher r, and its aspirate rh, which, in Hindustani, alternate with the cerebral letters d, dh.
Gilchrist, considering it as a nominal deviation from d, did not think it necessary to assign it a separate
symbol ; but Mr. Shakespear discriminates it as here done, by a dot underneath. The alphabets of the south,
Telugu, Kamata, and Tamil, have a second and harsher r, which is similarly distinguished as r. As, however,
it is not, like the Hindustani letter, an alternation of d ; and as it offers some peculiar changes, it would have

been better to have given it its peculiar mark, and written it with two dots, or r. In that case the third
r of the Malayalam alphabet should be distinguished by three dots, not by two, as has been done in the
following pages. The r of the Tamil and the r of the Malayalam are also, in some respects, identical, as,
when doubled, they have the power of a double tt ; thus ^rri becomes Atti, in which form it appears in
the Glossary, this being one of the cases in which a departure from systematic miiformity could scarcely be
'
avoided.
In connexion with R we have further to provide for the vowel-sounds of Sanskrit ri and ri, modified in
the southern dialects as ru and A dot under the r, as proposed by Dr. Gilchrist, a sufficient
rii. is

distinction, ri, ri, ru, ru.

The modifications of the sibilant, as occurring in the same, or in different alphabets, require diacritical
designations. The simple sibilant of the European and Indian alphabets, whether of Arabic or Sanskrit
origin, is expressed by S, as in " sun, sound." The palatal S of the Nagari alphabet has no exact equivalent
in English, but may be indicated by s, as by Shakespear it is the s of Sir William Jones. In the dialects
:

it is commonly pronounced, in words of Sanskrit origin, as sh somewhat softened, and it is so represented

by Molesworth, Stevenson, Reeve, and others. The main objection to this is its being confounded with the
more genuine representation of sh in the Sanskrit cerebral, and in our " shore, shun ;" and it is not exactly sh,
although a thickened sound of the s. However, in conformity to a practice so general, I have given, in
many instances of leading words, both forms, as s and sh. The Arabic alphabet has another form of s,

that called sad or swad, which, in India at least, is among the Arabs it may have
a simple sibilant, although
a modified sound; by Erpenius it is called Dad, and by De Sacy, Dhad, making it a dental, but this is
xvi PREFACE,
not observed in India : to distinguish it from the Persian sin and Sanskrit s and s, two dots are subjoined,
as s, A third modification of S, agreeably to Indian pronunciation, occurs in what is more properly
the English lisping sound of th, as "thin, then;" so that thulth becomes in India undistinguishable
from sub. In order to denote the difference it is written in the scheme with three dots below, as .v. In
the Niskh alphabet it is termed thai muthalatha, or the trebly doted th, the dots being above, as Li>.

The sh of the Nagari alphabet finds an exact representation in the English sh, which is not to be considered
as an aspirate. It is a continental difficulty; but there seems no great reason why it should not be
borrowed from the English alphabet, unless the Russian form be preferred, which has the advantage of being
a single symbol.
T, the simple dental, has the same power in both families of languages as in English " tune, time." It
occurs also as the cerebral letter in the English " ten, trumpet," and the Italian d tutto. Its representation of
in Tamil has been explained above. In some of the dialects of the west and south, the dental Tis pronounced
almost like the English th in " thin ;" but this is provincial, and the alphabetical character is merely T. Th and
Th, dental or cerebral, are to be regarded as simple aspirates, and never as the English Th in " think." If ever
necessary to represent this sound, it might be done by placing the dot under h, as Th, or by the use of the
Greek Theta. The Arabic to (U) has, in that language, its peculiar articulation, but it is still only a modified
T, and in India no difference is made. It is sufficient to distinguish it by a double dot as T, as is done by
Mr. Shakespear.
Although, as a principle, the representation of pronunciation is not attempted in the present scheme, yet
occasional departure from the rule is not always to be avoided, as has been instanced in the case of the double
r of the Tamil and Malayalam becoming double tt. So, in the latter language, the cerebral t, although
correctly written, is with a singular perversity, so constantly pronoimced as a cerebral d, and that in words
of constant recurrence, that to have adhered to the proper form would have tended to produce greater
perplexity than a breach of the rule ; thus kudi, and its derivatives hudi&n, &c., are properly written kuti,
and nad is written ndt ; but they would not be recognisable under the correct spelling, and in these cases
d has been substituted for t.
The vowels U and IJ have the Italian sounds proposed by Sir William Jones, and concurred in by Sir
Charles Trevelyan, Mr. Shakespear, and the majority of authorities we have the sounds as well as symbols in :

" full" and "rule." Shakespear marks the long vowel by the prosodial mark u Mr, Crow by the same under the ,-

letter u. Dr. Gilchrist adopts oo for the long u, and suggested a new combination, w, for the short. His
disciples,however, have abandoned this form, and are content to write both the vowels in the same manner,
as in the English words, " foot, fool." The proposed Missionary alphabet distinguishes the long vowel by the
italic letter u
V has the in Sanskrit as in English ; but in Bengali and Uriya it is always changed to B, in
same sound
symbol as well as in sound ; as hdri for vdri, harsha for varsha. The same change is not unfrequent in Hindi,
as baras for varsha, sambht for samvat, whilst, in Guzarathi, if we may trust the Dictionary, there is a curious
propensity to reverse this arrangement, and write v for h, as vlghu for highd, vtmo for bima. In all the
a perpetual tendency to approximate the sound of v to that of w, or to substitute the
dialects, also, there is

latter altogether. Even in Tamil, in which the pure pronunciation of v is preserved according to
Anderson and Rhenius, the change is not uncommon, and vdram is most frequently written wdram.
According to Mirza Ibrahim, the wau of Persian should be pronounced vau, yet in Hindustani words derived
from Arabic and Persian it is quite as often w as v, as wakll, vakil, wazir, vazir. In Marathi, according to
Stevenson, we have both sounds, but for the same letter, g, the one exactly w, the other more like v, especially
when before i, i, and e, and combined with ri or r. In Malayalam, Spring says it is v, and only w in
composition, as Swarga. Peel and Bailey malce it w but the fact is that which is intimated by Mr. Clarkson,
;

in his Guzarathi Grammar, the uneducated approximate the sound to ro, the educated to v. The use of w for
V is, in fact, a sort of Indian Gockneyism, but as it is very prevalent, I have admitted the w to be the
representative in various words of the Sainskrit v. As a final letter, v in the dialects often assumes the power
of u, as in Guz, pav is pronounced pau.
has been sometimes the practice to represent the Sanskrit ksh by the letter x, and there is no great
It

objection to the equivalent; but ksh is an acknowedged compound of k and sh, and its representation,
therefore, by a single letter would be unsystematic, neither is it necessary ; and I have therefore, in the
Glossary, always retained the compound form.
 PREFACE. xvil

The semivowel F finds unequivocal representatives in both classes of alphabets, as in " yoke, young." In
Bengali, when uncompounded, its power is that of j, a curious contrast to the German, which gives toj the
power of y. The proposed Missionary alphabet retains y.
\\ is quite a characteristic distinction between the Sanskritic and Semitic dialects of India, that the former
are utterly destitute of the symbol and the sound of Z, whilst in the latter we have no fewer than five
modifications. In the original Arabic these letters have individual powers, but with the exception of zh,
the sound which were best represented by the French _; in "jour," no difference of pronunciation is

made in India. As it is, nevertheless, necessary to preserve the distinctions of the form, for the sake of
identifying the Roman with the Arabic orthography, this is effected by the same method that is followed
in the case of other multiplied modifications by the number of dots, and the several symbols occur, as z,si,z,z;
zh requires no mark, but it is to be regarded as representing a single letter.

By which do not pretend to the merit of originaKty, but are derived froin
these simple arrangements, then,
the practice of those Orientalists who have devoted, the most careful consideration to the subject, the
various characters of nine alphabets current in India, amounting to sixty-four, have been, without any
difficulty, Roman alphabet It is no part of the
represented by the twenty-four letters of the English or
present inquiry to extend the scheme more widely, but the principle could no doubt
application of the
admit of its extension to all the modifications of those sounds which the similar conformation of the organs
of speech in all the races of man establishes in all spoken and written languages. There may be occasional
novelties, but the greater portion of articulate sounds must be the same in
all languages, and their modifications

do not change their identity. The Tamil and the Arabic haf is a A ; and they may,
I or Ir is still an I,

therefore be expressed by those letters, indicating their modified enunciation and use by diacritical signs. Of
course, for the purpose of expressing such signs, special characters must be added to the types now employed
in English alone ; but the use once established, there would be no more difficulty in furnishing the Roman
type intended for printing any foreign tongue, than there is now in equipping a fount with italic letters

and the marks of punctuation.

This supposes a systematic plan for the representation of foreign tongues and Roman letters, but
without insisting upon a very rigorous observance of the laws of such a system, it is obvious that it

is very possible to introduce a scheme of equivalents which will advantageously displace the arbitrary,
unphUosophical, and conflicting modes of writing Oriental terms, by which most publications regarding British
India have hitherto been disfigured.
Any representation of the words of a language by other than its own characters will, however, be
more or less unsatisfactory, and will fail to inspire by a comparison
imphcit reliance, unless checked
with the original have therefore endeavoured to ascertain the original forms of the words in
letters. I

their respective characters, and place them in contiguity with their English representatives. As the
Oriental characters are not given in the official documents, their verification has been effected only by
a laborious search through Dictionaries and original authorities. In a very few cases I have been unable
to verify the original spelling, and in that case, if the authority was questionable, have omitted the word
when, however, there was reason to believe it genuine, have inserted the term with a mark of
I

interrogation, as " Ma6-Maw4sa (?) H." In some cases, the doubt has extended to the language, as in the
case of ''
Hari, Haria,'' where the interrogation takes the place of the initial representing the language. In
the case of the slang of the Thags, the words are taken from Colonel Sleeman's Vocabularies, which
do not contain the native characters, and rest entirely upon his authority, the English spelling which, in
his lists, follows the System of Dr, Gilchrist, having been adapted to that used in the Glossary. The
names of the servile tribes, as given in the various public reports on the subject, are also una,ccompanied

by native characters; and, in general, sad havoc has been made with their orthography. In some cases
they have been traced to their originals, and the names of others have been verified, by which, also, a
source of much misapprehension, occasioned by looseness of language, has been corrected
where it is ; as

said, in the Bengal Reports, that the slaves are termed halts, kumars, chasas, kaihartts, and the like.
They are no such thing: these are the names of castes who, for the gi^eater part, are free and independent,
but who furnish domestic or prsedial slaves, their children being sometimes sold to slavery, or they
become bond slaves themselves. There are, no doubt, slaves of these castes, but not by virtue of the caste,

which is not necessarily servile.

/
xviii PREFACE.

The original alphabets amount to nine, the Arabic or Niskh character being applicable to Arabic,
Persian, and Hindustani, and the Devanagari to Sanskrit, Hindi, and Marathi; the others have
their respective individual alphabets. The preparation of so many unusual characters has been a matter
of much cost, time, and trouble ; but it is due to Mr. Watts, the printer of the Glossary, to acknowledge
the invariable readiness with which he has supplied the requisite founts, constituting, with other Oriental
types in his possession, a richness of Oriental typography which no other press in this country can boast,
and which is rivalled only by the Imperial Press of Vienna.
Composition in such diversified and uncommon characters has unavoidably led to some inaccuracies, to
the correction of which I have not been myself always sufficiently attentive. My friend. Professor Johnson,
has supplied me with some errata, chiefly in Arabic and Persian, and it is probable that other Oriental scholars
will discover more. In Tamil I have had the benefit, for the most part, of the revision of Mr, Clarke. But
when all the circumstances are considered, the comparative infrequency of Oriental printing in this country,
and the impossibility of obtaining qualified assistance in the correction of the press, it will not be thought,
perhaps, that the errors are very serious, or exceed a limit that might reasonably be expected.
Some mistalies will, no doubt, be observable, which may be ascribed to an imperfect knowledge of the
several languages from which the terms are taken, amounting to thirteen — Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Uriya,
Marathi, Guzarathi, TamU, Telugu, Karnata, Malayalam, Arabic, Persian, and Hiiadustani, besides a few
from other dialects. Of course I do not pretend to be conversant with all these tongues. Of some of them
I may have acquired more or less knowledge, but of the greater number I have little more than the letters
and the most elementary rudiments, sufficient to enable me to consult a grammar and a dictionary. The
interpretation of the terms collected, however, it must be remembered, does not usually rest upon my
responsibility. Their application, and, in some instances, their explanation also, lies with the authors of the
documents whence they have been extracted ; and there is evidence that the words are not always consistently
In general, however, the sense of the words may be made out from the context,
used or accjurately defined.
and their use is not so much characterised by the -want of correctness as by insufficiency of detail and
absence of precision. Errors of explanation, however, do occur, as in one report, where Be-danistagi is

explained " knowingly," when it implies exactly the reverse : it is possibly, however, a typographical error for
ha-d&nistagi, which would have the meaning of " with knowledge." Difference of interpretation, however,
may occur, without any mistakes being committed, as the word possibly bears a different sense in different
places. Ahar, for instance, usually implies a small pond, but in some places it means a continuous
embankment. Chatwar is explained in one place " the land between the houses of a village and its arable
land," and in another, " the homestead or ground adjacent to a house." Perhaps this is rather want of
exactitude than a different meaning. In a recent document, Foras is explained " waste land adjacent to
cultivated land, and granted to the cultivators of the latter at a quit rent:" this is not wrong; but a
subsequently printed report on the Foras lands of Bombay shews that it is not sufficiently comprehensive, the
Foras lands forming an extensive part of the Island of Bombay reclaimed from the sea, which the inhabitants
were encouraged to bring into cultivation by a low rate of rent. These are imperfections which the multiplication
of authentic documents will gradually amend.
Even variations of spelling are not always to be regarded as originating in error : they may be local,

arising from dialectic peculiarities, and the inability of one alphabet to express the letters of another.
Jamin
for Zamin, Jaminddr, or even Jamlddr, for Zamind&r, are not wrong they are the necessary forms which the :

Arabic words must take in the Hindi, Bengali, and other Hindu characters, &c. TaAlluha necessarily becomes ;

Taluk in its Hindu version and Mdphi and Mdmld represent what are originally Muaafi aniMuMmlat.
;

In the arrangement of the contents of the Glossary I have thought it advisable to bring compound and
derivative forms under their general parent, as likely to give a more definite notion of their purport. This
classification has recommended the occasional introduction of words that may be regarded as not at all technical.

Jb, " water," for example, is an ordinary Dictionary term, but I have inserted it at the head of its compounds,
such as Ahddr, Abi, Abistani, which have a special or technical application, the force of which will be better
appreciated when the meaning of Ab is referred to. I have, however, been chary of this extension, and many
such general words will not be met with.
As a consequence of arranging compounds and derivatives under their respective primitives and radicals,
a strictly alphabetical order has been departed from, and this has imposed the necessity of adding an
 PREFACE. XIX

Alphabetical Index. Such an addition was also indispensable, for another reason, constituting the main
usefulness of the compilation. The forms under which native words occur in public documents are much
more frequently wrong than right— corrupt and blundering misrepresentations of the original. Yet it is of
them especially that the uninitiated reader requires to know the signification and in order to provide him ;

with this assistance, whatever corruptions have been met with have been inserted. There are probably still
more to be found, for it is impossible to affix limits to carelessness and ignorance but most of those which ;

are most frequent have been, it is believed, included. In order to avoid repetition, as well as to shew what
the words ought to be, the corruptions are grouped round the correct form; as, Kahuliyat, corruptly
Cabooleat, Kahooleat, Cuhalyt, Quobooleut, Coobooleai, Kuhooleeat, Kahoolet, Cuhoolyat and the reader ;

meeting with either of these has to turn to Kahuliyat only, for its signification ; but of course, without a
previous knowledge of the correct form, he will be unable to recur to it, and the Glossary would be an
instrument of which he could only imperfectly avail himself. This difficulty is obviated by the Index, which
is invariably alphabetical, and in which, it is hoped, will be found whatever term may be desiderated,
whether correct or corrupt. The references to page and column will not be attended with any material
embarrassment : that which is made to the line of each column may be less readily effected from the omission
of the figures which should have been inserted at least in fives or tens in the margin ; but the advantage of
such addition did not occur to me until far advanced in the work ; a little practice, however, will soon
render this reference also sufiiciently easy, especially as every column contains the same number of lines, or

forty-five. The preparation of this Index, the work of my own hand alone, has been attended with some
labour and still greater delay, and has retarded the publication. It is, however, at last completed, and will,
it is hoped, be found of use to the servants of the Company, and to all who, in England or in India, may
wish to understand the objects and implements of the civil administration of the latter country.
Although these prehminary observations have perhaps rather exceeded the limits of an Introduction, it

wiU probably be expected some account should be given of the several languages from which the words
that
of the following compilation are derived, especially for the benefit of those by whom the diversity of tongues
that prevails in the territories of British India may be imperfectly appreciated. This unacquaintance with
the polyglot nature of the current speech of India is not confined to individuals who have had no opportunity of
personal observation, but may sometimes be evinced by those from whom more accurate information might be
anticipated. A distinguished public character, for instance, a member of the late Committee of the Commons
for the affairs of India, and long known to be conversant with its interests, observed to me, when I had
occasion to mention Malayalam, that it was a language he had never heard of before ; yet it is an ancient and
cultivated form of speech current through an extensive and well-known tract of country, and the vernacular
language of numerous suitors in several of the Judicial Courts and Revenue CoUectorates under the Madras
Presidency.
The languages of British India resolve themselves into two classes, although in somewhat unequal
proportions ; the speech that has grown up from an admixture of the original languages of the Mohammadan
conquerors with those of the Hindus, Urdii or Hindustani, constituting one class, the other being formed of
the different dialects of the Hindus. The former may be considered as perhaps more than equal in extent
to any single form of the latter, but it is loosely spread, and at considerable intervals, over the sm'face. It is
concentrated only at the still subsisting Mohammadan courts, as Delhi, Lucknow, Hyderabad. It is
elsewhere restricted, in a great measure, to the Mohammadans, by whom, in many parts of India, especially
in Bengal, it is greatly corrupted. It is very commonly in use among the native officers of our courts,
especially in communication with their European superiors ; and it is extensively, although not always
accurately, understood by the commercial and trading classes. It is understood, after a fashion, by the
Sip4his of the Gangetic provinces, but the agricultural population are little, or not at all, acquainted with it,

even in Upper India. In the South it is, of course, wholly unknown to them, and is very little understood
by the other classes. When the College of Fort WilHam was first organised, hberal encouragement was
held out to native Hindustani scholars to become instructors, and many of the early teachers were men of high
literary distinction among their countrymen. Several of them, under the guidance of Dr. Gilchrist, composed
useful books, which were printed, and are Well-known Grammars and Dictionaries have also been
still in use.

compiled by different European scholars, and ample materials, therefore, are provided for facilitating the acquire-
ment of the language. The Bengal civilian is required to master it as one condition of his employment in the
XX PREFACE.
Lower Provinces ; for although Bengali be the language of the people in most of the districts, yet, hesidesthe
use of the Hindustani in the Sadr Courts and in Calcutta, it prevails, in greater or lesser approximation to
Hindi in the Zilas of Bahar, Pumea, Tirhut, Saran, Bhagalpur, and Shahabad, and is therefore indispensable
even in the Presidency of Bengal.
Under the Mohammadan Government the language of judicial and revenue proceedings was Persian,
borrowing lavishly from Arabic, in which the principal legal authorities are written ; and until within a
comparatively recent period, the English Courts followed the example of their Mohammadan predecessors,
and all the proceedings were recorded in Persian. Although this is no longer the case, yet the employment
of that language, and of terms derived through it from Arabic for centuries, could not fail to influence the
spoken languages of the country ; and Hindustani comprises a large proportion, perhaps a
third, of Arabic
and Persian words. They are not wanting in Hindi and even the purer Hindu dialects of the South,
;

Tamil and Telugu, are copiously interlarded with technical terms borrowed from this source, and more or less
modified to suit the vernacular" pronunciation.
As, besides the extensive use of official terms of Persian and Arabic origin, the latter is the language of the
authorities of Mohammadan law, it has of course been necessary to comprehend it as weU as Persian in a
vocabulary of the judicial and fiscal nomenclature of India, as far as it owes its origin to them. A fuU and
authentic description of the principal authorities on Mohammadan law, accessible in India by Mohammadans
and Europeans, is to be found in the Introduction to Morley's Analytical Digest.

Although the Sanskrit has not supplied the administration of India with technicalities to the same extent
as Arabic, yet, being the language of the laws of the Hindus, it furnishes, in its unadulterated form, a copious
vocabulary of words relating to caste, to contracts, to inheritance, to marriage, and to a variety of the
incidents of Hindu life ; and it still more abundantly pervades the different Indian dialects, supplying them
with the ordinary designations of trades and occupations, the terms of agriculture, the names of plants and
animals, the affinities of relationship, and an infinity of words connected with the social circumstances of the
people in all parts of India which come within the scope of the present compilation. Combined with Arabic,
therefore, it forms the great groundwork of the official language of law, of revenue, and of manners
and customs throughout British India. The absence of a competent knowledge of it is painfully displayed
in most of the official docinnents, although the works of Colebrooke, Ellis, Sutherland, and Macnaghten,
besides sufficient elementary works, render a conversancy with its technology at least of comparatively easy
attainment. A like copious and learned account of Sanskrit authorities on Hindu law as that of the
authorities of Mohammadan law is given in the same valuable work.
As we may begin, amongst the vernacular tongues, with the Hindi,
the most direct offset from Sanskrit,
although the term is rather indefinite, being scarcely applicable to any single modification of the language spoken
by the thirty millions of the Hindus of Hindustan. Each province may be said to have its own form of Hindi
and in Bahar, Bhojpur, Benares, Bindraban, Delhi, various shades of it are known Tuider the appellations of
Magadhi, the dialect of Magadha or South Behar Maithili, that of North Bahar or Purnea and Tirhut
;

Bhojpuri, that of Bhojpur ; Pdrbi, Eastern, Braj Bhdkha, or the speech of Braj, and others.
There is, however, a sufficient concordance to render any one form of comparatively easy acquirement
to one who, in addition to a competent knowledge of Hindustani, possesses a stock of Sanskrit vocables for ;

the grammar of Hindi is, in the main, the same as that of Hindustani, whilst nine-tenths of its words are
Sanskrit. There however, a great want of the necessary helps to its acquirement. The pecuHarities of
is,

the Hindi dialects have never been investigated, and we have a grammar of only one of them, the Braj,
which is somewhat meagre. There is nothing that deserves the name of a Dictionary. The books usually
read, the Baital Pachisi and Sinhasan Battisi, are little else than Hindustani disguised in Nagari letters ; and
the Premsagar is the only work that is an authority of any value. There is, however, a Hindi Literature
of some extent, from which serviceable extracts might be made, particularly from the Ramayana of Tulsi
Das, and the Mahabharata of Gokulnath, both of which have been printed, although little known in Europe.
From these and other available sources, and from personal investigation, it would be very possible to analyse
the specialties of each provincial dialect of Hindi, and thus render an important service to the philology of
Gangetic India.
The next immediate offset from the Sanskrit is the language of those provinces of the Bengal Presidency

in which Bengali is current. The Presidency, as already observed, includes districts to which that language
 PREFACE. xxi

is foreign, and in those in which it prevails, there are, no doubt, important local modifications. The Bengali of
Midnapur is probably somewhat different from that of Chittagong ; I say probably, we know
for, if possible,

less of the dialects of Bengali than of Hindi. Little was known of the language when the College of Fort
William was founded. According to my late friend, Ram Komol Sen, in the Introduction to his English
and Bengali Dictionary, there were no adequate means of knowing much about it from the almost total
absence of any literature. With
came into existence the books at present in use they were
the College :

necessarily the work of Pandits, and they were consequently little else than Sanskrit compositions with a
Bengali grammatical structure. Of late years, elementary as well as other works have rapidly multiplied
and a list compiled by the Rev. Mr. Long shews a series of fifteen hundred publications m Bengali from
the presses of Calcutta alone. It is doubtful, however, if sufficient use is made of this opportunity of selection,
and the publications in question are liable, for the most part, to the original defect they are not the :

language of the people. This character applies especially to the best dictionaries yet published, those of
Dr. Carey and Professor Haughton, both learned and laborious works, but works in which one may look in
vain for a large proportion, perhaps the largest, of the spoken Bengali. Here, again, is an ample field for

investigation, the successful exploring of which would be not only of philological but administrative
benefit. A real knowledge of the speech of another thirty millions of people should not be an object of
nor should the materials for its acquirement be suffered to remain imperfect,
indifference to their rulers ;

even if aim were entertaiaed than that proficiency in Bengali, which is required as a condition of
no loftier

public employment from the junior civilian.

Conterminous with Bengali on the south-west is the province of Cuttak, in which the Uriya language,
or that of Orisa, iscurrent. It is framed from the Sanskrit stem, and of near affinity to Bengali ; but it has its

own alphabet, grammar, and vocabulary. We have a useful grammar and dictionary of Uriya by
Mr. Sutton, but the latter is scarcely sufficiently comprehensive. Of the languages of the barbarous tribes
inhabitmg the hills and forests of the western portion of the district, the Khonds and Gonds, very little is yet

known the populati6n of the province is estimated at four millions and a half
:

Of the direct descendants of Sanskrit, which are current in Central and Western India, Bundelkhand,
Malwa, and the Rajput States, nothing is known beyond then- general connection with the Hindi family
no attempt has ever been made, except in the Serampur translations of the Scriptures, to obtain any conversancy
with them, or convey a knowledge of them to others yet it is evident, from the quotations made by the
;

late Colonel Tod from the great record of Rajputana, the Prithi Rai Raisa, that the dialects have national
peculiarities, which must be acquired before a free intercourse can be maintained with the people. The same
may be said of Panjabi, of which, at present, little or nothing is known, except as to its being one of the great
Sanskrit family. Since, however, the province has been " annexed,"
we may hope to become acquainted
with its speech, and elementary works are beginning to make their appearance, although on a limited and
inadequate scale. A well-digested and comprehensive dictionary should be set about without delay,
especially as in the Sikh books there are copious materials for such a compilation, not forgetting, however, as
has been too often the case, the spoken language of the people.
Proceeding westward and to the south, we come to two important languages, which are those of the
—
Courts and Collectorates of the Presidency of Bombay Guzarathi and Marathi, both members of the
Sanskrit stock. Little has yet been done for the first of these, and for many years we had nothing to apply

to but the very elementary work of Drummond, the Rudiments of Guzerathi and Marathi, published in
1808. In 1829 a more copious grammar, by Mr. Forbes, of the Civil Service, was lithographed at Bombay,
and a second edition was printed in 1845 since then other useful grammars have been published.
: have We
also a dictionary by Mirza Mohammad Kasim, which, although of limited extent, is very serviceable as far
as it goes. The population of the country is somewhat uncertain, but it is estimated at about three millions.
The Zila Courts in which the language is chiefly required are those of Ahmadabad, Baroch, and Surat
The language of the Marathas is still more important, as spoken by a still more numerous body of
people, and more diligently cultivated both by natives and Europeans. It has a copious literature of its

own, and this has been enriched by translations from English works of literature and science, as Duff's
History and De Morgan's Algebra. The Missionaries have also published a great number of tracts and
translations. We have several useful grammars and the very best dictionaries of any native tongue in
Molesworth's Marathi and English Dictionary, an improved edition of which is in progress, and Molesworth
ff
xxii PREFACE.
and Candy's Dictionary, English and Marathi. In these works we have what is so much missed in
other similar compilations— the language of the people as well as the language of thebooka Still, however,
something has to be effected, particularly with respect to the dialects of the Marathi. That spoken in the
Konkan, for instance, differs so much from that which is current on the east of the Ghats, that the
Serampur Missionaries translated the New Testament into it as if it had been a distinct form of speech,
which brought upon them the scarcely deserved severity of the late Colonel Vans Kennedy's criticism.
Very possibly there are other modifications of which a knowledge would be of service. The population
by whom, in one or other form, Marathi is spoken, is rated at about eight millions. The ZUa Courts
in which it is principally current are Ahmadnagar, Ratnagiri, Khandesh, Puna, Konkan, and Sholapur.
At Dharwar it is mixed with Karnata. Formerly, a knowledge of either Marathi or Guzerathi was
required as a condition of public service by the Bombay Government, butwas made secondary to
either
proficiency in Hindustani ; and as it was the practice to attach the young Court of a Judge
civilian to the
or Collector before his proficiency had been tested, it commonly happened that no test was ever applied,
especially with regard to a second language, and the latter was left to independent and voluntary exertion
of course the acquirement was rare. Very recently, however, more stringent measures have been announced,
and the Botabay civilian is expected to qualify, in either Marathi or GTizerathi, in nine months at furthest,
under penalty of removal from the service the term allowed is something of the shortest.
:

The Presidency of Madras embraces a greater variety of distinct divisions and of languages than that
of Bombay and here we also lose that direct descent of the native languages from the Sanskrit which is so
;

unmistakeably evident in the Hindu languages of Central and Northern India. Modern philology traces
those of the South of India to the Ugrian, Tatar, or Mongolian stock, difficult as it is to comprehend how
or when the population of the Dakhin immigrated from the steppes of Central Asia. Whatever the
origin, however, of these languages, they are dependent upon Sanskrit, in a greater or less degree, for their
literature, and for the language of their religion, their institutions, and their government. Although they are
all nearly connected, yet there are obviously two main divisions, one comprehending Telugu and Karnata,

the other Tamil and Malayalam and we shall proceed to offer a few notices of them in that order, derived
;

especially from the remarks of the late Mr. Ellis, the most accomplished oriental scholar that has done credit
to the civil service of Madras.
The Telugu, as stated in Mr. Ellis's memoir, forming part of the Introduction to Campbell's Telugu
Grammar, is the vernacular language of the Hindus on the coast of Coromandel, extending from the Dutch
settlement of Pulicat on the south, just above Madras, northwards through the Northern Sarkars to Cliikakol,
and spreading westwards from the coast to the frontiers of Maisur on the south, and on the north through
part of Berar and the territories of the Nizam ; meeting on the north with Uriya, on the west with Marathi
and Karnata, and on the south with Tamil. It is consequently the language of the Zila Courts and
CoUectorates of Belari, Gantur, Nellur, Rajamahendri, Chikakol, Kadapa and Masidipatam, as well as
the non-regulation districts ofGanjam and Vizagapatam, and is current, according to estimate, amongst nine
millions of people. There are good practical grammars of the language by Messrs. Campbell and Brown, of
the Madras Civil Service and to the former we owe a dictionary, Telugu and English, of which the only
;

defect is its want of comprehensiveness. Reversed dictionaries of English and Telugu have been published
by Messrs Morris and Brown, and the same gentlemen have supphed very useful selections for study. There
is a considerable body of literature in Telugu, principally consisting of translations from Sanskrit, which
enters extensively into the body of the language. A knowledge of Telugu is required of the civil servant of
Madras before he is capable of public employment.
The Karnata, or, less accurately, the Canarese language, has an alphabet scarcely differing from that in
which Telugu is written, and the radicals of the two languages are essentially the same
a large proportion of:

the words are also the same, whether indigenous or Sanskrit, modified by slight variations of inflexion and
peculiarities of pronunciation. There is a Hterature partly original, but, in a stUl greater degree, translated
from Sanskrit; but no Karnata works had been prmted until lately, when encouragement has been given to
the publication of lithographed copies of some popular compositions. We have, however, long had a
serviceable grammar and dictionary of Karnata, the former by Mr. M'Kerrell, a Madras civihan, published
in 1820, and the latter, both Karnata and EngUsh, and English and Karnata, in fotir volumes quarto, by
Mr. Reeves, of the London Missionary Society. The former follows Captain Wilks in his description of the
 PREFACE. xxlii

limits through which the language is in use —

from Bedar, north-west of Haidarabad, passing by Adoni and
through Nandidrug to the Eastern Ghats, the course of which it follows untU it passes by Koimbatur, and,
rminmg to the north-west, ascends to the sources of the Krishna, whence it returns to Bedar. It is used
also, but with other dialects, on the sea coast in the interval between the Principality of Kurg and the
Portuguese territory of Goa, to which tract the designation of Canara is, with questionable propriety,
restricted. The Zila Courts where it is chiefly employed are those of Honawar, Mangalur, and Dharwar
but it is in use generally throughout Maisur. The population of whom it is the vernacular are estimated at
about two milKons. Encouragement is held out, in the shape of pecuniary rewards to the junior civilians
of the Madras Presidency, to acquire some knowledge of Karnata in addition to those languages which are
indispensable, or Tamil and Telugu.
The Tamil language is one of those of which a knowledge is highly essential in the provinces subject to
the Presidency of Madras, and it is accordingly one of the two of which the study is now imperative on the
Madras civUian. It is the language of the country termed, in Sanskrit, Dravira, comprising the provinces of
the Coromandel coast, from a short distance north of Madras to Cape Komorin, and extending inland to the

limits of the Karnata language. It comprises, therefore, the Presidency Courts, and those of Arcot, Salem,
Koimbatur, Kumbhakonam, Trichinapalli, Madura, Tinivelli, and is spoken, it has been estimated, by five

millions of people. There are two dialects, or, perhaps, rather styles of it Shen and Kodun, or high and —
—
low Tamil in both of which there is a copious literaiture, Tamil having been highly cultivated at as early a
date as the ninth century, when a college, estabHshed at Madura for its especial encouragement, was in a
flourishing condition. Ample means for the acquirement of its structure exists, as the Missionaries of both
the Roman and Protestant Churches have long ago contributed ably to its illustration. Beschi's grammar of
the common dialect was published in 1728, and that of the higher Tamil has been translated by Mr. Babington.
A grammar of the current language, by Ziegenbalg, was printed in 1716. The originals of these were in
Latin, but more recently an excellent grammar has been published by Rhenius, in English. We have also
an Enghsh Grammar by Mr. Anderson. We are indebted to the Missionaries also for Tamil dictionaries,
but the first published is printed in an uncouth type and on bad paper, and is now scarce. A much more
comprehensive dictionary, Tamil and English, was undertaken by the late Dr. Rottler, and has been printed
in four parts. Unfortunately it was left by the compiler unfinished, and it has been printed in a defective
state, long lists of Tamil words being inserted without any English interpretation. The portions which are
translated form much the larger share, and the manner in which what has been done is efifected enhances the
regret that some competent scholars should not have been employed to render the work entire. The language
is difiicult of acquirement, but with these helps it is to be mastered. It is no doubt, in its origin, independent

of Sanskrit, but, to judge from the dictionary, admits of Sanskrit insertions as freely as any other of the
southern dialects. It is also peculiar in its deaUngs with Sanskrit words, so that, without a previous
knowledge of the latter, it is scarcely possible to recognise them in their Tamil form.It has, as shewn

above, a scanty alphabet. It has no aspirates, and abhors compounds ; and therefore substitutes unaspirated
letters for the former, and resolves the latter into syllables ; Bharata, therefore, becomes Pdrada, and
Grdmam, Kirdmam ; for S'iva-prakdsa we have Siven-pirikasan, and for Tattwam, Tattuvan. It is
evident that Tamil scholars who are not Sanskrit scholars also must be continually embarrassed by these
equivocal expressions.
Radically related to Tamil, but employing a different alphabet modelled on the Devanagari, and differing
very frequently in its grammatical structure, is Malayalam or .Malayalma language, which is spoken
the
along the southern portion of the Malabar coast from Quilon to Cape Kumari. North of Quilon, as far as to
Goa, the Tuluva, which is a distinct dialect, although of the same derivation as the Malayalam, is the
provincial form of speech, though much intermixed with other dialects, especially Karnata and, according ;

to Mr. Ellis, the Koduga or Kurg language is a modification of Tuluva. The Kurg Raja, however, when
in England, wrote in the Karnata character, and declared that to be his native tongue. Besides the relation
of the order of the alphabet, the Malayalam abounds, more perhaps than either of the other dialects of the
south, in Sanskrit derivations, in a proportion exceeding a half, equal perhaps to three-fifths of the whole
under the two heads which Mr. Ellis specifies as common to the dialects of Southern India, Tat-samam, pure
Sanskrit words, or Tad-bhavam-, derived from Sanskrit. The Desya, or native words of the country, may
also be divided into Tamil Tatsamam, or pure Tamil, and Tamil Tadbhavam, derivatives from Tamil.
xxiv PREFACE.
There are several serviceable grammars of the language. One was published by Mr. Drummond, of the Bombay
Medical Service, soon after the province was subject to British authority, or in 1799 but this is ;
—
now superseded by the grammars of Mr. Spring, of the Madras Civil Service, and the Rev. Mr. Peet, of the
Church Mission Society. There are also good dictionaries, Malayalam and Euglish, and English and
Malayalam, by the Rev. Mr. Bailey, of the same Society. There is a dearth of printed books, but
something has been lately done to provide students with the means of study. Malayalam is the language of
the Zila Court of Kalikat, or Calicut, and it mixes with Karnata in the Courts of Honawar and Mangalur.
It isspoken by about two millions and a half of people, inclusive of North and South Canara.
These are the principal languages of British India, but there are others which are of growing importance,
although not yet forming objects of official requisition. In the north, the Bhot dialects, which spread
through the Himalaya districts, are of Tibetan origin, and terms from the latter find their way into the
language of administration. The grammar and dictionary of Csoma Korosi means of becoming
are the only
conversant with the language and no English scholar has yet trodden in his steps, although Petersburgh and
;

Paris can boast of cultivators of Tibetan. The Panjabi, of course, becomes of primary importance; and our
intercourse with our neighbours, the AfFghans, renders Pushtu a valuable acquisition but nothing has yet
;

been effected towards facilitating the acquirement of the latter beyond the very circumscribed grammar
and vocabularies of Lieiitenant Leech, or of the former, except the similar publications of the same inteUigent
officer, and a grammar, vocabulary, and dialogues, by Captain Sterling. On the west, a knowledge of
the language of Sindh has become essential and here, also, the means are yet limited, although they begin to
;

be supplied in a grammar and short dictionary by Captain Stack. Of the dialects of the HiU tribes on the
east, from Asam to Arakan, all that is yet known is from the comparative vocabularies of the Rev. Mr. Brown

and of Mr. Hodgson, the object of which is rather comparative than practical. When we get to Arakan we
come upon the Burma language, a knowledge of which, since the annexation of the provinces along the coast
from Arakan to Tenaserim, is indispensable to the government of an extensive tract of country and a
numerous population. There are grammars of the language, sufficient to enable the European to acquire it,
by the late Missionaries Judson and Hough, and by Captain Latter. There is also a good English and
Burma dictionary, by Mr. Lane but a comprehensive Burma and English dictionary is stUl a desideratum.
;

There is a want, also, of printed books, which might easily be multiplied from the copious stores of Burma
literature, both historical and Buddhist.
To give liberal encouragement to the preparation and publication of these and similar works in all
the languages current in the wide provinces and among the many miUions of people subject to its authority
is the positive duty and the obvious interest of the Government of British India. Much has, no
doubt, been accomplished; but it may be questioned if the encouragement that has been given has
been always judiciously bestowed. The efforts of individuals must always be desultory, and will
often be ineffective. There wants a systematic course of proceeding, and the selection of competent
agents ; might be worth while to adopt official arrangements for ascertaining what has been done, and
and it

what remains to be done, towards providing the civil and mihtary servants of the Company with ample and
adequate means of acquiring a command of all the languages through which they may have to minister
to the necessities different races amongst whom the course of service may call them.
and claims of the In
the meanwhile the following pages will, it is hoped, contribute to facilitate their acquirement of the qualifi-

cations which are indispensably necessary for the due performance of their important functions knowledge —
of the languages, and knowledge of the people, of India.

H. H. WILSON.

London, January 1855.

 ERRATA.

PAGE COL
 ERRATA.
PAGE COL. LINE PAGE COL. LINE

101 2 9.. Chandla, read Chindla. 225 1 39 For ilo^J read AJt^V.

102 1 15 .. Chanwal, read Chg,nwal. 2 14 .. *A«*- read aAs?".

110 1 37 .. Chhar, read Chhar. 227 1 39 .. jt^ read JsJ^^.

110 2 15 .. ^I»1* read ^Di^. K^ghaz, read Kaghaz.

111 2 7 . f^ read f^. 229 1 31 M read .s?
.. 20 .. f^nn read C^^. 2 22 Tashkhis, read Tashkhis.
114 1 3 . fpTTt read fp&l. ^jmjjs^ read ^^/a*=A\
120 2 44 .. Phareolus, read Phaseolus. .. 42 Sadr, read ISadr.
129 1 23 . KazS, read Kazi. iiXmj read i Ji/tf.

j-oJ read ^g^ 230 44 izT^'j

read
itT"
2 35 .. DaulureadDaiilu. 231 24 .. fc__)lil»- read (..^U-.
130 1 24 .. ^J^.*is^ read (^^eiis^'i.
232 1 .. "but," read "as it is.''

131 1 23 .. Dehrl, read Dehrf. 31 ^^ read ^tJ.

135 1 11 .. Dhalbhol, read Dhalbol. 233 17 giTtt read »ntt.
136 2 15 .. Dharat, read Dharat. 16 read jjiXxii.
..
^^/^
138 1 15 .. ^muni read 5Tn«inT. 39 .. Kafifa,'read Khafifa
154 2 44 .. JCJJ read JlcJ.*. tAM^ read iSLkAs-.
159 2 21 .. iilSl read i'i)
235 2 15 .. -tils- read j6'\~^.

168 2 33 Jlf« read Jls-=. 236 1 18 .. JcK read j^il^.

180 1 35 Goshtashthami, read Goshthashtami.

..
2 25 .. Jazar, read Jazar.
197 2 37 .. JUa read Jl5,=^.
jj»~ read )iX»-.

205 1 7 .. jjU- read^t^. 240 1 37 .. CijL*»- read l_)Li*-.

2 6 Huzur, read Hu?ur.
..
2 35 ftmrwrf read fiirilK**^.

Guzar, read Guzar. " second," read

245 2 4 ..
'
last."

jlp read 1^ J6. 249 2 33 Dele " probably the same word."
207 1 29 ..
l^ read x^s^. 251 2 36 for *I*ft read Vffflr.

215 1 27 .. Ikrah, read Ikrah.

260 1 26 .. jljJilUJ' read^ljJiJUJ.
>i)ji\ read ssl^l.
2 6 .. ijojjs read j_/a)6.
218 2 12 .. Kanungo, read Kanungo. Kanz, read Kan^.
?^y^ '^^^^ }^y^- 264 2 29 ..
JJ read ^ly
220 1 31 .. Ishhad, read Ishhad. Karar, read Karar.
t>lrs^' read jl^<il 267 2 34 .. Kata al tarik, read Kata al Jarik.

2 4 Ishrak, read Ishrak.

(J-l;^' f^' ''63-d ^jlaSI jtU.
..

CJ\/.\ read jl/l. 268 2 19 .. Katakina, read Katkin*.

221 1 10 .. ^^'P^ read "SlS^c^. 271 2 8 .. Kav41, read Kaval.

.. 27 .. jUi-jl read jU=J'«' 273 1 25 .. Kessiriya, read Kessiriya.

.. 34 After lawfuL insert xJI^Sm.!. 274 1 28 .. "9l1^jr read '«lt^?r.

.. .. Istihlah. 279 2 30 .. Sadr, read Sadr.

2 39 For ijj\f read ^J^- jSm read iiVo.

222 15.. Istihshad read Istishhad. .. 36 .. Kad, read Bad.

()IA^jL)I read jl^MJiuil 280 1 12 .. read^IJi.
j\J
.. 1 27 .. Itikaf, read ttikdf. Guzar, read Guzar.

( s'iAJ'l read i-_jl^!. .. 2 10 .. lJ^ read jl»I.

.. 29 .. Ramadan, read Ramzan. 285 1 26 .. Khain, read Khain.

 ERRATA.
PAGE
 ERRATA.
PAGE
 GLOSSARY.

AB AB
Ab, H. (i-^Ji, contracted from the A. yl Abu) A father. as no such duties are levied ; although, in Mysore, the

Abdi, H. (i_fU) Patrimonial, descending from paternal areka-nut was sometimes included in the Abkari farm.]

ancestors (land, property). The principal Regulations in Bengal for the Abkari duties

Ab, H. (p. u_>T, S. ^(m:) Water. are xxvii. 1793, x. 1813, xiii. 1816, and vii. 1824
Abddr, H. (iIajI ) A servant whose office it is to prepare Abhdri Ddrogha, H. (iXc. iIOijtiIwjI ) The head native officer

water for domestic use, or for drinking. appointed to superintend distilleries, spirit-shops, and the like.
Abddr khdna, H. (<)6li- itjol ) The room where such water Abhdri Mah&l, H. ( JW« ^J^_ \ ) The department or office

is kept in suitable earthen vessels. of Abhdri, the excise.

Ab-pdshi, H. (^<iljjl) Irrigating fields, watering fields; Abab, Mar. (^I^TW, from A. Abreab, q.v.) A particular item

lit. water-sprinkling. in revenue accounts : the grain falling to the share of the

Ab-rawdn, H. (,^^^^1) Running water; metaphor. Fine Government after deducting the portions of the several sharers.

muslin. Abad, H. (p. i>lj I ). The word is very generally adopted

Abi, H.iij} , lit. Relating to water, watered). In the north- as Hindi and Mar. (^T^^), Beng. CTtTfTf), Telugu
west provinces it is applied to land watered from ponds, (e3?.0~^OJ)), Populous, cultivated, as a village or tract of

tanks, lakes, or water-courses, in distinction to that which country; the reverse of Wirdn, (.f^j>0>
waste, deserted.

is watered from wells ; as the supply from the former A village or tract which is designated in revenue phrase

is liable to fail in the hot season, Abi land is assessed at a as Abdd is one from which revenue may be levied : in

lower rate ; in some cases at less than a half of that watered military topography it denotes a place where supplies may
from wells. be expected. It occurs also, though less commonly, as

Abistdni, H. (jJIjLujI) Land artificially irrigated. Abaddn (^jIiJIjI ). Abdd karna means, to introduce or

Ab-hhez, H. iyj^, I ) A soil impregnated with water, moist or extend cultivation or population, to settle, to people

wet soil. whence may arise a claim to property through descent from

AbkAr, H. iKi\) A manufacturer or retailer of spirituous the Abdd-kdr, the originator or founder. As the second

liquors ; lit. a maker of (strong) waters. member of a compound Abdd often denotes a city, as

Abkari, also written Abkaree, Abkary, Abkabry, Ahbar-dbdd, the city of Ahbar, or Agra, which he made

AuBKAURY, H. &c. (i_S)l^l), or in Telugu, AbukIri, his capital ; Aurang-dbdd, the city of Aurang-zeb
(e3t3JS~"5) Revenue derived from duties levied on the Murshid-dbdd; the city of Murshid Kuli Khan, Gover-
manufacture and sale of inebriating liquors, cis tdri or nor of Bengal, by whom it was enlarged and embellished ;

toddy, pachwai, arrack, &c., and on intoxicating drugs, Shdhjahdn-dbdd, the city of Shdhjahdn, or Delhi ; with

whether in substance, infusion, or extract, as opium,, many others of Mohammedan origin and improvement.

bhang, chiras, &c. It is levied on certain licenced dis- Prom the attributives Abdd and Abdddn come the sub-

tilleries, or in fees for licences granted by the collector to stantives Abddi, Abdddni, Populousness, cultivation : in

retailers. In some parts of the south of India the Abhdri Bengali the meanings have been transposed, Abdd C^TtTtTr)

included duties on eating-shops, gaming-houses, itinerant signifying cultivation, populousness , and ^Jicii (^iWft),

tumblers, jugglers, and the like. [In the Report nf the cultivated, peopled.

House of Commons, 1832, p. 95, it is said to comprehend Abdd-beshi, H. {tJ!*J^ "^^1 , from P. beshi ^J^Ht Excess).

duties on pepper and betel ; but this is a mis-statement, First assessment of newly-settled or cultivated land.

1 B
 AB AB
Abaratam, Tam. (a|UCrrT<^LD, from S. Aparddha ^'TOy, Abhir, Ubheer, H. &c. ijJ^\ , S. ^»^: , also, with the initial

Fault, oflFence, in which sense it also occurs in most dia- long Abhira ^TItIt;) A shepherd, a cowherd. Accord-
lects). Fine, amercement, forfeiture. ing to Menu (B. x. lo) the Abhira is of mixed origin,

Abd, Ubd, H. (a. lioc, plur. Abid liJ^JJ^) A slave, two the offspring of a Brahman father, and a mother of the
descriptions of whom are alone recognised in Mohamme- Ambashtha, or medical caste ; but the Abhiras were a

dan law — infidels made captives in war, and their descen- people, a pastoral tribe, settled, about the beginning of the

dants. In practice much greater latitude is allowed, Christian era, on or near the lower course of the Indus,

although not strictly legal ; and a title to slaves may be on a tract known to clsissical geographers, as the Abiria
acquired by purchase, donation, or inheritance. The term of Ptolemy, lying north of the Sahyadri mountain, and of

enters largely into the formation of Mohammedan proper Syrastrene. The Abhirs of Saurashtra are mentioned

names, as Abd-ullak, slave of God; Abd-dli, slave of Ali; in the Mahdbhdrata. From their pastoral habits the

Abd-ul-mdlik, the slave of the Lord (God). It is also name came to be generally applied to the cowherds of

frequently prefixed in aflFectation of humility to the official Hindustan. In the spoken dialects of upper India the
signatures of native officers, whether Hindus or Moham- word is corrupted to Ahir, Uheer, q.v. In Bengali and
medans ; and in law papers it is sometimes prefixed to Marathi it is unchanged, occurring as Abhir,
the name of each subscribing witness. Abhijog, Beng. (^rsuwl^t, S. Abhiyoga SufHiTlJi:) Plaint,

Abda, Ben. (^Wiri, S. ^'^, a year). The period during complaint, beginning of a suit.

which a party who reclaims waste land is allowed to hold Abhijogi, Beng. Carf^TSTt"^, S. •^ffl^Wt) A plaintiff, a
it rent-free. The rent remitted. The land so held. [The complainant.

term in this sense is confined to Eastern Bengal and Chit- Abhijog-patra, Beng. (^f^dvSttTft^, S. ^rfw^TpT^) A
tagong.] petition, or writing of complaint.

Abdh^^t, Ubdhoot, H. (S. Avadhuta ^ravffO A religious Abhyudayaka-sraddha, S. (^»?^^loiranir) Offering to de-

mendicant of the Hindus, one who professes to have shaken ceased progenitors, or to the manes collectively, on some
otf" the infirmities of humanity. In Hindustan the Abdhut prosperous event, as the birth of a son, or the like.

is generally of the Vaishnava sect. In the south it is Abhyupetya SusRlJSHA, S. (^srwt^?nr?m) Contracted service,
said he is usually a Saiva mendicant. a title of Hindu law, treating of disputes between master

Abedak, Beng. (S. "«(l4<iiT<P dvedaka) A complainant or and servant.

suitor, a petitioner. Abik-Ubeek, H. (a. iJJjI) a runaway slave, in Moham-

Abedan, Beng. (S. ^srtCTTpT) A petition, a plaint, an affidavit. medan law.
A A
Abedan faira, or Abedan lipi, (S.'STft^Tf^ tiS, or f»rf^) Abir-Ubeer, H. (from A..jX^, Saffi-on), A powder of a
A written plaint or petition, a representation in writing. red or yellow colour, composed of various vegetable

Abhar, Ubhub, Mar. (^«^) The collections from a vil- and mineral ingredients, as turmeric, saflBower, saffi-on, red

lage in the Maratha country. Kacha Abhar, The gross or yellow orpiment, talc, ground to a fine powder, and used

collections, without any deduction. by the natives to throw over one another and stain their

Abhaya, Ubhuyu, Mar. (S. 'SMit, from ^ neg., and »TII. faces and clothes with at the vernal festival of the Holi, as
fear), An assurance of safety or immunity. typical of the buds and blossoms of the season of spring.

AbhayadvnMma, Mar. (S. '^wrfift'T) A proclamation by Abwab, H. (A. c-jIjjI, plur. of bdb t-jb, a door, a section,

beat of drum {.dindimcd of general security to all who a chapter, a title,) Heads or subjects of taxation, or the

submit in the case of a captured tovra or conquered country. taxes which were imposed under the Mohammedan Go-
Abhaya patra, S. &c. (^nwnt) A written document in vernments in addition to the regular assessment on the
assurance of safety, a safe conduct. land. Miscellaneous cesses, imposts, and charges, levied

Abhichah, H. (S. 'arfirsrn;:) Employment of charms or by Zemindars and public officers. These cesses were
spells for the destruction of an enemy. either abolished or consolidated with the land revenue,
and
Abhipatti, Ubhiputteb, Mar. ('3T6?t|^) Any extra cess are no longer payable to the British Government ; but such
or assessment [under the Peshwa's Government.] as existed before the perpetual settlement, and were not spe-
2
 AC AC
cially abrogated or not consolidated, are still claimed some- duced into all the dialects, sometimes slightly modified). In-

times by the Zemindars, (Reg. viii. 1793, xxx. 1803, v. 1812). stitute, established and essential observance, as daily ablutions

They were variously designated, as, 1. after the princes and personal purification, daily worship, tonsure, investiture,

by whom they were ordered, as Abrvdb Kdsim Alt Khan, marriage, obsequial rites, or Srdddhas. Performance of
taxes of Kdsim (Cossim) Alt, Nawab of Bengal ; or, appropriate duties in different stages of life, &c. It is

2. from the pretext on which they were raised, as Abwdb- also used in composition with terms limiting its applica-

Faujddri, taxes on the Zemindars, in commutation of fees tion, as Kuldchdr, family usage ; Desdchdr, custom of
which had been payable to the office of Faujdar, or the country ; Matdchdr, practice of any particular sect

chief military and police magistrate, and Abmdb Thdna- Nitydchdr, invariable observance ; Suddhdchdr, ceremo-
ddri, fees exacted by Shujd Khdn from retailers of spiri- nial purity ; Vnddhdchdr, old established custom.

tuous liquors and other articles in bazars attached to AcHAHJ, AcHARI, AcHARTA, H. &C. (^^U-l, ^T^lft, from
police or military stations, and payable to the Kotrvdl; the S. Achdrya ^\-m<MX) A religious teacher ; properly,

Abwdb Khamsi (from khamsa, five, for several), diffe- the Brahman who instructs the religious student of the

rent taxes levied by the Governor of Dacca when the two next castes — the Kshatriya and the Vaisya — as well

Diwdni was granted to the Company, on pretence of pre- as the Brahman,' in the Vedas. In modern use it is ap-

senting the proceeds to the Emperor in acknowledgment plied to any religious instructor, or to any Brahman or
of the grant {Fifth Rep. and Gloss.) ; also Abwdb meh- religious mendicant professing to be qualified to give spiri-

mdni, a cess levied on the inhabitants of a village to defray tual instruction. In the south of India it especially denotes

the expenses of the Zemindar on his paying it an occa- the head of a religious society — the Mahant of Hindustan,

sional visit ; Abwdb rdhddri, rates charged on the peo- or the Panda, or head Priest of a temple. Among the

ple of a town or district for the repair of the public roads ; Marathas it was given to Brahmans employed by respect-

Abwdb Pdtaki, a cess apparently peculiar to Orissa, lite- able families as cooks. In the Tamil provinces it is

rally, '
taxes on the wicked or fallen," applying the term assumed by carpenters and other artisans.

to eight inferior or degraded castes or occupations, namely, AcHCHAKA, Karn. (®^S) Assessment, taxes. One who
Tdntis, weavers, Tdmbulis, venders of betel and pan, pays taxes.

Quriyas, confectioners, or makers of sweetmeats with Gur Achchavadi, or Achchuadi, Karn. (e3|oOS6) Assess-

or molasses. Sonars, goldsmiths, and Kaiwartts, Kibdrats ment, tax.

and Gohas, different tribes of fishermen. Achchavaliga, Karn. i^^^V'^) One who pays taxes.

AcHALiT-UcHULiT, H. (S. ^ST^cTrT: lit. What has not moved, AcHCHABi, Mai. (CS»t>^sl) Printing, stamping.

or is immoveable). Real or landed property. Ackchadikdran, Mal.(c<S^.^sldftiOfDnr6) A printer, a coiner.

AcHANDRAKGAM, Tam. (^S'r^^QTTIJiEEiLl), from the S. WT AcHCHALAYATARU, Karn. (e5^5^0&8&)) Police officers,

d, as long as, ^^ chandra, the jaoaa, and ^% arka, the peons.

sun, i.e. as long as the sun and moon endure). In Tan- ACHCHHAN, Mai. (CS^n^ab, Tam. ^S-S-m) A father;

jore and Kanara, any village, of which the lands are per- used also as a title of respect, and in Malabar applied

manently apportioned among the hereditary proprietors. especially to the males of the royal family who have no
The term, slightly modified according to dialect, appears office nor official rank in the state.

to be in common currency in the south of the Peninsula AcHCHARAM, Mai. ((S^.^0(Oo) Eamest-money, money ad-
to denote perpetuity. vanced.

AcHAMANA, S. (^sr^>T«T) Rinsing the mouth, sipping a little AcHCHU, Karn. (®^), Achcha, Mai. (CS^S.^) A mould,
water and ejecting it before and after meals, and before a type, a form for casting or taking impressions, a print-

and after various ceremonies, one of the permanent and ing-press, the pivot of a hand-mill.

daily practices of the Hindus. Achchugdr, or Achchuli, Karn. (e)|jC^^^_e3|jC^) a

Achamaniya, S. (^HH^l) Water fit for sipping, also printer, a cotton-printer, a pressman.

for offering it to an idol. AcHCHUKATTU, corruptly Achkat and Atchkutt, Tam.

AchAr, H. &c., (iU- I , S. -ill-mu Achdra, whence it is intro- (=!]<§& £6S.1_®) AcHUKATTU, Tel. (^xJO^tO) Land
3
 AC AD
divided into beds to admit and retain the water let in for Add karnd, H. (ii/ 1 jl) To pay a debt, to make an agree-
irrigation. Lands prepared for the cultivation of rice. ment.

AcHU-KATALi, Tel. (e3oo"r°^0). In the south of India, Add hona, H. (Uyb Ijl) To be settled, paid or fulfilled, as

grants of revenue and perquisites in grain, formerly re- a debt or contract.

ceived by the Poligar for protecting the crops, and engaging Add-i-mdlguzdri, H. (i_j;]^Le Ijl) Payment of revenue.
to make good any depredations on the lands under pro- Ada, Mar. (^^) Grain, profit, fimd, stock, income.

tection. ApAGu-UpuGoo, Tam. (=J.jl_g)), Tel. (eSf^X^) A pawn,

Ache, Tel. (©O") The principal harvest, the heavy crop (used a pledge.

in Vizagapatam). Ada, or Adai manam, Tam. (a|l_LorT(3OTLo — =l|(S3DI_

AcHiDAlYAN, Tarn. (2L<^(353SIJ_lOTr) A barber. LolTOOTLo) A mortgage, a simple mortgage, in which the

AcHlTA, Karn. («&?§, Mai. (cS*3)i2_I1(Tno) A weight of ten mortgager retains possession of the property pledged, pay-

khandakas, or bharas (each being ten tulams) ; a cart-load. ing interest on the loan.

AcHHRA, Ben. (^i^di) The straw of paddy. Adaiyolai, Tam. (5]L|0tDl_(olUrT350) The palm-leaves on

Ai), Ap, Mar. &c. (^5, ^n^), in Hindustan pronounced, and which a mortgage, deed, or lease, or other engagement,

usually written, with the hard r, as Ar or Ar (j'jj!) §'• « is written.

(It also occurs in other dialects, modified by the substitu- ApAVU, alsoApARVU, Karn. C^SQ.^.eSQ'y;?-) A pledge;

tion of the soft d for the hard d, or by duplication of one a mortgage, a simple mortgage, in which the mortgager

or other, of which examples will be given.) A syllable retains the property, paying interest on the loan.

used as a prefix, implying obstructing, screening, barring Adavu cMtUt Adavu-sdthana, or Adawrpatra, Karn.
also inferiority, irregularity, or deviation. (e3Q,^a3-"ex>, &c.) A mortgage-deed, or bond.

Ad-al-hukm. Uriya. Disobedience of orders, resistance of Adavu-kdr, Karn. {^&'Q) s dO) A mortgagee, one who holds

process. a pledge or mortgage.

Ad-gaon, Mar. (^TTSTt^) A small or inferior village. Adahari, Hindi (^^^T^) A bullock not broken in for work.

Adgir, Hindi (^Hi'dO A strip of sward encompassing a field. ApAKAM, Tam. (a|L_iE&<SLc>) An enclosure.

Ad-jdt, Mar. (WTSslTiT) People of the inferior or mixed Adani, Karn. (es^S^C^) Unrewarded or compulsory labour.

castes. Addnijana, Karn. (©"2rSC98c!o3) An unpaid labourer, a

Ad-mdrg, Mar. (^JliHI'l) A bye-way, a cross-road ; also slave, a serf.

cross or internal traffic, and duty levied on such-traffic. (This ApANGAL, Tam. (S^L-PllS.^), Mai. (cS^sefcot) An esti-

occurs, incorrectly written, Udh marwa and Urdh margh). mate, an appraisement, a valuation ; the whole contents, or

Admuth, Mar. (^'rafl?) Sowing seed carefully on hilly or whole quantity of any thing ; a contract ; examining the
broken ground (so as to close the hand or fist inmtK) cultivation of village lands.

readily.) ApAH-UpuB, or ApARA-UpuRU, Hindi (^rar) A ditch,

Ad nav, Mar. (wf^TT^) Family or surname. and the mound of earth thrown up from it, forming the
Ad sattd, Mar. ("Sra^r^T) Estimate, rough calculation. See boundary of a field.

Adasattd and Arsatha. Adasatta-Udusutta, Tel. (e3Q^b"~°) Estimate, com-

Adman, Mar. (^n^lff) The space between the top and putation, an account by estimate. (The d being pronounced
foot of a hill, the slope. and written r, the word occurs more usually in Hindu-
ApwBPANi, Mar. (^S^'JTOft) Water of irrigation derived stan as Arsath, q.v.)

from tanks, &c. ; artificial water, not rain-water. ApAT-UpuT, Mar. (^JTiT) Mercantile correspondence, agency,

Ap, Mar. (^n^) A well without steps. brokerage; charge or fee for commission or brokerage.

Ada, H. (a. bl) Fulfilment of an agreement, performance This word also occurs in other dialects differently spelled,

of a contract, payment of a debt. This is sometimes con- as Adhat (^J^if), or the hard d, dh being pronounced
founded, but incorrectly, with Ahda, q. v. like r, Arat, Arhat, or Urihut ; or, again, with the sofl t

Add-bandi, or bundee, H. ((.jiUj b!) Fixing a term for the and the aspiration transposed, as Arthi, or Urtheei

payment of a debt or the performance of a contract. Adatyd, Vdutyd, or Udutiya ; also, very corruptly, Adut-
4
 AD AD
teeyo. Mar. (^5WT) A mercantile correspondent, a broker, Adda-ndma,Kaxn.(.^(^^^^^) A family or surname.

an ag^nt; also Arhatiya and Arthiya. Addandlige, Kam. (esg^ra^A) a stone put across the

Adat, or Abat, Beng. (^iv»«>) A warehouse, a store occu- mouth of a well.

pied by a wholesale dealer, or a monopolist; a place Addani, Kam. (®§®) The woof or cross threads.

from which all must purchase what they want. Addasdhi, Kara. (©QcODeu) A transverse fiirrow in

Adat ddr, Beng. (from P. ilo, who has). A store-keeper, ploughing.

a monopolist. Adda-mnka, Kam. ( ©QBOOS) Duty on sheep collected from

Adatta, S. (m, neg, &c. ^^: given, ungiven). In Hindu those only who sell them, not from the ryots.

law, illegal, or void and resumable donation. Adde,'Ka.Tn. C*^^) A bambu across the shoulder, by which
Adavi, or Apivi-KOTTUTA, Tel. ( esiSSir^^b, s. ^I7f%, two burthens are carried.

Atavi, a forest). Clearing away jungle, and bringing Addekkalu, Kara. (®g|^--') A new comer, a settler in a

the land into cultivation. village.

Adava, or ApAvi-PALKi, Mar. (^IqTT, ^'3=ft, athwart, and Adda, Tel. (®^) Half; more properly Ardha (e^, from
'TT^y'li^)- The privilege of being carried in a palankin

sideways ; that is, with the poles across the road, or at a Adda, Tel. (®9) A measure equal to two Mdnikas.
right angle with it, a distinction enjoyed by the head of the Addavu-dosili, Tel. (Ogc^O ^iS) An allowance of grain

Brahmans of Sringaffiri, the spiritual descendants of made to the village barber.

Sankara Acharya ; latterly also claimed by the head of Adda, Dekhini, H. (IJ ! , ^T|7). This differs from the Te-
the Lingayits, and the subject of litigation in the Com- lugu and Kam. Adda, Adda, as above, in beginning and
pany's Courts of the Bombay Presidency. ending with a long, in place of a short vowel. It is some-
Adaya, Tel. Kam. (e5^3^C&, from the S. ^HT^'R:) Gain, profit, times written with a short initial and final, as Adda, or

receipt. Uddu, Mar. (^13), but never with a dental d ; the word
Adaya vichha, Kam. (e303c&S)<$J) Profit and loss, re- occurs, with some modifications of- meaning, in Tel., Mar.,

ceipt and disbursement ; [the last term is possibly from the Uriya, and perhaps other dialects. A stand, a station or

S. Vyaya "S^, expenditure.] place where porters, bearers, or labourers attend to be hired

Adda, Uppu, Kam. (®$) A half; but in this sense more a place where people assemble, a stall, a booth, a shop,

correctly arddha, q. v. In composition it also implies a post or dawk station or office ; a company or asso-

hindrance, obstruction, going transversely, diverging, &c., ciation of persons engaged in the same business ; any
corresponding in these respects to the Marathi Ad and business constantly going on, especially on a large scale

Hindi Ar, but doubling the cerebral d. the place where it is transacted, or any place where people
Addadandige, Kara. (esQOOSST^) A palankin carried congregate, whether for business or idleness ; a salt-heap

transversely. See Adavd-pdlki. (in Ganjam) ; the perch of a bird-cage.

Adda kdluve, Kara. ( ©Q s ci£u3" ) A subordinate Addd-ddr, H. ( ,1 J 15 1 ) A palankin bearer, or dawk-runner ;

channel, one cut from a main water-course for irri- a postman, a courier ; a shop or stall-keeper.

gation. Addajv A, Kam. ( esOES ) A measure equal to about half-a-pint.

Adda kasibi, kasibe, kasabu, kasibi, or kasubu, Kara. Adde, Tel. (®~§) Hire, rent.

(&^h'J), ^^S, ^iao, &c.) A trade, a profession not Appi, Beng. ('^Ttf^) A title or cognomen given to persons

hereditary, an employment to which the person was not who are, or whose ancestors were, money weighers and
born or bred. changers.

Adda kattu, or hatte, Kam. (©^SHj-S" c3) a dam for the Addika, or Addiqa; also Addakadar and Addaka-
purpose of confining water. DAVA,Karn.(»g^, e9g^, «^S^^,fromtheS. J.ci%a;fe-
Adda mdrga, Kara. (e3QoJ^A8~) a cross or bye sha 'W^^'., an overseer). A village officer, whose duty
road. it is to keep the cultivators to their work, and to prevent the

Adda mdtu, Kara. (©g^Sj^Sj) Evasive answer, prevari- clandestine removal of any part of the common crop.

cation.
'

Addiseyuta, Tel. (esQcOOO^ueo) a contract, by which a

C
 AD AM
cultivator pledges the whole or a portion of his crop to a right to property is established. Kam. (W^SOO) a
a banker as security for money borrowed. canal, or water-course for irrigation. It is used in Karnata
Adeya, TJdeyu, S. (^ neg., and ^, to be given), What may in composition, to denote various modes of irrigation, as,

not be legally alienated or given away. Amej-ddhdram, (from P. dmez, mixing) Irrigation from
Adh, AdhA, Adhi, or Adhee, H. (JSiil , laxiT, ^_^liT, from more than one source, or from tanks, wells, water-courses,
the S. arddha ^^: , half, or a part), A half. (The word &c. The land so irrigated.

occurs in most dialects, modified according to their pecu- Bhdvi, or Bhdvddi ddhdram, Tel. Kam. (5~9S, S. Sdpi,
liarities of emmciation, as in the Adda of Tel. and Kam., or vdpi, a well) Irrigation from wells. The land so

as above. It is also used extensively in composition, with watered.

the initial most usually made' short, as, Nala, or Ndld ddhdram, (from S. •TT^t ndla, a pipe).

Adk-batdi, or hutaee, H. (^Iw. isJl) Division of produce Irrigation from natural water-courses, or ncdas. The fields

in equal shares. so watered.

Adhela, TJdhela, H. (Lubjl) Haifa pice, or copper coin so Tatdhddhdram, Tel. (from the S. taddga UTPT) A pond,

called. a tank ; irrigation from a tank or pond, or the fields so

Adheli, Udhelee, H. (jJoftOl) Half a silver rupee, or eight supplied.

anas. A half share. In Sagar, a measure of com, half a Adharshan, Beng. (S. 'STtT^I) Conviction of a criminal.

chautiya. (In Garwhal) a small fractional measure of land. Adhi, or Udhi, less correctly, Udheb ; also corruptly. Ad,
Adheliya, H. (bJuanil) Proprietor of a half share. Adh, Adi, Audi, H. (S. ^fy) Over, above, in place, office,

Adhidr, H. (,UaJl). A man who spends half his time in or possession. It is used chiefly in composition.

one village, half in another, cultivating lands in both, is Adhihdr, H. &c. (S. ^rfVcRRt) Office, duty ; superinten-

said Adhidr-karna, or, in RohUkhand, Adh-bdr. dence, government ; right, rightfiol claim or property.

Adhidri, H. (^c^ljaJl) A half share. Adhikdr-patra, or patrika, Beng. ('^itwt^'tfl) A power

Adhid, H. (Lxajl) Division of produce between two parties of attorney, a letter of credit.

in equal proportions ; one furnishing the land and seed, Adhikdri, corruptly, Adhkdr, Adkdri, Adikari, Audicarei ;

and the other the labour. The payment of half the annual hence also the Adigar of Ceylon, H. &c. (S. ^ftl<*lO) One
assessment by the cultivators to the person who is respon- who holds a superior office or authority ; a superintendant,
sible to the Government for the revenue at the vernal and a ruler, a governor; as,

autumnal harvests. Grdmddhikdri, The headman of a village.

Adh-kachcha, H. (Ls^ xOl) A soil lying between the land Desddhikdri, The head of a district or province ; abbre-

named Pahara and the Tarai in the district of Saharanpur. viated in the south of India to Desai, corruptly Deysaee, or

Adh-kari, or kuree, H. ('HMohO) An instalment of eight Desaye : also one who claims a right ; as, Uttarddhikdri,
anas in the rupee, or half the Government revenue, Subsequent claimant, i.e. Successor, heir, especially as ap-

(from the S. kara Wd tax). plicable to landed property : it may also denote one who,
Addhak, TJddhuk, H. (^rgcB) A half, a part : less in use although a member of a village community, occupies his
r
than Adhd. land in his own right, or in severalty. See Arudihdrai.

Adhak, Adhuk, or Arhak, H. (S. ^re^:) A measure of Adhikarma, H. (S. ^lf>I«li»§) Superintendence, supervision,

capacity, used as a dry measure ; a vessel 18 inches in government.

depth, contaiuing 4 prasthas, the 16th part of a khdri. Adhikarma-krdt, H. (S. ^l|<**S<Jri ) A supervisor, a supe-

In the Dekhin nearly 71b. lloz. avoirdupois. In Mysore rior, a governor.

the Adah, or Adhak is a measure of grain, equal to 71b. Adhipati, or Udhiputee, corruptly Adhiput, H. (S. ^rftprflT:)

avoirdupois, or a measure of capacity, containing about A superintendant, a headman. It is used like Adhikdri in
750 cubic inches : also called a Markdl. composition, as Grdmddhipati, Head of a village ; Des-
Adhaham, Mal.(C®^OJ3roo, S. ^TVtt) A prop, or support; ddhipati, Head of a district.

that on which any thing lit. or fig. rests ; also a canal, Adhirdj, or Udhiraj, H. (S. ^fvtnn) A paramount prince

a dyke ; a document, a voucher or title -deed, by which or sovereign, but also commonly used as a title to persons of

G
 AD AD
inferior pretensions, although of consequence. It is some- Adihe-hriydvdd, Kam. A tax on betel-nut tree groves in

times abbreviated to DMraj, as Mahdrdj, Dhiraj, Jay Mysore.

Sink, the great king, the supreme Jay Sinh. Adima, Udima, Mai. (c®i^alci) ; Adimai, Tam. (SlJU^troLQ)
Adhi-vinnd, S. (^ftlf^^l) In Hindu law, a superseded wife, Adime,1e\.(^^ o^ ) Slavery, bondage in general. A bond-
one who has been succeeded by other wives. man, a slave. In Tam., especially a predial slave attached

Adhi-vedanika, S. (^lfv^f«T«ir) In Hindu law, Dowry or hereditarily to the land, and only transferable with it. In

settlement given to a first wife on her supercession by a Malabar it also implies the feudal dependency of a Nair upon

second marriage. some chief whom he selects for his protector or patron.

Adhyagni, S. (^rwf'TT) Property given to the wife at the Adimaichittu, Tam. (ajU^eCDLQS'e^l—®) Bill of sale for

time of marriage, or over the (nuptial) fire. One of the a slave.

items of Stri-dhan, or female property, in Hindu law. Adima, or Udima janm, Mai. (^02, S. in*!, birth, birth-

Adhydvdhaniha, S. (WKn^Tlf«T«!r) An item of woman's right). Mortgage of land for a sum inferior |o its value

property ;
property that has descended to her lineally. by a superior to a person of a low caste ; hence some-

Adhik, or Udhik, H. (S. ^fVcH:) More, any thing in addition times applied to a grant of land by a superior to an in-

or excess. It occurs in most of the dialects, singly or ferior, either rent-free, or at a quit-rent : the land, in either

in composition. case, reverting to the granter on failure of heirs of the grantee.

Adhika^vdram, Tam. (5i|^<561JrTrTLQ) In South India, a [This is evidently the same as the Adoni-janm of the Glos-

division of the crop in which a larger share is assigned sary, Fifth Report. See R. p. 801.]

to Brahmans or other privileged persons. Adima-janm kdr, or Adima-jamrir-kolunavan, Mai. (6l<fe0e-i

Adhi, S. (^fv:) A pledge, or deposit, which may be of OOnjnr6) The person who holds an Adima grant.
two kinds Gopya, to be preserved entire and perfect, or 'Adima-janm, panam, Mai. (ojevnoo, price). Price or fee

Bhogya, to be used or enjoyed ; also Bandhaka, q. v. paid for receiving land by Adima tenure.

Adhi hlioga, S. ('^rrfwtn) Use of a thing pledged, either Adimapani, Mai. (<S^slGlaJ6Y-o1) The duty of a slave,

as the equivalent of a partial or entire remission of interest. servitude.

Adhoma, or Udhokeea, Thug. A person who has separated Adima-paramba, Mai. (q_1oOQJ, a garden), A plantation

from a party, and has thereby escaped their fate of being or garden held by an Adima grant.

waylaid and murdered. J.dmaya?7ara, Mai. (cS»BslCiCQJOojro) Immunities granted

Api, or Adhi, Beng. ('^rtfe, 'STtfi?) A measure of ca- to slaves by their masters, as land, gardens, &c.

pacity, equal, in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, to two AdimAn, cor[\x.pibj,Adehmaun, Mar.(^Tf^>n^, from the S.^rrf^,
maunds. first, and HTH, respect). The first rights or privileges enjoyed

Adi, corruptly Addy, Tam. {£l|L!^) A foot ; also a measure by a village officer ; certain claims or rights of precedence, &c.

of length, a short foot=: 10 46 inches . : 57,600 square adis Adinam, Tam, (S. aLaOOTLQ) Government. Property.

are equal to a kdni, q.v. Adinattukudaiyavan, or Adinakartan, Tam. (.gL^OOT^

Adihol, Tam. (illL^iSSarreD) A measuring rod. ^S@{3C3L_U_16LIOT ^^OCTSCTSSOT) A proprietor,

Adi cheei, Tam. (5I|U^<S'S<9'l!fl) Near the town; a village an owner, a landlord, an heir or inheritor.

near a town, a suburb ; that part of the village in which Adi - PATTADENELLIT, Tam. (=i|U^UUI_l_©ipGr5^6^)
the hereditary proprietors reside. Waste or sweepings at the foot {.adi) or bottom of a stack

Adidadi, (In Chingleput) Breach of the peace. of straw ; a band of straw tied round a stack of grain to
Adikasu, Kam. (esO^S^cOJ) ^ daily tax levied on shops, prevent the clandestine removal of any part of it.

especially in regimental bazars, varying from one to four Adippukkuli,T&m.{Si\Kj.\-ii.\S>&n-.^) Wages for thrash-
kds, or cash. ing corn. •

Adiki, Adike, Kam. (est^S, e3E5"s) Betel or Areka-unt. Adittumutaldnatu, Tam. (5lJL:j-^^(lpS6Drr(3!3r^) Quan-
Adike-gonihdr, Karn. A tax on the hire of the Gonikars, tity of grain thrashed.

a low caste of Hindus employed to gather the areka-nut Adirasu, Kara. (©GO e<OJ) Remains of a heap of corn;

from the gardens of the Ryots in Mysore. gleanings.

7
 AD AD
Api stjDRA, Tarn. (Sl^^^^fjnch) A man of a low 4. Addlat ul Kdzi (^_J-olsJI tJI^Uc) The Court of the Kdzi,
caste ; one of a caste inferior to (adi), even the Siidra. the chief judge of a tovra or district in civil causes and
ApiTl, or ApiTIYA, H. ('Srf^fir) A mercantile correspondent questions regarding the Mohammedan religion. Under him
or agent ; but the word is a corruption of Adat, Arhat, the Muhtadh held a Court for the adjudication of offences
or Arhatiya, q.v. against morals — as drunkenness, gambling, &c. Under the

Aditya, H. (S. ^nf^w:) The sun. British Government these Courts were continued, with some
Aditya-var, or Aditya-bdr, abridged to A-it-rvar, or more modifications, until 1793, when the judicial and revenue

commonly, Etmar (H. iiJLil) Sunday. departments were separated, and Zila and Provincial Courts
ApiYAN, plur. ApiYAH, Mai. (CS'DslCQJOnrt)) A slave, a serf, were established, subordinate to one Supreme Addlat at the
A
a vassal ; a man of low caste in Malabar, who lives under Presidency, distinguished as the Sadk, or Suddbr Ada-
the protection of a Raja or religious establishment. Tam. LAT (A. ciJtii^ iiJ.^) High Court of Justice, or Court of

(cijU^|J_1JT(3CT) A man-servant; Adiydl, Tam. (il^L^.- Final Decision, subdivided into,

U_irT6TT) a woman-servant. Sadr-Diwdni Addlat, or, corruptly, Stidder Dewamiy
Adl, Udl, H. &c. (a. Jiic) Justice, equity. Equality, equi- Adamlut, High Court of Civil Jurisdiction.

poise. The word occurs in most dialects, with slight Sadr Nizdmat, or Faujddri Addlat, High Court of Cri-

modifications, and in some places denotes an official seal minal Justice. Beng. Reg. iii. ix. xii. xiii. 1793, ii. 1795,
or stamp for documents, parcels, &c. ; also, in Orissa and ii. 1801, viii. 1803, V. 1809, &c.

the northern Cirkars, a wooden stamp for blocks of salt. Addlat Akhar, H. (A.^ji^l, greatest), A superior Court of

Adl-dar, H. ( iW J^J*) A sealer ; an officer whose duty it Justice ; a Court of Appeal.

is to apply seals or stamps. Addlat Asghar, H. (A.^^l, smallest). An inferior, or

Addala-vddu, Tel. (©geJ5T°Q0) An officer who stamps subordinate Court of Justice.

blocks of salt; also a manufacturer of salt, or hired Adm, Udm, H. (a. aSc) Cessation, discontinuance. In Urdu
labourer employed in the manufacture. it is chiefly used to form technical compounds ; as,

Aadil, H. (A. Jtilc) A just or upright person; one in Adm-i-jaiddd, H. (P. tiljjls-, a grant), Loss or forfeiture

whom trust may be placed. of a grant ; loss of subsistence.

Addil al JRakn, A. (.^^^ J"^^)- In Mohammadan law, Adm-nishdn, H. (P. ^J^, sign or trace). Unclaimed or
a third party, to whose keeping a pledge or security given untraceable property, &c.

by a borrower to a lender is entrusted. Adm-i-sabut, P. (A. ClJyj, confirmation). Wanting proof,

AdalAt, Udalut, corruptly, Adavtlut, H. (A. ui^'iAr) defective in evidence.

Court of justice ;
justice, equity. Under the Mohammedan Adm-i-tandehi, H., Remissness or neglect in pursuing a
/I

Government the Addlats, or Courts of Justice, were four : cause, suffering it to go by default, {lit. want of bodily
1. Nizdmat Addlat, (li^lj^c ci.~«Uai) The Supreme Court exertion ; or P. tan, and S. deh, both meaning body).
of Criminal Justice, nominally presided over by the Ndzim, AdmarjIi, Hindi (^^TSTT^) A term used in leases, signi-

or Viceroy of the province. This was subdivided into the fying failure from drought.

Moz-dddlat, or Court held on a Sunday by the Ndzim Adoni-janm, Mai. Lands held by individuals of low caste
A A
for the trial of capital offenders, and the Addlat ul Adli- and artisans under grants from persons of rank and property.

yat (from ^Ic), The High Court, in which affi'ays, quarrels, See Adima-janm, for which it is no doubt an error.

and cases regarding personal property were tried : this was Apu, Tam. (^®), Ata, Mai. ((S»3)S) A sheep, a goat.

usually presided over by the Nizam's deputy, or Ddrogha. Attukdran, Mai. ( CS^|c&>oronrt)) A shepherd, a goath^d.

2. Diroani Addlat (c:-Jlj>c ci'ji'^) The Civil Court of the Attukkidai, Tam. (^(—©se^anDl—) A field, cote, or place
Diwan, the chief officer in charge of the revenue of the where goats or sheep are penned, for the sake of their
principality. manure.

3. Faujddri Addlat (lS^Iac ^_5-,lLy»-y) The Court of the Attumari^Mli (?) Tam. The hire paid to the owner of a

Faujdar, or chief of the magistracy and police of a district flock of sheep or goats for their detention in a field for

the Subordinate, or District Criminal Court. the purpose of manuring it.

8
 AD AG
Attu-vari, Tam. (61Jr^, tax), A tax on sheep or goats. abridged to ^STPT) A disease afiecting rice, in which the
Adukkuvata, Mai. (CSfOfoefiicUfS)) Any right retained by plant seems burnt up.

the original proprietor from the purchaser or mortgagee. Agam, Tam. (ajQlL) The earth. Grain.

AuuTTi, Tam. (2^®^^), Usury. Agamudaiyan, Tam. (£l|<E6(Lp(3C:)l_LLJrT(3nT) A landholder ;

Adya-seaddha, S. (^T?raT#) The first ^raddha, or obse- also, the name of a caste.

quial ceremony after a person's decease. Agavilai, Tam. (aiSSLjISai) Market-price of grain.
Aentha, Thug. Silver money. Agama, S. (^THIJ) a work on sacred science; a scripture.
Afat, Afut, vernacularly, Aphat, H. (A. Cl-^s t , >^|iKri . In law, a voucher, a document, a title ; also, descent of

S. '^IMri) Misfortune, calamity. property.

Afat dsmdni, H. (P. ^jLmj I , heaven), Misfortune from hea- Agami, Beng. (S. 'STt'^ttf^), Future, what is to come ; whence
ven, as bad seasons, storm, drought, &c. Ag&m, an advance of payment ; also used in deeds and
Afatfarmani, or sultani, H. (A. ^J^r'-^J'^^) Misfortune leases, to indicate all future possible privileges or profits.

from the tyranny or exactions of the Government or its Agan, Ugun, or Ag, H. ( lL/1 S. Agni 'srfnrt, fire). Fire, or

oflBcers. its personified divinity.

Afim, Ufeem, or Upheem, H. (A. *ji! , ^mftl) ; also Afiun, Aganhotri, more correctly, Agnihotri, H. (S. wfrsT^) A
(A. jjj^l) Opium. Brahman who maintains a perpetual fire in his house.

Afshani-kaghaz, H. (P.Jil^ jjUiJl) Paper studded or See Agni-hotri.

spangled with gold-leaf, used in writing to persons of dis- Agar, Ague, H. CS 1 ,

probably from S. '^144., a mine), A
tinction. salt-pit.

Aftaba, H. (p. ULXil) A ewer. Agari, Aguree, H. (uf/l ) A manufacturer of salt.

Aftab-gir, H. (p. oftab i—jlJuT, the sun, and gWjA, what Agar, Mar. (^rnn;) A plantation of fruit-trees, especially of

receives), A large flat semicircular parasol. betel-nut and cocoa-nut trees. A place on the sea-shore

Aftab-giri, H. The servant who carries the parasol. having salt-pits.

Aftabi, H. (from the P. <_jUj 1, the sun), A large flat cir- Agar-gaon, Mar. ('iHJIC'IM) A village having plantations
cular or semicircular parasol carried by the side of the or orchards attached.

person or palankin shaded by it. Under the Mogul Go- Agaram, Tam. (a|i5ITLQ) A corruption oi Agraharam, q.v.
vernment it was one of the insignia of high rank, and Agari, Agaree, H. ((_f)lil , from the S. agra ^^, before).

could be carried only by special permission or grant of the Money, &c., paid in advance. There are various dia-

Emperor. lectical modifications of the same, as, Agai or Agaee,

Aphtada, for AptIda, Hindi (^Mitll^l, from P. iiiUij!, Ag^ri or Agooree, Agan, Agavu, &c., all derived from
fallen). Lands of which possession has been transferred to Agra, meaning. Before, either in place or time, through

another ; also, neglected land, or that which has fallen the vernacular form Age.

out of cultivation. Agari (?). Said to be the name of a low caste of Hindus

Afu, Ufoo, a. (jAC, lit. pardon). Balance or residue of in Cuttack : according to one authority, bullock-drivers ;

an estate. Exemption from, or remission of surplus to another, domestic slaves.

charge. Agariya, Agureeya, Thug. Descendants of the original

Afzun, Afzoon, H. (p. JO)/'') Increase ; increased revenue. Thugs, who, after being expelled from Delhi, settled for

Addition (in account) ; an account in which a certain a time at Agra.

number of items are added together, and their totals Agarvtal, Ugurwal, or AgarwalI, H. (SIjj^I) An im
are then progressively added, until the final sum is portant sub-division of the mercantile caste, comprising

obtained. many of the wealthiest traders and bankers in Hindustan.

Agaiba, corruptly, AuGAYRA, H. iijjf\, from S. agra'^TX, According to Mr. Elliot they derive their name from
and H. age ^ t , before, at first), The first sheaves of the Agroha in Sariana, whence they originally migrated to

crop presented to the Zemindar. other provinces after the capture of that place by Shah&b-

Agaiya, Ugaiya, H. (UjI, from dg, from S. ^srfnr, Fire, ad-Din Gori. Common tradition refers their name and
9 D
 AG AG
origin to Agra. The Agarwal is one of the Gachhas, imposture, the object of which is to excite the wonder of
or families of the Jains ; and most of its members profess •
the beholders, and make them believe in the utter indif-

the Jain religion. ference of the Aghora to worldly enjoyments.

Agasa or Agasi, Ugusu, Ugusbb ; also Agusa, Kam. Aghora-pantha, or mdrga, H. Mar. (S. xczt, HT^, a road).
(esXc^, esXs^) a washerman. The path or practices of the Aghoras.

Agasara-terige, Kam. (S®"A , a tax), A tax on washermen. Aghora-panthi, H. Mar. One following the Aghora path.

AgAsi, Ugasee, H. (j^ol) A turban, in which sense it is Aghororpramomam, S. (HTraf, authority), A peculiarly

also used by the Thugs ; but they apply the term like- solemn form of oath used in the south of India, wherein the
wise to the cry of the kite. If heard between the first person to be sworn, after fasting and bathing, sits down,

watch of the night and day-break it is unlucky ; in the decorated with flowers, in a temple ; and having made his

day it is immaterial. asseveration in front of the idol, puts out a lamp burning
AgIsi- (probably for Akasi, skiey)-BiRAii, Thug, (but used before it, and wishes he may be "similarly extinguished if

in the Dekhin), Thunder. he has uttered an untruth.

Agastwar, H. (^ljl*iil ) A small clan of Rajputs in Haveli- Agni, Ugni, S. (^PhJ, written also, but incorrectly, Ugnee,

Benares. and abbreviated in several dialects to Ag lL/D Fire.

Agau, H. (jl^l), Agavu, Tel. (©X<^, from S. "sm) An ad- Either the element, or domestic or sacred fire, or the

vance of money. In the northern Circars the same as element personified as the god of fire, to whom oblations

Tdkdvi, or money-advance to the cultivators ; also collec- of clarified butter are offered at most domestic rites.

tion of revenue before it is due. Agni-astra, S. Fire-arms, a weapon of fire ; a fabulous

Agayadi, Ugutudee, Kam. (esXo&a) Small spots of weapon so called ; a rocket.

land on which rice is sown for transplanting, and which Agni-brdhmana, S. A Brahman who officiates as priest

the ryots claim free of rent. at the burning of dead bodies.

Agda, or AgbI, H. (i3>Sl) An ear of com or rice which has Agni-dagdha, S. Ben. A Hindu, who having died with-
been blighted and contains no grain. out issue, is burnt at once, without the previous cere-

Agham, Mar. (?). In the Dekhin, an extra assessment mony of having fire put into the mouth of the corpse.

imposed upon the hereditary proprietors of a village to Agni-ddha, S. The ceremony of burning a dead body ;

cover charges for unusual expenses or default of any of lit. burning with fire.

the community. E. I. Set. iv. 541. Agni-dik, S. The south-east quarter, of which Agni is

Aghan, Ughun, corruptly, Augun, H. i^^\ , S. ^nr^T'TO) the regent.

One of the months of the luni-solar year — the eighth, cor- Agni-hotra, S. Performance of daily or occasional wor-

responding with November —December. ship with fire lighted from a perpetual fire preserved in

Aghani, Ughunbe, H. (tj^i/^ ) Produce of that portion of the dwellings of a particular class of Brahmans.
the Kharif, or cold weather crop, which is gathered in Agni-hotri, S. A Brahman who maintains a perpetual

the month Aghan. It is also applied to the harvest of household fire.

the cold season. Agni-homa, S. Performance of worship with fire ; offering

Aghani-fasl, Ughunee-fuslj H. (J..^ {.S^^ ! ^^so, vernacu- oblations to fire. The ceremony is denominated also

larly, but incorrectly, in Hindi, Aghani-phasU ^'*i'{\mif\'^) simply, Soma.

The cold-weather harvest, reaped in Nov. —Dec. Agni-kriyd, S. Any ceremony with fire, but especially
AghAt, Ugh at, cormptly, Aghaut, H. (cul^\, S. ^irnr, the burning of the dead.

from S. a '^, neg., and ghdta Xmr, struck), Land held in Agni parikshd, S. (from TpcJ^T, trial). Ordeal by fire, as

perpetuity, and inalienable. formerly practised by walking through it, or as subse-

Aghora, H. Mar. (S. ^TOtT;:, dreadftil), A name of Siva. quently practised, dipping the hand into boiling oil, &c.
A religious mendicant, of an order of which the practices Agni pratishthd, S. Consecration of fire ; fire lighted from

are most filthy and disgusting, the food being ordure and the perpetual fire for any particular ceremony, as that
carrion, and, it is said, human flesh ; but much of this is of marriage.
10
 AG AG
Agni-sanskdra, S. The sacrament of fire ; the burning of BAM, agrXram, and corruptly, Agraghrah ; also, but
the dead body as an essential rite of the Hindu religion. superfluously, AgrahAravadai. Tel., Kam., Tam., Mar.
The completion of any essential rite by worship with fire. (S. ^y^IO, from agra ^nj, first, and hdra ^TT, what re-

Agni-shoma, or Agnishomiya-yaga, S. A ceremony per- ceives), A village, or a part of one, occupied by Brahmans,
formed at the new moon, when oblations of milk are and held either rent-free under special grants, or at a re-
offered to Indra through fire. duced rate of assessment. The precise nature of the tenure

Agnishtoma, S. A sacrifice, in which the juice of the is usually denoted by a term prefixed, as Sarvdgrahdram,
Soma or asclepias is offered in oblation. free from all (sarva) tax ; Bil-maht agrahdram, a village
Agni-sutra, S., lit. A thread of fire, but in Mysore applied at a stipulated (A. JjiUJb) rent; and Kattuhadi agra-
to a girdle of sacrificial grass placed round the waist of haram, a village held at a rent which fluctuates with the

a young Brahman when he is invested with the sacred produce (from the Tel. Kattuhadi, a favourable or quit
string of his caste. rent). The same is termed, in Kamata Jodi-agrahdra
AaoT, Mar. (^ifR) The period shortly before or after the

setting in of the rainy season. Agrahdravddai, Tam. (ajiEb<^rJ<5rTU5LirT0S3l_), Agra-

Agor, Ugob, or Agorya, H. ([ij^\ j^\) A man appointed kdra vddike, Kam. (e5i^X;CX3c)OoJ o)£>S) One of the former

to watch the crops (used chiefly in the Benares district). divisions of the villages in the Dravira countries ; those

A division of the crop. exempt fi-om revenue, usually occupied by Brahmans, but
Agor-batai, Ugor-butaee, corruptly, Agore-betay, H. sometimes by other classes.

((_Svi lyl) Division of the crop immediately after reaping Agrahdrika, Ugruharika, Tel. Kam. (eSi^oocsQs) A Brah-
between the cultivator and the Government, the latter man inhabiting an Agrahara village. In Bengal, a Brah-
taking half the produce in kind. A division of the crop man who conducts Sraddhas, or obsequial ceremonies.

in predetermined proportions between landlord and tenant Agula, Uriya (2|?ISl ) In the northern Circars, a dam to divert

lit. a watching and sharing, each party keeping a watch the course of a stream, and turn it over the fields for irrigation.

over the fields, that none of the crop may be fraudulently Agubi, Beng. (^'tSt) Alow caste ; mostly cultivators.

made away with. Reg. ii. 1795. AgwI, H. (ijil) A village servant, who acts as a guide to

Agora, Ugora, H. Oj^^) Daily hire. travellers.

Agound, Ugound, H. ( JJyl) The top of the sugar-cane Agwar, H. (j'jjI) The portion of com set apart for the vil-

cut up for seed, in distinction to Bel-ka-lij, in which the lage servants (from Age, first ; the first part to be taken

cane itself is cut into five or six pieces. In some parts from the heap). In the eastern provinces it implies the

of the north-west provinces the different portions of the perquisite of the ploughmen in kind.

cane have different names. Pat implies the leaves of the top Agwasi, H. (^wjljil) The body of the plough-share.

Ag, Agao, Agoura, Agin, or Gaundit are applied to the Agya, H. &c. (USI , from the S. Ajnd ^^Tt) An order, an
cane a few inches below the top ; Kancha, Gulla, Palwa, edict, award, decree.

or Phungi, about a foot lower, and is the part generally used Agyd-patra, H. A written order, a warrant or commission,

for seed. The rest of the plant is termed Gande, Gunda, an edict.

or Gunna (perhaps for the S. Khahda ?3^:). Elliot. Abdgya, Uriya (for S. ^r=t, against, and ^5T) Disregard
Agour, H. {jt^\ , from H. Age ^1 , S. agra ^ni) An advance of orders ; resistance to process.

of rent paid by the cultivator to the Zemindars in the months Ahad, Uhud, H. (a. Ay;) An agreement, an engagement, a
of Jeth and Ashdrh (Oude). compact.

Agradana, Ben. C^Sflft^) A Brahman of an inferior order, Ahad-ddr, H. One who makes an agreement ; an officer

who conducts funeral obsequies, or Sraddhas, for hire ;

of the Mogul Government who, for a per-centage on the

also called Mahdpdtra, Mahdhrdhmana, Great Brahman, collection, engaged for the revenue of a district.

ironically. Ahad-ndma, H. A written engagement.

Agraharam,Ugruharum, or, with the inflective sign, Agra- Ahadis, H. (a. Cl^.i3U-l, plur. of Li-^iie.) Traditions; espe-

haramah, AgrahIramu ; also abbreviated as Aga- cially the traditionally transmitted sayings and doings of
11
 AH AH
Mohammed, as constituting the basis of the Sunnat, or taken usually from the place where they reside. Some
traditional law. of the Jad-bansis have been converted to Mohammedanism,
Ahak, Ahuk, H. (p. CJji]) Quick-lime ; an abwdb, or cess and are known as Hangars in common with some other

upon lime. tribes. Tribes of Ahirs are numerous also in Rajputana

Ahal, Hindi ( <l [ ^c^ ) Freshness of soil. and the Panjab. In the Delhi territory the Ahirs eat,

Ahan, Ahun, H. (p. ^^T) Iron. drink, and smoke with Jats and Giijars, and in some cases

Ahani-kolimi, Tel. (from dhan, iron, and Tel. kolimi vfith Rajputs. The several sub-divisions intermarry,

S €<\) ^ a forge), A tax on blacksmiths. avoiding only the four families nearest in affinity ; and
Ahar, Ahuk, or Ahara, Ahuru, or Ahari, Ahuree, where they are much intermixed, as in the Delhi district,

H. (i_£^l,_yEil, from S. ddhdra ^TVlt) A small pond; a with Ghijars and Jats, they conform to their usage of the

reservoir for collecting water for irrigation ; a drain or marriage of the widow of an elder brother by the next in

ditch for the same purpose ; a trough for watering cattle. seniority.

Ahar, Ahur, H. (jbi) A salt-pit. Ahita, Uheetu, H. (<Uja1) a person appointed to watch

Ahar, Ahur, H. (^l) The name of a tribe or caste ex- the grain when it is ripe, and see that none is carried

tensively spread through Rohilkhand and other districts in away before the demands on it are liquidated.

the north-west provinces, following pastoral occupations, AhitIgni, S. ('Snf^'iITf'"«lO A Brahman householder who
and claiming to be descended from the Yadu-race of maintains a perpetual family-fire.

Rajaputs, but not so recognised by other castes. The tracts AhkIm, H. (a. (»K»-I, plur. of ***-) Orders, commands.
they occupy are known collectively as the Ahdrdt. Ahhdm-ndma, corruptly, Ahdm-nama, or Akdm ndma, H.
AHAVANfTA, S. (^n^grhr:) The consecrated fire taken from Written orders ; the title given, in the Kamatic, to the

the household fire for the purpose of receiving oblations. assessment of the land-revenue made under Tipu.
Ahdah, Uhduh, or more correctly, Ohduh, q.v. H. (A. iS^) Ahkdmi-zaminddr, H. A Zamindar appointed by the ruling
An office, whether civil or military. power.

Ahdak-ddr, H. (P.j\ii, who has), An officer, a functionary, Ahl, Uhl, H. (a. (Jal) People belonging to either person,

whether military or civil. place, or practice ; family dependants ; the women and
Ahera, Mar. (^^^) Presents made to a person by his rela- children of the head of a family. It is commonly used
tions on occasion of a marriage in his family. in composition, as,

Ahehiya, H. (Ij^I) a sportsman, a fowler. AhUul-Ijtihdd, A. (i>L^IU-3l Jjol) In Mohammedan law.

Aheva, Mar. (^^, from S. a ^, not, and vidhavd f^^, People capable of legal investigation ; qualified jurists.

widow), A woman whose husband is living. Ahl-i-kdr, H. (J^ ija>\) People ofbusiness; officers ofa court.

Aheva-navami, Mar. The ninth of the dark fortnight of Ahl-i-kalam, H. (Jj Jjul) Civil officers; people of the
Bhadra (Aug. — Sept.), when offerings are made to the pen. This is also used in Mysore, as Karn. (&5SbS§t)0).

manes of women who have died before their husbands. Ahl-i-kitah, H. (A-C-jIxS", a book). People of the Book —Mo-
Ahir, Uheeh, H. (;JAI, from the S. Abhir, q.v.), A caste hammedans, Jews, and Christians.

of Hindus following the occupation of shepherds ; originally Ahl-i-mddsh, H. (A. j^Uo) Possessor ofa means of subsis-
a pastoral tribe in the west of India, but now spread univer- tence ; holder of a rent-free tenure.

sally, and especially numerous in the north-west provinces, Ahl-uUnaxdrif, A. (from i_J^Li<i) In Mohammedan law, A
where they are distinguished as three races, acknowledging proprietor; one who has the right of appropriation, or
no other connection than the name of Ahir. These are disbursing.

of the Nand-lansa (race), Jad or Yadu-lansa, and Gmdl Ahl-i-nasrat, A. (from x^) In Mohammedan law, Coadju-
iGo^rvdla, cowherd) bansa. The first are most nume- tors, colleagues; persons fit or able to assist or restrain their

rous in the Central Doab ; the second in the Upper Doab, associates, and who are therefore amenable to punishment if

and on the west of the Jumna ; and the last in the Lower they suffer or aid them to commit any offence.

Doab and the province of Benares. The two first are Ahl-irmnnat,A. (from ci^a*^) The followers of the traditional,

numerously sub-divided, bearing distinctive appellations, aswellasthe written law. TheSunnis,asopposedtotheShi-as.

12
 AH AI

Ahla, H. (Sal) Inundation, overflow. A-fDENE, Kam. (ScSXDQrO) Ears of com selected for seed.

AhmakIna, H. ((JJliUs-l, from the A. ^Ja=-I, a fool, lit. First crop.

foolishly), A fine paid by a collector or farmer of the re- AilI, or IlA, a. (1)1) a vow; but in Mohammedan law,

venue on account of deficiency or default. especially a vow to abstain from carnal knowledge of a wife
Ahmed-Ma HMUD, H. (A. ii^>t.!sr« , iV*»-l, lit. the praised, but for four months, the fulfilment of which is equivalent to a

used as proper names), A term applied in the Courts to divorce.

two persons who have combined to defraud a third. A-iL, A-bel, Ben. {"^ti^l) Abank or mound of earth forming

Ahmedi, H. (a. (^^J^A^v!) A gold coin of Tipu Sultan, a division between fields, a boundary mark, an embankment.

equal to 5 pagodas, Marsden. miii. miv. It is also ap- AlMA, less correctly, Ayma, H. (A. <UjI) Land granted by
plicable to the coins of Ahmed Shah of Delhi. the Mogul Government, either rent-free or subject to a

Ahnika, S. (^Tf?=ir, from ^^, a day, diurnal). The daily small quit-rent, to learned and religious persons of the
observances of the Hindus ; a diary, a journal. Mohammedan faith, or for religious and charitable uses
Ahoratra, S. ('SI?^n^:) A day and night, from sunrise to in relation to Mohammedanism. Such tenures were
sunrise. recognised by the British Government as hereditary and

Ahsham, corruptly, Asham, (H. |»liiu»-I, A. plur. oS JUj>-) transferable. Beng. Regulations before 1793, p. 24. Reg.
Kam. (es&SItBO)^ Hasham, or HashIm, Mar. (^^IH, viii. 1793, &c.

^^TR), Attendants, followers, retinue. In the Dekhin and Aima-idz-ydft, H. (P. Cl^ljjb) Lapsed Aima grants, or

Camatic, A kind of irregular troops or militia, employed such grants subsequently assessed.

chiefly as garrisons, and as an armed police. Aima-bdei-zamin, H. (A. f^j-^j i5-»''j)

Land held rent-free,

Ahsham, ot Hashdm-daftar, H. Mar. (P.^JjiJ, an office), or at a quit-rent, under an Aima grant.

The muster-roll or return of the local militia, and their Aima-ddr, H. (P.^li> , who has), Holder of land granted for

expense. religious or charitable uses, or to religious or learned Mo-

Ahsham, or Hasham daftarddr, H. Mar. (P.^Ij) An officer hammedans.
in the Maratha state who made out the. annual accounts Aima-mauzd, H. (A. ^yo) A village given as a charitable

of the expenses and dues of the irregular troops from the endowment to learned or religious persons.

rough accounts. AiN, A. (the Arabic letter c). The official counter-mark
Hasham, or Hasham-famavis, Mar. (iBT^g'^^l) An officer of the Vazir upon a royal mandate for an assignment of

who made out the muster and pay-rolls of the irregular revenue under the Mohammedan Governments.
troops ; also Ahsham or Hashdm-navis. A-iN, Aeen, Ayin, Ayeen, q. v. H. (P.
^^ I) Laws, statutes,

Ahsham, or Hashdm-jdigir, H. Mar. (jj.X^'js-) Assignments rules, regulations ; the laws enacted by secular authority

of revenue for the support of the irregular troops. in distinction to those of the Koran or sacred tradition.

Ahshdm, or Hashdm-sibandi, or Ahshdm, or Hashdm Si- Ain-ddn, H. (P. yjli>) Literally, One who knows the law,

pdhi, H. Mar. (^f^R'^^r^, f^PHf'^) Local militia, or irregu- but applied especially to one who, by his knowledge of Go-

lar troops, employed in garrisons, or as an armed police, vernment regulations, takes advantage of those who are

in the Maratha countries. unfamiliar with them.

Ahwal, H. (A., plur. of JU-) Circumstances, condition, Ain-Tvartan, OT murtun, (?) (S. ^^tT) A special allowance

events ; a report or record of the particulars of an affair, in some parts of the south of India to the Zemindar from
or of the condition of a thing or person. the resources of the village.

Ahya al-MawAt (A. eijl^l bj»-l , lit. revival of the dead). Ain-i-sharhat, H. (A. Ll^o^^i) Terms or rules of partnership.

Cultivation of waste lands. AlN, A. (^^}J^) Property actually existing, specific sum or

Al AhyIi bad al-Mawat, Mar. (cut^l dfo l^I^I Jl) value, the most precious or substantial part of property.
Surviving heirs after others' death (Mohammedam law). As adopted in Maratha finance, Ain (^rf), incorrectly

A-igalu, or Ayiga'lu, Karn. (Hc£X3Ae)J) The box in which vn-itten sometimes Ayen, implies either the original

the portable emblem of the Lingaits is carried hung round fixed or standard assessment of the revenue or the lands

the neck. bearing such assessment. It occurs also in various com-

13 E
 AI AJ
biuations in the revenue language of the Maratha provinces AiNAT (A. XJUfi). Delivery of goods on credit at an enhanced

and some other parts of India, chiefly in the South, in the price, instead of a loan of money at interest.

sense of actual, original, or originally fixed or standard. AlSH-MAHAL, H. (from A. ;_pJx, pleasure, and Js-*, a

Ainbdbati, Mar. ($r|^Rifi') The original Babatt, or chamber), The inner or female apartments of the house

portion, of the fourth of the Maratha tribute set apart for of a person of wealth or rank.

the prince. AivAJU, Tel .Kar. ( 33^2^ , corruption of the A. (_/5jC > iroaz).

Ainberij, Tam. (ajUJOTTGLJcf^ ) Actual or standard Substitute, equivalent ; one thing substituted for another.

assessment. Money.
Aindasta, Mar. (5'r|<(W) The regular cess upon fields, &c., Aivaj-dkaram, Tel. (?) Gross product.

as opposed to any incidental or extra charge. AiWARA, H. (^ilj;j) A cow-shed in the middle of a jungle.

Ainjamd, corruptly, Ayen-jumma, H. (fi:om the A. ain ^^^ AlYAN, Tam. (^LLJ<3DT) A father, also more reverentially

special, and jama f*»-. collection) Mar. (5»l»iHl) Tam. Aiyangar, and, in the South of India, a title added to the

(£l|Ll_ljK5r^LQrT) The regular or standard collections or names of Brahmans, especially those of the Srivaishnava ,

revenue, fixed exclusive of extra cesses, the same as the or Mdmdnujiya order.

Asal jamd of Bengal. Aja, Uju, or Adja, Udju, Tel. (^S&i ) Amount, total, whole,

Ainjamdbandi, Mar. (P. t^tiJij ) The settlement or account the gross produce of the land, including the shares of the

of the assessment upon any given tract. Government and of the Ryots.

Ainjinnas, Mar. (tuPiiy^t, from the A. jj^jU-) The produce Aja, Mar. (^*r) The line drawn over the items of a

of the soil as assessed in kind, not in money. paper of accounts ; also of the columns and several lines

Ainkamdvisjamd, Mar. (?»'r|oRJT[qA5I»r'n) The original across it.

articles of the extra revenue not included in the land Ajalu, Tuluva, but current in Karnata, (?). Hereditary fees

revenue ; cesses or fees of some standing. and perquisites -of the village officers and servants.

Ain-mokdsd, Mar. (lITpftcirraT, from the A. muhcLSsar, jMl^, AjAMi.N, Tel. (corruption of S. yajamdna, ^I»I>n^;) House-
diminished, or mukhassas, {_,io.asr*, appropriated ?) Tlie holder, manager, master : it properly means the house-

original amount of assignment of lands, or of a portion of the holder at whose expense, and on whose behalf, a religious

Government claim of the fourth of the revenue, to the Maratha ceremony is performed.

Sirdars, on condition of their keeping up troops, &c., for the Ajan, Hindi (^»n) The length of a field.

service of the State ; also the fixed share of the Government Ajara, Ujaru, more correctly Ijara, q. v. A farm, a con-

in the property of a village, and the revenue derived from tract.

it, or the village originally paying part revenue to the State. Ajata-putra, S. (from ^aTTcT, unborn, and tt^, a son), A
Aindti, corruptly Ayanatee and Einatee, Mar. (^rrnft) The man to whom no son has been born, (and who has,

original standard assessment of the revenue. therefore, power to adopt one).

Ain-mulki, Mar. (A. l^Le, a kingdom) The original land Ajauri, TJjouree, H. (i^jj=^\) Advances, particularly to

revenue. agricultural labourers. —East Oude. Agrourhi is the term

Ain-sibandi, Mar. (f^R^) The original establishment of used in some other places. Elliot.

militia. Ajauli, Ujoulee, H. i^J^\) Perquisite of the lower

Ain-taram, Tam. (A. j^^^jc, original, and T. taram 0I7LO, castes from the threshing floor: Benares. It is derived

kind, species). The original classification of lands in the from the S. Anjali, the two hands joined, being as much
Madras provinces at the time of the survey, according to as may be so taken away. Elliot.

their kinds or qualities ; also the assessment thus fixed, Ajil, a. ((J.=-0 Procrastination in law. SuflFering such
exclusive of sums imposed on account of subsequent im- an interval to elapse as does not preclude complaint.
provement. Ajina, S. &c. (^ftl»f) The hide of an antelope or tiger used
Ain-tankhd Dekh. (P. isl^s^J) The original and fixed assign- as a seat by the religious student, also in the South of
ment of the revenue of lands ; a particular settlement of India at weddings.

the revenue in the Dekhin. See Tankhd. Ajir, Ujeer, H. (a. iji»-\ ) A hired servant or labourer,
14
 AJ AK
a bondsman, a bond-slave, one who has entered into an pared at the time of the annual settlement, shewing the
engagement for a stipulated sum to serve another for a highest amount of revenue derivable from a village, the

specific term, or until he repay the sum advanced ; also, quantity of land paying rent, or rent free, the sum assessed,

a hirer : a lessee. and land cultivated during preceding years ; the balances

Ajir mushtarih, A. (^Jx^^ jjko-\) A common hireling-, due, and instalments by which they are to be discharged ;

one whose services are not confined to a single employer. the sums payable to the village officers, and the shares in
Ajir mdhid, A. ( Aa»-1j jJ^'^i ) A hireling who takes service which the assessment is to be distributed among the oc-

with one master only for a given term. cupants of the lands.
AjNA, in some dialects but corruptly, Agyd, q. v. H. Ben. Akdr patra or patrah. Mar. (S. H^, a leaf). Account of
(S. ^^) Order, command, decree, award. In Tarn, it rules of assessment, and amount of revenue kept by the
is transmuted in writing to Akkinai (aLSi^SsOT). Kulkarni.
Ajnd patra, H. Ben. (S. tT?, a leaf), A written order or Akarmahi, Mar. ('^^TOni^, from ^^n, eleven, and m%,
decree. a month) Employment, &c., in which only eleven months'
AjNAGDl, Hindi (^aTTlTTcft) Taken at a fixed money rate. pay is received for twelve months' service.

Ajr, Ujr, H. (a. .=^1) Hire, wages. Akaran, H. &c. (S. ^ neg., and '^TT'lt) cause), Causeless,

Ajuha, Ujoora, Mar. ,(^^T, from the A. ^=>-l) Hire, groundless.

wages, especially to one employed by the job. In com- Ahdrana-vydjya, Karn. (© s c)0£3cOji)3j^) An idle or

mercial transactions the fee or per-centage charged on a groundless suit.

dishonoured bill, for the expence of returning it to the Akaraya, Hindi (^oTOHl) Ground not properly cleaned

drawer when residing at a distance. for receiving the seed.

Ajurd dar. Mar. (P. itii) A hired labourer. Akas, H. (from the S. ^ToliT^lt) Ether, the fifth element of

Ajurd ddri, Mar. (P. i_?;lii) Hire, wages, pay by the job. the Hindus ; but, in common use, atmosphere, sky.

AjYA, S. (^HIT) Butter that has been clarified by boiling, Ahds-birt, H. (S. ^TcRT^^wO One who has no ostensible

more commonly called Ghee, and peculiarly fit for oblations means of subsistence : lit. one whose subsistence is the air.

at sacrifices with fire : it is also drank at meals. Akds-did, H. (from S. ^^^^T.) A lamp or lanthorn
Ajya bhdga, or Ajya-hhdsa, S. The portion of a cere- raised on a pole, a signal or watch light, a light raised

mony when the oblation of butter is presented. at the Diwali festival.

Ak, H. (tlJl, firom the S. ^%) Gigantic swallow-wort. A Ahds-muhhi, H. (S. ^T^T^l and J^S, the face), A devotee

sprout of sugar-cane. of the Saiva order, who keeps his face turned up to the

Aka, Ben. (^TW) A sack, a bag, a ftirnace. sky, so that sometimes he cannot, without difficulty, restore

Akabati-tokki, Uriya. A basket for heaving salt over- his head to its natural position.

board from salt-sloops. AKASALiGA,or Agusaliga, Kam. (es^a^SX, esXb^SX)

Akal, H. (S. a ^ neg., kdla, cnit^:, time), Famine, drought, A goldsmith.
any unseasonable occurrence. AkBARI-RAI, or AkBAR-AR-RAI, A. ((_fl; ujf/J^' or ij]}^j^^)

Akdl-vrishti, Hindi (S. 'ff?, rain), Untimely or unseasonable Strong presumptive evidence ; sufficient to convict.

rain. Akd, Ukd, H. (a. JJic) A knot, a tie ; an agreement, a

Akala, a. ((Uli'l) Cancelling or revocation of sale. compact, a contract of marriage.

Akali, S.,(^oni^'t) A class of armed devotees among the Akddna, H. (-kJ^Jsm) Marriage fee paid to the Kazi.

Sikhs, worshippers of "Him who is without time, eternal." AM-kitdbat, A. (A. ti^S^) A contract of Kitabat or con-

Akan, Akun, H. (^^1) Grass and weeds collected from a ditional ransom granted by a master to his slave.

ploughed field. AM-ndma, H. (P. &«ij, writing) A written contract, a

Akah, less correctly, Akur, Mar. (S. 'STToRTtt lit. form, shape). marriage settlement.

The assessed rent or revenue of a village or district. Akha, H. (1^1) A pair of grain bags used as a pannier.

Estimate in general. Ahhen, Mar. (^T^) One of the pair of grain or water

Akdr band, or bund, Mar. ('idohn;^^) A statement pre- bags forming a horse or bullock load.
16
 AK AK
Akha, Ben. ('^rt'Stt) A sack or bag ; a furnace. See Aha. last preceding assessment kept by the village accountant.

Akhada, UkhAda, or AkhadA, AkhudI, pronounced also, Akhir-irsdl, H. (P. Jt*i) The end of the 'revenue^ year.

AkhIhA, H. &c. (^^T3T, 'SJT^n) A place where people Akher-sdlpatti, Mar. (^sr#t.W^U^T ) The last instalment and

are assembled either temporarily or permanently ; a wrest- final settlement of the revenue at the end of the ofiicial year.

ling ground, a place for bodily exercises and games, a stand Akhtij, Ukhteej, H. (^i«i^> from S. ashta ^^, in the

or place of resort for low people and hired labourers. The North-West pronounced akhtd,a.jidL dasa ^^, ten, eighteen),

residence of a society of religious mendicants, a monastery. The 18th of the month Baisdkh (April — May), on which it

In Bengal it also means a band of singers. is customary for the cultivators to settle their accounts for

Akhakwah. a division of the Kurmi tribe (?). the expenses of the Rdbi, or spring crop, and repayment
AkhakjIt, corruption of IkhrIjAt, q. v. Expenses. of advances. It is proper on this day also to begin the
Akhat, Hindi (^^TT) A portion of the crop per each plough manufacture of agricultural implements, to feed Brahmans,

paid to the village artisans, or the smith, carpenter, &c. and to eat a small quantity of the new grain. A plough
—North-West Provinces. is also slightly passed over the fallow fields for good luck,

Akhbar, H. (a. plur. of -A*-) News, intelligence, a news- but it is forbidden to sow seed on this day, except under

paper ; especially the written intelligence of the proceed- particular circumstances.

ings of Native Courts and Princes circulated to other Akhtij kd bhao, H. (jl^) The rate or price of com prevail-

Courts and Princes by their appointed agents —a regular ing on the day of Akhtij, at which rate the cultivator agrees

practice under the Native administration. to repay, in kind, the amount of any money advanced,
Ahhhdr-navis, A. (P. i>».-!y) A news- writer, an appointed together with the interest.

communicator of intelligence — our own '

correspondent. Akhu, Uriya (S. ^^) Sugar-cane.

Akhib, H. (A.^T) Akheb, Mar. (^^) Final, last, end. Akhun, or Akhund, H. (P. ^^Ji.\ jJ^ I ) A Mohammedan
In the Dekhin, the last assessment, the rate at which the teacher or schoolmaster. In the Mohammedan villages

revenue Was last fixed. of the South he is one of the village officers, and is paid

Akhiri, A. ((_yp-l ) Last, final. by fees or perquisites by the community.

Akhiri-hisab-kharch, H. (A. —Ja- i iLkS..) Adjustment of AakilAj a. (<ldi'W, from dkl, (JJic, having for one sense, re-

the cultivators at the end of the year, shewing the amoimt straint ; but applied especially to the fine for bloodshed ; as,

of revenue assessed, paid, and in arrears, with the items a restraint upon the commission of violence), In Moham-
of deduction for expenses. medan law, an individual connected with one who, whether

Ahhir-jamd turndri,}!. ((_y;U«ls

f**- Improved revenue from
) intentionally or unintentionally, perpetrates homicide, and

that fixed originally ; applied especially to the revenues of who is held jointly responsible for the fine to be paid by

Bengal, Behar, Orissa, Allahabad, &c., in the time of the perpetrator.

Mohammed Shah, as contrasted with those fixed in the time Akkadi, Ukkudee, Karn. i^^^) Pulse, or leguminous

of Akbar. plants with a bivalve pericarp, having the seeds fixed to

Akhir,i-jamA-mdsil-baki, H. (A. ^'Ij jJ-aU) Final settlement one only of the sutures.

of the accounts of a Zemindari, or a village, crediting Akkadirpairu, Karn. (®|^^^Sj) Sowing difierent kinds

profits and receipts ; debiting all disbursements and pay- of pulse at the fit season.

ments of revenue, and adjusting the balance. Akkah, a. (^lac) Real property.
Akhir-i-nikds, H. ((_^KJ, S. f»i:oinB) Final settlement of Akkasari, Ukkusuree, Tel. (e3|r66) Neighbouring,
an account, final adjustment of demand for revenue to be contiguous.

levied on a village or an estate ; annual account of col- Akkasari grdmamu, Tel. (IJpSoXij) ^ neighbourino-
lections duly balanced, furnished by an assistant collector village.

or subordinate revenue officer. Nikds implies, properly, Akki, Karn. (ess) Rice deprived of its husk before boiling.
the settlement of an account or payment of rent by the Akkusai, Ukkoosaee, Tel. (e3|j'5~°oa)) Commission on
cultivating Ryots to the Zemindar. goods, brokerage.

Akhir-patraka, H. (S. tRoF) In the Dekhin, account of the Aklif, Uklif, H. (a. t—flii"!) A Mohammedan, who, from
16
 AK AL
adequate cause, has omitted circumcision, but is not thereby from the A, katd, ^m, cut off, separated; whence also

disqualified from giving evidence. Mar. Mahtd and Mahti, &c.) Land held at a fixed rate,

Akor, Ukoh, H. ij^) A bribe. Used also in the North- which is lower than it is capable of paying : it is of two
West Provinces to signify the coaxing of a cow or she- descriptions, Makti gatkul mirdsi, land belonging to the

buffalo which has lost its calf, and inducing it to eat. village community, let for a specified term for a fixed
Akor, or Kor, as sometimes pronounced, also denotes sum, less than the probable demand of the Government ;

the food which a labourer eats at intervals of work in and JDiandr-mukti mirdsi, land similarly let, but in per-
the open field. Elliot. petuity, and held in absolute property by the occupant
Akori, H. One who takes a bribe. (such are the explanations given by the collector of Poona,

Akr, a. ijAc) Jn Mohammedan law, a marriage portion Rev. Selections, 4, 543, but Akti and Makti are

or dower ; also one to be settled on the female slave, clearly only the epithets of Mirdsi, hereditary property,
termed Mukatiba, with whom the owner has cohabited; also, implying, set apart, let on lease, either for a term or
price paid for the violation of a maiden. for ever.)

Akra, H. (1^1) A grass or vetch which grows in fields A.KU, Tel. (6390) A leaf, the betel leaf; the young rice plant

under the spring crop, twining round the young corn and ready for transplanting.

checking its growth (Vicia sativa). It is also termed Aht-tota, Tel. i^^S^t)) A betel plantation or garden.
A A
Ankri ((_?Xj1 ), and is used as fodder. Akubat, Ukoobut, H. (A. c:^;jAC, from UWAC, behind,

AkribAj a. (plur. of ^-~> y) Kinsmen; relations within subsequent). Punishment, torture.

the degrees recognised by law. Al, corruptly, AuL, H. (JI ) A plant (Morinda citrifolia),

Aksat, Uksat, H. (a. plur. of !a«*s , kist), Instalments of from the roots of which a red dye is prepared. The besf

the annual revenue. kind in the North- West Provinces comes from Bundel-
Akshata, read in some dialects, Achchata, Mar. &c. (from khand. In the same Provinces Al sometimes denotes a
S. Akshata, ^[^H, unbroken) Grains of rice, coloured with Pana, or division of a village.

saffron or vermilion, placed on the forehead of an idol, or Al kdri, H. (S. oirn^ , who makes) A class of Rajput cultivators
on those of the bride and bridegroom at their marriage; in Nagpur, from their especial cultivation of the Al tree.

also presented to persons invited to a feast, who place Al, or Aal, H. (A. Jlx) Boundary of a field.

them on their foreheads if they accept the invitation. The Ai„Tam. (2},efT), Al or Ala, Mai. (CS«^<io, (JS^g_), Alu,
sectarial mark worn by Hindus on the forehead, or the Karn. i^Y^), A man, a person, an individual, an adult,

pigment with which it is made. or one equal to take care of himself, a servant, a labourer,

Akshaya, S. &c. ( ^^V, imperishable) The sixtieth year of a messenger, a slave (perhaps from the A. Jt , progeny,
the cycle of sixty years. dependants).

Akshaya-pdtra, Tel. (S. ^T^, un wasting, and 'TR, a AlMli, Mai. (CiS«^6oi^an) Wages of a labourer.
vessel) A charitable allowance to Brahmans from the Alotti, Tam. (jg|jGerTrri_L(^) An overseer, one who super-

gross crop. A beggar's dish or platter. intends and urges on labourers.

Akshaya tritiyd, S. ( ^T^if, imperishable, and Tl'irhn, third) Alpdttam, Mai. ( CS^6on_19§0) Hire or rent of a slave

The third lunation of the light half of Vaisakha — April, lent out to another person.

May —when offerings are made to the manes, also to Alusunka, Karn. (e3$Oi\X)Os) A tax levied on cultivators
Krishna. It is the supposed anniversary of the creation. in Mysore, who employ labourers or slaves, at so much
Akshaya lalitd, S. (^'^Tf, and ^f^rfT, agreeable (day) per head.

The 7th of Bhadra (August, September), when a festival Ala, H. (^1) Wet, moist, as land saturated with water,

is celebrated by women in honour of Siva and Durg^. especially rain-water : the word occurs in the dialects

Aktaa, corruptly, Atka, and more correctly, Iktaa, H. as Al, Ahal, Alt, and Ail.

(A. cUai'I) An assignment of land for the maintenance Al-abd, H. (a. J', the, iloc, slave) Form of countersig-

of a body of troops, a jagir. nature by a subordinate clerk or officer, lit. the slave or

AktAj also, Akti, corruptly, Akhty, Ockhtay, Mar. (^HT, servant.

17
 AL AL
Alag, Ulug, corruptly, AlagI, Uluga, or Alga, Ulgu, a discoverable trace or vestige of a robbery or murder on
H. (cL3i, from the S. a ^, neg., and lagna ^S"^, con- the spot where committed.
nected; disjoined, unconnected) Separate, several, detached: Aldmat-i-dastkhat, H. (P. SassL-J) A mark in place of

the word, modified, occurs in most dialects. signature ; usually- the mark of one unable to write.

Alagd-dsdmilu, Tel. (A. (^el" ! ) Loose folks, wanderers, Alasandi, Kam. (esOcOoQ) A species of pulse (Dolichos

vagrants, temporary occupants, persons not reckoned among catjang).

the inhabitants of a village. Alavi, Kam. (©iT"^) A lease or agreement given to the Ryot
Alagd bhumi, Tel. (S. »TfiT) Waste land, land set apart for in writing ; one stipulating a progressive assessment : also

pasture. termed Alavi Geni. ,

Alagd puUari, Tel. (S^^^Q) Grazing tax or fine levied Alavi-sair, Kam. (A. Am) Sea-customs. Extra revenue
on stray cattle. let on lease or in farm.
Alakh nImi, H. (fi-om S. alakshya, ^^5^, the indefinable Alavu, or Alavai, Tam. (=H5fT614, SlJSITaDDSLJ) Measure,
God ; and ndma, a name), A mendicant of the Saiva measurement, especially of grain. Portion of produce set

sect apart as payment for the measurement of the crop.

Alakkira-kol, Tam., (aieTTSSl nr)©srTdi) A measuring Alavu-kdran, Tam. (a^ffTTQ^sanTTOOT) A measurer,
rod or pole. See Alavu. the village officer who measures the threshed grain and
Alakkiravan, Tam. (aiSTTSeSlcrsUOTr) A measurer. regulates the proportionate distribution of water for irri-

Aktvan, Tam. (£l|6fT6Ll(3OT) A measurer, a guager. gation.

Alakkugai, Tam. (51jerT<S@(5D3S) Measurement. Alavti-paimaish, Tam. (from Alavu and P. paimaish, measure-

AlalhisIbu, Tel. Kam. (e9£)0^3^sr'£X), from the Ar. ment), Survey or measurement of fields, especially the name
I'il-hisdbu, (t—JWsrS, according to the account) Pay given of a particular survey and valuation of the lands in Malabar,

before hand, money paid in advance or on account. made for the purpose of assessing the revenue in 1807-8.

AL-AMANji,Tam. (aLOTT-54U3^(^, fromAl, a labourer, and Alavogulu, Tam. (?) An account specifying the measure-

amanji, compulsory service) Compulsory service which the ment of each field in a farm or hamlet.

villagers in the Dravira provinces were formerly compelled Alawa, H. &c. (p. Ji.ill, ^^Tsn) A fire-place; applied in

to render to Government officers or persons travelling Hindustan especially to a hole in front of the shed where the

on public duty. paraphernalia of the Muharram are deposited, and in which

Alam, H. (Jlc) a banner; the banner of Hasan and Hosain a fire is lighted every evening during the festival.

carried in procession at the Muharram. Alchaliku, (?) The mouldering away of the banks between
Alam, Ulum, Tam. (aiffTTLQ) A salt pan, a place where salt the corn fields.

is made. Aldhola, Karn. (es'^O) A field in one's own possession.

Alavan, Tam. (51|6rr6D(3Cl) A salt maker. Ale, Karn. (®^), ALAi,Tam. (aj,3sO) A press for extracting

Alattunilam, Tam. (ajSTT^^rtleOLD also, in some lists, the juice from the sugar-cane ; a sugar-mill ; the juice of

Alavor-nilam, or Alava-podal) Land impregnated with salt, the cane ; also a forge.

and therefore unfit for cultivation. Aleguni, Karn. (e3e}"X3Cv) A hole for receiving the juice

Alam, Hindi (^T^H) Sticks set up for creeping plants to grow of the cane.

upon. Ale hoge, Karn. (?) A tax on sugar-mills in Mysore.

Alandadey ? A class of slaves in the Tamil countries. Alemanesunka, Kam. ( £30^cS?KX)oS^) a duty levied on
Chingleput. sugar works.

Alata, or Alati-gIka, Karn. (®V^> ®V^, a measure, Alekal, more correctly, Anaikal, q. v. Tam. Stone embank-
and A dOj from S. oRK, who makes) A person employed ment of a reservoir.

in Mysore to measure corn or land, sometimes included Ali, Alee, H.

(^J|
) A land measure of four Bisis. Nine
among the village officers. AlU go to one Jula. Gerwhal.
Alamat, H. (a. e:,~«Ju:) Lit. A sign. It is usually written Alidava, or Aldava, or Alidodeya, Kam. (e5>^^5,
before the signature of a female. It is also used to signify ®^^, ©V^^O^) A ruler, a master, a king.
18
 AL AL
Aliya, H. (IjJt) A branch of the Turkia subdivision of the and applied to any similar root, as to the potato, also called

travelling grain dealers, called Banjaras. Bilaiti-alu, and the yam, called Phul-a'lu.

Aliya, Kam. (OV-^) A son-in-law. Aluku, Tel. (eseU^O) Sowing seed in ground prepared

Aliya santana, Kam. (S. TBin«T, offspring) Succession or for its reception.

descent by the female line in Malabar. Alugu, Tel. (esewXb) A channel, a sluice to carry off

Ali-gol, H. (JjGlc, from the A. AM, jJlc, lofty, excellent, the overflowing water of a reservoir or tank.

and the S. gola, sftoS. a ball, a troop), Irregular foot in Alute, corruptly, Ulootay, Allootie, Allooty, Alowtay,
the Maratha service, without discipline or regular arms. Mar. (^^^, plur. of ^^TTf, possibly a mere alliterative

According to some they are so named from charging in term derived from Balute, q. v. as Balute-alute) The
a dense mass, or Gol, and invoking Ali, the son-in-law collective designation of the persons whom it is customary

of Mohammed, being chiefly Mohammedans. in some of the provinces of the Dekhin, to retain as vil-

AlkIb, Ulkab, H. (a plur. of L;,^, a title) Titles, honours, lage servants, in addition to the Balute, or regular village

part of a form of address to persons of high rank ; as to servants, such as superannuated members of the Balute, or

the Governor-General, who is commonly styled Nawab their widows, religious mendicants, and the helpless and

Mali-alkab Baha'dur, the noble, the Nawab, of lofty titles. lazy in general. Besides these, twelve classes of the

Allu, Ulloo, Guz. (?). In Kattiwar a kind of ordeal in cases Alutd, as well as of the Balute, are specified, viz. 1. The
of disputed boundaries in which the claimant walks over Jangam, or priest of the Lingayits, who is employed to

the contested limits with a raw hide or a cloth on his blow the conch shell in the temples; 2. The Koli, or

shoulders, previously dedicated to one of the fearful forms water-carrier, who supplies travellers and government

of Durga, from whose vengeance he will receive some functionaries travelling on public duty with drinking-water,
calamity if his claim is unjust. also the cultivators with water to wash their threshing

Allu, Ulloo, Tam. (a|6fT(5rR) A handful of grain given floors, and the village at large with water on public

to the village servant by whom a quantity has been festivals ; 3. The Bh,&t, or village bard, who chants

measured ; or a small quantity of any article sold in the hymns in the temples, and is employed when children are

bazar taken as a cess or tax. betrothed to ascertain that there are no physical impedi-

Alledukiravan,Ta.va..iSi\6nQ6TT®3>^rr)6li(^) The mea- ments to the marriage ; 4. The Ramusi, or village watch-

surer who is paid by a handful from each quantity measured. man, by caste and practice a thief. In different parts of

Alma, Kam. (tsyp) A king, a ruler. the South- West of India his place is taken by the BhU or
Almaga, Kam. (£3^'^ A) A servant. the Koli, both wild and lawless tribes, residing chiefly in the

Almaha, or Almari, H. (i_j;t»JI, Port. Ulmaria) A cabinet, thickets of the Satpura hills, but taking service in the plains

a wardrobe, a cupboard, a chest of drawers. 5. The Mali, Bdghhdn, or gardener, who grows flowers to

Almara-koneru, Tel. (?) A well with steps down one side. decorate the temples with, and prepares nosegays to present

Alo, H. (JI) a portion of unripe com. —Province of Benares. to Government officers or men of rank passing through the

Alta, H. (Ul I ) Balls of cotton impregnated with lac dye ;

village ; 6. The Tardl or Teskar, who is considered the

hence also the dye itself same as the Mher, except that the latter is usually ranked

Altamgha or Altamgha, Altumgha or Ultumgha, H. among the Balute receiving only a different scale of

(from the Turkish dl Jl, red, and tamghd U/«J, a stamp compensation. All the Mhers in the village take the

or impression ; Bianchi, Diet. Turc-francais) A royal office of Taral for a year in rotation, and, besides the

grant under the seal of some of the former native princes fixed allowance of land or grain, each receives annually

of Hindustan, and recognised by the British Government a pair of shoes and a blanket. The Taral is to be always

as conferring a title to rent-free land in perpetuity, heredi- resident and at the call of the Patil, and is especially

tary and transferable. Although probably originally bear- assigned to attendance on strangers, whom he furnishes

ing a red or purple stamp, the colour of the imperial seal with local information, and for whom he procures the

or signature became in Indian practice indifferent. Elliot. necessary supplies ; 7. The Gondhali, beater of a double

Alu, H. &c. (S. y I , ^T^) An esculent root, a kind of arum, kettle-drum ; 8. The JDauri Gosain, who beats a sort of

19 ^ I
 AI AM
small drum ; 9. The Garsi, ( ? ) or piper ; 10. The Sempi, has borne a son to her master, and is therefore, by the law,

Darji, Suti, or Sui, the village tailor ; 11. The, Teli, to be emancipated at his death.

or oil presser and vender ; 12. The Tdmbuli, or preparer Amal, Umul, H., used in most dialects, with the import

of the Pan, or betel-leaf, &c. Few of these hold land, sometimes slightly modified, (A. jJ^ac, "SW^) Business,
but are mostly paid by an allowance of grain. There affairs, an office, collection of revenue, administration of

are some varieties in their specification; as, for instance, justice, management of any land or business on behalf of
in Duff's History of the Marathas the twelve Alutas are another, deputation, authority, government. In Maratha

called, 1. The Sonar, goldsmith ; 2. The Jangam ; 3. The finance an item or head of collection, the share or por-

tailor ; 4. The water-carrier ; 5. The Tar&l ; 6. The tion of the revenue after the expenses and extra charges

Mali ; 7. The drummer ; 8. The piper ; 9. The Mdmusi have been defrayed. In the Tamil countries commonly.
or BMl ; 10. The Taili ; 11. The Tdmbuli, and 12. The Confiscation, seizure.

Gondali. But the whole number of twelve are rarely Amal-ddr, H. &c. ( iIjJl^c) A manager, an agent, a
found in any village establishment. On the other hand, governor of a district, a collector of revenue. An officer

there are occasional additions to the list, as, JBdjantris, appointed to collect the revenue of an estate which has
musicians and comedians ; Kalavantins, dancing girls been attached by Government. '
In the South it is applied

a Vaidya, or village physician ; a Ghota-khor, a diver, especially to the native revenue collector acting under the
one who plunges into the water to recover lost articles authority of the European collector. Any person holding

and a Gdrpagdri, a village conjuror and fortune teller. a post or office. The title is also given to the native head

Ai.VAB, Tam. (pi. ^V^QJn^) AlvAbu, Tel. ipl. «^&), of the police In a district, usually also the head revenue

Rulers, persons of authority, the collective title of twelve officer, whose duties are defined by Bombay Regulations,
reputed saints of the Southern Vaishnavas, who are said to xil. of 1827, and iv. of 1830, and Act xx. of 1835. Under
have each written a portion of the Drdvida Prahandha, the Maratha Government, Amaldars or Aumildars were of

or Tamil Veda, chiefly designed for Sudras and women. three kinds ; those holding the office of collector on a lease

Ramanuja, the founder of the Sri Vaishnava sect, which is from the Government; those who were appointed by the
one of the three great sects of the Peninsula, is sometimes Sarsubahdars ; and Bankers or Sahukars, who, having
considered the same as Yembiru-manaru, the last of the advanced money to the Government or Its revenue officers,

Alvar. were appointed to collect the revenue of a district until

Aam, or Am, corruptly, AuM, H. (A. |»lc) The general they had paid themselves.
people, the commonalty, as opposed to the Khds, the nobility, Amal-ddri, H. &c. ( ,_^1 jJl*£ ) Management, administration,
or the select. collection of revenue. The office of Amalddr. Possession,
Dirvan-i-Adm, H. The public hall of audience, that to occupancy.
which all persons may be admitted ; in distinction to the Amal-dastak, Umul-dustuk, H. {^^Jjmh^L^a) Deed of
Diwan-i-khas, the hall of the select, the privy council. conveyance; any document giving possession of property.
Amad, Amud, H. (from the P. dmdan ^^l^\ , to come), Warrant or authority to collect the rents of an estate ; a
Income, revenue. written order from the proper authority to enable the

Amad-o-raft, H. (from the P. ^jiX* , and , to go, purchaser of an estate at a public sale to obtain possession
1
^^J
literally, coming and going), Income and expenditure. of it.

Imports and exports. (InGuzerat) Town duties: also applied Amalfarmdish, Mar. (P. jjijU^i, order) An item in the
to Safe-conduct, permission to come and go without harm. deductions from the net revenue, fees paid to revenue
Amad-o-raft bkanddri, H. Surety for safe conduct officers (?)
guarantee for coming and going with impunity. Amal-guzdr, H. (^|jSj.*£) A collector of revenue.

Amad- or Amda-mdla, H. A merchant who purchases im- Amal-ndma, H. (P. .uLJiac) Authority to manage or
ported goods wholesale for retail to petty dealers. administer property, an order for possession, a warrant
Am-i-walad, or, more correctly, Um-al-walad, A. (from a) , from a competent public fiinctionary to an individual,
a mother, and rvalad jJj , offspring) A female slave who authorising his taking possession and management of
20
 AM AM
landed or other property, an order from a Zemindar to his for the Piper Betel, and afterwards for rice, in which the
cultivators to give possession to a renter. difference of the revenue from dry and wetlands is charged

Amal-patta, H. (<)OuL»j:) A deed appointing an agent or to the Ryots.

manager, a warrant authorising a person to collect the Amani, Umanee, corruptly, Umaunee, Aumany, Amauny,
rents of an estate. H. (tiLol) Held in trust or deposit; applied especially

Amal-sanad, H. ( aJuj (_),^t>c ) A deed or warrant empower- to the collection of the revenue direct from the cultivators

ing a person to collect rents or manage an estate. by the officers of Government upon the removal or sus-

Amali, Amli, Umulee, or Umlee, H. (^L»>c) Payment pension of an intermediate claimant or Zemindar, the same

of the revenue by a division of the crop or in kind ; applied as the hhds collection : it is also applied to Ryotwari
also to a village where the revenue is paid in kind : any settlements, or settlements with each cultivator individually,

thing related to, or connected with, managements, collec- where no renter or proprietor has been acknowledged ; also

tions, and the like. The title of the revenue year in to lands in the possession of the collector's officers for

Bengal and Orissa, the same as Fasli, q. v. arrears of revenue, or which, on any other account, are not

Amal-i-jins> H. (from H. (J^t amal, intoxication, and A. held by individual tenants.

jins ijttJ^, sort, kind) Intoxicating liquors or drugs. Amdni-bdzi-bdh, H. (.i~->i>^tJDti) Miscellaneous heads of

Among the Marathas the revenue levied upon their sale, receipt or revenufe held in trust or deposit, or collected

the same as Abkdri. direct by the officers of government.

Amal, Ajiul, Hindi (WR^S, perhaps an error for Aamil) Amdni-tdldo, H. (jSlj tjUl ) Kam. Amdnikere, ( ©^VTQ'O-
Being in chaise or possession of. "SO) In Mysore, an unrented tank or reservoir of

Am AN, Umun, also, Aman, Uman, H. (A. ^^\, ^jjUO Safety, water, not belonging exclusively to any one village, but

security, protection : protection granted to an infidel subservient to the watering of the lands of several, under

during the first year of his residence in a Mohammedan the superintendence of the officers of the Government.

country. Aman, Amun, Hindi, Ben. (^l^nT, '^TtVI) Rice grown on

Amanat, Umanut, H. (ci^W, from aman ^^) occuring, low wet grounds, the rice that is sown in July and August,
slightly modified, in most dialects, or sometimes corrupted, and reaped in December, winter rice.

as in Tel. to Anamat or Andmatu, (©'O SOsSo)^ as well Amaniya, H. Ben. (^TJTfqtn) Land on which the winter

as Amdnatu ^a>J~°o5&Ci, Deposit, charge, any thing held crop of rice is sown.

in trust, money deposited in court. Among the Marathas, AMANjijOrAMiNJi, Tam. (a|LDQ<E?l, 51JLq1q<^) Compul-
profit derived from deposits and temporary sequestration sory service without payment ; the gratuitous employment
of estates. of the villagers in the transport of baggage, &c., for public

Amdnat daftar, H. (F.JiSti, office) An office under the officers ; also the general levy of men inhabiting irrigable

Mohammedan Government for deposits, or for a register of villages for the purpose of clearing out the channels or

trusts. The superintendant was invested sometimes with tanks, and for repairing breaches or constructing dams.

judicial powers in civil suits. Reg. xxii. 1795, preamble. AmAnta gadu, Tel. (oS^T~°oe^7r°(So) A pedlar, a hawker.

Amdnat ddr, H. (P. ib , who has) The holder of a deposit Amaham, Tarn. (a|LQI7LQ, lit. command of a thousand

or charge, a trustee, a guardian. foot.) A grant of revenue by the Prince or a Poligar,

Amdndt-ddri, H. (P. i^yii, having) Guardianship, agency, on condition of service generally, military or police ; such
trust. grants were resumable when the Amarakdr, or grantee,
Amdnat-jari, H. (A. i^J^, proceeding) (In the South of failed to perform the stipulated service.

India) Assignments of revenue resumed or held temporarily Amari.'Umahee, H. (A. u^L*c) A canopied seat on an
in charge of a Government officer. elephant.

Amdnat-mahdl, H. (P. Jl=r* ) An estate. AmAtya, Mar. (S. ^nnw, a minister), One of the eight

Amdnat-ndma, H. (P. <ut ) A deed of trust or deposit, a principal officers of the Maratha state.

document conveying any thing in trust Amavaltjjindagi, Kam. (©'63oTSeU83od5^j the latter

Amdnat-nashta,K&ra.(.'^'^) A tax on ground first cultivated word is a corruption of the P. sindagi, life) In Mysore,

21 a
 AM AM
the property of a person dying without heirs and escheating Ambar, H. &c. (P.^Uil , S. '^t) A store, a heap, a granary,

therefore to the Government. a heap of any thing.

Amavdlitdana, Kam. ( e3^SJc)e«d<5 ) Cattle without Ambdram, Tel. Kam. Tam. (psQ-STS'^, ajlLumjm,
owners, claimable by the Government. from the P.ybJl) Aheap, a pile, a stack of corn; grain

Amavasi, Umavusee, H. (j_j»«jUl, from the S. ^MNul or on the threshing floor ; Government share of the crop.

^•ii=ll**(l) Day of conjunction, day of new moon, when it Ambarahkadai, Tam. ( SJlliUmTasSis:)!-) A store, a

rises invisible. The term is current throughout India, granary, a place where any thing is stored.

sometimes slightly modified, as, Amavasi, Amdsi, Ama- Ambdrahhdna or -khanS, Kam. (aT^'O'S, P. iiia-) A
vase, Amamdsi, and, as corruptly spelled, Amaubasee, magazine of grain, a granary.
Amauvasy, Amawus, &c. Ambara-rdsl, Kam. ("SrSa^ S. TIT[ft, a heap) The Govem-

Amb, or Am, H. ((.../ol or *! , from S. Antra or Amra "^P^, ment share of the crop collected in a heap.
'Srrat) A mango, the mango-tree ; occurring in most Ambdr-sdri, Mar. (WKlITrt) A tax on houses, except
dialects, sometimes slightly modified, as, Amb, Ambd, or those of Brahman village-officers. Rev. Sel. iv. 166.

Ambi. Attambdr, Karn. (esfejoETBc^) The whole heap, or the

Amhd^ or Ambi-ddhale, Mar. (^^, ^^ ^?^) A branch shares of the Government and cultivator before the crop

of a mango-tree ; an extra cess paid in commutation of is divided.

presents of mangoes formerly required. Rev. Sel. iv. 652. AmbIri, also Amari, H. (A. ^_g\A^) A canopied seat on

Ambardi, or Amrdi, Mar. (^tT^, 'Hiyi^) A grove of on elephant. A litter borne by a camel. (P. j\xi\ ) A
mango-trees, or any garden. Revenue derived from gardens granary.

and groves. Rev. Sel. L 693, and iv. 167. Ambdri patii, Mar. (4i=(lil lift) A tax on the cultivation
Ambardi-guttige, Kam. ( AO S "A , assessment) Rent or of henip or making of rope from it.

revenue from mango groves or orchards. Ambashtha, vemacularly, Ambashth, S. &c. ('51*^?:) A
Ambd or Ambi-taka, Mar. (^a^TToBT) Revenue from a tax man of a mixed tribe, the ofispring of a Brahman father

on mango groves. and a Vaisya mother ; by occupation a physician.

Ambadi-kovilakam, Mai. (?) The chief palace, the residence Ambattan, Tam. Mai. (ajliuL-L-OBT) A barber, the barber

of the eldest and principal wife of the Samuri or Zamorin. of the village.

Ambalam, Tam. (ajLQLJeOLQ) A place where public affairs AMBUvlcHf, S. (4IH'<1-<1) Four days in Asharh (June
are discussed. (Mai. (©'OOQjajo) In Malabar, a temple July), the 10th to the 13th, inclusive of the dark half of

of the first class. the month, or moon's wane, when the earth is regarded as

Ambala-kdran, or Ambalagdr, Tam. (a|LQLJ6C)Si3rrrT(5Sr) unclean, and agriculture is prohibited.

The patel, or head of a village, particularly of villages in- Ambuvdchi pradd, S. (ir^, what gives) The first of the

habited by Sudras. The person who presides in the meet- four days.

ing-house of a village. An officer who publishes the Ambuvdchi tydga, S. (t^TT, leaving) The last of the four

decrees of an assembly. R. Sel. ii. 530. days.

A A
AmbalcMn&nyam, Tam. (a|LQLJ60lIirT(5nflUJLQ) A por- Amd, Umd, a. ( Aa£ ) Wilfiil ; as, Jfatal-dmd, Wilful murder.
tion of land held free of revenue by the headman of a Shabih-dmd, Apparently wilful, i. e. manslaughter.
village, as a perquisite of office. Amdani, Amdunee, cormptly, Aumdany, or Amdauny,
Ambala-pati, Mai. (from OJSl , a step) In Malabar the still more so, Amdenny, and Amdehny,H. (P. ^JJ^l, lit.

hereditary dignity of an elevated seat or step in a temple, a coming, from ^^S^ I , to come) Income, receipts : as a Go-

giving to the person who enjoys it the right of directing vernment term, receipt of revenue or customs.
the ceremonies : the dignity commonly devolves on the Amddni, Mar. (^»4<I«l1, vernacular for the preceding) Pro-

headman of a village, but it is saleable. ducts of the earth, articles of merchandize generally arriving

Ambala-vdsi, Tam. Mai. (ci|llll_J606LirT<^) A caste in at market in their fit season, also that particular season.

Travancore who are makers of garlands : they are attendants Profits, perquisites ; sway, rule.
in temples, and rank between Brahmans and Nairs. Amethiya, H. (b^jwcl) A tribe of Chouhan Rajputs, origi-

22
 AM AM
nally from Amethi, in Oude, some of whom are settled in the defence of the sea-coast ; the assignments of revenue for

Gorakhpur. their maintenance and that of the flotilla.

Amez adhIram, H.,but current in the Dekhin, (from P.JJ-«I, Amin, Umeen, corruptly, Aumin, Aumeen, H., but occur-

mixing', and S. ddhdra ^TTVlt, support, receptacle) Laud ring, slightly modified sometimes, in most of the dialects,

having mixed resources, i. e. being irrigated both naturally (A. ^jjJ^I , from ^^ , to trust, Hindi, ^jftf) A confidential
and artificially ; also with bhumi, land, Amez-ddhar bhumi. agent, a trustee, a commissioner ; applied in Upper India

Amil, or Ai.MiL, corruptly, AuMiL, H., but used in most especially to a native officer of Government, employed either

dialects, sometimes slightly modified, and frequently con- in the revenue department to take charge of an estate and
founded with Amal, (a. (J-oU, n. of agency, from dmal collect the revenues on account of Government, or to in-

iJ.A£ , he performed a task, he transacted an affair) An vestigate and report their amount ; or in the judicial de-

officer of Government in the financial department, especially partment, as a judge and arbitrator in civil causes. In

a collector of revenue on the part of the Government, or the Presidency of Bengal, in particular, two classes of native

of the farmer of the revenue, also himself a farmer of, or judicial functionaries are now so named, or the Sadar

contractor for, the revenue under the native system, and Amin ^jjL«|)J>-fl, empowered to try causes to the extent of

invested with supreme authority, both civil and military, 1000 rupees, and the Sadar Amin Adli (.J^ uir'^J'^^i
in the districts which he farmed, as is still the case in or Principal Sadar Amin, to whom lies an appeal from

several native states, especially Oude and Hyderabad. In the decisions 'of the Amin, and who decides suits to an

the early settlement of Benares by the Government of unlimited amount Beng. Reg. iv. xlv. 1793; vli. 1822;
Bengal the Amil was intrusted with the joint power of xxiii. 1814; iv. 1827 ; v. 1831 ; Act ix. 1844.

Hakim or magistrate, and Tehsildar or collector, and was Amin-dqftar,Il. (jjiti^^jM) An office in which the accounts

responsible for the realization of a fixed amount of revenue, of the Amins were audited ; the recorded or registered accounts.

being precluded from levying any excess on the Govern- Amin-patel, Guz. Superintendant over the village Patels

ment demand. Reg. ii. 1795. of a district, appointed to adjust boundary disputes, and
Amil-ddr, H-. (yii (Jw<ilc) A collector of, or contractor for, furnish local information for the assessment of the revenue

the revenue: (used as synonymous with Amil, but no doubt to the collector. This officer has come, in some instances,

an inaccuracy for Amal-da/r, q. v.) to supersede the Desai, or former chief district officer: in

Amii-ddri, corruptly, Aumil-darrei, H. (^ljiL«lc) The some places the office is hereditary.

district or estate for the revenue of which the Amil was Amir, corruptly Emir, H. {h..jM, from -«l, to command)
responsible : (probably an error for Amal-ddri.) A nobleman, a Mohammedan of high rank.

Amil-daul, H. ( Jjii (J^lt) The estimated amount of revenue Amrd, or Umrd, corruptly, Omrah, H. (A. L«l ,
plur. of . J^^ I

to be realized by the native collector or contractor. The nobles of a native Mohammedan court collectively.

Amil-ndma, Aumil-namah, H. (<uULolc) A written order Amir-ul-Umrd, H. A. Chief of the nobles, a title conferred

jk or warrant to an Amil, a commission to take possession by the sovereign at his pleasure, sometimes designating

of land in the name of the Government ; preferably, the Commander-in-Chief.

AmaUndmu. Jdgir-i- Amir-ul-Umrd, H. Assignment of lands or their

Amili, Aumily, H. ( Jl«U) The harvest year, more cor- revenue to the Commander-in-Chief for his personal remu-
rectly, Amali ; also the same as Fadi. neration.

Amla, Umla, corruptly, Omlah, H. (A. Aa£. , plur. of Aamil, Amir-al-Mumanin, H. A. (y^xl«j>»JI^I) Prince of the

(J^lc) The collective head native officers of a judicial or faithful, a title of the Khalifs especially, but often assumed

revenue court under the European judge or collector. by Mohammedan princes.

Amla-i-ahshdm, H. The collective officers of the irregular Amji, Dekh. (^==^1) Compulsory service. (See Amanji).

militia under the native Government. In Bengal a jagir Amr-ba-yad, a. {i^JUj^i) In Mohammedan law, a form of

was assigned for their support. divorce. If a man say to his wife, " Your business is in

AmhriJnamdrd, H. Under the Mohammedan Governments your own hands " (.Amruki-ba^adiki), and the woman
the collective officers of the fleet of boats maintained for assents, an irreversible divorce takes place. Sed.
23.
 AM AN
Amisham, Amesham, or A.MUSHAM (?) Tarn. (aLLdlj^Ui) quarter ; eight dnas a half, &c. In central Hindustan it

The produce of a piece of land, the crop. An estimate is applied also to land measure. One dna of land is equal

especially of the value or yield of a standing crop. to sixteen riisis, and sixteen dnas to one kanchu. It also

Adangal-dmisham,or Amisham ddppu, Tarn. (L_rTLJl_l , an expresses the divisions of village lands, the minor portions
account) Estimate of the produce of a piece of land for a of each share being subdivided into anas or sixteenths ; thus,

whole year. one share and eight anas is equivalent to 1^, &c. In

Amlak, a. (plur of (if.U.«) Landed possessions, real property. Western India it is also applied, to land measure, one

Amma, (Tel.&c. ®^^, S. Ambd ^I»^t) In all the languages dna being the sixteenth part of a gonta, or 7.5625 square

of Southern India except Tuluva, Mother, and afHxed, as a yards; or it denotes one link of a measuring chain con-

respectful term of address to females in general, to their taining sixteen links.

names ; as, Sitamma, Vangamma. It forms, also, a And-kara or kuru, corruptly, Annah-khureh, H. (from S.

designation of various popular goddesses unknown to the hara, "Sftt., tax) A fee of one ana on each rupee of revenue

general system ; as, Marlyammd, and Agathammd, tutelary levied by the headmen in Asam to cover local charges.

goddesses of Madras. The latter is usually called Ydgatka, Andpatti, Mar. An extra cess at the rate of one Ana on

and both are, no doubt, adopted from the Roman Catholics, each rupee of the assessment, or a like charge per plough

being, in fact, the Virgin Mary, and Sta Agatha, although or per head, &c.

now especially worshipped by shopkeepers and Pareyar. Anad banjar or bunjuh, corruptly, Anod bunger, H.

In Tuluva the word means father. (,^j Jul) Land that has been waste from time imme-

Ammat, (i«)) One of the ten kinds of wounds compensated morial (from S. anddi •sttif^, without beginning, and
by fine, a wound of the head not penetrating the dura-mater. H. banjar, waste land).
Am HI, or Umree, H. (from A. jw*c, life) A grant or the like Anddi hhumi, H., used in Mysore. Land transferred by

for life, interest for life. mortgage (from S. ^•Trf^, and >TfH, land.)

Amrit, corruptly, Amkeeta, H. &c. (S. Amrita ^HTT from , Anddi-Udu, Tel. Tarn. (Oc<r-"£E5&), ajOOTrT^lJ®) A
a ^ neg. afld mrita,- dead) Ambrpsia, nectar, the beverage piece of ground that has never been cultivated ; also

of immortality; applied in common use to various items. similar terms as, Anddi karambu, Anddi tarisu.

Amrit-mahdl, H. (A. Jls-«) A term used in Mysore to AnAj, H. (—.Ijl, ^^'if) Grrain, commonly, but incorrectly,

designate a public establishment for rearing cattle for pronounced Naj.

military uses. AnXkIlabhrita, (S. ^•ildilonT?:) One of the fifteen kinds

Amfit-manodhri, erroneovisly, Am,rit-mandhara, and Amrit- of slaves in Hindu law, a man who has become a slave

JwawrfA?:, Uriya(e|^©JlGffl5^) Funds for the support of voluntarily, for the sake of sustenance at a season of famine.

the temple of Jagannatha, allowan"5!fe to the Brahmans to Anan, incorrectly, Ainan, A. (^jUc) Traffic in partnership,

provide sweetmeats for the idol Jaganndth, which, after in Mohammedan law.

presentation to him, are distributed among all who are Anakan, Mai. (dS^aevDAflSb) A low or inferior person.

present. Ananda, Karn., &c. (S. ^rJSj:, felicity) The 48th year of

AmuMat, a. (ei^^^j^I, from J, a mother) In Mohammedan the cycle of sixty years which will fall in the year 1854.

law, the condition of being a mother, maternity. Ananta, S. &c. (^TJSir:) Without end, eternal. A cord with

Amwal, H. (a. plur. otmdl JU) Property, goods, chattels, fourteen knots in it, which the Hindus tie round the arm at

personal property. the festival of Ananta-chaturdasi.

Ammdl-rabmi, A. Property that may be lent at a usurious Ananta-chaturdad, S. The fourteenth of Bhadra (August,

interest. September), when a festival is held in honour of 'the

Ana, H. (UT, S.^TtTT, B. 'STW, Mar. "mm or ^niTT) The six- eternal ' Vishnu.

teenth part of a rupee, commonly, but incorrectly, written Anantaravan, less correctly, Anandravan, Mai. ( (S'OrO-

multiples to denote OB)(DnJnf6, from without an An

Anna ; it is used either singly or in its S. SHr|.|)<, interval)

proportional fractions of any article ; thus, one dna of any heir, the heir apparent or next of kin, the heir of the acting

thing—of land or chattels-^is one-sixteenth ; four dnas, a head of the family.

24
 AN AN
Anantaravan-natu-kdnam, Anandravannadu, &c. (from Anchand-ddr or-ddrudu, Tel. An officer employed to survey

00§, middle, and AOeroo, fee). the standing crops and estimate their probable value ; an
Anantarasthdnam, Mai. (ctodOOOo, S. ^ntj place) Suc- estimator, an appraiser.
cession, right of inheritance. Anchand-jdhitd, Tel. (3^23e3 ) Estimate of each Ryot's

Ananyasrita, (S. (^^not, ani/a ^TSI, another, and dsrita share of the value of the crop. An account of the

^fiStiT. dependent) Independent, not supported by or estimated crop kept by the village accountant.

dependent on another. In Hindu law, unencumbered Andai, Tam. (.2L 5CCT fiDDL.) Master of a family, owner of
property. slaves.

Anasana, S. (^nr neg., ^^t*^, eating) Fasting. In law, Andadi, Mai. (Cl5»a6*^0sl) A shop, a marketplace, a

fasting of a creditor or of a Brahman employed hy him bazaar.

to enforce payment of a debt, the debtor incurring the Andddivdnibham, Mai. (ci5^6v>S0slaJ05»-olao) Mer-
guilt of Brahmanicide if the person should die of inanition. chandise, goods, wares, articles for sale.

AnAtha, S. (^ neg. and «Tr^J, a master) Having no pro- Andana, Mar. (^55«t) Presents made by the bride's father

tector or owner. An orphan. to the bridegroom after the celebration of the marriage.

Andthi-banjar, S. and H. Waste, or rather unclaimed land. AndAru (?). A Mobed, or officiating priest of the Parsis.

Uncultivated land without an owner. See Anddi-banjar. AndAz, H. (P. jljJl) Estimate, valuation, guess.

Anavantu polam, Tel. Land of which the ownership is Andds-patti, Mar. Estimate of the value of a growing

disputed. crop.

AnIvhushti, Karn. Tel. (S. an W^i neg. and dvrishti ^Tfftt, Andha-darbaru, Karn. {© 0"^o8ST>5b , from S. andha
rain) Drought ; want of rain. '3t'?ll, blind, and P. darbdr Jjjti , a court) A public

Anaya, (S. ^TtJi:) The ceremony of tying on the girdle of office notoriously ill conducted, a bad government.

Munja grass preparatory to investiture with the sacrificial Andhi, Andhee, H. ((_jajol, from S. ^ST^U, blind, dark)

string. The rite of investiture. A hurricane, a tempest ; a darkening of the day.

Anayan, Mai. (CS^OOOCQjn*) A covvherd, a shepherd. Andhra, or, Andhra, S. (WSTt, «T^) The country now
Anbhanta, Ustbhunta, (?) Undivided, applied to lands. known as Telingana. Andhra more properly denotes a

Garhwal. native of that country, also a caste of Brahmans in Mysore,

Ancha, Anchu, Tel. (e3Ot0)^ Anche, Kam. (iSOcS)^ or a Brahman of Telingana, who is known by the name
Anchal, Mai. (cS^6»5iJ«sb) Tam. (£l\^06O) Public of Andhra Brahman in most parts of India. The name
conveyance, post, posting, a post-stage, a relay of was known to the ancients, and Pliny speaks of the Rex
palankin bearers or post-runners. Andrarum as a powerful Indian prince.
Anchalpura, Mai. (CiS^6«5Utabo_iro) A post-office. Andi, Tam. (.aLSOTTL^) Karn. (630^) A religious men-
Anche-kacheri, Kam. (esoaa-SaaS)
The post-office. dicant of the Saiva sect in the South.

AnchS-manS, Kam. (esoSx^iOfOv;) \ station for post- Andi, Kam. (eSOQ) Bail, bond, security.

runners. Anba, Mai. (CS^eirig,) Andu, Tam. (ajjCOTT®) A year.

Anchana, Unchuna, or, Antsana, Untsuna, corruptly, Ane, Kam. (e3l3) ANAi,Tam. (.gLoOOtJr) An oath, an adjuration,
Anchina, Anchinna, Anchumna, Anchumma, Tel. a protestation, a citation on the part of Government; also

(esoucS^j from S. dnsana ^5nT> dividing, apportion- Kam. Anebhashe, or Anebase (from S. bhdshd, speech).

ing) An estimate or appraisement of the probable amount Ane, Kam. (esco) An elephant (diflPering from the pre-

and value of the crops on a field ; salt in a pile ; hay in ceding in the '
n,' which, in the first word, is the cerebral,

a stack, and the like. Grant derives it from two Persian in the second, the dental letter).

adverbs, dn, there is, chandn, so much ! App. v. Rep. 642. Ane, corruptly, Ani, and Anay, Kam. (esw), Anai, Tam.
Niluvuranchand, Tel. (^^J^"^) Estimate of the produce (ajSsOT), Ana, Mai. (CS*Zi6v-o) A dam, a dyke, a bank,

of a field before the crop is cut. a bridge. Kallane, Kam. (ot^S) A dam or embank-

Kuppa-anchand, Tel. (SJoO^) Estimate of the produce of a ment of stone.

field after the crop is gathered, but before it is measured. Anekattu, Anekatte, corruptly, Anicut, Kara. (e5QD|i))
'

25 H
 AN AN
A dam, a dyke, an embankment, a channel to direct from the threshing-floor distributed to the Brahman,
water into different streams for purposes of irrigation. Purohit, Guru, grazier, and god of the village.

jinaikdl, Tarn. iSl\8GSTS>S>n^) An embankment of stone. Angauria, H. (b,^!) A ploughman. In some places, as

Allanai, Tarn. (5l|^60S3OT) A dam or bridge of stone. Benares, the practice of allowing the use of the plough

Anekagotra, S. (wqcR'fht) One who is a member of as part of the wages of labour.

more than one Gotra or family. Angdena, (?) A tax formerly levied by the Portuguese atBom-
Aneyab, Hindi (^THTtT) The time of agricultural labour bay on fishermen and their boats, and on other occupations.
in the hot weather, from sunrise till noon. Angirasa, S. &c. ('Snf^W) The sixth year of the cycle. A
Ang, H. (i.f^JIi from S. ^f^, a particle of assent) Demand Gotra or family of Brahmans : both are derived from the

on each head of cattle for right of pasture by the pro- name of the ancient Rishi or Sage Angiras.
prietor of the ground. Mode of computing a tax on cattle Angjhap, Thug, (from H. or S. Ang, body, and H. chhi-

in Hariana, two bullocks making one Ang. pdna, to hide) Temporary burial of their victims until

Anga, Ungu, S. (^^:) The body, or a part of it; a limb, a convenient opportunity of efiectually concealing them is

a member. Whence, figuratively, a branch of literature, found (used in the Dekhin).

a supplemental portion of the Vedas, &c. Anglis, (corruption of *

English An invalided soldier, or

Anganyasa, S. Touching different parts of the body as lands granted to him under Ben. Reg. xliii. 1793; i. 1804.

a religious exercise. AiiGULA, vernacularly, Angul, S. &c. (from ^tf^, a finger)

Angaprdyaschitta, S. Expiation of personal impurity, A linear measure ; eight barleycorns make an Angnla,
especially the expiatory offering made by the next of kin and twelve Angulas a span ; a finger's breadth.

of a person recently deceased, at the first Sraddha after Anguli-torana, S. (from anguli, a finger, and toraTia, an

his death. ornamental archway) Three semicircular lines drawn

Anga, or Anqakkha, H. (Uil, lj>^l) A long tunic, a coat across the forehead, made with sandal or ashes of burnt

worn both by Hindus and Mohammedans : the former tie cow-dung, denoting a worshipper of Siva ; more commonly
it on the left, the latter on the right breast. termed Tripundra.

Anga, Ungu, Tel. (£30A) a stride or pace of about three ANQVfAnA, H. (from S. ^^, a limb, a part) The proprietor

feet of a small share of a village in the Benares district, where

Angakdla, Tel. (©OA"S~°0) Measurement by paces. it also implies mutual help in tillage.

Angadi, Karn. ( esoXSS )j AngIdi, Tam. (ajrRJSrTljijL) A AngwIta, Mar. ( ^JHlTl) The share of the actual cultivator

stall or shop in a market where provisions are sold. . in the produce of a field divided between him and the

A betel stall. A tax on shops or stalls, a village in landlord and the owner of the bullocks for ploughing.

which there is a market. Anhar, Thug. Any metallic utensil for eating, drinking,

Angadikdr or gdr, &c. Karn. (esoAS^oSO) A shopkeeper. or cooking.

Aftgddikdran, Tam. (a^rBJirU^SamjOCl) A vender of Ani, Karn. (©O) The comb or reed of a loom, or a
provisions. weaver's lam, or the threads of the woof wound in the

Angadi-pasike, or pasige, Karn. (»J<OD, oJiOTt) a fee form of the figure 8.

or cess upon booths or stalls. Ani, Tam. (^r^) The month of June.
Angddi-pattiyOT pattadai, Tam.(LJl_Li^, LJ1_I_(5!33I— )A tax Anitya-batta, S. (^ftra, not for ever, and ^, given)
upon moveable shops or stalls. Temporarily given, as a son adopted for a term ; also

Angadia, or Angariya, Guz. (^l°3l*l*^l) A person em- Anitya dattaka, and Anitya dattrima.
ployed in the West of India to carry money and jewels, Aniya-utta, or uttha, Mai. (?) Daily meals given to Brah-
which he conceals in his garments. mans at the temples in Malabar.
Angan, H. (^j^I, from S. ^r^isr:) a court -yard, an in- Aniyam, Tam. (^r^LUlL) A day.

closed area within or without the house ; also pronounced Aniytjkta, S. (^ neg. and ftl^, appointed) Not duly
Angna. appointed. In Hindu law, a Brahman who attends a
Angaunga, Angounga, H. (l£ ^Xil) Perquisites of grain court without having been appointed a member of it.

26
 AN AN
Anjal, Unjul, or Anjali, Unjulee, H. (J^K ^J^K and were a source of revenue to the Raja, each combatant
from S. ^^f^t , the two hands placed together and carried paying for the privilege of fighting. The combat was
to the forehead as a reverential mode of salutation) A sometimes fought by hired champions.
respectfiil mode of salutation. As much grain as can Ankhen-walI, H. (from ^1, from S. ^f^, the eye) A
be held by the two hands put together. A handful of term used in Mysore to denote a class of police employed

corn given from the threshing-floor ; the same as An- by Hyder Ali ; a spy, an inspector.

gaunga, q. v. Ankhau, H. (jl(|ii I, from S. ^ftj, the eye) Valuation by

Anjal, Tel. (corruption of Anchal, q. v.) The post, the mail. the eye of growing crops.

Anjaman, Unjumun, (P. ^^/t>srl) An assembly. Among Ankaro, Guz. (•'tl'^'l), a bill an account. Discount.

the Parsis, a constituted council or assembly to which all See Ant.

questions regarding their peculiar customs are referred. Ankuba, Thug. A thousand; the word in S. (vta-c) sig-

An J AN, Unjun, H. (jjsri) A grass which grows in the nifies a shoot, a sprout, a bud or blossom ; also, some-

North-West Provinces abundantly, and is used as fodder. times, water.'

Commonly, the word (from the S. ^r5«t) denotes a col- Ankurdrpana, S. ('St^in) Ofiering of water, a preliminary

lyrium, or any application, whether solid or fluid, to the offering of water at the beginning of a ceremony.

eyes, to give them strength and brilliancy. Anna, S. (^^) Food, boiled rice.

Anjana, Unjana, H. (UrS'l) An inferior sort of rice. Anna-kuta ydtra, S. (The festival {yatrd) of the mountain

Anje, Kam. (esO^) Clean or dressed cotton ready for (kutd) of boiled rice). A festival of the Hindus in the

spinning. month of November, when they make a pile of rice as a

Ank, or Ank, corruptly, Auk, H. &c. ((.LU!, from the S. type of the hill Govarddhana in Vraj, near Mathura,

anha ^^, a mark, a cypher) A mark, a number, an observed especially by cowherds.

arithmetical figure, a share. Figures on coins, &c., Anna-prdsana, vernacularly, Annprdsan, S. &c. ('Sr^Tfl^)

shewing the date of a Raja's accession. In Kamata, Anha Putting a little food into the mouth of an infant between

or Anke is also applied in compounds to the tables or five and eight months old, accompanied with a religious

statements of relative measures ; as, Khandugadanke, dry ceremony.

measure ; Varahada-anke, money accounts ; Manuvisa- Anna-vyavdhara, S. (tq^K, law) Law or custom relating

anke, troy and avoirdupois measure, &c. In Cuttack, to food, that is, to the practice of eating together or not, as

an era commencing with the accession of each Raja, followed by different castes.

and, counting by the year of his Raj, all deeds com- Anola, commonly pronounced Aonld, H. (Syi, from the S.

mence with the year of the Ank in which they were ^n=I^:) The myrobalan tree, which is worshipped by agri-

executed. culturists in the West of India on the 11th of Phalgun

Ankana, S. (^oRTf) Marking, making a number or cypher, (Feb., March) : libations are poured at the root of the

especially branding or cauterising the limbs with the tree, a yellow or red thread is tied round the trunk, and

symbols or names of a divinity. prayers and songs are recited in honour of the plant.

Anh-band,i, or bundee, H. (P. i^Sh, binding) An adjust- Ans, or Ansa, pronounced Angsha, or Ungshu, also writ-

ment of the rents to be paid by the individual collector ten Amsha, H. &c. (|^1, from the S. ^0 A part, a

through the person held liable for the realisation of the share, a portion.

Government demand. Ansdnsa, S. (^S^JT^) A subdivision, a share of a share.

Ank-dar, comnpdy, Aukdar, (P. I'lJ, who has) The holder Anansa, S. (^•i'^l) Having no share; excluded from a share,

of a share in village lands. The person who is responsible as of inheritance, on account of some physical or legal defect.

for a portion of the revenue. Ansapatra, S. ('^trg) A deed setting forth the shares or

Ank-kar, H. (S.
J^,
who makes) An assayer, a stamper, a portions of a property. A deed of -partition between the

money changer. members of a Hindu family.

Ankam, Mai. (S. CS*08ejo) In Malabar, A duel, a single Ansahara, S. (^?t) A co-parcener, a co-heir ; one who
combat: these were formerly frequent among the Nairs, takes a share of an estate or property.

27
 AN AN
Ansmdnsa, H. (<wily«jl) A measure of land in Hindustan, Antu, Untoo, Tel. Kam. (esoew) Total amount, aggre-
twenty of which are equal to one Pilwansa. gate (from the S. anta, end, final sum).
AnsAhi, H. (a. lJj^O a tribe of Sheikhs in the North- Antyeshti, S. (^'wfe) The final sacrifice or funeral obsequies.

west Provinces who pretend to be descended from the ANuA,or Anwa, H. (lyO The place where the men stand who

original Ansdr, or auxiliaries of Mohammed, who adopted throw up water from a lower to a higher level. See Dauri-

his faith at Medina. They appear to have come into Anubhavam, Mai. (c(5^6»T0SOJo, from S. WT, after, ac-

India from Herat at the time of Firoz Shah. cording to, and vr^, being) Enjoyment : a grant of

Ansu-tokb, Thug, (from the H, »mJ I dnsu, a tear) Any hereditary land in Malabar, either rent-free or at a pepper-

shower of rain that falls before the usual rainy season corn-rent, in reward of service ; also a present of betel,

it is regarded as of evil omen, and if it occur during the or a cocoa-nut, from the proprietor at the time of

first day or night of an expedition the party must return executing a deed of transfer of a garden or plantation to

and start again. the person to whom the transfer is made, as symbolical of
Ant, Guz. (^U) Credit, transfer. In Guzerat it the character of the land made over ; also Anubhogam.
implies a fictitious currency or book-credit, in which Anubhogam, Mai. (CG»^6inrB61S0OOo, S ^vfW) Enjoy-

bills of exchange and dealings in articles of trade ment ; usufruct ; a grant of land, &c. ; the same as

may be paid at the option of the holder, varying ac- Anubhavam, as above.

cording to the exchange of the day and the value of Anugaman, Unoogumun, H. (j^^jjl, from the S.^R, after,

the coin in which the amount is computed. The difie- and TRH, going) The burning of a widow after hearing

rence on cashmg a bill in Ant is termed Ankara, discount. of the death of an absent husband ; also Anu-maranam,
Antah-pata, Mar. (S. ^nlT, between, and VZ, a cloth) A subsequently-dying.

screen of silk or cloth held up between the bride and Anukshetba, corrupted vernacularly to Anuchhatr, or

bridegroom, or between the student who is to receive the Anoochuttbee, or Annakshattba, or, in Uriya, to

sacred cord and the spiritual teacher, until the proper Anbachuttur, S. {Anu ^^, according to, kshetra '^,
moment arrives for the parties to see each other. a sacred shrine or place of pilgrimage) A charitable

Antah-pura, S. (^PfT:, inner, and TJX, city) The inner allowance made to the native servants of certain temples

or female apartments. in Orissa, by the Marathas, and continued by the British

Antabbed, Untukbed, H. iSMju\, from S. ^PxR,, between, Government. Ben. Reg. xii. 1815, sec. 30.

and '^^, an altar, or ground raised to serve for one) The Anulomaja, S. (from ^'5T, according to, loma, '^tH, the

old name of the lower portion of the Doab, from Etawa hair of the body, and ja »Tt, bom, bom with the hair or

to Allahabad : it was sometimes applied to the Doab grain, i. e. in due order) The offspring of two persons of
throughout. different classes, of whom the father is of the superior

Antabapak or -PABA, Untubpue or -puru, B. (S. ^T^inc, class in the regiilar succession, as of a Brahman father

an interval, and tj^, after) Applied, in the Upper Pro- and Kshatriya mother. If the woman were of the Brah-

vinces of Bengal, to lands allowed to lie fallow for one man and the man of the Kshitriya class, the order is

year. — E. I. Records, iii. 173. inverted, and the progeny is termed Pratilomaja, bom
Antasstha, less correctly, Antasta, or Antasthi, Mar. against the hair.

(S. ^Tnlt'ezi:, what is or stays within, secret, hidden) Anupatak, or Anoopatuk, H. (S. ^•4i4lri«ii) A heinous

Secret expenditure. Sums expended in presents or bribes offence short of a capital crime.

to official persons. An item in the Darbar kharch, or Anumatipatba, S. (from anumati, ^nTHfn, assent, and
Court-charges of the Peshwa. patra tt^, a leaf) A deed expressive of assent or con-

Antasstha-ki-yddi, Mar. (P. jb, memory) Account of currence ; especially a deed executed by a husband about
secret service expenditure. to die, authorising his widow to adopt a son.

Antevasi, very corruptly, Antybashy, and AntwAsi, H. Anupu'rvaja, S. (^PT, after, V^, before, ja, bom) Off-

(S. '31^^^'T) a disciple, a pupil residing with his spring born of parents in the regular sequence of the

teacher. castes. See Anulomaja.

28
 AN AN
Anwadheta, or -dheyika, S. i^R, after, ^^^, to be a larger extent of land by the ascertained produce of a

received) A class of woman's property (in law) ; what smaller quantity.

has been given to her by her husband or relations after AoNT, H. (?) Accommodation bills (the term is used in Central

marriage. India, and is probably the Ant of Guzerat, q. v.

AnwIhAkta-srAddha, S. (4|K4l^|4^ii|l^') Funeral obsequies AoRi, or AwARi, H. (i_f)jO Bank of a pond or rivulet to

in honour of deceased ancestors performed monthly on the the water's edge ; a piece of dry land left uncultivated.

day of new moon. AoSAT, or AOSUT, H. (no doubt a corruption for Arsat, q. v.)

Anwahita, S. (^vmr^^ii), also Anw^Idhi, S. (from ^, after, An average.

and ^ftl, a pledge) A pledge or deposit placed with a Apa, or ApA, Mar. (^tft, ^TTJt) A term of respectful address

third party. to a senior ; also of affection to a son or junior. It is

Anwan, Mar. (wH^) The first field of rice, that in which often affixed to a proper name ; as, Govind-pant-dpd.
the plants have grown from seed. See also Appa.
Anwanu, Mar. (^N'ff) Transplanted, as rice plants, from ApapAtrita, also ApayAtrita, S. ('^MmpTld;, or ^HTTt-

the first field. f^i) One who has lost caste, and with whom his kindred

AnwashtakA, S. (?r»cfir<*T) Funeral obsequies performed on the will not eat and drink : he is thereby incapacitated from

ninth day of the months JPaush, Magh, Phalgun, aiAAswin. inheritance (from Apa, particle implying severance, off,

Anyagotka, S. (from anya ^THI, other, and gotra Tff^, from, and pdtra, a dish, or ydtra, intercourse).

family) Of a different lineage. AparAdha, Aparadhi, Karn. Aparadhamu, Tel. It occurs

Anyakubi, Tam. (ajcSDTtSBflLLieBgjl^., from S. anya, other, in most dialects (S. 'JliKI^) Fault, offence. The punish-
and kudi, house ; corruptly, Anicooby, G1. 5th Rep.) ment of offence, fine, penalty. This latter meaning is

A cultivator or other person who is an inhabitant of a peculiar to the South of India.

different village from that in which he labours or trades. Aparddha kshame, Kam. (from S. ^ht) Pardoning an
ANYAPURVi., S. (^'ai and TT§, before) A woman who has offence, remitting a fine.

been previously married. AparAlu, Tel. (e5<O"0^tO) All kinds of pulse or grain in

Anyayam, S., but used in the dialects (m neg., 'srnj, judicial pods, also Aparajinsulu.
inquiry) Injustice. A complaint of injustice. ; a plaint Apaviddha putra, S. ('smf^^', rejected, and xra, a son)
in a civil suit. A son deserted by his parents and adopted by strangers.

AoDi, or AooDi, H. (t^Jjl) A tribe of Jats in the divisions One of the kinds of affiliation formerly permitted by the
of Soneput and Paniput Hindu law.

AoDiYA, H. (probably for Ayodhia, or native of Ayodh or Apharia, H. (1J/^I) a subdivision of the Ahir or cowherd

Oude) A thief of a tribe of thieves inhabiting villages tribe.

in the Cavrapore and Fattehpur districts. They make Apil, Beng. ('^itf't^f) The English word Appeal. So
remote excursions at particular seasons, in different dis- also Apilant, C^^rtT'tsTle,) Appellant.

guises, and sometimes plunder on a large scale. Appa, Uppu, Tel. Karn. (®'*^^) A father, a term com-

AoQAHi, H. ( JfcOjl) Collection of rent or revenue from a monly added to proper names as a mark of respect ; as,

village. Manga-appa, or Rangappa. The word in Mar. is ApA,

AokAn, H. ((jOj!) Straw and grain heaped up (Benares). or ApA, q. v. : it also occurs in Tel. as Appaya, and in

AoKHAL, AoKHUL, H. ( (J^Jjl) Land reclaimed from waste Tamil, Appan. In Tuluva, AppA, means mother.
and brought under cultivation. Appanam, Uppanum, Tel. (e3a3>j(<5Sx>) Tax, tribute.

AolInia, H. (ijjijl) A tribe of Jats residing in the Paniput Rent revenue. Rack-rent. Any taxed lands, especially

district. Although Hindus, they claim the appellation of lands highly assessed, which are required to be held by

Malik or King conferred upon them, they affirm, by some cultivators who, as an equivalent, hold other lands on

ancient prince, to denote their sovereignty over other Jdt favourable terms, or rent-free. Usufruct

tribes. Appasam, Tel. (In the northern Circars) A cut or channel for

AoLi, AoLEB, H. ((Jjl) Mode of estimating the produce of water.

29
 AP AR
Apratibandha, S. (^ neg., and ufinT^t, obstruction) Un- Arakala-jdbitd, Tel. Per. An account shewing the number
disputed inheritance. of ploughs belonging to each Ryot (northern Circars).

A.PTA-PUNJAN, Mar. (^H^jTIT, from S. Apia, fit, and punja, Ardkattaraha, Tel. A plough with a pair of bullocks.
a heap) Presents made at the Dasahara festival to the Arakal-pali&ha, Mai. (from ara, half, h&l, quarter, and
Patel or head of a village. palisha, interest) Interest at 1^ per cent., or one-eighth of

Apta-kanakku, Tam. (ajUSnraSSCCrsQ) A weekly the highest legal rate in Malabar, or 10 per cent, per annum.
account (from P. Saftah). Arale, Karn. (©of) Cotton.

Apti, Mar. (^TJft, from S. apat, calamity) Distress fi-om ArIlu, Karn. (es'G^^C) Haifa day's labour.

failure of the harvest, from either excess or deficiency of Ardlukuli, Karn. (esOcJ^OrsD) Half a day's hire.
rain. AramIishi paramaishi, Karn. (e36^>J^o:>J-°ll.^ ^S'-

Aputba, S. (^ neg., and V[%, a son) A man who has no ^XracX>J~°oJ., dialective derivatives from the P. ardm and
son, who has never had, or who has lost an only son, firmdn) Gratuitous assistance given by the Government
and may therefore adopt one. to a respectable person in the cultivation of rent-free lands.

Ar, H. (^ I , the final being the hard d or r) Stop, hindrance, —Mysore.

whence, fig., a mound or bank forming the boundary of a Aramane, Karn. (©O^Ow) A royal palace. Government.
field ; a well ; also an abbreviation of Arara, the bank Aramane sambala, Karn. Dependant upon Government,
of a river. In composition it denotes also inferiority or in Government pay.
deviation, being the same, essentially, as the Maratha Aramaneyavaru, Karn. (eso^cOOaSOaj) The officers of

particle Ad, or Ad (^3, ^T?), q. v. Government, or the Government collectively.

Ar-gir, H. A strip of sward encompassing a field. Aramba, er Arambha, Arumbu, Arumbhu, Karn.
Ar, H. (5I) a ladle used in the sugar factories (Oudh) : it (esOOO^ &iSo^^ S. ^rrcw:, beginning, undertaking)
more usually signifies a sharp spike, a goad. Agriculture, farming, cultivating land.

Ara, H. (UM) a saw, a large saw, a shoemaker's knife. Ari, Kdd-dramba, Karn. (ac)'S^c^o£5) Dry cultivation.

(tjrt!) a small saw. Nir-dramha, Karn. (o)?OD^oaD) Wet cultivation.

Ara, Mai. (CS^O) A river. Aramha-gdr, Karn. (esfJoO AO^, from S. hdra giTC,

Arrukdl, Mai. ((©^OQdftiORsfc) A channel fi-om a river. who makes) A farmer, a cultivator.

Ara, (?) A ford or ferry. Gl. 5th Rep. Arambada-sdmdnu, Karn. (e3^0^6f0fc)iO3~Sr6i) Im-
Ara, (with a soft r) Total, aggregate. plements of husbandry.

Araba, H. (P. ii\j\) A cart. Aramvathd, Mar. (^t^TT) A rice field after clearing,

Arad, H. (ii;l) Flour-meal. ready for the next year's crop.

Aradhya, S. (^KlUll, venerable) In the South of India the Ara, or Arai-nir, Tam. (ci^(3CDCrr|cr) Water for irriga-

term is applied especially to a Brahman who professes tion which may be drawn freely from the public reservoir
the Jangama worship of Siva, biit is not acknowleged during a certain period of the year.

by other members of the sect, from his retaining the dis- Ara-palisha, Mai. Half interest, or 5 per cent in Malabar
tinction of caste. Among the Marathas, a tutelary divinity. also interest that absorbs half the rent of mortgaged lands.

Aragu, Karn., Arakku, Tel. (®0»J, from the S. laksha, Arapalh, Tam. (?) A crop entirely blighted and withered

55^ ) The resin of the nest of the Lac insect ; Shel-lac. before the time of reaping.

Arak, Uruk, H. (a. iJjc) Spirit, juice, essence. ArAr, Ubar, or AdId, Ubad, H. (j1»1 , or ^Rl?) Outhouses
Araku, or Aruki, Tam. (ajl7<5©j 2J(r5a<eS1) A fer- for cattle. Harvest floor for the blossoms of the Mahwa.
mented liquor from the juice of the palm : Tdri, or Arara, or Adada, Uraru, or Udadu, H. (jI«I, 'Sm?) The
Arrack, which is probably derived from the Tamil, which steep bank of a pond or river.

again may be a dialectical modification of the Arabic Arari, or Abadi, or Uraree, or Udadee, H. (u?jhl, or
Arak, as above. 'wsisT) The old established measure of a field to which
Araka, Tel. (©OS) A plough, with oxen and implements the occupant appeals, in preference to actual measure-
of husbandry complete. ment.

30
 AR AR
Akanta, S. (tHICIW) a forest. Ara-vAri, Tam. (from a|(3roi7 arai, half) Half revenue,
Aranya-sahhd, S. A court for a community of hermits ;
applied to a village or lands assessed at half the usual rate.

a forest-court. ArAzi, Urazee, H. (a. from the plur. of t^f-, or ^^jo\f.,

Aranya-shashthi, S. A Hindu festival on the 6th (.shashthi) lands) Applied especially to detached portions of land

of Jyeshth (May, June), observed by women in the hope which are either rent-free or have been recovered from the

of obtaining handsome children : part of the ceremonial retrocession of rivers.

is walking in a wood. Ahbab, H. (a. L-jbjl, plur. ofi—Ji) Masters, lords, possessors.

Arasa, or Arasu, Urusu, Urusoo, corruptly Ursoo, Karn. Arhdb-ul-mdl, H. Officers of the treasury. Extra allow-
(esc^Kx)), Arachan, Mai. (cS^fOiUnsf)). Arasu, or ance to the officers of account. — Gl. Sth Rep.

Arasan, Tam. (Sl\!JSt, 51|Cr<ff(3OT, from S. Rdjd, or, as Arhdh-i-shara, H. A. (Pj^) Law officers.

pronounced sometimes in the Southern dialects, Rdtsu) Ardal, Thug. A person who has separated from his party,

A king, a ruler; so, Ahasi, or Arasati, Karn., A queen ;

and has, in consequence, escaped the fate of his companions.

also, governing, ruling ; also, privileges allowed for watch- Ardawa, H. (iijiJiI) Ground meal, coarse flour ;
ground
ing. pulse. The term more commonly denotes a mixture of

Arasiikdran, Tam. (a)rj<9><S<EEirTr7<3OT) A person holding the meal of chick-pea and barley, which is given to the

certain privileges for performing police duty. horses of Europeans, or barley parched and ground, and
Arasu, Tam. The Pipal, or sacred fig-tree. similarly employed.

Arasdni, or Arasdrd-stamhha, Tam. A branch of the Arddha, S. &c. (^^, a moiety) Half, or a part in general.

Pipal tree placed in the middle, under the canopy erected Arddha-khil, Ben. (^^F^) Land only partially in cul-

for a marriage, as a type of Vishnu, round which all tivation (from S. arddlia, part, and hhil, B. fallow land).

the parties walk, worshipping and performing ceremonies. Ardhal, or Ardhola, Mar. (from S. ^T^, half) A half share,
Ahasinage-inam, Karn. (from Karn. Arasina, turmeric, and either of the produce of land or profits of trade.

A. Indm, grant of land) Land granted in dower, or as Ardheli, or Ardkeliya, Mar. (S. ^^, a half) In the

pin-money ; literally, for turmeric, which enters largely Konkan, a temporary cultivator, one who undertakes the

into the materials of a Hindu lady's toilet in the South cultivation of the land for a share, generally a half, of

of India, being applied to stain her forehead, finger-nails, the produce.

soles of her feet, &c. Ardda-mdniyam, Tam. (=l|crsSLQrT(3nflUJLQ) Land partly

Arati, or A.RTi, H. ( ^^j\ , '^VIC\, occurring in most dialects, or half rent-free, being assessed at half the usual rate ; also

from the S. ^TRXPf^i nocturnal ceremony) Waving lights a grant of the Government share of the rent to one who
circularly in front of an idol or object of worship, part of does not enjoy the share of the hereditary proprietor.

the usual evening ceremonial. In the South of India it is Arddha-siri, Beng. (from 'tI^, ploughing) Cultivating the

performed in honour of individuals at marriages and land on condition of receiving half the crop.

festivals. Arddhdya, Karn. (e3l?3e~aX)) An incomplete heap of

Araituki, Tam. (a|(33DCrs^<i&<E£l, A Madras phrase) The corn.

pillory, lit. half-hanging. Artole, or Arthole, Karn. (esS-^F-^) A weight of half

Arava. Aravi, or Aravu, Tel. Karn. People and language a rupee.

of Dravira, or the country from the North of Madras to Are, Karn. The Karnataka name of a Maratha.
Cape Comorin, along the Coromandel Coast. Arfa, a. ( Itix. ) The eve of a festival on which preliminary

Aravar, Karn. (©OoJ c)0) In Canara, a mortgage in which religious rites are practised, especially on the days pre-

the mortgagee retains possession of the property, in lieu of ceding the two great Mohammedan festivals, the Shab-i-

interest, until the debt is paid ; also called Ildravdr and Bardt, and the Bakr-id.
lldddravdr, from the S. lid, the earth. Argh, Argha, or Arghya, H. (i»,1, from the S. wt:) A
Avadhi^aravdr, Karn. (from S. avadhi, limit) Usufruct, respectful offering, chiefly of fruit and flowers, or water,

as before, with a stipulation that the mortgagee shall not or milk and honey, to an idol, a Brahman, any venerable

be dispossessed before a given term. person, or a bridegroom at the marriage ceremony. A

31
 AR AR
libation of water between the threshold and the spot where allows others to have the use, under certain stipulations.

the first bundle of com is deposited after it is brought —^Mohammedan Law.

home from the threshing-floor ; or, the ceremony of placing Ariyat, H. (^IT^W) Land recently recovered from jungle.

on the threshold, at seed time, cowdung, dried and formed Arjanna, H. a tribe of Kunbis, or cultivators, in Western

into a cup, filling it with seed, and pouring water upon India.

it : both these ceremonies are intended to secure prosperity. Arja, H. (S. ^n#t, fem of Wn§, respectable, venerable) A
Argha, or Arghya, also signifies the boat-shaped earthen female mendicant, so termed in central Hindustan.

or metallic vessel in which the ofiering or libation is Arju, or Ardzu,^ Urdzoo, or Urjoo, Tel. (®^, cor-

presented. mption of P-J^') Price, value.

Arhab, Hindi, &c. (^^t, S. 'i{l(J«h1) A kind of pulse very Arjvrbdjdri dhdrd, Tel. Price-current, or market price.

generally -cultivated throughout India (Cytisus cajan). Arju, Urjoo, Tel. (®^, corraption of A. (_^, breadth)

Arhat, Urhut, or Arhut, H. (^^'a',^I^rr,'fll<i'ri') Agency, The measurement of a heap of grain from the bottom to

brokerage, commission. the top, as opposed to Tula, a measurement of the cir-

Arhatiya, H. An agent, a broker, a correspondent. See cumference.

Arthiya. Arola, Hindi (^TCl'^j) A sweet grass growing in short tufls,

Arhat, Urhut, H. (ci-^0 A revolving wheel for raising the seeds of which, when ripe, are often used as food by

water when the water is near the surface, or from a river the poorer classes.

also Rahat, and Rahdt. Arolat, (?) In the Dekhin, land held at a quit-rent by
Arhwal, H. (J»avl) A day labourer. — Benares. theMehr, who acts as the village watchman and messenger,
Ari, Tam. {=l|Crl, S. ?fc and i^fCiT, green) A bunch or in compensation of his services.

bundle, a bundle of com, a comstack, a heap of grain Aropanam, Mai. (S. (!S<S)6)(00iL^S<-Oo) An accusation, a

before the straw is separated from it, a handful ; also false charge.

raw rice. Arru, Urroo, Tel. ( ®§^ ) Sore on a buUook's neck, made

Ariddla, ac Aridardn, Tam. (5i|cflsrT60, ajcfl^DTTsfr) by the yoke of the plough.

Stubble. ArsIl, Ursal, or more correctly, Ihsal, H. (A. JU^I) Send-

Aridaluhu, or Ariyedupu, Tam. (ajrflsS^S©, ajljl- ing, mission, despatch, especially of treasure or of revenue-

GlLJ(S)1_II_j) a handful of corn, or as much as can be held collections to the treasury.

by both hands put together, as the perquisite or fee of Arz-i-Irsdl, H. Invoice. Particulars of the despatch of

certain village servants. treasure.

Ariddla-billi, Tam. An estimate of the produce of a field Arsath, Ursuth, H. iiStuj]') A monthly account of receipts

from the appearance of the stubble. and disbursements.

Arikattu, Tam. (ajcflsSl—®) A sheaf of corn. ArsattA, or Adsatta, Uhsutta, or Udsutta, also, cor-

Arina-patti, or patte, Karn. (fcSStOoJej, fi'om dru esoj, ruptly, Arsotta, and Atosatta, possibly also a modifi-

a plough) An account of the number of ploughs belonging cation of the preceding, or Arsuth, H. Mar., but it occurs
to each cultivator in a village. in other dialects also (U»y'l, ^dtlgl) Estimate, guess, a

Arindi, H. (p. iiJO;!, lit. a bringer) An agent, a broker. rough calculation ; a' monthly treasury account of receipts

Arini kattu, Tel. (esOcOSfiJJ) Dams in a salt pan. and disbursements made up from the daily entries.

Vizagapatam. Arsattd navis, H. Per. The clerk or accountant who keeps

Ahish, a. ((ji/:) Damages, fine for injury done to person the monthly account.

or property, particularly for bloodshed not causing loss Arsha, S. (^T^: , from ^ft, an inspired sage) One of the

of life. —Mohammedan Law. modes of marriage according to Hindu law : the gift

Arisi, Tam. (a|cfl<^) Any kind of grain, but especially of a girl, by her father, on receiving one or two pairs of

rice freed from chaff. oxen from the bridegroom. Scriptural, any thing for

Ariyat, H. (a. C>Jjlc) Loan of any thing which is itself which a Rlshi is an authority.

to be returned. Land or orchards of which the owner Artha, S. ('?r^t) Object, purpose, meaning, wealth.

32
 AR AR
Akthi', H. (S. ^r6§H one who has an
, object, &c.) A suppliant, outside of a native house ; also termed a Pial, a screen
a plaintiff, a prosecutor, a petitioner. to shade persons of respectability from the sun.

Arthyavedana, S. The complaint of a plaintiff taken ver- Arulu, or Arlu, Karn. (es&eu, esoof-) Mud, clay,

bally by the officers of a Court before the filing of the or miry soil.

written plaint recorded by them in writing. Arumbu, Tam. (5l|^LQl_|) Scarcity, dearth.
Vidydrthi, or Bidydrthi, S. Ben. (fi-om vidyd, knowledge, Aruppu, Tam. (a|^LJI_|) Cutting, harvest, cutting the

and arthi, who seeks for) A student, a pupil, a school- crop, the act of reaping.

boy or collegian. Aruppu-chittu, Tam. (Sl|mjLlll_|c^<^Ll®) An order or

Arthi, ArthiyI, Urthee, Urthiya, H. (^j^s ^^J^^ A permission to cut the standing crop.

broker, a commissioner, an agent, a salesman, a com- Aruppu-kdlam, Tam. (a|^UL.](5<SrT60lL) Season of

mercial correspondent, one who conducts business on com- harvest.

mission for a principal at a distance ; a banker who Arivppu-kuli, Tam. (£I|^LJl_|S@ei51) Wages of reaping.

grants and accepts bills on other bankers or correspondents. Aruwa, Uriya. (S|Qe||) Rice cleaned from unboiled paddy.

See also Adat, Arhat, Adatya, and Arhatiya, as spelled Ahuvari, Tam. (aj^sucfl) k tax paid at fixed times.

with the hard d "S, or hard r v, and with a soft or hard Aruz, Urooz, a. ((_^.^) In Mohammedan law, Personal
t, jT or Z, also with or without the aspirate. property, exclusive of money, goods and chattels.

Artj, or Arukahu, Karn. (SOJ, eSOJOSOJ) A plough Arvela, Karn.{^»JF~^) A caste of Smartha Brahmans
with oxen and implements of husbandry complete. in Mysore.

Aru bhatta, Karn. A tax on grain at so much per plough, Arwadita-ghareniya, Guz. In Guzerat, Lands mortgaged
•
afterwards commuted to a fixed money rate. by the villeige authorities for a definite period.

Amgidgdval, Karn. A tax on the Ryots for leave to cut Arwan, Ahwun, H. (,j;^^1) The first cuttings of the harvest,

timber from the jungle, for the fabric of their ploughs. not taken to the threshing-floor, but brought home to be eaten

Anirkdnike, Karn. A tax on jjloughs. by the family and presented to the household gods and to

A^HUjTam. (aj,^) Aha, Mai. (CS^O) A river, a rivulet, a Brahmans. The corn is taken out of the ear and eaten with

watercourse. See Attukal. milk and sugar : the term is chiefly current in RohUkhand
Arudi-karai, Tarn. (2L| mji^SSeiDrT, from aruthi, or and the Upper Doab. The more usual and intelligible term is

arudi, fixed or final, and karat, boundary) One of the three Nawdn, from the S. nava, new, and anrm, rice or

kinds of tenures under which land is held in the Tamil pro- food;

vinces ; that in which the distribution is final or absolute, Ahwah, Karn. (?) A kind of mortgage, in Mysore, in which

that is to say, the occupant holds a defined portion of the land is made over to the lender until the produce

the village lands, of which he has the entire disposal, has discharged the debt.

and may let or sell them : his other rights and privileges, Arz, Ubz, H. {p. jj\) Price, value. Arz-i-bazar, Current

which he holds in common with the other proprietors, or market rate.

are transferable along with his share of the land. This Arz, Urz, H. (A. (_/»;t) Land, earth, landed property.

is corrupted to Ard-harry, and Audi-carei, in the Fifth Arz, Urz, vernacularly Arj, Urj, Arji, Urjee, H. &c. (A.
Report, and as the Adhikdri, of the more recent returns. (_^(0^ , ^t'Sr, ^^) Petition, representation. In Moham-
It is also called Pdla-bhogam, q. v. Selections fi-om the medan law, personal property except money. See Aruz.

Records, i. 904, 905. Arzi, Urzee, H. &c. (.i^^j^' ^»ff) ®^) A. petition, an
Arudi-hraya, corruptly, Urdi, or Urdee-krayum, Tam. address, a memorial, a respectfiil statement or representa-

(aj^^lseSlrjLUlL, S. aT, sale) A final or permanent tion, whether oral or written.

sale ; sale of a share held under the Arudi-karai tenure. Arz-begi, H. (T. cL^J^ , a lord) An officer who, under the

Arudi pangu, Tam. (aj^^UUrPi-g)) Final settlement Mogul Government, was appointed to receive and present

or allotment. What is given in fiiU of all demands petitions, &c.

Arugu, Tam. (a|^@) A raised platform or terrace Arzi-d&rod, H. (A. t^yit>) A petition of complaint, the

covered over and forming a veranda or porch on the plaint, the first pleading in a suit.

33 K
 AR AS
Arz-ddsht, H. (P. Li^b, what contains) A written peti- AwsiL, H., but occurring in all the dialects, sometimes
tion or memorial. slightly modified, as Tel. AsuLU, and the like (A. (J^I)
A
Arz-i-marammat, H. (from A. marammat, C^^v*^, repair- Root, origin, foundation. Principal, capital, original

ing) A petition to amend or amplify a preceding petition property or estate, also the origiual of a document. As
or complaint. a revenue term it is applied especially to the original or

Arz-i-mujibat, H. (from A. mujibdt C1JU»-m , reasons) A established rate of assessment without any extra cess.

representation of reasons or pleas, a petition of appeal In Mohammedan law, a principle or ground of decision.

setting forth the grounds of it. Asal-beriz, H. In the Northern Circars and the Camatic,
Arz-i-mukarrar, H. (from mukarrar jjibc, established) A the standard or original assessment of the land revenue,

petition or memorial representing the circumstances of a without any extra cess. Also Asal-jama.

case, a representation to the royal authority of the pro- Aml-chittu, Tam. (a^a'^c^Ll®) The original or first

ceedings taken in respect of a grant of revenue or a copy of a bond. ^

Zemindari. — Har. Anal. iii. 407. Asal dastdwez, H. An original document or record, in con-

Araychi, Tam. (aLl!rrTUJ<S'<#l, perhaps from A Arz) An tradistinction to a copy.

officer under the magistrates, head of the police, a sheriff. Asal-jama, H. (A. »>».» , total) The original rent or revenue

Arzal, H. (a. Jhjl, for JtJ;^, plur. of Jt);, vile) Low castes charged upon the lands of an estate, or village, or district,

located on the estates of Zemindars, in some parts of without any Abmdb or extra cesses ; also the amount
Hindustan, as tenants at will, partly paying rent and partly taken as the basis of a revenue settlement

rendering personal services, considered, in some measure, as AsaPmuhaddama, H. The original suit, in distinction to

adscripti glebae, and not entitled to remove oflf" the lands one appealed.

except by the landlord's pleasure ; dependent also upon him Asal-tan, H. (from Pers. tan ^ , a person) A party plead- ,

for support in unfavourable seasons. ing his own cause, the principal party in a suit.

Arzamini, or Adzamini, H. (from ar, ad, H. M. lil, jl, Asdlatan, H. (A. (j:^lLel) In person, personally (appearing or

W5, or ^T5, q. v., implying protection or screening, and pleading), in antithesis to Wahdlatan, pleading by a Vakil.
zdmini, A. (JUUa, security) Counter security. Surety These are both adverbs from the substantives Asdlat and

for a surety, mutual surety or responsibility. Wahdlat, with the Arabic syllable an added.
Arziz, Urzeez, A. (jJ ! )!, Ut. tin) Base or light money. Asal-tuniar-jamu, H. The original rent-roll of the assessment

Asa, H. (a Lac) A staff, a stick, a long stick or mace, of the land revenue in the Mogul provinces according to

usually coated with a thin plate of silver, carried by a the register of Raja Todar Mal, in the reign of Akbar.
personal attendant as a mark of rank. Also the same as subsequently modified.
/I

Asd-barddr, H. A staff or mace bearer. AsLi, UsLEE, or ASALI, UsuLEE, H. (formed from asal, de-

Asab, a. (L^^uc) Incidental or indirect heir. Residuary nominative) Primary, original, applied to a registered village

heir (in Mohammedan law). under the Mohammedan system, in opposition to the

Asuhat, Asoobut, A. Inheritance in the male line from Dakhili one subsequently occupied. In the directions to

incidental contingencies. Settlement officers in the N. W. provinces, 1844, par. 45,

AsADHARANA, S. (from ^, neg., and ?TTVRI!r, common, the application of these terms was modified, and thence-
special, individual) In Hindu law applied to property forward those MauzAs only which were numbered in the

held by one person without the participation of another, Settlement lists were to be called Asali, while Ddkhili

as opposed to co-heirship or co-parcenary. was to be confined to such smaller mauzds as might be

ASAGA, Kam. (es'^A) The washerman of the village, one afterwards formed.

of the village servants. Asli-gaon, H. A principal or original village, one from

AsAGOTRA, S. (from ^ , neg., and ^pft^, of kin) In Hindu which others have branched out, that on which the revenue
law, A kinsman by the female line only, one not of the was originally assessed.

same lineage or descent. Asli-mauzd, H. An original village. See the preceding.

AsAL, UsuL, corruptly, Asil, Asool, Assil, Azil, Ausil, Asli^zamin, H. Original land, that forming part of the

34
 AS AS
originally assessed estate, exclusive of subsequent additions, mukata ^3A«, divided) The rent or revenue payable by
as from alluvial deposits, &c. each individual cultivator. An account shewing the distri-

A0,l, Useel, H. A female servant among Mohammedans bution.

who is a firee woman, and therefore superior to the iMundi, Asdmiwdr or -wdri mufrid, (from A. mufrid liAc, single)

or purchased slave. It is sometimes, but incorrectly, In the northern Circars, an account shewing the amount of

applied to any female slave. each cultivator's produce, both by estimate an(J measurement
AsImi, corruptly, Assamee, Assamie, Assaumy, H. &c. Asapinda, S. (from ^, neg. and ^ftll^) One not connected

(A. |-«U«i, 'Sifliti^, plur. of ism, a name, sometimes by oflferings of the funeral cake to the same ancestors ; a

derived from isa/m aUI , a criminal) A cultivator, a distant kinsman.

tenant, a renter, a non-proprietary cultivator ; also a AsAPUTRA, S. (from "31, neg., ?f, with, and Vi^, a son) In

dependant ; also a debtor, a culprit, a criminal, a defendant Hindu law, A son adopted from a different family, not

in a suit Mr. Elliot (Supplement to the Glossary) con- descended from a common ancestor.

jectures, with every appearance of probability, that Asami AsABH, AsADH, more correctly, Ashadh, H. (xyLd, from S.

has come to signify an individual,' from the heading of ^T^T^:), also vernacularly, Akhab, Mar. &c. (^TOTS)
the register in which the appellations of the villagers, &c. The fourth month of the Hindu solar year (June — July),

were recorded, as, Asdm, names,' each item then considered the first of the rainy season, and beginning of

becoming an Asdm-i, or one of the names, or an individual the rice cultivation.

person. The term is adopted in most of the dialects. Asdrhi, Asdrhee, H. (^aj^UuI) The harvest of Asarh, but

Asdmi-ch'happer band, H. A resident cultivator, one who differently applied to the harvest that springs from plough-

occupies his own ch'happer hand, or thatched cottage ing or from sowing in that month. In the former case

one who holds at a fixed rent. it denotes. the spring harvest, and is so used in the North-

Asdmi-jdi-bdki hdgaj, Ben. A record kept by a Zamindar west In the Benares district and Eastern Oude it is

in which the names of the tenants, and the balances due applied to the latter, and then imports the autumnal harvest.
by them, are registered. AsARA, H. (?) In the northern Circars, Lands of which the

Asdmi maurusi, H. An hereditary ctdtivator, one who, revenues are paid in kind, also lands which are not dependent

although not a proprietor, cannot be dispossessed as long on the rains, but may be irrigated from a tank or river.

as he pays a stipulated rent. AsARA, or ASRA, H. (1,">I, from S. ^rra^:) A place of pro-

Asdmi-paikdsht, H. A man who cultivates land in a tection, a shelter, a home, a sanctuary.

village without any hereditary right, a tenant at will. AsABA-siSTU, Tel. Kxed, unfluctuating amount

Asdmi'Shikami, H. One who cultivates the land of another AsARl, Mai. (CS^C/30(61) A carpenter.

person and pays him a fixed rent : a sub-tenant ; one AsAS, H. (A. Lij'ol) Property, wealth, effects.

who labours for his support ishikam, lit. belly). Asds ul bait, H. Household furniture.

Asdmi-wdr, H. Individually, personally, according to name ASAUCH, AsAucHA, H. Ben. (^^'> from the S. ^^ffg:)

applied to a revenue settlement with each individual Social or legal uncleanness, as from the death of a relation

cultivator, the same as Ryot-war. or the like.

Asdmimdr-gutta, Tel. (from gutta (^H. rent) The rent AsBAB, H. (A. plur. of I .^) Goods, effects, materials,

or revenue to be levied from each cultivator. A Ryot- implements, &c.

war settlement. AsEDHA, S. (^T^VO Legal arrest, restraint; which may

Asdmitvdr-hisdb, H., -hissShu, Tel. (from P. hisdb, an ac- be of four kinds, Kdldsedha, confinement for a time, by

count). An account, kept in the Madras provinces, shewing the end of which the affair must be settled ; Karmdsedha,
the particulars of each Ryot's produce, assessment, pay- restraint from any particular act, restriction from religious

ments and balance as it stands at the end of the year. rites ; Pravdsdsedha, prohibition of removal, a writ of

Asdmimdri, Tel. Individually, according to name. A '

ne exeat ;'
Sthdndsedha, confinement in any given place.

settlement or assessment made on each. AsHHAD, H. (A. plur. of shahid) Witnesses, eyewitnesses.

Asdmiwdr or -wdri makta, H. Mar. Tel. (from the A. In Mohammedan law.

35
 AS AS
AsHAR, UsHUR, A. (from iji^ , ten) A tenth, tithe. In Mo- waters and their produce, Jaldmritam ; actual privileges,

hammedan law, the tithe assessed on lands occupied by Akshini ;

prospective rights and privileges, Agdmi.
Mohammedans, or which have been divided amongst a Ashtakd, S. Eighth ; the 8th day of the moon in certain

victorious army from the possessions of infidels. months, when progenitors are to be worshipped.
/I

Ashari, H. Subject to tithe. Ashtami, S. The eighth day of the lunar fortnight.

Ashir, A. An oflBcer appointed to collect the tithes. Ashtw-pradhdna, S. The eight chief ministers of the
^ A
A
Ashara, also Adshura, or Ushoora, H. (A. *,/Lc , s^uiU) The Maratha principality. — See Duff. i. 236, 265.

first ten days of the month Moharram, which, by the AsiCHA, UsEECHA, H. (1:^_«<1, from S. ^, neg., and f^,
Shias, are dedicated to the commemoration of the death to sprinkle) Unwatered, unirrigated, as land.
of Ali and his sons. AsiN, corruptly, AssiN, more correctly, AsvTIN, H. i^^],
Ashur-kh&na, H. A building in which the bier, the ban- from S. »!JTr«a«l1' asmini, the constellation in which the

ners, and isignia used at the ceremonies of the Moharram moon is full) The seventh month of the Hindu luni-solar

are set up. year (September — October).

AshhAbat, a. (plur. of ^jK^, drink) Drinks, but in law AsiR, or, in the crude form, Asis, S. (^I^^) A blessing.

applied especially to wines or spirituous liquors produced Asir-bdd, H., but used in most dialects (from dsir and had,
from the fermentation of grapes, raisins, or dates, the or vdda, speech) The benedictive address of a Brahman
drinking of which is prohibited. or religious teacher.

As-hAk, a. (iL^l, plur. of jA-^) Relations by marriage AsiYA, H. (P. U/jjl) A miU, a water-mill.
within the degree in ^V^hich marriage is prohibited. AsiYANA, H. (<iJU*«l) A whetstone.

Ashraf, corruptly, Ashbof, H. (A. u-Jl«.! , plur. of i—iu^ Asmani-farmAni, H. (P. (jU>*wl , heaven, and ^jU;* , com-
noble) Noblemen, persons of rank. In Behar and other mand) A term used formerly in deeds and leases, providing
provinces of Hindustan, the designation is assumed by the for any incidents or injuries arising from calamitous

more respectable classes of both Mohammedans and Hindus, seasons or unjust exactions of the Government, which, if

most of whom rent and cultivate lands, although they affecting the Zemindar, the Ryots engaged to make good.
consider themselves soldiers and gentlemen and as de- In Grarwhal, estimated fines and forfeitures, as part of the

graded by personal labour, to which, nevertheless, they revenue.

are frequently reduced, performing all kinds of agricul- AsNAN, H. (jjjDuiil, corruption of S. sndna wr«t) Bathing,

tural work except driving the plough. In some places ablution.

they hold their lands under more favourable terms than AsoN, H. {^yj\) The current year.

other cultivators " the Government Revenue (in Aligerh), ASOKASHTAMI, (from Asoha
: S. ^^ftoir:, the tree so called,

when settled by a division of the crop, was one-third from Jonesia asoea, and ashtami, eighth) The eighth of the

Zemindars, one-fourth from Ashrofs, and one-half from light fortnight of Chaitra (April —May), when a festival

ordinary cultivators." App. Revenue Report. in honour of Vishnu is observed, part of the ceremonial

AsHRAFi, UsHRUFBE, corruptly, USHURFEE, H. (from the of which consists in drinking water with the buds of the

A. '~-Soj!i , noble) A gold coin ; a mohur, rated at six- Asoka in it.

teen rupees silver. Ash, Usr, H. (A. yoc) The afternoon.

-^
A
ASHTA, S. (^?7^) Eight. Asr-namaz, The afternoon prayer of the Mohammedans,

Ashta bhdga mdni/am, S. An estate, in the south of India, to be repeated at any time from half-past four until sunset.

held on favourable terms, paying only an eighth of a Ash, plur. Asar, A.

{J\,Ji\) Signs, marks, traditions; the
share of the produce as revenue. traditional law of the Mohammedans based on the sayings
Ashta-bhogam, S. Enjoyment of the whole, or the eight and doings of Mohammed.
products of an estate ; or the land cultivated, Siddhi ; the AsRAMA, S. (wRR:) a condition or order of life of which
produce of such land, Sddhya; uncultivable or rocky land four should be passed through in succession by Hindus of
and its products, as minerals, &c., Pdshdna ;
property de- the three superior castes, viz. that of the Srahmachdri,
posited on the land, Nikshepa : treasure-trove, Nidhi ;
or religious student ; of the Grihastha, or householder ;

36
 AS AS
of the Vdnaprastha, or hermit ; and Shikshuka, or Vedas. A Brahman who has not gone through his
Sanydsi, religious mendicant. Also a hermitage, the study of the Vedas.

abode of persons leading a religious or contemplative life. AswAMEDHA, S. (^PB, a horse, and medha, sacrifice) The
A name borne in addition to their own proper name by actual or typical sacrifice of a horse. If performed a

one of the orders of Dandi Qosains. hundred times, the sacrificer obtains the rank of Indra,

AsRiTA, S. (iHinWril lit., protected, supported) A dependant. or king of Swarga.

A Brahman maintained by an opulent householder. AswAMi-BABAT, H. (from S. aswdmi '4)yirH«T, and hd-

AsT, H. (c:„^-u>!, S. "31^0 Setting of the sun. Place of sun- bat UI^Ij , account) A term used in Kattiwar to sig-

set. West. nify extra and unauthorized charges levied by the revenue
ASTACHAL, H. (S. ^rer and ^^^:, a mountain) The moun- officers for their own emolument — not the demand of the
tains of the west, behind which the sun is supposed Swdmi, the lord, or Government.

. to set. Aswdmi-hikri, or -vikri, H. (S. ^ neg., 'ST'ft, a master,

AsiCALjUsTHUL, H. &c., (J^JLwl, from ^. ^^, place) Place and vikraya f%^^:, sale) Sale without ovraership, one

of residence or abiding, especially the kind of free mo- form of illegal sale.

nastery in which communities of religious mendicants AswANSi, H. (^wJl^l) A land measure, one twelfth of a

reside together under a Mahant, a chief or abbot. Kachwansi.

AsthIn, UsTHAN, inaccurately, Astan, H. &c., (^^1^1, AswAPATi, S. (^'^, a horse, and trfff, lord) A title borne

from S. WTT, a place) Abode, place of abiding, a hall by some of the ancient Rajas of the South of India.

of audience, a king's court or palace. The residence of a AswARl, Kam. An extra levy on a village.

Mohammedan fakir. The shrine of a Mohammedan saint. AswATTHA, S. current in most dialects, (^snSTWt) The Pip-
Asthanakdran, Tam. (:gL6nJsrT<3DT<5rT(7(3nr) A speaker in al-tree —Ficus religiosa. '

court, a pleader, an advocate Aswatthodydpana, or A-pratishthd, (S. Asmattha and

AsTHi-siNCHANA, S. from ustM ^fipt, a bone, and sinchana Udydpana, setting up; or pratishthd, consecrating) The
fifl^tT, sprinkling) The ceremony of sprinkling the re- setting up of an Aswattha-tree, or a branch of it, as a

maining bones of a corpse that has been burnt, a few part of various religious ceremonies.

days afterwards. Ata, corruptly, Otta, H. ( li' I ) Flour, meal.

AsTi, Tel. (®52j, from the S. ^'fer, what is), Asti or At A, A. (JJI, lit., giving) In law, an appointed allowance

AsTE, or AsTlPASTi, Kam. (eSrO^ > ^ cij, ^::^ °^°^^) or gratuity to soldiers and ministers of law or religion.

also Tam. (ajjSnJ^, ajjefO^UrrsflJ^l) Real or per- Ata, or Atabi, H. (li), ^Jji), from S. ^gl^sl) An upper-
sonal goods, riches. Estate. Property, possessions. That roomed house, an upper story.

which is of, or belongs to, an individual. Ata-gorru, Tel. (&t::)K~°^) A kind of rake used in

Astikdr or -ffdr, Kam. (e35^D~c)0), Astikdran, Tam. husbandry.

(cv enJ^SrirjOT') A rich man, a man of property. Atai, Uriya, A cattle pound.
Astigevadeya, Kam. (es^^oA^Ooa)) The proprietor of Atak, or Atakat, a. i(J^, iiili:) Manumission of slaves

an estate. — in Mohammedan law.

Asti^vparam, ox -vivaram, Tam. (^SnJ^SlJlLJITlli) Atik, A. (^LAJic) Emancipated, manumitted (a slave).

An account or detailed statement of assets. AtIl, H. (JL"I) a stack, a rick, a heap, or pile of any-

AsuH, UsooK, H. &e., (^ I, from the S. ^raT:) An evil spirit, thing.

a demon, an enemy of the gods. AtamInam, Mai. (cS^BSdOOOo) A pledge, a mortgage,

Asura, or Asuri, S. Demoniacal, applied especially to one a security.

form of marriage formerly recognised by Hindu law AtaepIl, Utuhpal, H. JLjyl) Land which has been for-
(

that in which the bridegroom gives as much wealth as merly cultivated, but has been subsequently abandoned

he can afford to the bride, her parents, and relations. (more correctly, Antar-pdl, from S. antar, an interval,

AswADHYAYA, S. (^ neg., and 'QTHlTtj:, sacred study) and pdla, cherishing. The word is current in the cen-

Days or seasons on which it is prohibited to read the tral and lower Doab. — Elliot.

37
 AT AT
AtatIyi, S. (^nrar^'f) in Hindu law, one guilty of a Atith, Atithi, H. but used' in most dialects, (S. ^H'PJJ:)
heinous oflfence.
A guest, any stranger entitled to hospitality.
Atchi, Tarn, (gjjllffl) A heritage, inheritance. It is Atithi-pujd, S. (^»IT, worship) Hospitality, reverence of
most usually compounded as Kaniy atchi, q. v. A domain or guests. .

lordship obtained by inheritance. A right, a privilege. Atlthyam, S. (^rrfirsq) Hospitality.

ArasdtcM, Royalty. See Aretha. Atash-behkam, Pers. (from Atash (J*JT, fire) A chief
Athal, (?) Land farmed or rented (perhaps for Asthal). temple of the Parsis, the sacred fire in which is said to
Gl. 5th R«p. be composed of 1001 kinds. Six such temples exist in
Athavani or Atha vane, also Aththavane, or, with the un- India.
aspirated * doubled, Attavane, or ATTAVANi.q. v. Karn., Atash-kada, or -khdna, P. (xj^, <oU.) A fire-temple.
(es^Sfo, esS^'ie, ^h^iy Revenue. An armed mes- AtivIsa, S. (^fir^TO:) The fast observed on the day
senger or peon employed in revenue affairs. preceding a Srdddha, or obsequial ceremony.
Athavani-kacheri, Karn. (o33-6) Office for revenue ac- Atkao, H. Arrest. Sequestration. •
{J!^\)
counts. A Collector's kacheri. Atkari, H. (t^jlsJl) A caste of silk weavers in the Dekhin.
Athavaneildkhe, Karn. (©S^^OcSoer^guC) Revenue de- Atma, S. (^TTRT) The soul, the self. PaeamItma, The
partment. Supreme Soul —God.
Athavaneyalehhhha, Karn (e3^^3c&0?0) a revenue Atrna-bandhu, S. (^W^VJ) A person^s own or cognate
account. kinsman.
Athmas, H. ((jwU^J'l, from £], the vernacular form of S. Atmaja, S. (^ITcflii;) A son.

^? asJda, eight, and mdsa, a month) Lands constantly Atmaghdtah, Ben. (from S. ^TTmrni; , a self-destroyer) One
ploughed for eight months for sugar-cane ; or, from who commits suicide.

Ashdrh to Mdgh, both inclusive. Atmavikrayi, S.(^wf«j^iil) One who sells himselfasaslave.

Athmana, H. (L)u«jT, from S. "31^:) The west, in oppo- Atr, Utr, or, more correctly, Itr, corruptly Ottar and Otto,
sition to Agmand, the east. Athaye (^^) is used in A. (.Sac) Fragrance, perfume, essence, especially of roses.

the same sense, but more commonly to signify 'evening.' Atr-ddn, H. (P. ^^li, holding) An ornamental box or phial
Ath-pahaki, Ath-puhukee, H. (<_f^ &i\) One who is containing essence of roses.

always on duty (lit., an eight-watch man), applied espe- Atdr, H. (A. lilac) A perfumer, a maker of perfiimes and

cially to a servant employed to collect rents ; or, in essences, a druggist, a chemist.

Bengal, to one who is set to watch the crop, and acts Atraf, Utrap, H. (a. i-Jl^l, plur. of uJ^) Limits,

as a messenger for the rest of the villagers, boundaries.

Athwaka, coxT\vp\].y, Athvydra, H. (!;l^il, from^I?, eight) Atrdfi-ramana, H. (P. iwlj .) A pass for the transit of

A money-lender who advances money on condition that goods beyond the limits of the custom-stations.

the borrower shall pay by weekly instalments a larger Attatchi, Tarn. (°lj^^rTl_<^) Proof, evidence, attestation.

sum than he receives. A cultivator who, for the use of Atta-tarisu, Tam. (?) Land which has laid waste for a

agricultural implements on his own account for eight long time.

days, works the rest of the month for the benefit of the Attavanai, Tam. (ajLll—SLlSsntST) An index, a register.

lender. A cash-book, a statement in figures ; also an accountant

Ati, Hindi iwCZi) A sheaf, a handful of stalks of any kind or writer. When prefixed to any official designation, it

com given to the reapers for cutting a bojha, or load, implies that the person is duly registered as holding the

usually about one-sixteenth. office. —In Mysore, Revenue, &c. See Athavani.
Atipatak, H. (from S. wfir, implying much, exceeding, Attavanai-kanakan, Tam. (5l|L.l_6U§(55OT<5<5(SI!i!5r(S-

and xmioli, crime) Heinous or capital offence. SOnr) An accountant, a book-keeper, a registrar.

Atit, Uteet, H. (from the S. 'Sfifhf, passed away, by Attiper, Mai. (dS'Oglsio-lO) Freehold property. (.Attiis

whom worldly interests are discarded) A religious men- here a various and apparently less accurate reading of

dicant of the Hindus, usually a Vaishnava. Otti, q. v.).

38
 AT AU
Attipekeola, pronounced Attipettola Mai. (cS^Ogl- mutation for murder. In ordinary use, holy men, reputed

6)tt_16^OO0ai) Tide deeds of freehold property. See prophets.

the last. AuEASA, S., but adopted in most dialects, (^h^j) Uterine,

Attu, Tarn. (5I|^^, from A. iXs>-) A boundary a limit. as a son by a wife. A maternal brother, or son of the
Attu, Karn. (®Vj ) A shelf, a platform in corn-fields on same mother.
which persons are stationed to watch the crop. AuKANG, AuBUNG, H. (if-^jl) A place where any article

Attu-kaLj (^ m raiSSIT^, from :gk^> a river, and

Tarn. of trade is manufactured and collected for wholesale dis-

hdl, a channel, the double m pronounced as tt) A rivulet. posal or export. During the Company's commerce, it

A channel for conducting' water from a river for the pur- was applied to the factories for piece goods, &c.

pose of irrigation. Aus, more correctly Asu, corruptly, Ouse, Beng. (~«)15H, or
Attukdl-eri, Tarn. (CTCflj a tank) A pond or tank fiUed 'srt"!) Rice ripening early, being sown in Chaitra or

from a river by a water-course. Vaisakh (February, March), and ripening in Sravana or

Attu-pdchal, or -pdyachal, Tarn, (aj, nr)^UUrTLU(&a'& Bhadra (August, September), growing rapidly through
In S. India, River irrigation, lands watered from a river. the rainy season. The same word Asu occurs in other

Attu-vejypa, Mai. ((S^oa6)aJa_l) New land left by the dialects, as in Mai. Asm, (CS^C/d;) Rice ripening in the
retiring of a river, or gained from the sea. Plantations rainy season ; being from the S. Am, (^TW) Quick, quickly.
by the sea-shore. AuT, AooT, Mar. ('^n^iK, from S. ^qv, a weapon) An
Atuku badIj or -abadi, Tel. (?) Giving waste or unoccupied implement, a tool, especially one used in agriculture, as a
land to a cultivator at a low rate of assessment on con- plough. As much land as may be ploughed by a pair

dition of his bringing it into cultivation. of bullocks, usually considered equal to 80 bighas.

Attupu, Tam. (2Jl1®UI_|) Boiled salt. Earth-salt. Ailt-handi, Aoot-bundee, corruptly, Out-bundee, Mar.
AuKAS, A. (plur. of Wakas r^j) In Mohammedan law, (^rail^'t) Assessment of revenue calculated at a fixed
any number of cattle intermediate between two numbers rate per plough. Engagement to pay a fixed charge for

which are liable toZakat, and on which additional payment the use of a plough and pairiof bullocks.

is not levied ; thus, the numbers from 40 to 50 are Aut-patti, Aoot-puttee, Mar. (^T^ililJ^) The tax on
Aukds, being charged as 40, from 50 to 60 as 50, and ploughs ; also any extra cess, whether authorised or

so on. unauthorised, upon each owner of a plough.

AuL, or AoL, A. (
J*c) Increase. In Mohammedan law. AVADHI, S. ("^I^:) Limit, term, period..

The distribution of a fractional proportion of inherited Avadhi-aravdr, Karn. (eso^crgo) In Kanara, A kind of

property more than the amount of the legal shares of the mortgage, in which the land is held for a term in lieu of

respective heirs : thus, if a woman deceased have left a interest. See Aravdr.

husband and two sisters, the first is entitled by law to a Avadi-kraya, or Avadirana-kraye, Tam. (from S. ^Rfv,
3 2
half or -gths of her wealth, and the two last to -gths and '3itt> sale) In Southern India, a conditional sale, to

each ; making, therefore, "gthsj or one more than the become absolute if the purchase-money be not repaid

whole. '
In such case the denominator of the fraction is within a stipulated time.

made equal to that of all the shares, or to seven, and the AvADHUTA, S. (^^w;, liberated) A religious mendicant
3
numerator remains unaltered, forming the fractions y, in the South of India, of the Saiva and Sakta sects, one

-^, 7, or. giving to the husband yths, and to the sisters who is exempt from ceremonial observances and worldly
yths each. restraints. See Ahdhut. Among the Saktas there are two

AuLAD, H. (A. Si^ ,

plur. of jJj ) Children, progeny, de- classes of such devotees.

scendants. Vyaktdvadhuta, (from S. vyakta, manifested) One who

AuLAi, Thug. A person who is a Thug, as opposed to one openly professes religious emancipation.

who is not. Guptdvadhuta, (from S. gupta, hidden) One who throws

AULiAj A. (plur. of |Jj) In law, The nearest of kin, and oflF the usual restrictions of caste, &c., unavowedly and

therefore entitled to demand the fine of blood, or com- in private.

39
 AV AW
AvakIsam, Mai. (((5*OaJcfe3C/do, from S. ^ST^oRT^, oppor- advance enters into an engagement with some third

tunity) Right, title, privilege. Inheritance. person, who, for a bonus or stipulated interest, insures

Avakdsam-muri, Mai. (^cfl, a written agreement) A deed him against loss.

of partition, a deed declaring the several rights and privi- AwIr, Mar. (S. ?5I=)R) A fence, &c., enclosing a yard

leges of persons having a joint interest in property. round a house.

jLvakdsi, Mai. (cS'OoJdSjOC/al) An heir, a rightfiil owner. AwAL, Hind. (S. ^^55) An enclosed space formed by a
AvALAKKi, Kam. ( ©^£^2) Rice bruised or flattened by cluster of Ryots' houses.

beating the paddy after being scaled in the husk, some- AwAN, or, more correctly, Anvtan, q. v., the nasal being

times eaten without being boiled. blended with the vowel, Mar. (^raw) The first field of rice,

AvANEJANA, S. (»a=|ti'3ItT) Washing, ablution. A ceremony that in which it has been raised from seed.

prior to offering the funeral cake, pouring water in Anwani,, Mar. (^N?^ The part of the field into which the

which white flowers and sandal paste are immersed upon young shoots of rice are transplanted from the Anwan.

the bed of kusa grass placed to receive the cake. Transplanted, applied to the young rice-stalks from the

AvATARA, S. ('imriH;:, a descent) The descent or incarna- first growth.

tion of a deity, his appearance or birth upon earth for Awangilli, H. (?) A mode of torture, compelling a man
some important purpose. The principal Avatars of to stand with each foot upon an inverted earthen vessel,

Vishnu are ten : 1. the 3Iatsya, or fish ; 2. Kurma, or the shape and position of which endanger his falling ; a

tortoise ; 3. Vardha, boar ; 4. Nrisinha, or man-lion Chaprasi stands by to flog him if he loses footing.

5. Vdmana, dwarf ; 6. Parasurdma ; 7. Rdmachandra, Awardah-navis, H. (from P. awardah idj^ I , what is

or Rama ; 8. Balardma ; 9. Buddha ; and 10. yet brought, and navis ii^V, ^ writer) A writer or registrar

to come, Kalki. Krishna is usually- considered not of accounts as delivered, applied to a class of accountants

as a mere avatdr, but as Vishnu himself. A number of in the ceded districts.

other descents or incarnations, both of Vishnu and Siva, AWARIJA, UWABIJU, or AWARIJA, UwuHiJu, corruptly,

are specified by modem sectaries. AwEHJA, H. &c. (P. *s>-;lj'j ^RTfT»I, supposed to be de-

AvATi, or AuTi, Mahr. (^^3^) A goldsmith's stamp. The rived from Award lU ) , scattered, and occurring in Persian

officer of a town who has charge of the standard mea- also, as Abdr, Abdra, and Amdra) A diary, a day-book, a

sures, and measures all the grain that is brought to market. ledger, a rough note-book, an abstract account of re-

AviBHAJYA, S. ('SI neg., f^WBir, to be divided) Indivisible, ceipts and disbursements. The word occurs in most

as property. dialects, somewhat modified occasionally in spelling and

AviBHAKTA, S. ^ neg., f^>T3i, divided, partitioned) Undi- in meaning, as in Cuttack, it denotes a revenue account,

vided, as property held in common, or as joint property. specifying, first, the unproductive lands of a village, and

One who is unseparated from his family, a co-parcener. then those paying revenue, field by field, arranged under

AvibX, S. (^ neg., and "^tt, vir, a man) A childless the names of the occupants, with a specification in sepa-

widow, a woman who bas neither husband nor son. rate columns of the number of each field in the Bhau-

AvRO or AvARO, Guz. (^LH^l) In Surat, One of the riya or field-book, the quantity of land and kind of
account-books kept by merchants —a waste book. cultivation ; the total rent by each occupant being also

AwA, H. (tjl) A potter's kiln or furnace. summed up. Mar. AvTARjl, corruptly, AwuzzA, (^nTCSn)

AwAi, H. (k^y) A pick-axe A particular and distinct head of account abstracted from

AwAK, H. (ciJjT, "Sl'Roll) Insurance. In Western India, the day-book, or a separate account of each cultivator's

Respondentia, an advance of money to a merchant upon the land revenue and charges upon it. Tel. AwarjA, ( ® "^)
goods or merchandise in a ship before sailing, under the A distribution of items of account under appropriate

condition that if the voyage be profitable the loan is to heads. Posting an account.

be repaid with an extra rate of interest or per centage. Awdrijd-jamd kharch, H. An account of receipts and

Awah-vyaju, or -hidju, H. (from ^n^, principal) A trans- disbursements.

action in which a person who has made a respondentia AwASi,UwlsEE, H. (i^ljl , S. ^^T^ft) Unripe corn cut fi-om

40
 AW AY
time to time, and brought home to be eaten without being Ayavydya, H. S. ('STHI^rni) Income and expenditure,
threshed. — Benares. See Dadri. receipts and disbursements, profit and loss.

AwastA, corruptly, Avesta, Pehlevi. Literally, ' word ;' but Aya, or Ayya, (from S. '311^, respectable) A common ad-

used by the Parsis to denote a mystical prayer or incan- junct in the south of India to the names of Brahmans
tation. Wilson, Religion of the Parsis, pp. 14. 167. or spiritual guides, especially to the religious teachers of

AwASTHi, H. One of the subdivisions of the Kanauj the Lingayits.

Brahmans. Ayan, Tam. Mai. (ajjLUOOT) A shepherd.

AwKHAR, Thug. Dakhini. Any person maimed or deprived Ayarpddi, Tam. (aLU-IITI—IPTU^) A village of shepherds.

of the use of his limbs. Ayan, Tam. (aLLUOTT) A general term for the revenue col-

Aya, S. (^TR:) Income, profit. lected on six kinds of pnduce. See Ain.
Ata, or A.YAM, Kam. Tarn. (e3o!53 ,
^ujui, S. 'STI^:, in- AyAn-i-mazmun, a. (yjy»-a« jjjUc) Things lent or pledged,

come, profit) Toll, tax, tribute, custom, measurement. In to be restored, when redeemed, in the same condition as
the Dakhin, the portion of the crop formerly paid to the when deposited.

hereditary village officers and servants. Ayin, or Ayeen, H., but current in most dialects, See Am,
Ayandya or Ayandmya, Tam. (?) Fees in kind paid to the Rule, statute, ordinance.

village officer : perhaps an error for Ayasdya, q. v. AyatnirgaTj Mar. (from H. ay& \i\ , what has come, and
Ayakdr, at Ay agar, Kam. ( eSCJ&O^Jj, eso&'TTSS') A vil- S. nirgata f«TniIt , what is gone out) Customs levied on im-
lage servant or officer, one entitled to the Aya, or pro- ports and exports.

portion of the crop, for his services to the community. AzId, H. (p. 4>U) Free, liberated. A Mohammedan de-

(Plur. Ayagdrru, or Ayengandlu, also written, but either votee who shaves his beard and eyelashes, and takes a vow
locally or incorrectly, Ayengade, Ayengadlu, and Ayen- of continence, but considers himself exempt from the

gandea.) The officers and servants of a village, the whole usual observances of religion.

establishment, the Salute of the Maratha countries, q. v. AzAN, H. (A. j^wl) The cry or summons to prayer.

Ayakattu, or Ayukuttoo, corruptly, Ayacut, Kam. Tam. AzHi, or AzHiVA, also written Am, Mai. (?) Expense, the
(e5C&8|A3, ajjUJSail®) Regulation, settlement. expense of improving and cultivating land.

Measurement of lands, determining the boundaries of a J.2Ai-te2Ai-A<iMam,Tam.(a|, LpS(g) LpsarTOTCrm) A kind

village. An account of the total land belonging to a vil- of mortgage, in Malabar, in which the proprietor transfers

lage, including houses, wells, &c., and particulars of its the lands to the mortgagee on condition of his bringing

distribution and condition, to be kept by the village them into cultivation or improving them, engaging to

accountant, reimburse him all expenses incurred for that purpose

Ayaketta, Mai. ((iS^C!D6)dB5§) Register of assessed land. when the mortgage is redeemed.

Land prepared for cultivation. (In Malabar) the same also AzHiYA-PADAM, Aliya-pIdam, Mai. Tam. (from dzham or

as Ayakattu, q. v. aZam, depth, sa&pddam, place, ajjL^LLlLJU^lL, CS»a(PlCQJ.

Ayahrit, (?) (probably an error for Ayakattu, or Ayacut) n_10So) Land in a low situation, capable of irrigation,

Total cultivable land. Gl. 5th Rep. and especially favourable for rice cultivation.

Ayakallu, (?) Mar. Rent on Government lands in cultivation. AzMAisH, H. (P. ()~i^' ' literally, trial, examination)

Ayasdya, also Ayasdmya, Kam. (e3C&;07)0&, e3o5b. Estimate of the crop while standing made by the subor-
<0c)03g) The share of the crop paid to village servants. dinate revenue officer. Re-measurement or repetition of

Ayapdsahe, Kam. (eSOODoJd'^D?) Fees in kind paid survey. Among the Marathas, an anticipatory state-

to the village servants. ment or estimate of the receipts, expenses, and nett balance
Ayati; or Ayoti, (?) Kam. An officer in towns in the of a district made up at the beginning of the revenue year.

Dakhin, whose duty it is to examine, adjust, and mark Azrnauh gomashta, U. A revenue officer, one who com-
the weights and measures, charging a fee for so doing. putes the crop. A native surveyor, a measurer. Also

Ayatturai, Tam. (ghll Ig^ggPJT)) A custom-house, a place Azmaish mutasaddi.

where tolls and taxes are collected. AzuBAG, (?) Abstract of an account (Ganjam). MSS.
41
 BA BA
cers of the Maratha State. H. (jjob) Any cess or item

B of revenue, particularly when imposed in addition to

Bab, corruptly, Baub, H. (A •—jIj), Babu, Tel. Karn. the ordinary revenue.
(£3"£X)) A. section, a chapter, a title, a head of accounts. BabbaliyI, BABBULiyA, Beng. {<qninl) A hanger-on about
A tax, a cess. See Abwab. courts of law, ready to give false testimony, or to bring
Bab-wdr, H. (jM'j) Arranged, classified, as fields or false and malicious charges against a person for hire.

items of account ; whence Bab-wdri, classification. Babu, Baboo, Beng.,&c. (Tt^,S.^n^Atitle ofrespect attached

Bab-ydft, H. (P. 0.»V,> found) Classified, entered under " Esq." In Bengal
to a name, as "Mr.," or it has lost

its proper head. something of its respectability, and is commonly given

BabI H. (Turkish, bU) A father, but addressed as a term to natives who manage the pecuniary concerns of the En-
of kindness to young as well as to old persons. glish, and to native clerks who write English. In Go-
Babat, BABitr, corruptly, Baubut, H., but used in most rakhpur, it is applied to any man of family or influence.

dialects, (A. ci^^) Account, statement. Head of an In Benares it was formerly assigned to younger brothers
account. Article or item of an account. Matter, business or near relatives of a Raja. In Beng. Beg. viii. of 1795
affair ; also adverbially in some places, as in Pura- Baboos are defined persons of the blood and family of
niya, to signify, from the account of, or by the relinquish- the Raja of Benares." Bdbii, in Kam. (S~32CO) is a syno-
ment of. nym of father."

Bdbatdn, (P. plur. of c;»^u ) Sundries, miscellaneous items Babul, Bubool, also Bab6h, Buboge, H. (J^.) The
of an account name of a tree (Acacia arabica), the wood of which is

Bdbat-wdr, H. ( .1. c:^b) According to entry, agreeably much used in making agricultural Implements ; the bark

to the particulars of any account or statement. is employed in tanning leather, and, in the north-west,

Bdbat-wdri, H. (i_^|j O^b, ^"IrtHICt) Any thing which in the manufacture of a spirituous liquor.

is registered or entered in a general statement or account, Bach, Buch, H. ( ^. , '^^) An inferior tribe of Rajputs in

as lands belonging to a village not actually cultivated, the district of Jonpur.

but entered in the village accounts, or as land held by a Bach-qoti, Buch-gotee, H. ( tjj^_ > «<-<J'riil1) A tribe of

tenant at a registered rate. In Puraniya the term is Rajputs, said to be a branch of the great family of Chau-

applied to lands which have fallen into the renter's hands hans, chiefly settled on the borders' of Jonpur, Gorakhpur,

when taken up by another Ryot, and held at rates fixed and Oudh.
by the renter. Bach'h, Baach, Batch, and, corruptly. Buck, H. (<^Ij,
Bdbat-wdri jdma, H. (A f>»>f-)
The revenue of an estate mSf. lit., selection, from S. ^ratT, wish, desire) Th^
according to a registered amount. proportionate rate or division either of lands or liabilities

Bahat-wdri zamin, H. (P. j^J^) Lands registered in the attached to them. The apportionment of a village or

statements of a village or Zamindari. In Puraniya this estate, or of the produce in separate portions among asso-

and the preceding are also applied to two columns in ciated or coparceny occupants, especially in the case of

the general account shewing the quantity of land which mixed Paftidari tenures : where part is held in common,

had been relinquished, retaken, and the rent derived from and part in severalty, the Government rent and village

them. expenses are paid from the land held in common, and
Bdbat-ydft, H. (P. C^ib > ^^^'^ ^^ found entry) The par- any overplus is distributed, or any deficit made good, by
ticular items of any charge, applied especially to a state- a bach'h, or rate levied on the several holdings. The rate

ment of fees and perquisites under the government of the is sometimes levied according to the number of ploughs

Nawab of Bengal. The fees and perquisites so registered. employed by the cultivators. In some parts of India the
Bdbati, corruptly, Bdbti, Babtee, or Bauhtee, Mar. (^T^cft, term implies, a share of the village lands, which consists,

that which is according to the babat, or account) The in general, of as much as may be ploughed with one plough.
shares of the public revenue, especially those arising from Bdch'h-bardr, H. (Jji -Jt^U) A tenure, common in Bun-
the , Chauth, which were appropriated to the chief offi- delkhand, in which the shares of the revenue payable by

42
 BA BA
the joint proprietors of a village are liable to occasional BIdIr, Hindi (stT^TC) A large house-granary raised on piles,

re-adjustment and alteration ; also, Bhej-bardr, q. v. Puraniya.

Bad-bdch'h, Bud-hach'h, H. (P. St bad) A fraudulent di- BadavI-hrita, S. (^3^^, lit., a mare, a female slave, ^,
vision or apportionment of the assessment. taken) One of the fifteen kinds of slaves. In Hindu law,

Bach'honta, jBwcA.'Aowia,H.(tu)^,S. 'H -^Zi ) Distribution A man who becomes a slave that he may marry a female

of an aggregate sum among several individuals (Upper slave in the family.

Doab). Badava-polamu, Tel. (S^O^tO'ejSx)) Low, swampy

BicHHAL, BicHHUL, H. ((J^L, '^T^f^s) A tribe of Raj- ground, a bog, a marsh.

puts who claim a descent from the Lunar race, formerly Baddi, Kam. (^§, S. '5%) Interest of money.
Zamindars of Farida and Shah-jehan-pur, now settled in Baddigantu, Kam. (E^^^AoUo) Interest and principal.
Aligerh, and in different parts of Badaon, Mathura, and Mdrbaddi, Karn. (^O^20F~g) Compound interest.
Shah-jehan-pur. Badegachi, Tam. (?) A low caste in Travancore, but supe-

BIchrI, (TtB^) Land formerly cultivated, but now neg- rior to the Pariahs.

lected. Badh, H. (^TV) a lesser division of an estate. A plain, a

BId, H. (p. OU) Remission of revenue on account of defi- desert.

cient crops. (North- West provinces. Mr. EUiot derives the Badha, S. (^v:) Killing, slaughter ; also, striking, wounding.

term from the P. Bad, which, in thie Burhdn-i-kdti, has, In law. Corporal punishment, which may be of three
for one meaning, Nd-bud (J^L!), not existing). kinds : 1. Tdrana, Beating, caning, flogging; 2. Chhed-

Bad, corruptly, Budh, Mar. (^T^) Deducted. Excluded from dana, Cutting, mutilation ; 3. Mdrana, Putting to

a number, a list, or collection. death : the second is abolished by the British Government.
Bada, Kam. (£^0) A ridge. Badhak, Budhuk, corruptly, Badhih, Budduck, Buddick,
Gaddebada, Kam. (^g^OO) a ridge between rice-beds. H. (\JJ^S), ^M^, from the S. ^v) A killer, a mur-

BadAgaleyavahu, Kam. (£0iSXooS3^&>, from EO^X, derer. A robber of a particular tribe associated with

north) Brahmans, followers of Vishnu, wearing a mark of Thugs, and, like them, murdering those they rob, resid-

three perpendicular lines. (Mysore). ing chiefly on the borders of Oudh, but carrying on

Badage, (?) A tribe of slaves in Kurg. their depredations usually at a distance.

Badagi, or Badiga, Karn. (£0Q^, 80C5A) A carpenter. A Badhya, S. (^Hi) One who ought to be punished or put

man who supplies travellers with water. to death ; fit for, or deserving death.

Badahand, H. p. ('Sd pers. plur. imp. of the Persian verb Badha WA, Hindi (^MT^t) Presents to a woman after lying in.

dddan, to give ; JJajj , lit., let them give) A superscrip- Badhia, BuDHil, H. (Uaj.j) A disease affecting Jamar,
tion of assent by the Emperor on a petition for an assign- Bdjrd, Indian corn,, and sugar-cane, which prevents the
ment of revenue. head from shooting.

Badal, Budul, or Budl, H. (A. Jiij, ^^), Tel. Kam. BIdhxa, Kam. (S3~SQ§) Relationship. An obligatory

Badalu, Badulu, ( SJOOO^a&eJJ) Exchange, substi- duty. A right or claim of possessson.

stution, equivalent. Change of money. Pledge,loan. Rejoinder. Bddhyanu, Bddhyasta, Kam. (SJa^gf^, £r5Q§^) An
Badald, or Badali, or Badld, Badli, or Budla, Budlee, heir.

H., and in other dialects, (^J^i '^c[155T> ^^t) A substi- Badi, more correctly, Vadi, S., but adopted in most dialects,

tute, a person or thing taken in representation or ex- (^^, from Bdda or Vdda, a dispute, a discourse) A plain-
change of some other person or thing. tiff, a complainant, a suitor. An advocate, one who states

Badal-mushdhara, less correctly, Budul-mooshara, H. a plaint, whether for himself or another.

(A. iiJtlw*.*) Stipend given in money or kind to public Pratibddi, or Prativddi, S. &c. (ufrT'^^'i') Defendant, re-

or private servants. spondent. Opponent or replicant.

Badab-nawisi, H. (P.jiiJ, lit., to the door,

^_^jj , writing) Badi-CHOR, H. (;)=^^_?'^'J) A determined thief!

Writing off items of an account which are objectionable or Badi, Budee, H. (ujAj, S. g?ft) The dark fortnight, that

excessive. Audit of an account. of the moon's wane from full to new moon.
43
 BA BA
BlDiGA, Tel. C^^iSKx BimQ-E, Kum. (P~^^'^) Rent, ZAND, vernacularly, BA-farjand, H. (from the P. U,
hire, quit-rent, or a low rent on lands granted in Inam. with, Sijy, oflspring, in the plur. with children') A
Badige, or Badigi, Karn. i^TdOT^ ) a carpenter. term inserted in a grant which is made to the grantee
Badi-kattu, Tel. (eOE^^bo) Ascertainment, measurement. and his posterity ; also, Ba-AuljId (jSjl b), having the

Badi-vdradi, Tel. (tiiBor^^S) Classification of land as same meaning. It has been ruled that both apply to

of first, second, or third class, &c. Collections of contri- heirs and descendants generally, although, in strictness,

butions for extra expenses of the village rated on each they denote only the children of the grantee, or his heirs,
ICdti of the village lands. in a direct line of descent.

Badiya, or BakiyA bhi5m, Hindi (sffS'U vm) A rich and Baft, H. (P. c:^b, from ^^\>, to weave) Weaving, web.
fat soil. Furaniya. Bdfta, H. (P. *asIj) Woven. A kind of cotton cloth.

Bad-maash,B0d-maash, H. (P. lad Si , bad, and A. ^Ji:Jt^, Bdf, H. (P. i_jb) Weaver, woven, used chiefly in compo-
means of living) A disreputable person, one following sition ; as, Zar-hdf, (from jj , gold) Gold-tissue, cloth
evil courses. of gold. A gold lace or brocade weaver.
Bad-nami, Bud-nami, H. (^^Uj^, Irom Si, bad, and*U, BA.G, Beng. Uriya, Mar. (Tt^t, ^n) A garden ; more correctly,

nam, a name) Disrepute, ignominy ; but in Tel., corrupted Bagh, q. v., but in the dialects noted, and perhaps in
to Bad-ldmi, it implies, also, responsibility. others, both in this w^ord and its derivatives the unaspi-
Badni, Budnee, H. ((^Jo) A contract by which a bor- rated Sanscrit g is substituted for the Arabic final.

rower gives a bond at high interest, in satisfaction of Bagalya, corruptly, Baglah, Mar. (<4'l<dm) An assistant, a

which he assigns his crops at a rate below the market mate ; sometimes applied to the Chaughala of a village.

value (from Uiij, hadnd, to wager, to agree). Baganden, or Baghi, Tam. (?) The caste of Palankin-

Badraka, or BADBIK.A, BuDRAKA, BuDRiKA, H., also Oc- bearers. Tinnevelly.

curring in Other dialects, and read Badabaka, and Ba- BIgar, Bagur, H. (js^) a hedge of thorns or twigs

DARKE, also, corruptly, Badrucka, (A. *S;Jo) A guide, iMalwcD.

a guard, an escort. Safe conduct. Also a charge for con- BagIh, Bugar, H. (;l^) Pasture-ground (.Bundelkhand).
voy formerly levied on merchandise at the rate of 1 per BagIr, Mar. (^TTS) Swinging from a pole with iron hooks

cent., as the expense of keeping the highways and rivers fastened to the back. See Charkh.

safe fi:om robbers. Bagari, Buguree, H. (^,^Si) A species of rice cultivated

Badrakd-hisdh, H. (A. > _ iLn,-^, an account) An account chiefly in the province of Benares.

sent with a guard of goods or treasure under its charge. Bagaria, Thug. A class of Thugs who reside chiefly in

An invoice ; also, transit duty. • the Gwalior country.

BadshIh, H. (p. xlSitib ) A king, a sovereign. BIgdi, or Bhagdi, (?) A low and servile caste of Hindus
Bddshdhi, Badshahee, H. (P. ^jAI^jU, royal, from ^liiiJlj, following unclean and out-of-door avocations. Bengal
king) As applied to tenures, it denotes land, &c. held and Cuttack.

under a royal grant, or, in the language of the Regu- Bagh, dialectically. Bag, corruptly, Baugh,H. (P. cU, plur.

lations, a Bddshdhee grant extended to all grants made BIqhat ^TT , ^re) A garden, an orchard, a plantation.

by the ruling authority for the time being, and compre- Bdghdyat,Bdgdyat, Bagdit, Bdgdyati, coTTKpt\y,Bagahat,
hended royal grants properly so termed, grants by the Baugayut, Baughayhir, H. (P. d^UU , from the plur. of
Subahdar of Oudh, and by the British Government. Ben. Bdgh or Bdghat) Mar. (^>TT|tt), Earn. (O^'TTBO&S)
Reg. xiii., 1795. Land which, being well supplied with water, and adapted

Bddshdhi Sanad, corruptly, Sunnud, H. (A. jJuw, a grant) to the cultivation of various useful and edible vegetable sub-
A royal grant, a written document conveying lands or stances, is appropriated to their growth, or to that of betel,
titles from the ruling power. hemp, sugar-cane, plantains, saffron, ginger, pepper, to-

BIdu, Tel. (^5^Ca3) Fees in grain paid to the village ser- bacco, onions, garlic, chilis, and other vegetables ; also

vants before the division of the crop. to that of fruit-trees, and the areka, cocoa-nut, and other
Ba-farzand1n, or -fuhzundan, less correctly,' Ba-fah- palms. It is assessed at a higher rate than arable lands,
44
 BA BA
according to the value of the produce. In Birbhum the of Bdgar, between the south-west borders of Hariana

term was formerly applied also to garden lands held free and the Setlej. They seem to have been originally Rdj-
of revenue.—Pari. Papers, 1813, p. 293. puts, but are now looked upon as a branch of the Jdts.

B&ghayati, Sdghaiti, or Bagaiti, corruptly, Baggaite, The term is also applied to other tribes, and there is one
&c., H. ((Jj.lclj), Mar. (^TTTlfil) Fit for, or relating to, tribe of Bdgri Brahmans. Bdgar is also the name of
garden cultivation (land, &c.). Having much garden ground a tract on the south-west of Malwa ; and Bdgri denotes
(a town or village). Raised on garden ground (fruit, &c.). a native of the province. Bdgris are also described as

Assessed or levied on gardens (revenue, tax). Hindus of the lowest caste, robbers by profession, who
Bdgdyat-kacMri, Kam. (o3cr?5, from H. ijj^, an office) came from the west of India, and settled in considerable

Department or office in Mysore for the superintendence numbers in the eastern parts of Malwa. Malcolm, Cen-
of the revenue levied on garden cultivation in the time tral India. Tod considers them as one of the aboriginal

of the Mohammedan Government. races.

Bagdyat-jasli-hirdd, Kam. (SJb)^^„ 23 O 6&) An extra cess Bagsakia, Bugsurea, H. {^mSji) Name of a small clan

charged on garden cultivation in Mysore. of Rajputs in the Moradabad district ; also of a branch of

BagMcha, Bdgicha, Bageechu, H. &c., (iSsjcb) A garden, Kanauj Brahmans.

a little garden. BahA, H. (lab, S. ^rf?,jraT5) A water-course, usually an

Bdgbagichd, Mar. (*HJ|4Jfltn) Gardens ; comprehensively, artificial one ; but in the Delhi district applied to a

orchards, plantations, cocoa-nut or areka groves, &c. natural one also.

Bdghbdn, Bdghrvdn, or Bagman, H. &c. i^J^^, ^T^raTrf) Baha, Buha, H. (p. L^j) Price, cost, value.

A gardener, one who cultivates garden produce ; also, in Bahd-i-khildt, H. (A. o>»<ii>- , a dress of honour) A cess
the west of India, a vender of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. or tax added at so much per cent, to the ordinary

Bagh-kdri, H. (P. (_?;o) Garden cultivation, the busi- revenue to defray the cost of complimentary dresses or

ness of a gardener. robes of honour granted by the Mohammedan rulers or

Bagh, H. (^U, S. antr.) a tiger. governors to persons whom they thought proper so to

Bdgh-mdrir-inddm, H. (from S. JTIt'D', killing, and A. aIwI, distinguish.

a gift) A grant of land made to one who kills tigers. Bahd-i-kdghaz, H. ( j>cl^ paper) Price or expense of office paper.
,

Baghel, Bughbl, H. ((Jj.^.^) A branch of the Sisodhiya BahAchina, Uriya, (QI^|OSi)) A fee or cess levied by
Rajputs of Giizarat, who migrated to the East, and gave a Zamindar on his tenants on occasion of a marriage.

their name to Baghel-khand, or Merva, the Raja of which Ba-hal, Bu-hal, H. (Jl^. , from the P. ba &i, according

is a Baghel. Subdivisions of the tribe, under different to, and A. hdl JU>- condition) Re-instated,
, re-established,

denominations, are extensively spread through the Com- restored to, or replaced in, a former condition, restored to

pany's provinces of Bundelkhand, Allahabad, Benares, a situation or appointment. (It occurs in different dia-

Gorakhpur, Kanpur, and Farakhabad. lects, as in Tel., Bahdlu (^^r*eu), &c.

Baghi, Bughee, H. (a. jJo) Tyranny, oppression. Insur- Ba-hdli-sanad, H. (i^Jkui ,Jlsr ) A grant restoring to a per-

rection, rebellion, turbulence, infraction of the laws. son possessions or privileges of which he had been de-

Bdghi, H. (A. ^l^, plur. Baghdt Uulab, or, with a prived, or confirming him in their enjoyment.

Pers. plur., Bdghidn y;UiV ) An insurgent, a robber, a BAhan, Bahun, H. (j^t^, ^Tf^i from bdhnd, to plough)

rebel, one who disobeys the Imam, or civil and religious Fallow land, land ready for sowing. Ploughing (Hariana).
head of the State. Land that has been ploughed arid left unsown (JKhet-

Baghdmat, H. (A. d.'jlij) Insurrection, rebellion, oppo- karm).

sition to, and defection from, the rightful Imam. Violence, Bahangi, corruptly, Bangy, H. ^_j^i^J, ^jft) A pole

plunder, breach of law. with slings at either end supporting portable boxes or
Bagini, Kam. (oTViO) A species of palm from which Tdri baskets for baggage, carried over one shoulder.

is extracted. Bahangi-barddr, H. (P.^lii^, who beats) A bangy, or

Bagbi, H. ^iJj>^ Name of a tribe inhabiting the district baggage-bearer or porter.

45
 BA BA
BahAr, Mar. (N^l'i) Ground liable to be overflowed. The account of, the cultivators. The word is a vernacular cor-

tide. A salt marsh or meadow. ruption of the S. Byabahdra, or Vyavahdra, business, or

BAhara, Bahura, H. (isjuii) A man who stands by the it may be a corruption of Bohra, q. v.

mouth of a well to turn over the bucket when drawn up. Bahoro, Buhoro, H. (jy^) The sloping pathway for bul-

Dehli. locks drawing water from a well, especially that by which

Bi.HAB, or Bahih-bhum, or -bhoom, H. (from S. bahir they return to the well. (Central Doab, from baharnd, to

'^^X, out, and HfH, land) Lands lying beyond the return, probably from the S. bhrama, to turn round).

village boundaries. Bahra, Thug. Four travellers or victims in the hands of

Bdhar-, or Bahir-vdsi, corruptly, Barwasee, H. (from S. the gang.

hahir ^f^^, out, and ^W\^, who abides) A Hindu of Bahurupia, Buhboopeea, H. (Ujjj^_, from S. bahu ^,
low caste and dirty avocations who is not permitted to many, and rupa ^'J, form) A mime, an actor, a person

dwell in a village or town. assuming various characters and disguises.

BaheriA, H. {\ijii{(> ) A clan of Rajputs in Jonpur and Chunar. Bahu, S. («I?) Much, many. Large, great.

Bahi, Buhee, H. &c., (^_g\(>, ^^) An account-book, a Bahudaka, S. A mendicant who lives in a strange town,

journal, a diary, a ledger. and begs his food from house to house. One class of the

Bahi-khasra, H. (P. yj*^ isV^^

^' day-book. fourth order, or Bhikshu (from bahu, many, and udaka,

Bahi-khdtd, H. (Ul^ ^j^) A day-book kept by merchants. water, drinking water from various sources).

Bahi-mahdjan, H. (S. »T^T3TtT) A merchant's or banker's Bahudhdnya, S. &c., (from Bahu, much, and dhdnya VTai,
book. corn) The 12th year of the cycle, supposed to be parti-

Bahi-patmdri, H. {^j\3j) Register kept by the village cularly fertile.

accountant. Bahuputra, or -putraha, S. (from ^?, many, andti^:, a

Bahin, Mar. (^^hff, S. )Tf'T«ft) A sister. A female cousin. son) A man who has many sons.

Bahir, Buheer, H. (Jj^ ) A camp-follower of any kind. Bahu, Buhoo, H. (^, from S. cfVf) A wife, especially a

The baggage and incumbrances of an army (not : to be son's wife.

confounded with Bhir, H.Jj^,j, a crowd). Bahu, H. and other dialects, (S. ^T?) The arm ; also a

Bahiranga-kIgada, Kam. (pS>o6oXo~c)KcS^ from the S. measure of two cubits.

bahir ^f^l. and anga ^il, body, and A. kdgkaz liil^, Bdhu-band, Mar. (?) Association or joint interest in the
paper) A public advertisement, a public edict or procla- property of a village, or the persons so associated, usually
mation. kinsmen of the Patil.
BIhir chalan, Beng. (^tf^ ^Wl) An open pass or Bdhuband-mirdsi, Mar. (?) Occupancy of land in copar-
despatch. A summons issued by the Police Darogah to cenership, especially by members of the same family.

witnesses to attend the Court in a criminal case. Bahula, (S. of India) The dark fortnight. S., Much, many.
BahiyAb, H. (;U.^, from the S. ^f?^, out) Lands at a Bahulapddya, Kam. (208bo9°^'-^S) "^^^ ^^^^ lunar day of

distance from the village. (Bhagalpur). the fortnight.

Bahlim, Buhleem, H. i(r*^) A tribe of Mohammedans Bai, Baee, corruptly. Bye, Bhye, Mar. (^T^) A lady, a

in the neighbourhood of Dasna and Meerut: they as- mistress, a respectful adjunct to the name or address of a

sume the name of Sheikh, but have no right to it. The woman in general. H. Beng., (j_jb , Tt^) A dancing
name is, also applied to some divisions of the Rohilkhand girl, a prostitute.

Banjaras. In the Thiig jargon the name denotes one of Baia, commonly, Bai, Bye, Baya, Beea, or Buya, A.
their seven original clans or gangs, scarcely any of whom (j^) Sale.

are to be found north of the Nerbudda. BaS for Bai-bdt, Uriya, (Q-^Q|0) Foreclosure of a

Bahonda, or Bahaunda, Hindi, (^^^,^|tVl) Land given mortgage.

rent free to the village watchman, or Chaukidar. Bai bil mafd, H- (A. lijlb ^jj, lit., sale with faith) In
Bahora, Buhora, H. Cijyd, ^?kT) A shopkeeper, or Mohammedan law. Conditional sale, sale depending for
mouied man in a village who makes advances to, or on its completion on the consent of the seller. Also the
46
 BA BA
nominal sale of an article, in lieu of a debt, to be re- Bailhai, Thug. The office of selecting the spot where the

turned when the debt is paid, or upon condition that the crime is to be perpetrated

debt shall be paid by a given ternij in default of which, Bail, Byl, H. Beng. Mar. (Jaj , t^S, S. '^%^:) A bullock.
the article becomes definitely the property of the pur- Bail-begdri, Mar. (^^^ITTlt) Bullocks impressed for pub-

chaser. A contract of pawn or of usufruct. lic service, or a tax in commutation.

Bai bil mafaddr, H. (P. ^tj, who has) A person having Bail-ddm, Mar. (^^^W) A duty or tax formerly levied

the use of an article conditionally sold to him in acquit- on the sale of bullocks.

tance of a debt. Bailu, Karn. (S£)eU) A plain, an open field, especially

Sai Id kaldmi, A. (lit, sale without (Jd, il) words (aK), such a field as is best fitted for rice cultivation, lying

Absolute sale. low, and having abundance of water. The first sort of

Saimidddi, H. (A. ^jdixx^ «jj) Conditional or eventualsale. rice-land, producing in general two crops of rice and one

Sai mukdM, also JBai mukdyaza, A. («J.j, and <Lfllil«, of dry grain or vegetables, or sometimes even three crops

balancing accounts, or <LajU-o, proposing an exchange) of rice in the year. It also means waste, uncultivated.

Sale or exchange of one article for another, sale of goods Bailusime, Karn. (£)£)£Ua°^) Open or champaign

for goods, barter. Sale or transfer of property by a hus- country, in opposition to hilly.

band in liquidation of dower due to the wife. Bailuhammdr, Karn. (iS^jeuSo^XTe^) A class of

Sai ndma, H. A. (P. <t«L5 , a document) A deed of sale. blacksmiths who work in the open air. Mysore.

Sai pattd, H. &c., (Uj, lease) A lease or sub-lease ob- BaimItha, or Baimatbeya, Beng. (S. S^^Tte, W^lduikJ) A
tained by purchase. brother by a different mother (also Bai- or Vai-mdtura)-
Sat sultdni, H. (A. ^jUaJuw) Sale of lands or other property Bain, Beng. (^^, A sister.
S. HfiTtfi')

by order of Government. Bainjhi, Beng. (<j^«<Rf) A sister's daughter.

Bai taljih, H. (A f^^) A fictitious or temporary sale. Bainpo,. Beng. (^^^'tt) A sister's son.

Bdid, Bdya, or Bdyi, Bay&e, H. (A. fju) A seller. Bainsi,Bynsee, H. (^_j«*Xu) A subdivision of the Gujar tribe.

Bai ddr, H. A. ij\ii ^xi) A purchaser, a possessor by Baindi, H. (^jii,'xj.i , 'S^) Throwing up water from a pond
purchase. or reservoir with a basket for irrigation.

Baiana, or Bayana, corruptly, Baina, or Byna, H. (A. Baipitha, Beng. (s^f't'3, S. ^fir?:) A brother by a different

liUjj) Bayana, Mar. ^TOT) Earnest money. father.

Bai, Baee, Thug. A fi-equented road. Baikagi, Byhagee, corruptly, Bairaggie, Byraghee, H.
Baiali, Byali, Mar. (?) An indefinite land measure, 3 th but occuring in most dialects, (^l/W , S. Vairdgi %X!Pfi
of a kun, lit., one devoid of passion) A Hindu religious mendicant,
Baid, Baidya, corruptly, Bayd, H. Beng. (from S. ^0 mostcorrectly, one attached to the worship of FisA«M,but the

A physician, a man of the medical caste. term is indiscriminately applied to different classes of

Baigak, Bygar, H. iJS.M) A name of the Kharwar tribe. vagrants professing a religious life.

Baiharia, Thug. A scout, a spy (used by the river Thugs). Bais, corruptly. Bice, Byse, or Bhyce,H. &c., (^w>JJ, S. %W,
Baikhat, H. (u:,»^$L<j) Sale. (East Oudh and Benares: it S. Vaisya %^0 The Hindu of the third order, whose
may perhaps be derived from the H. bikna, to sell, especial duties are agriculture and trade.

rather than from the A. bai j-Jj). Bais, Beis, H. (^j"J^, %W) A numerous tribe of Rajputs
Baikunth, corruptly, Bykont, Bykontah, H. (S. %o!f?!3:) found in Oudh, in which they give name to the dis-

The heaven of Vishnu. Pits in which, in the time of Jaf- trict. They are also numerous in the Company's terri-

fir Khan, revenue defaulters were confined until they tories in the north-west provinces of Baisrvdra. Their
paid the demands against them. traditions are very remarkable. They refer their origin

Bail, or Beyl, Thug. A spot chosen for burying those who to Munji-Paithan in the Dakhin, and assert that the
have been strangled. 360 clans into which they are said to be subdivided are

Bailha, Thug. The person who selects the spot where the the descendants of Sdlivdhana, king of that city A. D. 78,

murder is to be committed. giving name to the Sdka era, by as many of his

47
 BA BA
wives. They are included amongst the thirty-six royal defrayed ; and 4. Property escheated, or for which there
races, and may intermarry with Chouhdns, Kachwdhas, is no owner, and also the fines for manslaughter and

and other eminent Rajput tribes. The branch of them named murder, which is to be expended on the maintenance of

Tilak-Chandra Q. e. having the moon for their '

tilaka/ the sick, the poor, and foundling children. The Sultan

or frontal mark), residing at Dimdia-khera, and their may take from the Bait-ul-m&l the necessary expenses of

nearest of kin, hold themselves superior to the other di- the State, but not for his personal use. "The Bait-ul-mdl\&

visions, and profess to give their daughters to none but not the property of the ruling power, but that of all Mo-
the very purest races. There is reason to suspect that, in hammedans, for whose benefit it should be administered."

the Oudh territory at least, they practice female infanticide. The term is sometimes erroneously confounded with Be-

Baisak, Bysuk, H. (tLUttW) A spot in a Jangal where tan-mndl, q. v., and rendered an escheat, or the escheat
cattle are sent to graze (Dehli). The term is ^so ap- and place of deposit are confounded. One or other has

plied to old and worn out animals. misled the Marathas, as the term occurs in Mr. Elphin-

BaisAkh, Bysakh, corruptly, Besak, and Beisak, H. &c., stone's Report, Bait-ul-m&l, Escheats. — Sel. iv. 166.

(,^A<mX), S. %^rra:) The first month of the luni-solar BliTH, H. &c., (*Julj) Value of the Government share of the

year of the Hindus (April, May). produce of land.

Baishnav, Byshnav, H. &c., in Beng. and Uriya pro- Baithak, Bythuk, H. (sIX^m, S. %S^ A place where

nounced Boishnob, (yi<I»jo, 6<>e<? , S. vaishnava^:^^'., people sit together, a solemn assembly, the customary

from Vishnu fVo!tO Any Hindu professing the preferential public seat of a religious mendicant.

worship of Vishnu, of whom there are many sects. The BaithapagIr, Mar. (%3T«PnT) Pay without exaction of

term is commonly applied to vagrant mendicants bearing service.

the marks and insignia of Vishnu, and repeating hymns Baithakojgak, Mar. (^<JlCl»i'll^, from baitha, sitting,

in honour of his Avatars, especially Rama and Krishna. abiding, and the vernacular form of the Pers. rozgdr
JBa'ishnavottar, or Boishnobottar, most corruptly, Basto- J^j^ji service) Service or occupation that does not re-

mittur, H. &c., ( JyvIkJo, <»j34^i^a) Lands granted rent- quire departure from home.

free to the worshippers of Vishnu, epecially of the men- Baiya, ByA, H. (uj) a person appointed in bazars to

dicant orders. measure grain. (Lower Doab and Bundelkhand).

Bait, Byt, corruptly, Beit, Biet, H. (A. <S^m) A resi- Baiydi, H. (uS^:") The perquisite of the Baiya, or fee for

dence in general, a place of abode, a house or office. In measuring grain.

Mohammedan law, the simplest kind of residence, or any Baiz, H. (a. f^joiS) A sort of cypher or monogram formerly

roofed chamber surrounded by walls, and having an en- affixed to a written paper in place of a signature by
trance or door. Mohammedan functionaries and persons of rank.

Bait-ul-mal, H. (a. C^J-^, place or office, JU Jl al-mdl, Baizdna, H. (<l6Law) Fee to a magistrate or public officer

the treasure or revenue) The public treasury or exche- for affixing his cypher to a deed or document.
quer, into which payments on various accounts are made, BIj, H. (p. jj-b) Tax, toll, tribute.

and, according to the sources whence they are derived, Bdjgir, H. (P. jJ^^i) A tax-gatherer, a collector of tri-

applicable to the support of difiFerent classes of persons. •

bute or revenue.

The principal sources are, 1. Duties on merchandise Bajani, Thug. A gun.

which, after paying the officers employed in the collection, Bajantahi, Bajunturee, also BIja-wIla, H. (from Idjd
should be applied to the support of the poor and desti- U-b, a musical instrument, S. vddya ^TST) A musician,
tute ; 2. The fifth of the spoil taken in war, and the pro- a village musician.

duce of mines and of treasure trove, to be applied to the Bdjantari-mahdl, H. (JW« ^jyua-b) A tax under the
support of orphans, paupers, and travellers ; 3. The amount Mohammedan Government imposed upon all professional

of the tax and tribute levied from unbelievers, from which singers, dancers, and musicians.
the salaries of magistrates, the pay of teachers, students, BljAH,Beng. Mar. (^T>nT) Tel. Kam. Babzaru, (£:>"» "&)
and soldiers, and the expense of public works are to be A market (vernacular corruption of the Pers. hdzdr).
48
 BA BA
BljE, Mar. Beng. Uriya, (^T^), Tel. Kam., BAjA, or Bi.ji, which is sometimes paid by cultivators to Zemindars as
(EO"83^, By°8j) Some, several, miscellaneous vernacular) rent.

corruption of Bdzi, q. v. Bakah, Bukab, H. (jW ) Value of a crop fixed by the appraiser.

Bdje-drdji, Uriya, (Q|GS^8||Q|&) An estate or Taluk, BakArI, Bukara, H. OJ^,) Intelligence by word of mouth.
the lands belonging to which are scattered over a num- Bakh, BuKH.Thug. The word used by the Thugs in calling to

ber of villages. each other to assemble after having been dispersed by

Bdjehdb, or Idhu, Kam. (S^SSTclZOO) Miscellaneous accident or design.

items. Revenue derived from various small farms and BakhI, Bukha, H. (l^) Grass kept for pasturage (Rohilkhand).

licences in Mysore, but allowable in all Mohammedan States Bakhal, Bukhul, Mar. (^1^35) An open or clear space
(vernacular for hazi dbwdb). in a town or village, one not built on or cultivated.

Bdjefad, Uriya, (OIGS^GPSlSl) Miscellaneous and extra Bakhal, Bukhul, Mar. (^^^) Low ground. A bottom,

crops, as sugar-cane, tobacco, wheat, &c. a hollow.

Bdje hilar ch. Mar. Ben. (=n% ^^), Tel. Bdjd hharchu, BakhIr, BakHARI, BirKHARiBuKHAREE, H. ij^,, lSj^^)
("SJ°83^aDtJOF~) Extra expenses, miscellaneous charges, A granary, a store-house.

such as are not included in the regular account. Miscel- Bakhar, Bakhah, Bukhur, Bakhur, also Bakhal, (j^ ,

laneous expenses incurred by a village. See Bdzi-kharch. yi^^.ii}4^.< S. '^13^, ^^qJ) a house, an inclosure,

Bajha, H. (Ifsr. , gVRTl) Marshy soil. dwellings within an inclosure. In Dehli, a cattle shed.

Bajharat, H. (ci^l^sT.) Adjustment of accounts. In Bundelkhand and Malwa, a sort of cattle hoe, a rough
Bajhwat, BUJHV7UT, H. (< " 'ji'f-) Stalk without ear. (East sort of plough usually employed instead of the ordinary

Oudh). plough for first breaking up the black soil of those

BajId, Thug. A term implying that the road is clear of provinces.

danger, and that the victims may be murdered. Bakhar, Bukhur, Mar. (^i^) A history, a narrative,

Bajidah, Bujeedar, H. (^Ij>^.) An agricultural servant memoirs, &c.

who is paid with grain, not money. (Rohilkhand). Bakhari, Hindi, (^J3Ti') A round granary of grass, reeds,

Bajnama, Hindi, (^rnPTWl) A deed of surrender by a Ryot and mud, raised on piles. Puraniya.
for lands which he gives up to a farmer of the revenue, Bakheda, Karn. (e^iSoC^^) Loss by bad debts.

acknowledging what he has done. Puraniya. Bahhediyavanu, Kam. (20^?^o!X)^rCX)) A bankrupt, an

Bajpai, H. (i^Ua^b, corruption oi S.vdjapeyi ^TW^) A insolvent.

branch of the Kanauj Brahmans. Bakhra, H. (P. )Js:^ A share, a portion.

Bajea, BijHi, or Bajka, H. &c., (S;9-lj or uSJ^-kt ^I'TU) A Bakhri, H. (l,^;^^-) A sharer.
grain much cultivated throughout India, a species of Panic Bakhsh, Bukhsh, H.. {.yfi^., from the Pers. bakhshiden
or mUlet (Panicum spicatum). Bdjri properly denotes a jjii>JuI»^., to give, to forgive) One who gives, a donor.

smaller kind which ripens earlier. It is also applied to Gift, donation. Pay. Pardon, forgiveness ; used also in

the stalk of either sort used as fodder. the composition of names, as Khoda-bakhsh, Grift of God

Bajra, Bujha, H. &c., (ijSf.fS. ^jj) The thunderbolt. a proper name.

Bajrdghdt, H. S. (lit, struck by a thunderbolt) Any sud- Bakhsh ndma, H. (&«U ^j^-) A deed of gift.

den calamity, especially if considered a judgment. Bahshayimpu, Tel. (?) Pardon, forgiveness. (Ganjam).

Bajra, H. i\js. , Beng. TOJTl) A large boat used in travelling, Bakhshi, Bukhskee, corruptly, Buxy, Buxey, H. (.^JLs^.)

round bottomed, and without keel. A paymaster, an officer whose especial duty it was also

Baju, BIjoo, Kam. (2J9a^') An open file of retainers pre- to keep an account of all disbursements connected with

ceding a man of rank. military tenures, as those of Mansdbdars and Jagirdars.

Bak, H. (lLJIj, from S. •^j a speech) An estimate of the Paymaster of the forces. Under the Mogul system, fre-

crop without measuring the field. quently one with the Commander-in Chief.
Bakal, Karn. (S~SOU) A low caste of labourers from KSnara. Bakshi, Karn. (20oli) A superior magistrate. A superin-

Bakand, H. (iXA^b) Proportion of two-fifths of the crop tendant of revenue officers. Mysore,

49 o
 BA BA
BakhsMdt, H. (euUikSC.) A pargana in the Jonpur Bdki lekha, Karn. (EJ^di^SD, from A. Jili, and

Written statement of arrears.

S. ^
Sirkar mentioned in Beng. Reg. ii. 1795. The term ap- lekha, writing)

pears to have been originally restricted to villages Baki mdlguedri, H. (P. ^tJiJUi) Arrears of re-

assigned to provide funds for the Sakhshi, the paymaster venue.

or commandant of the province. It is now merged in Bdki patrak sanwdt, Mar. (?) An annual account of the

later subdivisions. balance due from each cultivator.

BakhsMan-i-A&eem, corruptly, Baklisian Azam, H. (A. and Bdki-gamin, or -jamin, H. (P. ^^*^j) The balance of the
Pers., lit., the most eminent (jtlacl) of commanders) A land revenue after deducting any deficit from the pre-
title given to four Bdkhshis in immediate attendance ceding year.

on the Emperor. Assignment of a Jagir for the mainte- Bakiru or Bakilu, Bukiroo, -loo, Tel. (OS&) a. state-

nance of the commanders of the forces in Bengal. ment, return, or report.

Bakhshish, H. (P. ^fiJLis:!) Gift, donation, reward. For- Bakkal, H. (A. Jlii^, Mar. ^officj) A grocer, a chandler,

giveness. In the Dakhin the term was applied under the a grain merchant. A cloth dealer. A shopkeeper in ge-

Wlaratha Government to land, especially garden land, held neral. In Mar. it is more usually Bakdlhdni (^^T<jJ«IHy1).

rent and tax free during the pleasure of the Government, Bakoli, Bukolee, H. (^^) A small caterpillar destruc-

although rarely resumed during the life-time of the occupant. tive of rice crops.

Bakhshish ndma, H. P. A deed of gift. Bakot, Bukote, Thug. The strangler, the person whose

Baki, Baqee, corruptly, Baky, H. (A. jj^^J, from tSjjwhat office it is to throw the noose or turban round the neck

is perpetuated or remains ;
plur. Pers. CUUJij, Hindi, of the victim.

^T'li't) Remaining, continual. Subs., Remainder, balance, Bakr-id, Buqr-eed, H. (A. Joe ^G) A festival observed

arrears, especially of revenue, in which sense the term is by the Mohammedans on the 10th of the month Zulhaja
current in most parfs of India. Also balance of an — the feast of the ox — in commemoration of the ofiFering

account. of Ishmall (according to Mohammedan tradition) by

Bakdia, H. (Uljij , A. plur. of Hmj hahiya, B. ii<PO 1) Abraham. Sheep, oxen, and camels are sacrificed on this
/I

Balance of revenue arrears. In Bengal, a tax levied occasion. It is also termed the Id az-zoha.

before the permanent settlement to make up for defi- Bakul-aswari, Karn. (?) A tax levied upon each house
ciencies in the revenue payments. in a village for the expense of peons sent to expedite the

Bakdia-tauji, corruptly, tomjee, H. (<ia»- Jblsj) Account of collection of the revenue by the Government of Mysore,

arrears of revenue for any given period past. consolidated by Tipu with the general collections.

Bakdia-bdki, H. i^i[> IjIaj, S. '^^ ^1^) Arrear on Bala, and Balaka, S. &c., (^TqS, ^5«ir) A child. In law,
arrear, the arrears of the revenue of the preceding as a minor, who is distinguished as, 1. Kumdra, a boy

well as of the current year. under five years of age ; 2. Sisu, under eight ; 3. Po-
Bdki-ddr, H. (P. j^ii , who has) A revenue defaulter, one ffanda, a boy from the 5th to the end of the 9th year ;

who is in arrears. or, where the next distinction is omitted, till the 16th year

Bdhi-jdl, H. (P. (_sli?-, a place) An account shewing a 4. Kisora,' a boy from the 10th to the 16th year : to the

deficit or balance of revenue. end of it is apparently the most correct limit, but some

Bdhi-jamd, H. (A. ^-t^) Statement of revenue after de- make it the commencement. (Each of these terms is used

ducting the balances of former years. also in the general sense of a child, a boy, a youth).

Bdki-kalfiyat, corruptly, Bahy keffyet, H. (A. P. ^_jslj After the close of his minority the youth is termed Vya-

Ci^owo^) Statement or account of outstanding balances. vahdri, or Jdta, or prdpta-vyavahdra, one by whom
Statement of surplus or improvement in any branch of affairs (vyavahdra) may be conducted. Some authorities

the revenue. As formerly applied to the accounts of the maintain that these epithets do not apply to him, and that

salt lands of Bengal, the profit on the salt sales. he is not to be trusted with the management of his own
Bdki khmdh, H. (from silji-, who requires) A landlord, interests till the end of his 20th year, although minority

or the Government in that capacity. expires at the close of the 16th. The British Govern-

50
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ment has extended the completion of minority to the end Balagye-jati, Karn. (SOO'A §23^5) The right-hand castes.

of the 18th year. —Beng. Reg. xxvi. 1793. BalIhar, Bulahur, also, Baladhah, incorrectly Bila-
Bdlahatyd, S. ('^lirf, killing) Infanticide. (Or with B&ld, HUR, H. (jUili, ^c5I?t) A low-caste servant, a village

fem. of jBaZa), Female infanticide. guide or messenger, a village watchman, inferior to the

Balgop&l, Mar. ('^ToB'ft'noB) A collective term for all the ordinary Chaukidar : he is also employed as a sweeper.
people of a place as uniting in a petition to some great BalAhi, H. (^Jb) A man of low caste — a Chamdr, or

man, &c. Lit., boy-cowherd, in which sense Balago- worker in hides and leather, sometimes employed to

pdla, S. vern. Bdlgopal, is universally current as a name measure land.

of the juvenile Krishna. Balai, corruptly, Ballae, and Bullaee, H. ((_sillj, from
Bdlparwesi, or -parrvarashi. Mar. (^Ta5M<<45fl, -1t^^^, Pers. Sb, above (?) ) Any extra cess or tax, especially

from P. iAj}t>, J
cherishing) A pension granted by the Go- such as were formerly levied by the Peshwa and Gaek-
vernment to the family of a soldier or servant who has war at Cambay and Surat, of undetermined amount and
died in its service. varying application. Payment of revenue in kind, or a

Bdlsantosh, Mar. ("fldb^JiTlM) A particular class of beg- village where it is so paid.

gars, or an individual of it. They generally ask for clothes, Balaiyapht, Mar. (^T^T^tRrT, from P. Cl-^b) Fees, per-
crying out Bdlsantosh," child-satisfaction. quisites.

Bala, H. (51 Ij, ^c5T) A grub that eats young plants of Balaji, or Balajivadu, Tel. (^£>^, ^ej^ST'^j) A
wheat or barley when about six inches high. caste, or individual of it, engaged in trade, a dealer, a

Bala, S. (g^) Strength, force. shopkeeper, a merchant ; sometimes occupied in agri-

Baldt-kdra, vernacularly, Baldikdr, S. &c., GI^Ju, from culture, and usually of the Lingamite sect.

^^nr, by force, and WCl., doing) Violence, oppression. Balam, Beng. (Tt^TN) An excellent sort of rice grown in

Any act of violence, as robbery, rape, &c. In Karnata Bengal, especially about Bdkharganj.

and Malabar, Detention of the person of a debtor, and

•
Baland, H. (liJiIlj) Name of a tribe who were expelled by

infliction by the creditor of personal punishment to com- the Chandels from the southern parts of Mirzapur, and

pel payment. settled at Manwai, where they formed a Raj in subor-

Baldtkdr-nebar, Uriya, (GftQlQ, taking) Exaction, ex- dination to the Raja of Rervd.

tortion. Balasu, Karn. (P'^'^) Husbandry.

Baladasti, or -dustee, corruptly, Baladusty, H, (^^jXojJJj) Balasiga, Karn. (^yiOa) a husbandman, a cultivator.

Unauthorised or oppressive exactions. Balat, Balant, or BalAt, Balant, Mar. (sfT^, ^T^,
Balhhog, H. (tL/j^jJb) Taking forcible possession of ^^13, ^c5T3) A false charge, a calumnious accusation.
another's right. Balawa, Mar. (?) Tax on travellers in Kandesh to defray
Bal, H. ( JIj) An ear of com. the expense of keeping up guards in dangerous places.

Balad, or Bald, Bulud, Buld, H. &c., (iXIj, from S. Balband, Balbund, Mar. (^T^^) The alphabetical cha-

^C^'^ir) A drove of cattle. racter peculiar to the Maratha language.

Baldana, H. (aJIiJL) A tax on laden oxen. Balbodh, Mar. (^^^v) The Devanagari alphabet, also

Bal-dev, H. ^5^) A cow-herd.

(j^.'iJi^, in common use among the Marathas.

Baldiyd, H. (bii>b) A herdsman, a drover. BalegAr, Karn. (eoylTBQ) A maker of the Bale, or glass

Baldihai, H. (^^LsjJj) Compensation for pasture ground, rings worn by women on the fore-arm.

also termed Bardaihi to the eastward. Balesar, H. (^^Wi;) A sub-division of the Gujar tribe.

Baladub, (?) Averting an omen, waving a lamp to avert BiLi, BIli, Balee, Beng. (Tff^, Tt^) Sand (also, in this

a spell or unlucky omen. and other dialects, Bdlu, q. v.).

Balagashti, also, in some dialects, BalAgasti, and, incor- Bali, Bulee, S., but adopted in most dialects, ('^f^) Any
rectly, Bhalagashti, H. (^J^'i[i, from Bdld, above, offering to an idol, flowers and other articles for worship.

and gashti, walking about) A superintendant of watch- Presentation of food to all created beings, that is, small

men, an inspector of police. A watchman, a patrol. quantities of grain, &c., thrown up into the air for that

51
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purpose. Animals offered in sacrifices, or the sacrifice of measure in Coimbatore, equal to 3.83 acres. Beng. (<ra)

animals, as goats, &c., to Durga; more correctly, Bali-ddn. A weight of two Ratis.
JBali-akki, Karn. (from ®g, rice) Rice placed on a stone Ballaba, Beng. (^M^) A cook. A cowherd.

outside of a temple in Kauara, having been previously BallIla, or VallIla, Karn, (PV^e), or ^^) The
offered to the idol. Eating it by women separates them title of an officer under the Government of Bidnur who

from their caste and families, and converts them into engaged to collect and pay the revenue of a village or
courtesans, not necessarily servants of the temple, but district for certain fees or perquisites, and exercised the

connected with it by occasional offerings. civil and criminal jurisdiction. He had no power to alter

Bali-ddn, Mar. Beng. &c., (^%^, ^f5IWl*t> S. Bali, the assessment, or to interfere with the proprietary rights

and ^fi ddnam, gift) Presentation of an offering of the villagers. In many respects he corresponded to

to a deity. When presented by the worshippers of Vishnu the Zamindar of Hindustan.

to any of his forms, the Bali usually consists of rice, Balldyi, or Balldi, (?) (In central India) The village

milk, curds, fruits, and flowers ; when offered to the servant who is employed to preserve the village boundaries,

terrific forms of Siva, and more especially of Durgd, it also wood-cutter to the village.

consists of living victims, as sheep, goats, buffaloes, and the Balkakh, H. (?) A person put in charge of property under

like, the heads of which, a&et decapitation in presence distraint for arrears of revenue.

of the idol, are given to the priests, the carcases are Balhakha, H. (U^U) Wages of persons employed to

carried away and eaten by low castes. Presentation of watch ripe crops at night (from bdl, an ear of corn, and

grain and the like to all creatures. rakhnd, to protect.

Balikallu, Karn. (^^ogJ) A large stone slab outside of Balsundah, Bulsoonduk, H. ( iJJLJb) A kind of soil,

a temple on which rice offered to the idol is placed. clay much mixed with sand.

Bali-hul, or -kool, Karn. (?) The rice so placed. See Balu, Baloo, H. &c., (JIj.^TcS, from the S. ^ra«RT) Sand.

Bali-akki. Bdlud, H. 0^[i , ^n^^) Sandy.

Balichata, Tel. (?) An allowance of grain made to the Bdlubard, Baloo-burd, H. (from P. ^liji, to bear, to take

persons who are employed to measure the crop. away) also, vernacularly, Bdlu-burd (srT«JJ''^<j), Arable land

Balijevahu, or Baljevaeu, Tel. (^S'S<o-'aj,£5gb'5o) destroyed by a deposit of sand from inundation. An item

A numerous tribe of Sudras In Telingana (probably the of remission of revenue on this account.

same as the Balajivddu, q. v.). Bdlu-char, or chur, H. &c., (from Bdlu and Char j»-, a

Baligh, Baligha, H. (A. ji^ij, fem. <!ti5lj) Adult, mature. Of shoal, a bank) Land covered by a deposit of sand. A
years of legal maturity. sand-bank formed by a deposit of sand from the waters

Bul-Agh, H. (A. cjL) Maturity. Legal maturity, being of a river. The name of a village near Murshidabad,

of age. perhaps originally so formed from the river ; whence

Balisht, H. (e:,»»JU) A span from the tip of the thumb Bdhichari, a kind of silk manufactured at Bdlihchar.

to that of the little finger both extended. Baluch, corruptly, Bulootch, or Bulotch, (?) A bundle

Balivali, Karn. (^V^V) A wife's dowry. of corn, to which, in the northern Sirkars, the village arti-

BalkI, H. (from S. ^c5^, a boy) A young follower of a ficers are entitled. A portion of com paid at harvest-

religious Hindu mendicant. time as a moiety of their wages to the village peons by

Balkat, Bulkut, H. (u:,^^) Rent taken in advance. the peasantry. (Although repeated in the Glossary from the

(Lower Doab, Bundelkhand, and Benares) Cutting of ears Fiflh Report, and found there p. 681, the word is most

of corn without regularly reaping (from Bdl, an ear of probably a typographical error for Bulooteh, corrupt

com, and kdtnd, to cut). reading of Balute, or Buloote, q. v.).

Balkati, H. (i^^) A tax formerly levied on the com- BALUTi BulootA, Mar. (^TTT) or, as the persons so

mencement of reaping. named are usually spoken of collectively, plur., Balute,

Balla, Bulla, Karn. i^2) A measure of capacity, con- Buloote (=lc4ri), or, with BarA, twelve, prefixed, BIra-

taining 48 double handfiils, or two Sers. A large land Balute (^TTT^^^), The twelve BalutAs, from their

52
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being twelve in number, or, according to some, from the Ayakdrru, or Ayagdrru, or Ayangdndlu (e30a30~9^ajy
amount set apart for them being divided into twelve &dSyW^\^Oj ^ and ©Ci&0"7rSO^-)), q. v., and are enu-
parts. The word is also spelled Balotb, Balutya, and merated by Reeve as, 1. The Gauda, head-man ; 2. Sd-
Balotya, and is corruptly written in a variety of forms, as, nabhoga (^rC56^?X), accountant ; 3. Jo»sa (&^?c£o^),

BuLooTEE, Balootee, Bullooteh, Ballutay, Bullo- astrologer ; 4.Pattdri{.°^^^^^y, corn-measurer, or money-

TEE, Bulowteh, Balowtay, &c. a village officer or ser- changer ; 5. Kammdranu (o OOJ^ 6 rOJ), blacksmith;

vant. The popular enumeration is twelve, but the whole 6. Badiga (20 QX)^ carpenter ; 7. Kumbhdra (fco^TcjS),

number, by including three who may be regarded as the potter ; 8. Naida (?3c)c£X3^), barber ; 9. Agasa (©XAS),
heads of the village, and the twelve inferior classes, or washerman ; 10. Bdrika (^3~3)Qo ) One who affixes the public ,

Alute, q. v., extends to twenty-seven. The actual number, seal to public papers ; 11. Talawdra (o^oJ do), watch-
however, varies in difiFerent parts of India, as do the re- man; 12. Niraganti or ^oZawm(^^^Xo J3?,D/Q§SJc)5^),
spective appellations : there is less variety, although waterman ; 13. Konikdrachakra (C>^^0~^oaJ^0/), be-

some, in the duties. According to Molesworth (Mar. tel-nut gatherers. In the Telugu villages we have the

Diet), the twelve Balutas of the Maratha villages in 1. Pedda hdpu C°^^^^^), head-man; 2. Karanam
which the system is preserved most entire, are, 1. The (i6z:)'&>Ci), accountant ; 3. Vadla-vadu (^^°^^&), car-
Patil (tlTTi^)j or Head-man ; 2. Kulkarni iM'^Wl^), penter; 4. Z'amman(s'^Q), smith ; 5. Kummari(^ ^^ ^),

Accountant ; 3. Chaudhari (^TV^), Head of the trades ; potter ; 6. Chdkdli, (t3^^£) ), washerman ; 7. Mangali
4. Potaddr ('jtrT^Tl), Assayer, money-changer, and sil- C^oX^)TaaThet;Q.Madiga-vddu(^^'^oJ~°^Ci),kChan^
versmith ; 5. Des-pdndyd (^^TTn^T), District account- ddla, and Vetti-vddu (^|3a3^<3o), a sweeper. In Gu-

ant; 6. Nhdwi (^^) Barber; 7. Parit, (ilTfhr), zerat, the Desdi and Majirrnddr, properly district officers,

Washerman ; 8. Otirav (nx^), Attendant ,on a temple ;

sometimes exercise the functions of Pdtil ; at other times,

9. Sutdr (mriT;), Carpenter ; 10. Kumbhdr (%>TR), Pot- the Pdtel is the head-man of the village, under whom are

ter ; 11. Vesahar (^^^t^), Gate-keeper, usually a.Mahdr the Taldti, accountant ; Sutdr, carpenter ; Lohdr, iron-

by caste ; and, 12. Josi (»fi^(l), Astrologer. Most enumera- smith ; Kumbhdr, potter ; Darji or Sui, tailor ; Dhobi,

tors, however, exclude the principal officers or administrators washerman Sajdm, barber; Mochi, shoeraakef
; ; Khdlpd,

of the village affiiirs. Thus, Orant Duff specifies the leather-dresser Bhangi, sweeper ;Z)Ae?-, watchman; Kosia,
village officers ; the Pdtil, the Kulkarni, and Chaugala, water-drawer ; Sonar, goldsmith ; Bhdt or Bhdrat, bard

assistant or deputy of the Pdtil, as distinct from the Bd- besides the Akhun, Mohammedan teacher ; Baid, Hindu

rd Balute, and Bard Alute. For the latter, see the doctor; Josi, astrologer ; Gosains, Fakirs, &e. In the Dehli

word Alute. The twelve village servants he terms, 1. The district they are known collectively as the Kamin (^^Xfi),

Carpenter ; 2. Blacksmith ; 3. Shoemaker ; 4. Mahdr, or the inferiors of the village, and are, the Jjohdr, smith ;

watchman ; 5. Mdng, worker in leather ; 6. Potter Barhai, carpenter ; Kumhdr, potter ; Dhobi, washerman ;

7. Barber ; 8. Washerman ; 9. Gurav or Sudra, atten- Ndi, barber ; Kahdr, bearer ; Sagga, water-carrier ;

dant on a temple ; 10. The astrologer ; 11. The Bhdt, Darzi, tailor ; Dom, musician ; Dhuniya, cotton-stufier ;

or bard ; and, 12. The Mauldna or Mulla, or Moham- CAipi, cloth-stamper; Bangrezi, Ay er; Brahman; Ba-
medan priest. In some places the Balute are fourteen, lahar, or Dhanuk, messenger ; Khdhrob, sweeper ; Dau-
divided into three classes, severally denominated the Tho- rdha, guide, intelligencer ; and Chamdr, shoemaker.

rald-khds (^i^ll^Wf). Elder or principal division; In Bengal, and those parts of Hindustan where the village
Madhald-khds i^'H^\^sl\fO The middle ; and Bhdkatd- organization' has been greatly disturbed by the long period

khds (VTohZIWIM) Younger or inferior; the first com- of Mohammedan rule, the establishment of village officers

prising the Carpenter, Blacksmith, Shoemaker, and Mahdr ; and servants is less complete, but the head-man and ac-

the second. The Washerman, Potter, Barber, and Mdng ; countant are almost universally retained, and more or

and the third, The Goldsmith, Mauldna, Gurav, Josi, fewer of the rest are to be found. In most instances the

Waterman, and the Rdmusi or Bhil. In the Kanara offices are hereditary, are capable of being mortgaged or

countries these village servants and officers are termed sold, and are paid by recognised fees and perquisites, by

53 p
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allotments of corn at the time of harvest or sometimes, affairs are usually managed by several of the principal

by small portions of land held rent-free, or at a low quit- inhabitants, not by one head-man ; and even where such
rent. The following is a further specification of their a functionary is recognised, there are sometimes more
synonymes and functions: than one individual regarded in the same light, in which
1. Mar. Pdtil, Guz. Fdtel, H. A. Mukaddam, Ka- case the eldest, or more respectable of the number, takes

dim, H. Chaudhari, Mahto, Mahdjan, Thahur, Jtth- the lead in transacting public business. Such a head-man
rdyat, Ben. Mandal, S. Grdmddhipati, Pradhdn, Tam. is distinguished among the Marathas by the Hindustani

Grdmdttan, Ambalagdr, Ijamdn (S. Yajamdnd), Md- or Arabic term Muhaddim : his fellows retain the national

niya kdran, Monigar, Pravartiika, Karn. Gauda,Mal. term of Pdtil. Where the office is hereditary, as it com-
Ndttd?', Ndttdri-kdre, Tel. Naidv, Ndyadu, Pedda- monly is among the Marathas, its fees, perquisites, and
kdpv, Pedda-hdr or Pedda Reddi, Meddi-vddu. (These, privileges may be pledged for a loan, or may be sold.

and the synonymous appellations of the other village ser- The office of Pdtil is regarded as extremely respectable,
vants, are not always exclusively applied to them, and many and Hindus of the highest rank have not disdained the

are so applicable only in virtue of their general purport title. Daulut Sao Sindhia particularly affected the title

as, S. Pradkdna, vem. Padhdn, the principal ; A Mu- of Pdtil, and in some villages of the Dakhin exercised

kaddam, one who precedes or takes the lead, or Kadim, the office by deputy, and claimed the perquisites and
elder, senior ; Tam. Ijdmdn, lit., the institutor of an act of rights ; and Bhairi Sal, the first noble of the Court of

worship ; and Tel. Pedda-kdpu, the old or chief man, &c.). Jaypur, boasted of the title of hereditary Pdtil of the

The head-man, the Pdtil (Mar.), or Pdtel, (of other principality. In Maratha villages the Pdtil is commonly
dialects), has the general controul of the affairs of assisted by a deputy, the Chaughald (^T^^t), who, on his

the village, usually assisted by a sort of village council part, or in his absence, conducts the affairs of the community.

of the most respectable of the community, but not exclu- He is not known elsewhere by any specific designation.

sively, as any discussions that may occur are mostly held Mar. Kulkarni, Bhoi, H. A. Kanun-go, H. Patwdri,
in an open space in the village, where all have access, S. Ordma-harana, or Kdyastha, Tam. Kanakapilli, B.

and do not hesitate to give their opinions. With their Kayeth, Moharir, Karn. Sdnabhoga, Tel. Karanam or

concurrence, the head-man superintends the cultivation, Karnam, Guz. Taldti, Rigal, Mai. Menava, Menon. The
apportions the assessment, collects the revenue, either in accountant's business is to keep accurate accounts of the

money or kind, and pays it to the Government district- lands of the village, their extent, quality, produce, and pro-

collector, regulates the village expenses, distributes the prietary distribution, whether held singly or in common,
quotas for defraying them, and collects the money and of changes of possession or property of the lands, of the

pays the charges. He examines and checks the accounts. village expenses, and assessment and payment of the re-

In some places, especially in the south, he has charge of venue. He acts as clerk and notary, and often as the

the police, and is entrusted with limited magisterial scribe, or letter-writer and accountant of the villagers.

powers. — Madras Reg. xi. 1816, Bomb. Reg. xii. 1827, The village servants, properly so called, are,

sec. vi. xlix. And as village MunsifFs, the heads of vil- 1. S. Sutradhdra or Varddhaki, Mar. Guz. H. Sutdr,

lao-es are also entrusted with powers to decide civil H. Barhdii Karn. Badige, Tel. Vardhaki, Vadla-vddu.

causes of small value. —Madras Reg. iv. 1816. The Pd- The carpenter and wheelwright, who makes and repairs all

tel also usually settles petty disputes in the village the wood-work and agricultural implements of the villagers.

either by his own authority or through the agency of •2. S. Lohakdra, H. Mar. Guz. Beng. Lohdr, Karn.

a Panchayat, or court of arbitration. He is the chief Kammdr (S. Karmahdra), Tam. Karumdri, Tel. Kam-
organ of Government in its dealings with the village. In mari, blacksmith or ironsmith, who makes and repairs all

some places the office is hereditary ; in others the head- iron-work for the village.

man is appointed by the Zamindar, or contractor for the 3. S. Charmakdra, H. Beng. Chamdr, Mar. Ckdm-

revenue ; in others he is elected by the villages. In some hdr, Tam. Chakkili or Shakkili, Tel. Cheppulu-kutta-

villages, especially those held by coparcenary tenure, their vddv, H. Beng. Guz. Mochi, Guz. K/idlpd. A man of

54
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low caste, who works in hides and leather, and makes 7. S. Kumhhakdra, H. Kumhdr, Mar. Kumbhdr,
the leather bags for drawing water, and any other leather Tel. Kummdri, Kam. Kunibhdra, Tam. Kuyavan. The
article for public use. He makes shoes, whips, thongs, potter, who makes pots and tiles for the village, and has
&c., for the villagers, but for hire when for individual use. He sometimes to supply travellers with water.
also dresses and tans skins, and sometimes skins dead animals. 8. S. Ndpita, H. Nai, Mar. Nhdwi, Kara. Ndida,
4. Mar. Mahdr- or Mhdr, Dher, Balldyi, Mhau, Tel. Mangali (S. Mangold), Tam. Amhattan, Guz. Ndwi,
&c. These are local names current in the Maratha and also from the A. Hajdm, which is also used in other

Gruzerat provinces for particular tribes of outcasts, members dialects, as Hln. and Beng. The barber, who has to shave

of which are usually found in the villages. The Mahar is the inhabitants, more especially their heads : he also bleeds,
the guardian of the village boundaries and land-marks, and and acts as surgeon. His wife is the general midwife.

is the public servant of the head-man. He summons the He is occasionally called upon to carry a torch before

villagers to public meetings, carries the collected revenue travellers at night.

to the Government office, and acts as public letter-carrier 9. S. Jyotishi, H., and in most dialects, Joshi or Josi.

and messenger. He cuts wood and grass, and serves as The village astronomer, who prepares the almanack, an-

scout, guide, bagg-age-porter, and general attendant on nounces lucky and unlucky days, and the days appropriated
travellers. He assists the head-man in his police duties, to public festivals, and casts nativities. The name applies

and traces and apprehends thieves. He officiates also, some- to the office, which is filled most commonly by a Brah-
times, as watchman, especially of the crops, and is the man, who in that character conducts the village cere-

sweeper of the roads through the village. Some of these monies and religious observances, and is known by the

functions are wholly or in part discharged by other ser- terms Bhat or Bhut, Parsdi, Purohit, and others.

vants, as the Mdng and Yeskar. The office of village 10. S. Smarnakdra, whence the Sonar of most of the

Mahdr is generally held by one or more families ; so dialects, also H. Mar. Beng. Potaddr or Potddr, Kara.
that, although there is nominally one officer, the duties Paftdri, and H., from the A., Sardf, vulgarly. Shroff.

are commonly performed by several individuals. The Goldsmith, silversmith, assayer, and money-changer,

functions of the Makdr, are, in part at least, also dis- weigher of coin and bullion. He declares the value of

charged in different places by other low tribes or castes, coins tendered in payment of the revenue, and makes the
especially those of protecting the village boundaries, and silver ornaments worn by the villagers.

acting as guides, messengers, and watchmen-, who are 11. Mar., from S., Guru, Gurav, or Pujdri, A Su-
frequently ShUs, Kolis, or Rdmuds. The persons em- dra whose especial duty it is to clean the village temple

ployed to protect the roads and boundaries are also termed and deck the idol. He acts also as a servant to the more

JRakh-Tvdlas and Varttardyaa, whilst the village watch- respectable villagers, and attends their wives when they

man is designated by a variety of terms in different parts go out. He has also to assist in the carriage of travellers'

of India, as H. Mar. Beng. Chauhidar, Kotwar, Uriya. baggage, and sometimes acts as trumpeter.

Choliid, H. Dosdd, Dhanuk, Goret, Hdri, &c., Tel. Pa- 12. Mar. (S.) Bhdt, A bard, or genealogist, who
yik, Pdsbdn, Tam. Kdvali or Kdval-kdran, Tel. Kam. keeps a record of family descents, and arranges marriages.

Taldri, Kam. Taldmdra, also Mar. Jagla. He composes and recites poems or songs on particular festive

5. Mar. Mdng, Tel. Bdriltudu, Mddiga-vddu, Vetti- occasions. He is sometimes reckoned one of the Alute, q. v.

vddu, Tam. Vettiydv, H. Bhangi, Khakroh, Mehtar, 13. H. Mar., from A, Mauldna, Mulla, Akhund,
Halal-hhor, Kam. Toti. A man of very low caste who The Mohammedan priest who conducts the ceremonies of

is the scavenger and sweeper of the village. He is also the Mohammedans of the village, and acts as school-

employed as skinner, and as executioner, and occasionally master. In some places he has degenerated into the

as a watchman. butcher, killing animals for such of the villagers as

6. H. Dhobi, Mar. Parif, Kara. Aydsi, Tel. Chdhali eat meat. Where there are no Mohammedans, the place

or Chdhala-vddu, Tam. Vanvun (6LI<53W«CS)(3OT). The of the Mnlla is filled up by the Koli, or waterman, who
washerman, who washes the clothes of the villagers. supplies water to the villagers and travellers, but who is

55
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more usually enumerated amongst the Alute. In Kar- Bamhangaur, H. (.jjLk^), a class of the Gaiir Rajputs.

nata, the waterman, Niraganti or Kolav&ru, has charge of Bamhania, Bumhunea, H. (Lu^), A subdivision of the

the. supplies of water for irrigation, superintending its Kdchhi tribe, a class of cultivators.

distribution, and preventing waste. The Kam^ta establish- Bamhni, H. (lZ-j^)} Light red soil. (East Oudh).

ment, also, includes officers not recognised elsewhere ; as BamithA, Bumbetha, H. (I^Imo), An ant-hill. A snake's

the Alatigdra or Pattdri, Corn-measurer, who apportions hole (Lower Doab).

the shares of Government and the cultivators where the Bamla, Hindi ('W^T) A spring, a hole from which water

revenue is paid in kind ; and the Addika or Addiga, who left by the inundations springs up after the waters have

superintends the cultivation, q. v. : also the Konikdra- retired.

chahra, who gathers betel-nuts for the villagers from the Bam-mati, Asam. (TTsTTtf^) Land not subject to inun-

public plantations. For the other classes of village ser- dation.

vants, see Alute and Ndru-haru. Bam-tele, H. (^uX«o) a Rajput tribe in the eastern parts

Baluten, Baloten, Bulooten, Buloten, Mar. (^^rf, of the central Doab, not in much consideration.

^'(^ ri*, the final n is scarcely sounded), also read Balu- Ban, Bun, H. ( ^^j , S. "^^X) A wood, a forest.

TEH, Balotbh. The portion of the crop assigned to the Bdnaprasth, corruptly, Banperust, H., from the S., ^TT,

village servants for their maintenance, also their fees, per- a solitude in the (^if) wood, and TJWf, who proceeds to)

quisites, or other rights. The Hindu of the third order, who has discharged the

Balute-ddr, Mar. (^c5^^) A village officer or servant duty of a householder, and has become a hermit.

receiving a share of the crop, &c. Ban-char, Banchur, H. (.S.jSS\>) A forester, a woodman.
Balute-patti, corruptly, BuUooty-puttee, M.a.T. (^^(rtij^)A A wild animal, one who goes or dwells in a wood.

cess or tax upon the shares or claims of village servants. Banchari, Bunchuree, H. ((_f;S£U) A high jangli grass,

BALUTTAKAM,Karn.(S~9y-^_3j°°) Land in Kanara with which also called Baro.

temples were endowed, but remaining in the hands of the Bangaunthd, Bungountha, H. ( l^^i
^ ) Cow-dung found
original proprietors. They were not at first included in in forests.

the assessment, being considered religious property ; but Bankandd, Bunhunda, H. (Iiili^^^) Cow-dung found in

subsequently they were assessed, such share of the produce forests and dried for fuel.

as the temples had formerly received being continued to Banhar, Bunhur, H. (j^) Spontaneous produce of jangal
them. Land claimed as the special endowment of an or forest-land, timber, brushwood, gums, wild honey, &c
officer of the temple. This is considered as distinct property from the general

Bam, Bum, H. (*J, '^t) An exclamation of salutation in estate or Zamindari, and as not conveyed by the sale of

passing, interchanged especially with Saiva mendicants the estate unless so specified. The Banhar may be sold

carrying the water of sacred rivers to a distance, who separately. The term is also sometimes applied to pas-

call out as they go along to those they meet, Barn-ham ture lands, Beng. Reg. i. 1804, and to revenue derived

Mahddeo, and receive the same words in reply. from forest lands. — Elliot.
w
Bam or Bam, H. (*J,
f^>)
A measure of three cubits and Bankatti, Bunkutti, H. {ij.i ^jt) A fee paid for cutting

a-half. A measuring-rod. timber. The title obtained by cutting away jangal or

Bamai, H. (JLw, from U, with, and JU, property) Found thicket, and bringing the land into cultivation.

in the possession of the thief (stolen property). Banotsarga, H. (from S. ban, a wood, and utsarga ^HPl,

Bamb, Bumb, (?) A revenue defaulter, one who owes a ba- abandoning) Consecration of a wood or orchard newly
lance to the State. planted by going through the forms of marrying the

Bambetiya, Beng. (^T^ffe^, from Bombardier (?) ) A Sdldgram stone or ammonite, a type of Vishnu, to a
pirate, a river pirate or robber. branch of the Tulasi tree (Ocymum sanctum), the type of

Bambha, Bambhee, H. i^iyj\j). An ant-hill. a nymph beloved by Vishnu or Krishna : one man, car-

Bamhan, Bumhun, H. corruption of Brahman (.^j^), A rying the stone, represents the bridegroom; another, holding

Brahman. the plant, the bride. The usual ceremony, somewhat

56
 BA BA
modified, takes place, and on the completion of the lund of the Pers. verb ^JLu^ , to bind, to confine ; when
ceremonial the fruit which the orchard is to bear may derived from the S. ^^ bandh, also signifying to bind,

be eaten. to tie, the word and its derivatives preserve the final

Ban-salami, H. (from Saldm >Lw, salutation) A fee for- aspirate, and are properly written Bandh or Bundh,
merly exacted by the Zamindar from the Ryot for per- &c., q. V.) A band, a binding, literally or figuratively,

mission to gather the juice of the date-tree for the pur- as imprisonment, fetters, a tie, a cord. A bundle of

pose of making a fermented liquor. papers tied together. A written contract, an account, a

JBantarid, Buntarid, H. i\ijxii, ^•Tilft'n) A class of pledge, a bond, an agreement, an arrangement, stipulated

wood-rangers formerly holding rent-free lands in quit- allowance, deduction, &c. In Mar., also, alaw, a regulation.

tance of police duties in the northern Parganas of Go- Bandd, Bundd, H. &c., (^^, from the Pers. participle

rakhpur. The duties having ceased, revenue has been «iiJu, bound, tied, and thence, in H., more usually Ban-
levied on the occupants (Bantarias) at an easy rate. dah) A servant, a slave.

Ban, Bun, H. (j^;?, «R) Cotton. Bandah, Bunduh, H. (P. XjJu) A slave, a bondman, a

Bankhard, Bunhhura, H. {}j4^) Land on which cotton servant. A term of humility in speaking of one's self to

has grown during the past season (Central Doab), and is a superior.

succeeded by a crop of grain. Bandagi, Bundugee, H. i^S,^) Service, slavery. A term

Ban, Bun, (?) A division of a Patilship. used as a complimentary salutation.

Ban, Beng. (Tl^) An inundation within the influence of Bandah-wdld-i-Bdrgdh, (lit., the slave of the exalted

the tide ; also the rapid influx of the flood-tide, com- Court) A nobleman under the Mogul system charged

monly termed the Bore. with the Diwani or revenue administration of a province,

Ban, Mar. &c., (S. ^TOf) An arrow. A fire-work or rocket. and holding a Jagir for his personal and official expenses.

Bandar, Mar. (WHIJ^TC) An archer. A rocket-bearer. Guz., Bandi, or Bdndi, Bundee, (i^Sm , ^^jJlj) A slave girl.

A village watchman. Bandi, Karn. (2^0D) Imprisonment. A prisoner.

Bana, H. (lib) A vat, a large jar without feet. An iron Bandimdn, Bundeewan, H. ((^lyJoj) Bandiydn, Beng.
bucket used for raising water for irrigation. (<iN»T<( ll), A prisoner, a convict ; Bandivdnanu, K^rn.

Bana, Mar. (^TOT) The woof of cloth. (EOOOcO drOrUD) One in custody under suspicion.

Bdndtdnd, Mar. (^HUIriHUl) The woof and warp. Band- or BundrMidna, Bandi- or Bundee-khdna,

BanI, Hindi, (^«n, from ^TTTTIj to make) Land dressed (i!cil=>-jaj) A prison, a jail.

and ready for seed. Made up. Bandi potu, Tel. (cJOtSbJ "k^) Gang-robbery.

Banabe, Banave, Karn. (P^^, 2053^) A stack. Band- or Bund-behri, H. (^.j^^iJdi;) Statement of the

Banafah, H. ( yL^) A- trilie of Yadubansi Rajputs, chiefly amount of each share of the money instalment of the re-

settled in Oudh, but also in Allahabad, Benares, and venue assessed on a village.

Bundelkhand. Bandr- or Bundr-barddsht, H. (ci^lt)^ jJu) Account of

Banajiga, Bananjiga, Banjiga, Karn. (eO£3a§X, eoaoaSA, a share or portion of an instalment to be paid by each
JDOaSX) A sect of dissentients from the Hindu system, member of a village.

Lingayits, or, according to some authorities, a tribe of Band-batai, H. (i_jlJw liaj) Account of each share of the

Sudras engaged in trade or business : (the same, appa- assessment paid in grain.

rently, as the Tel. Balajivdru). Also Banijaga, q. v. Band-hisdb, H. (i_;l»i*s. Xt^i) An abstract account.

Banah, Thug. Bad news. A road become unsafe. Bandi, Bundee, H. (.^jSjJ) Agreement, arrangement. Dis-

BAnasiga, Kam.(273'^i^\ from 2rc>rO^, cooking) A cook. tribution. Stipulated allowance. Deduction or charge, as

Banaula, Bunoula, H. (^^) The seed of the cotton Behri-bandi, Bet-bandi, &c., q. v.

plant. Band4-jamd, H. (A. ^^) Distribution of the assessed

Banbu, or Bambu, Bunboo, Bumboo, Karn. (poZX>) A lands among the cultivators so as to allot to each an

bambu (Arundo bambusa). equal proportion of good and bad lauds, and to make
Band, Bund, H. &c., (aw, ^, from the imp. iXw band or him responsible for a fixed proportion of both.

57
 BA BA
BancU-mudat, H. (tsjlx* jJj), Mar. (^''^tg^TT ) A stated mound of earth constructed to confine the waters of a

term for the settlement of an account. river or reservoir, or to preserve a road-way across plains
Sand-i-Sale or -Seal, H. (a compound of Sand with the inundated in the rainy season ; also Bandh, Bundh, or

English word Sale or Seat) A contract of sale, a docu- B&ndh.

ment executed immediately after the sale of a Zamindari, Band-tdl, H. ( jSjJu)
Damming a watercourse for the

specifying the lands sold, the amount of assessment, and purpose of irrigation.
the price. Band, Mar. (^TT) A field of grain blighted before coming

JBand-navis, H. {Band, and P. navis i/^jy, a writer) A into ear, or of which the heads have been eaten by

clerk, an accountant. cattle. The stalks of such com.

Band-o-bast, Bund-o-bust, or sometimes inverted as Bast- Band, Bund, Mar. (^) Insurrection, sedition. A band or
o-band, H. (P. i^ -ottjiiJb or ,^yLo), Beng. (<i4«»7i<i«), body of insurgents.
Mar. ('4njl'|'^), lit., tying and binding, both words being BandA, Bunda, H. OiUj) a grain magazine above ground.

derived from the same P. verb (^Wj, to bind) Agree- Banda, BundI, Mar. (^^) Whole, unbroken, unexchanged
ment, settlement, bargain, adjustment, arrangement. Set- for smaller coin.

tlement of revenue to be paid by the Zamindar, renter, Bandar, Bundur, H. (P. jSm) A port, a harbour, an

or farmer to the Government, or by the tenant to the emporium. In Bengal, also, a market, a mart.
Zamindar. Shah-bandar, Harbour or custom-master.
Band-o-bast dam&mi, H. (from A. ^'jiS, perpetuity) Per- Bandawala, BandawIla, Karn. (ao^^v^ OocSSTS^)
petual or permanent settlement. Stock in trade, capital.
Band-o-bast middi, H. (from A. iJW*. fixed time) Tem- Bande, Bunde, Tel. (PO Q) \ fine for trespass by cattle.

porary settlement, one for a prescribed time. Bandh, Bundh, occurring in most dialects, (from S. W^>
Band-o-bast-i-mulh, H. (A. (iAL*) The sum total of the binding, confining, literally or figuratively) Confining,

revenue of a kingdom or province as settled and en- fastening. A cord, a fetter, a tie, a ligature, a bond, a
gaged for. deed, an agreement, a pledge. A rule, a regulation, &c.
Band^o-bast-i-parwdna, H. (iXJIjjj) Patent or deed of set- See Band, also Bandhan or Bundhun.
tlement. A warrant given by the Government to the per- Bandh, Bundh, or, preferably, Bandh, H. Mar. &c., (WV,

son with whom a revenue settlement had been agreed ^tf) A bank, a dyke, a mound for confining water, or

upon, empowering him to make the collections from the forming a roadway over inundated fields. Boundary of
cultivators or land-holders. a field or village.

Band-o-bast-4-sanad, H. (A. 6^) Warrant or patent of Bandhak, Bundhuh, in most dialects, (H'*i««), Tam. Ban-
settlement. See the last. dagam (urjSSLQ) A pledge, a pawn, a mortgage.

Band-o-bast sarsari, H. (iJIjMjm) Summary and temporary Bandhak-ddtd, Beng. Uriya, &c., (S. ^Ti a giver) A
settlement. mortgager, a pawner.

JDaul-bandrO-bast, H. (^^y, J^J, manner) Particular Bandhakgrdhi, Beng. (^^(^attft) A pawnbroker, one who

statement of the manner in which the rental of an estate lends upon pledges.

or district is subdivided. Bandhak-grahitd, Beng. Uriya, &c., (from S. ^r^hn.who

Band-o-bast-i-Sarrishtaddr, (P. JSi^jj^) A revenue takes) A mortgagee.
officer attached to some of the Government offices in Ben- Bandhak-lemd-byakti, Beng. Uriya, &c., (^5J^55Rl ^jfe,

gal to assist in making and revising revenue settlements, from H. lui, to take, and S. ^fs, a person) A pawn-
and to keep and record all documents relating to them. broker, one who takes a pledge, a mortgagee.

Band-phanta, Bund/phanta, H. (iJOulyiXij) An account of Bandhak-ndma or -patra, Beng. Uriya, &c., (^rW, tis)

the shares of the liabilities of a village. A mortgage-deed.

Band, Bund, H., and in most dialects : (the same as the Bandhan, Bundhun, H. &c., (S. ^»V!T) Binding, the act
preceding in its literal sense, but having a specific appli- or implement of binding, &c. See Bandh.

cation) A dam, a dyke, a causeway, a raised bank or Bdndhan, Bandhun, Mar. (^tWiir) Ground formed into

38
 BA BA
rice-fields by damming a stream, and laying the soil BangA, H. (iXib) Raw cotton. The cotton plant. Banaula,
under water. A dam, an embankment. A mound raised q. v., is, properly, the seed of the plant ; Rui or Mooee,

across a field to prevent the soil from being washed away. the cotton itself; and Kapds, the seed and cotton in the pod.
Bandhdrd, Bundhara, Mar. ('#MTO) A bank, a dyke. BangA, Bunga, H. (iCw ) Soil impregnated with oily well-

Bdndhdrd, Mar. (^hlTO) The ground adjoining and along water, and cultivable at either the spring or autumn har-
the course of a field-dyke or embankment. vest (Agra). Well water slightly brackish (Central Doab).
Bandhdra, Bundhara, Mar. (? perhaps for Bhanddra, Bangaliya, H. (IACw) a sort of rice grown in the eastern

q. V.) An assembly of religious mendicants convened to parts of the north-west provinces.

celebrate the funeral obsequies of a deceased Mahant, or BIngah, Banguh, H. (^b) High ground. Uplands. Upper;
principal of an establishment of the order, and confirm as Panipat bdngar, Upper Panipat, in opposition to Pa-
the nomination by him of his successor. nipat-kddir. Lower Panipat.
Bdndhil, Mar. (^vt^) Tying up rice in sheaves. BangIba, Kam. (WOTTS^) Gold ;
golden.

Bandhiyd, H. (IjjfcJJj) Raised embankment for confining Bangi, Tam. (urjcEfl) A species of village tenure in Tin-

water and flooding fields. nevelly by which the fields are divided once in every six

Bdndhne, Mar. (^tviil) A gap made in the bed of a years among the villagers by lot.

stream to let the water through : the rubbish with which Bangdli, Tam. (l—irjaiTeiSI) A shareholder of village lands

it is occasionally stopped. under the preceding tenure.

Bandhwds, Bundhwas, H. ((j*il»»jJb) Land embanked Bangka, H. (KXb) A sort of water-beetle that feeds upon
all round so as to admit of being flooded. rice plants.

Bandhan, Bundhan, H. &c., (^j^laJoj) A pension, a stipend. Bang-katia, H. (UIj i^Jm) a species of Solanum re-

BandhIn, Bunbhan, H. (^lajoj), also Bandhuh, Bun- sembling a thistle — not of any use.

DHOOB, (jySiJjj) Purchase of grain in advanceof the harvest. Bangki, H. i^SSXi) A sort of rice cultivated in the Be-

Bandhal-goti, BandHul-gotee, H. (^Jj^iiJL) A tribe nares district.

of Rajputs of Chauhan descent, occupying part of Bun- Bangla, corruptly, Bungalow, Beng. (TfJl^, probably

delkhand and Benaudhia. Sometimes pronounced Bddhil- fi'om Banga, Bengal) A thatched cottage, such as is

or Banjil-goti. usually occupied by Europeans in the provinces or in

Bandhu, S. (^'g) A relation, a kinsman in general. In military cantonments.

law, a cognate kinsman in a remote degree. Three kinds Bangri, Bungkee, H. iiSj^) A bracelet, an ornament
are enumerated, personal, paternal, and maternal. The for the wrist ; corruptly, a bangle.'

first are the sons of the deceased's father's sister, of his Bangu, Thug. The river Thug of Bengal. These inveigle
mother's sister, and of his maternal uncle. The second are people into their boats, and, after strangling, cast them

the sons of his father's paternal aunt, of his father's ma- into the water,

ternal aunt, and of his father's maternal uncle. The third Bani, H. ( ^^) A weight equal to eighty rupees. A yel-

are the sons of his mother's paternal aunt, of his mother's low earth with which potters sometimes decorate their

maternal aunt, and of his mother's maternal uncle. These pottery. The thread with which cloth is woven. I^rice

succeed after the Gotrajas or Gentiles. paid for a work. Thug., Blood.
Bdndhava, S. (^TSI^t) A kinsman in general. A cognate Banij, Bunij, H. {^r^i, from S. ^?p[) Trade, traffic.

kinsman. See the preceding. Thug., A traveller.

Bandi, Bundee, corruptly. Bandy, H. (^Sm_) Name of Banik, Bunik, H. (i^^^iJ, S. ^finw, nom. ^isfcir) A
a dry measure. Tel. Kam. (8^oQ) ^ cart, a carriage, a merchant, a trader. In Bengal it most commonly denotes
gig, any wheeled conveyance. a money-changer, or banker.
Bandli, Bundlee, H. (^Sij) A sort of rice grown in Banijaga, Banijaga, plur. Banijagaru, Kam. Tel
Bundelkhand. (eO&aaX, a&aiX, eO&ai-A-sSb) The name of a class or

Bandri, H. (i_f;iiJu) A kind of grass growing in rice-fields, sect, including several divisions, generally followers of the
and used as fodder. Lingayit sect. See Banajiga.
59
 BA BA
Panchama 6awa;igra, Karn. (oJOEcrSO JDO^X) Merchants the privileges of the Ckdran and Bhdt, q. v., their per-

and traders of the Lingayit sect. sons being sacred, and accepted in guarantee of engage-

Tenugu banajiga, Karn. (SoSjXb eOK)^X) Persons fol- ments. The origin of these people is obscure : if they

lowing the business of tailors, bracelet-makers, and were primarily a distinct race, they are now much inter-

speaking Telugu, mixed.

BAKiwi.L, H. A subdivision of the Bahangi sect. Banjin, Bunjin, H. (^/s^j) Lands close to a village. A
Banjak or Banjar, Bunjue or BAnjuk, H. (j^, j^L, weed which springs up with the kharif crop to the

^sKj^TSIT:, from S. "^rsahandhya, barren), also Banjh, height of about three feet. It is much prized by mendi-
H. (*s-"Ij), Banjaru, and Banje, Karn. (Sioad&D, cants professing alchemy.

&3023) Waste or fallow-land. BInk, H. &c., (i^Ij, ^Nr, S. g^, crooked) A bend or

Banjar-jadid, H. (A. Jo.Jo-, new) Land again brought reach of a river.

into cultivation after lying fallow for some years. BankA, H. (I^b) An idle, dissolute fellow. A bully. A
Banjar-kadim, H. (A. *J,JJ', ancient) Land left fallow bravo.

from a remote period. BanksIl, Beng. (t'HI^, from S. '^J!I«F, a trader, and

Banjar-kami, H. (from P. ham J, less, little, deficient) ^n^T, a hall) The office of the chief officer of the marine,

Abatement of revenue on account of land left unculti- or harbour-master.

vated (South of India). Bankta, Hindi, (^cIITt) The crop on the field irrecoverably

Banjar-kanddyam, Karn. (W02d5^ DOSSO&O) Tax in My- spoiled.

sore levied on waste lands. Bannan, Tam. (?) The washerman caste. Travancore.

Banjar-hhdrij-i-jama, H. (A. j*j»- ^p>-) Waste lands Bannan-adiga, (?) Tam. A smaller grain measure used in

excluded from the rental. In Cuttack, lands which, being giving grain to slaves and labourers. Tinnvvelly.

waste, and therefore not yielding revenue, were sold by Banni, Bunnee, H. (,_jJJ) a portion of grain given to a

the district and village officers clandestinely as rent-free labourer in requital of his services.
w
lands. They were subsequently subjected to a light quit- Banni- or Bani-hdr, H. i^J-i, j\^i) A ploughman or la-

rent. bourer whose services are paid in kind.

Banjara, Banjari, Bunjaree, corruptly, Bunjary, Ben- Bans, Buns, H. &c., i^jJ>^. S. ^51:) A race, a family.
JARY, Brinjaree, &c., H. (]j\s^i, from S. ^ftim, a Bansdvali, H. (^ijLJb, S. ^^IHkjl) A genealogy, a family
trader). The term is most usually applied to a grain and record.

cattle merchant, who, with a more or less numerous party Bans or BIns, Buns or Bans, H. &c., i^j^, [j^^> §•

of the same calling, moves about to different markets, and ^^n) A bambu, a measure of length. A rod or bambu

especially accompanies bodies of troops to supply them about ten feet long used to measure excavations.

with com. It is especially applicable, also, to a nume- Bdnsd, H. (U«JL>, probably from Bans, a bambu) The
rous tribe spread along the foot of the mountains from hollow tube or bambu through which the seed descends

Haridwar to Gorakhpur, and forming various subdi- in a drill-machine, usually, but not always, attached to a

visions, many of whom are stationary, and follow agricul- plough.

ture. They comprise both Hindus and Mohammedans, Bdnsdi, Beng. (^"t^) A frame of bambu-work like a lad-

acknowledging a common origin and affinity. The most der, used as a harrow for breaking the clods after

migratory are the Bahurupa Banjdrds, of whom there ploughing.

are five branches, four of whom assume the well-known Bdnsgdri, Beng. (Tp«tTftvlt) Planting a bambu in the

appellations of the chief Rajput tribes, or Mahtore, Chau- ground as a monument of any transaction.

hdn, Powar, and Tumdr. The fifth, called Barka, is Bans!., Bunsa, H. (\m*X)) A grass growing amongst rice,

said to be descended from a Gaur Brahman. Each of and used as fodder.

these is infinitely subdivided. The JRahtore branch, for Bansari, Bansuree, H. ((.j^mJIj) a weed found in parts

instance, splits into four families, and these comprehend of the Doab near the Jumna, injurious to the crops, and
138 sub-branches. Some of these Banjdrds have difficult to be eradicated.
60
 BA BA
Banslochan, H. ^{J^^\j^> S. <^SJ(cJl^^f|) Bambu- much architectural embellishment, particularly in the

manna, a sort of white flinty substance found in the west of India.

joints of the Bambu. Baolien, Baoliee, Mai. (?) Outcast slaves who reside in the

Sdnsphor, H. (.jj^ ir*'^) A caste who work with bambu- jungle.

canes. A basket-maker. BioNi, Baonee, H. ((«JjV) Seed-time. Sowing.

Bansi, Bunsee, H. (^«Ju) a sort of wheat with blackish BloRi, H. ((_?Tjlj) A vagrant tribe in the Bhatti country

ears. —North-west Provinces. and west of Dehli, who subsist chiefly by stealing. A low
Bant or Bantae, Bunt or Buntur. Karn.(2^oej^&Doeoo) caste in the Jangal Mahals, cultivators and palankin-

A cultivator, a Ryot. bearers.

Bant, H. &c., (ci-Jb, from S. mii^ ), Bant, Bunt, or Bapans, H, (ijMJMy from bap, a father, or S. vapra, a

Bant, Beng. WP, ^1T») A share, a portion, division of field, and ans '^51, a part, a share) Patrimony, patri-

property. monial inheritance.

Santa, Beng. (^lT>1) A partition, an allotment; also Hindi, Bapoti, erroneously, Bapeottee, H. (ti»J^) Patrimony.
(^RT) Tying up the crop into sheaves or trusses. Pu- BAr, H. Hindi, Mar. (,\i, ms) A fence, a hedge, an inclo-

raniya. sure. The boundary of a field. The outer screen of a tent

Bantak, Beng. S. (<i»J><t) A share, a portion. A sharer. Bdri, Baree, H. Beng. ((.Tj^j <*i'*l) An inclosed piece of

Bdnt-chont, H. (\:^^ vJi^u) Share, portion, distribution. ground, a plot for sugar-cane or other garden produce,

Bantan or B&ntan, Beng. (S. IVH, 1 i'i»»() Sharing, di- also cotton.

viding, partitioning. Bdri, H. Beng. (<t|v»l, from S. ^3^) A house, a dwelling.

Bant-patra, Uriya, (S. i?^, a leaf) Record of division of Bae, more correctly, Vara, H. &c., {jj , S. '^k) A day of
property. the week, used chiefly in composition, as, Som-hdr, Mon-
Bantkotu, Buntkotoo, Tel. (pO\^2j^) A peon, a foot- day ; Buddh-bdf, Tuesday ; MangaUdr, Wednesday
man, a courier usually wearing a badge. A policeman. Brikaspati-bdr, Thursday ; Sukra-b&r, Friday ; Sani-

Banui, Beng. (^IT^) A sister's husband. bdr, Saturday ; Aditya-bdr, corrupted to JEtmar, Sun-

Banvikri, corruptly, Bunvickree, H. (from the S. ^r(, a day : also, A time, a turn.

wood, and vikraya f<4^(|: , sale) The sale of an adult of Bdr-bdr, H. Repeatedly, time after time, turn after turn,

one of the agricultural classes as a slave in his absence Bdri, H. (t^V) -A- mode of keeping up the village watch

(in the woods or elsewhere), the purchaser taking the in some places, in which the villagers watch by turns ;

risk of finding and securing him (formerly practised in also, in the season of grinding the sugar-cane, the

Behar). working of the mill by turns, so that there shall be no

Banya, Bunya, corruptly. Banian, Banyan, H. (Uju), intermission night and day until the whole is ground,

Baniya, Banya, Benya, Beng. (Ttf^JTri, Tt^/, the villagers uniting for this purpose.

C^S\, from S. wftn^) A Hindu trader, shopkeeper, or BAe, Baea, H. (lb, ij\j) A perquisite of the AJiir, or cow-

money-changer. In Bengal it is commonly applied to herd, in milk, generally the milk of every eighth day.

the native cashier or man of business in the service of Bar, H. (p. itj) A load, a burthen.

Europeans. In the West of India it ordinarily denotes Bdr-barddr, H. (^.j\iij), who takes up) A porter, a car-

Hindu merchants settled either as agents or principals at rier, a burthen-bearer.

the chief places of traffic in the Persian Gulf or Red Sea. Bdr-barddri, H. P. ii^J^i^ji, bearing) Carriage hire, cost

Baoli, or sometimes BaobI or Baori, corruptly, Bowley of conveyance, charge of porterage, and the like.

or BowEBE, H. (^jL>, i_5;jU), Mar. (^T^) A deep Bdr-batdi, H. (^^j^) Division of the crop by sheaves

well, the descent to the brink of which is by long flights (or loads) before the corn is trodden out.

of steps leading far down below the surface of the Bdr-gir, Bargeer, corruptly, Bageer, H. &c., (P. -ji^b,
ground, relieved by landing-places and covered chambers ^K.'fh;, lit., one who takes a load) A trooper who is

where travellers may rest and take refreshment during mounted on a hors^ which is supplied by the State or

the heat of the day. Some Baolis are constructed with the chief he serves.

61 E
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Bar, H. (P.^l>) A court, a tribunal, a place of audience. lands. In this and similar compounds, however, very
Bdr-i-ddm, H. P. ij\c-j\>) Public hall of audience. commonly only one village is meant, as, Tin-gdon, three
B(!ur-gdh, H. (P. xl^U) Place of audience, a royal court. villages; Pdnch-gdon, five villages; Sdih-gdon, seven
The court of the Mogul. ditto, &c. ; each being the appellation now borne by a

Bdr-i-hhds, H. (P. iji^ j^) Private audience or council single village.

chamber. Bdrah-thdkti/rai, H. (from ZT^, a chief) The twelve

Bdr-ydbi, H. (P. j^b ib) Admission at court, presen- lordships. Twelve petty hill States between the Jumna

tation. and the Setlej.

Barnis, Mar. ('^hT^I') An officer whose duty is to affix Bdrah-wafdt, H. A. (from cylij, death) The twelfth of

the word ^TC bdr, to notes, bills, &c., implying that the month Mdbi-ul droal, on which day Mohammad died.

they are to be entered on the account-book. It is observed by the Mohammadans as a religious

BIr, H, p. (j\j) Fruit. festival.

Bdramba, Barumba, H. (xw^Ij) Revenue derived from Bdrotra, Mar. ('«nCt'^l) Interest at the rate of 12 per cent,

the lease of a mango-orchard. per annum. The twelfth part of the interest due on any

Bah, H. ijj, S. grfc) Water. siun.

Bdrdn, H. i^Jj^i) Rain. Bdruld, Mar. &c., (sfl^cjl) A measure of 12 pailis. A man,
Bdrdni, H. {i^\> , lit., rainy) Applied to land, it signifies or mun, or maund.
that which is watered by rain, not by irrigation. It is BarI, Buha, corruptly, Burra, (\^) Great, large, much.

also the name of a cloak for keeping off rain, commonly Bard^bhdv, H. ( jl^ \j) , lit., great price) Premium or

corrupted by Europeans to Brandy, as Brandy-koortee money borrowed by the cultivators at a rate per cent, to

for Bdrdni-hurtah. be reckoned according to the highest rate during the

Bar, Bur, Beng. (^) A band of straw to secure a thatch, season.

or to bind down a stack of salt. Bard-brahman, H. (^^j^ ]ji^ ^ great Brahman, used

Bar, Bur, Bargat, H. (Jj,

or iJL^^, from S. ^Zi) The ironically to denote an inferior class of Brahmans who

Indian fig-tree, commonly, the Banian-tree. conduct funeral ceremonies, and are thereby held impure

Bara or Baru, Karn. (G~a^, ^3~S>6S) Troops, a line of also Mdhd-brdhman.

troops. The infantry of the Mysore State. Bard-midn, H. (^^J^]ji) Term of address to an elderly

Bdra kacheri, Karn. (S~SODar°6) The head-quarters or and respectable or venerable person, also to the head of
office of the infantry. a village.

Bdrigdlu kacheri, Karn. (2J^6"7rsUjgg|?6) The ca- Bard nagar takdrvi, H. (A. ^jl«J , advance) Fee or al-

valry office. In Tipu's time, the office of the body-guard. lowance granted to the cultivator who uses the '
bard

The' horse-guards.' It seems to be confounded WxikBdrgir, nagar,' or large plough used for breaking up new land.

as it is also written Ban^lra kacheri (O c)5"?^"ooacrC5). Bara-Thdkur, corruptly, BarrorThakoor, H. Great

BAra, corruptly, Barah, Burra, H. i\j[i, ^T^) Land next chief. A title given in Tipera to the person who stands

to, or surrounding, a village ; (perhaps from Bdr, an in- next but one to the succession to the Raj. Puraniya,
closure). Land of the first quality, although containing a Bara, Karn. (2^0) Famine.
portion of sand. Baragdla, Karn. (20O A oiej) A season of famine.

Bdrd-zamin, H. (from P. i^j< land) Land adjacent to Baras, Burud, corruptly, Burrud, Mar. (^T^) Inferior

a village, also land of the first class. soil. Stony and sandy land. In the Dakhin it is distin-

BlRA, Barah, H. UJj), Mar. BarI, (^TCI) Twelve.

or guished as Ldl-barad, red gravelly soil ; Piiilarbarad,

Bdra-dari, H. (from Barah, twelve, and P. darjii a door) , yellow ; and Mdl-barad, hilly and stony.

A summer-house, a summer palace (having twelve, i. e. BArad, Hindi C^TCS) Division, parcel or portion of land

many, doors and windows). in a village distinguished by some epithet, as, Purwdri-
Bdrah gdon, corruptly, gaum, H. (S. y'li) Any tract con- bdrad, eastern parcel ; Matidri-bdrad, clay-soil division,

taining twelve villages (or more), with their dependent &c.

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Bdrad salami, Hindi, (from A. *Lm , compliment) A con- Baras, Burus, H. ((jMji , from the S. ^§:) A year. Rain,

sideration taken by the proprietor from the Rahhwdla, or raining. An intoxicating preparation of opium.

watchman of a Bdrad for granting him permission to Barasdlid, Barasolid, or Barasodid, shortened in pro-

be employed. Puraniya. nunciation to Barsdlid, &c., H. ((jJLj^ , Ulyu^, UiiyuJ)

BabIhi, Burahee, H. (^1/^) A small kind of sugar- An agricultural labourer or servant who is hired for a

cane. year.

Bi.Hi.Hi, H. (jJbl^l)) Land, or, more properly, the earth, Barasauri, H. ii^jy^ji) An annual rent or tax.

from its having been raised from the deep by the Ba- Baras-gdnth, H. (&Jwl^«j^) The custom of tying a knot
rdha or Vardha, the boar-avatar of Vishnu. on a thread on the anniversary of a child's birth. Birth-

BarIi KHOR POSH, H. (P. jji^ ij^ ^^]ji' ^**-' ^°^ *^^ day observance.

sake of feeding and clothing) Designation of an assign- Baraspadi or -pari, Uriya (?), An annuity.

ment of real or personal property to a person for main- Barat, BuauT, H. (CLy) A disease affecting rice crops.

tenance for life, not conveying a right of transfer. A leather girth or rope for drawing up a bucket from a

Baraka, Kam. (20OO) A double sack with which manure well. (In the Dehli district) Government revenue, or a

is carried on land with buffaloes. part of it.

Baral, Thug. Omen from the howling or appearance of BahIt, BurIt, corruptly, Beraut, H. (A. <::J\;>) A record,
wolves, bad or good according to circumstances, but a register. A diploma, a warrant, a commission. An as-

always of great weight. signment or order on the revenue. In this last sense it

Baramad, Mar. (milHiJ, from P.^j, and S^\, what comes) is adopted in Mar. (^RTTT), Tel. (^"S^d^)^ and Kam.
Export duty. (SDDnSS) .
Jq the latter it also implies a peremptory de-

Bara-marg. also BiRi-BHiTf, Kam. (OT>^6J^Xf-, mand, or dunning for payment.

SJ^O d^ <3W)The high orroyal road. Transit duty or toll. Bardtakdr or gar, Kam. {P'^^oTTQ^) One who holds a

Baramatti, Thug. Cry of the lizard, always a good omen. written order or assignment. One who presses for

Baramdah, Buramduh, H. (!iiyw«U,from the Pers.__^, off, payment.

and iS^\, what has come) Issue, expenditure, disburse- Bardt, Burat, or, more correctly, Shab-i-hardt, or Shub-

ments. i-burat, H. (A. P. ciA; *—^^'jj, lit., the night of record,

Baran, Burun, corruptly, Burrdn, H. &c., (^ji, ^f!Ji S. or that on which men's deeds during the coming year
varna ^TSJj) A caste, a class, a colour. are said to be registered in heaven) A Mohammadan
Baran-Sankar, corruptly, Burrun-Shunhur, H. Beng. (S. festival, held on the 14th, or rather on the eve of the 14th

Vama-Sanha/ra '^iff^olR) The mixed castes, the classes of Shabdn, on which a vigil is observed with prayers,
.

of the Hindus other than the four first pure castes. fasting, and illuminations. In Hindustan, lamps are

Baran, Hindi, (^TH) Alluvial. Fresh earth thrown into lighted and prayers repeated in honour of deceased an-
hollows by water. cestors, a practice no doubt borrowed from the Hindus.

Baran, Beng. (^1) Betrothing of a female, making a Barat, Burat, H. i<^^]ji, probably from the S. vara ^X,

promise of marriage. a bridegroom, and rdtri trf?, night, at which season the

Barar, Burar, H. (j^j> STOt) Tax , in general, as, Hal-bardr, principal ceremonies take place) A bridal procession.

a tax on ploughs. Land-tax or rent. Apportionment of Baratha, H. (.f'^j) Land situated amidst jangal.

revenue payments according to agreement with the village BARAUNDHi, H. (UJoj^.) Cotton soil.

community. See Bhej-bardr. Any division of shares. Baraw^arda, Buhawurdu, or Baraward, Buramturd,
See Bdchh. corruptly, BuRRAWURD, and Birawird, H. &c., (P.^,

Bardri, H. (.tjj]jii i<iO) A shareholder, a co-parcener. on, and awardah iiijj\ , brought, brought up or forward)

One paying his portion of the assessment. An estimate, a calculation. What is summed up. In the

Ardzi bardri, H. (A. -eLc, lands) Land in a village west of India, a monthly statement sent to the Govern-

retained by the proprietary cultivators, not let to strangers, ment of the revenue and village establishments of the

and paying the rent or revenue. Bundelkhand. sums payable to each person, and the increase or decrease

63
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as compared with preceding months. A statement of dis- Barhah-sadat, H. (cljiJLj -^^) A powerful tribe of

trict disbursement. Saiads still numerous in Muzeeffar-nagar. The Saiads

Barda, Burdu, H. (p. idji) A slave, a captive. of Bdrh ftimished many persons of note to the Court of

Barda or Burdu farosk, H. (P. ^jj» , a seller) A slave- Dehli from the reign of Akbar to that of Farokhsir.
dealer. Barha WAN, Burha wun, H. (j^j'J^) A cake of cow-dung

Barda or Bardi, H. Oiiji, igf^) Light stony and sandy placed on the top of a heap of com to protect it against

soil. an evil eye, and to secure it good luck.

BahdIsht, H.(from P-^, on, and Ci^lii, what has) Stores, Barhi, Burhee, H. (ify, S. vriddhi ^^) Profit, increase,

supplies. interest.

Barddsht-khdna, H. (P. <sil».) A temporary store-house, Bdrhi, Barhee, H. (^jt>) Interest in kind upon seed-

or houses for preserving supplies for travellers or troops. • grain.

North-west Provinces. Barhia, Burhiya, H. (X^AjJ) A sugar-mill stone. A species

BarehtI, H. (.^jJ) Land of the third quality on which of pulse (Eastern Oudh). A grain measure of one seer,
sugar-cane has been lately grown. or, in some places, one and a-half A small clan of
Barej, Bareja, H. (^jJ. ^^ji)> Ben. Baraja or Barja, Bijputs.

(<ta«) A betel garden. Barhni, Burhnee, H. (^^a^) Advance on a contract for

Baresiri, H. (,i_SjHiJj> ) A tribe of inferior Rajputs in the goods or grain.

Agra district. Babholia, H. (bJ^) A branch of the Bhrigu-bansi Raj-
Baretha, H. {,i^ji) A washerman. puts, chief proprietors of the town of Barhoul.
Barga, Beng. (73^11) An agreement by which the culti- Barhotari, H. (i_f/j»J^) Profit, interest.

vator engages to pay the landlord half the produce, the Barhti, spelled most correctly, Badhti, but pronounced as

latter providing half the seed, and paying the whole the first, H. (.JjbS), from S. qrf|f, lit., increase), Badti,
revenue. (Ti^fvs) Mercantile profit^ gain on stock, surplus, excess.

Barga4t, Beng. (^^'^rt^',) One who cultivates the land Babi, Beng. ('^IfS, S. gift) Water.
on the above terms ; also Barga-jot-ddr. Bdri^andi, Beng. (Tlf^ft^) An extra cess formerly

Bargd-patta, Beng. Ctg) Deed or lease by which land levied on the Ryots in Bengal, abolished by the British

is rented on the above terms. Government (perhaps for irrigation (?) ).

Bargan, Burgun, H. (;j^) Partition, share. Hoshang- BlRf, Baree, Mar. (.^^K\) A hollow way, a passage
abad. through hills. One infested by tigers, robbers, &c.
Barha, Burha, H. (Ift^ , ^t?T) A narrow channel for the BAri, Karn. (23^6) An inclined plane sloping from the

passage of water from a well to a field, or from one field to edge of a well, down which the bullocks employed to

another. A field in which cows are fed. A rope or string, raise the water descend as they drag up the bucket A
especially one by which a harrow is drawn, or one time, a turn. See Bdr.

thrown over a loaded cart to secure the load. In some Bari, Buree, corruptly, Burree, H. (t^) Wedding
places in the Central or Upper Doab, Barhd, corruptly. gifts carried in procession. The marriage procession, and

Burreh (^t?T), and Barheta (^TT^ilT), is the land of the day of its performance. See Bardt,

a township or village farthest from the inhabited portion, Bi.Ri, Baree, H. ii^j^.) A caste of men employed to make
constituting the third class of land. Bdrd (^TlTl) is that and bear torches. They also act as barbers, and, in the

immediately adjacent, and Manjhd (»ffl5j), middle or in- Oudh service, have the character of good soldiers,

termediate. Barhd, corruptly, Burreh, in Etawa is applied Bari, Buree, H. (i^. probably from the P-jJ, off) Re-
to the uplands. lease. Released, exempted, acquitted applied to a de-
;

BarhIi, Burhaee, H. i^^ji, S. gfftir), Badai, Karn. fendant who is released by the plaintifi" from the demand
(2D Q <9<^) A carpenter. As the name of a caste fol- against him.

lowing the occupation of carpentry, it comprehends seve- BariIr, H. (j^^) Strong; applied in the Purania district

ral subdivisions. to land, to denote fertile, rich, productive.

64
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Barik, H. (}^h, corruption otBdrish ^j^j^,, from S. '^t) A grant of rent-free land to Brahmans for charitable or

Rain. religious purposes.

Barik patti, H. (
^L A statement
) shewing the quantity Barnak-brahman, Beng. (^*|<ji«i 1^*1) A Brahman who
of rain fallen. performs ceremonies for the lower classes.

Bahika, or Barike, Karn. (HTSBD, S~36D) A village Barnar-matti, H. (^jJU jlJ^, ^^T^??^) Coloured soil of

officer who affixes the public seal to official papers. Any two -kinds, one tinged with yellow, the other yellow and
one who applies a public seal or stamp. white.

BlRfKi vipu, Tel. (?7°6s <0~°(So) A person employed Barni, Burnee, H. i^JJ>) An advance made for culti-

to watch the standing crops. vation or manufacture.

BArikudu, Tel. (SJ^BKj&X also BariyA vipu, Tel. BIrnis, BIrnees, Mar. ('=IU«l1*l, from Bar, and nis,

(ia "8cXx5~°cJ~°cso, and, less correctly, Babki, per- abbrev. of Pers. narvis ^j^.^ , a writer) An officer under

haps for BIriki) The low-caste man who discharges the the Maratha Government whose duty it was to write the

lowest menial offices in a village, the sweeper, or word Bar upon original documents, to intimate that they

scavenger, employed also as a messenger, watchman, had been entered in the public register.

&c. Bdr-nid, Mar. (tftisft, for P. ,^^.y) The making or re-

Bariz, H. ( h'j) A term in accounts. The half of the left- gistering of copies of public documents, and marking

hand page in which the balance is entered. Account of upon them the word Bar.
the assessment of the land revenue on any estate, formerly Baro, H. (jj) Name of a high jangal grass.

entered in the middle of the paper prepared by the Za- Baronkha, H. (i^jji) A kind of sugar-cane with long

mindar as an application for investiture in the Zamin- thin joints.

dari. See Berij. Bahothi, H. i^jri) A tribe of Ahirs in the Mynpuri

Barja, Beng. {?, perhaps for '<.Wi, abandoning, from S. "^m) district.

alsoBARJAi and BArjat, corruptly, Bahjoy,Barjaut(?). Barra, Burra, H. Ojji) A rope, especially one pulled on

Forcing people to purchase goods at more than the the 14th of the light half of the month Kildr, by two
market price. Barjm is said also to mean a grant of opposing villages. The party that breaks it, or drags it

land rent-free by a Zamindar to one of his retainers, out of the hands of the other is regarded as victor, and

and an enhancement of the rents of the other Ryots so as retains the character for a year, when the contest is.

to cover the loss arising from the grant. (Gladwin, Re- repeated.

venue Terms). Barroh, Burroh, H. (*v;J) Uplands on the right bank of

Barka, Bubka, Thug. A leader of Thugs, one qualified to the Jamna in the zilla of Etawa.

organize as well as head a gang. Babsat, Bursat, corruptly, Bursaut, H. (cl^Lj^, from
Bark ALA, Burkulu, H. i^ji) An inferior tribe of Raj- the S. ^^^) Rains, the rainy season.

puts found in Bulandshahar. Barsdti, H. ( iL*,j) A disease in the heels of horses.

Barkandaz, Burkundaz, subject to most extraordinary cor- Relating to the rains or rainy season.

ruptions, as, BURKENDOSS, BURKONDOSS, BuRGUNDASS, Barsdti fasl, H. (J»fli^L«^) The rainy-season crop.

&c., H. (p. Bark JjJ, lightning, and anddz j\(iJ] , who The various kinds of grain and pulse sown during the rains.

casts) A matchlock man, but cQmmonly applied to a Bart, H. (\^J, ^VK) The rope attached to the bucket of

native of Hindustan, armed with a sword and shield, who a well.

acts as doorkeeper, watchman, guard, or escort. Bart, Burt, H. (ti^, S. ^^) Maintenance, support,

Bar-, Bur-kuyan, H. (jjjVj^jf) A well not lined with means of livelihood.

brick (Oudh). Bartan, Burtun, H. (.^JJi)

A vessel, a bason. InCuttack,

Bar-, Bur-khwast, pron., Khast, H. (from P. ^, up, and a salt-sloop.

^^yM\y>, to will, or wish) A rising up. A breaking Bartanio, Guz. (°l^<l'^l^L) A village watchman; a

up of a court of justice. police peon : a guard armed with sword and shield, or

Barmhotar, more correctly, Brahmottar, q.v.,H. (Js^^j) with bow and arrows, never with fire-arms.
65 s
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Bartaeaf, Buh-turuf, H. (P.^, off, and taraf^Ja, ti, H. (^iJUjJ, ^H»ri1) Yellow, as the colour of

part, or side) Set aside, dismissed, as a plaint ; also, sub., spring, applied especially to the yellow garment worn by

Discharge, dismissal (from office). It is adopted in other the Rajputs when about to sacrifice themselves in a hope-
dialects, as, Tel. Babtaravu (P><i^<Sc^). less conflict.

Bar-tarafi, H. ^^}'ji) Dismissal, discharge. Basant-panchami, H. {Basant or Vasantd, and panchami,

Bahtush, Burtoosh, H. i^^S) Land sown with sugar- the fifth, from the S. Vi^) The vernal festival of the

cane after rice. (Rohilkhand.) Hindus on the fifth lunar day of Mdgh; formerly ob-

Baku, Thug. A Thug who is considered by his tribe as a served as the beginning of the spring.

respectable person. Basat or Basat, H. (!,s.^M\i,\C^Mi, from S. ^^, to dwell)

BaruI, Burooa, less correctly, Barwa, H. (!i|^, ^^^) Inhabited, land occupied and cultivated.

Sandy soil of inferior quality, a mixture of sand and clay, BasIuri, H. (i^jLj, '<4^hO) Ground-rent, rent paid

the same as Bhud or Bhur. for the ground on which the huts of a village are erected

Babui, Buboee, Thug. An omen from the cry of the jackal. by such of the inhabitants as do not cultivate the village

BIruli, Mar. (?) A measure by which the grain was lands.

measured in villages paying their revenue in kind. Basava, Mar. (^^RTl), Basavadu or Basavanna, Tel.

Dakhin. (e:>6^(Sb, e0^^rC5^^), Kam. (U^^) The sacred

BARUNf Thug. An
, old and venerable Thug female : (properly, bull — the vehicle of Siva ; also a proper name, that of

S., the wife of Varuna, the god of the waters). the first teacher of the Lingayit sect.

BlRUNi, H. (tij;^^, S. ^T^ljft) A Hindu festival in honour Basavi, Mar. («j«c(l), Basivi, TeL Kam. (S^^Jti) a pros-

of Varuna on the 13th of the dark half of Chait. titute, but especially one who has been married or dedi-

BarwIik, H. (liAjJjj) A class of hereditary Chaukidars, cated to the deity Siva, and waits upon the idol. They are

or watchmen, introduced into the south-east extremity of also called Linga basavis, Garuda basavis, &c., accord-

the forest tract under the Sewalik hUls. ing to the deity to whose service they are dedicated.

Barwar, H. ( )|jj>, ^^^tO a class of people in the north- Basgat, H. (tS-XwJ, ^tCIri ) Homestead. The site of a

west employed in cleaning and selling rice. A tribe of village, the extent of which is to be deducted from the

Rajputs in Gorakhpur and the adjacent zillas. lands papng revenue.

Barwatiya, Hindi ('4<,'Jir<5^) An outlaw, a vagrant. See BasgiyA, Hindi ('<41^|Ol>4l) Crops being choked and de-
Bhdrmatiya. stroyed by weeds.

Bis, H. (^^, S. '^^0 Scent, odour. BasiIn, H. (j^UwiU) a branch of the Gaur-taga tribe, q. v.

Bds-banya, H. (Luj, a dealer) A dealer in fragrant Basikat, Busbekut, H. (c>.Cj*uJ , from S. g^, to dwell)

articles, a perfumer. Inhabited, peopled.

Bds-mati, H. (^JU«jlj) A fragrant kind of rice and of BAsingI, Mar. (^^^ITT or -HlfiffnT) An ornament of gilded
millet. paper, silk, or other material in the form of a diadem,
Bas or VlsA, H. ( (jwb , S. V^W.) A house, a dwelling. placed upon the heads of the bride and bridegroom on
Bdsi or Vdsi, H. S. (
i^l>. ^ra^) An inhabitant, a the second day of the marriage ceremony : it is supposed

dweller. A native ; as Braj bad or vdsi, a native of Braj. to counteract the effects of the evil eye.

Bas, Bus, H. i^^) Letting lands newly cleared of thicket Basit, Buseet, inaccurately, Burseet, H. (oJU*i, ^^ftit)

(Rangpur). The head-man of a village, the Mukaddam, or Patfl.

Basinia, Businia, less correctly, Basunia, H. (^%f«!^) Bast A, Busta, H. (<U«*j, the past part, of the P. verb ^^wu,
The head-man of a village (Rangpur). to bind) A parcel, a bundle, a bale. A cloth in which
Basaimpu, (?) Money advanced to a cultivator. (Ganjam). papers or other articles are wrapped up.

Basak, Basaki, or Baski, Mar. i^V^, ^Wf) Tax or Basti, Bustee, sometimes written Basati, Busutee, H.
toll for holding a stall in a market. (^_jUij, ^W^i from the S. ^^, to dwell) A village, a

Basant, Busunt, H. (ui^MJ, S. ^^PiT) The season of town, any inhabited place. In the South of India also,

spring, also (in Bengal), the small-pox. a Jain temple.

66
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BAsTU or Vastu, H. (ywb, S. ^m) Site or foundation of agreed upon. The allotment so held which the occu-
a house. pant may let in subdivisions.

Bdstu-pujd, H. (S. TniTT> worship) Ceremony observed on Bat, But, Beng. (^) Fallow-land, in Eastern Bengal. In
laying the foundation of a building. common use, the Bar, or Indian fig, or banyan-tree.

Basu, Beng. i'^'^, S. ^) An adjunct to names borne by Bi.T, H. ((^b, ^TZ) A weight. A measure of weight
families of the Kdyath, or writer caste in Bengal, com- whether of stone or metal.
monly pronounced Base. Bdt-chhdp, H. ((_jI^Ij) Stamping weights and measures.
Basuh or BaswIri, H. ijy^, i^'y^ from » S. ^) A bam- The stamp upon them to warrant their accuracy.
bu grove. Bdt-chhdpi, Bdt-chhdipai, or Bdt-chhdpni : the first and
Bat, But, H. (c:^, from S. ^, to divide) A partition, a second vowels are also sometimes made short, as, Bat-
division, a share. chkapi, But-chhupee, &c., the word is also grossly cor-

Batai, Butaee, corruptly, Betay, Buttaee, Buttai, Buttei, rupted, as, Baad-chhv/ppy, But-chhuppaee, But-chappw-
Buttaye, Bhuttye, &c., H. {^^_ , ^7T^, also, g%^) Di- nee, &c., H. (til^'b) Stamping weights and measures. A
vision of the crop between the cultivator and the landlord, fee charged for applying the stamp.

or the Government in that capacity. The proportions vary :

Bat-kara or Bat-hhard, But-huru or But-khura, HXn/j^i,
in some poor lands the share of the landholder may not ex- Ijiju) A stone used as a weight. A weight in general.

ceed a sixth ; in the Konkan it is a half: the more usual pro- BiT, H. Beng. (l::^^, ^tP) A road, a highway.

portion was a third. BatM-noasia was a divison which, in Bat or Bdtpar,li. or ^b, ijub , c:-o), Bdtpdra, Beng.
(J^
the Benares district, assigned nine-sixteenths to the cultivator, (TfU'tl^) A robber, a highwayman.
seven-sixteenths to the landlord. The portion in kind was Bdt-pdrd or -pari, Beng. ('^'tt^, -'tf'ft) Robbery,
early commuted in Bengal for a money payment. Beng. highway robbery. Gang-robbery or Dakaiti. A robber, a

Reg. ii. 1795, defines Betay lands as those of the pro- thief ; also, in this sense, Bdtpdriya.
duce of which Government or the collector of its dues is BatAn, Hindi (^TTH) Place of assemblage of cattle at

entitled to a certain proportion, the value of which, esti- night in an open field. Puraniya.
mated at the current market price, is paid in money by Batab, Butur, H. (/u) Land in a state fit for the plough.

the cultivator of the land." The proportion in kind is still BatIwani, Mar. ('^'R^, from H. UlXj , to exhibit or ex-

receivable in some parts of the south. The word is also plain) A rough account of a tradesman framed from the

applied to a kind of joint interest in land, in which one day-book.

party pays the Government assessment, and the other fur- BatelA, Mar. (^^^) A boat from 50 to 500 kandis

nishes the labour : the seed and implements are provided burden.
jointly, and the nett produce or profit is equally divided. Bates, Butbs, H. ((J~Jou, W^) A passage, a pathway.

In Mar. BatM means also difference of exchange. See BathAn, ButhAn, H. {^i}.^., ^31^) Pasture grounds.
Batta. Bathia, H. (Ij^) A heap of dried cow-dung (Rohilkhand).
Batdi-ddr, H. (P. j\ii , who has) A cultivator who shares BathiJa, H. (Ij^Ij) a kind of weed which springs up
the crop with the proprietor. with the Rahi crops and in the vicinity of water; also a

Hisab-i-Batdi, H. (i_jLu*-, an account) Accounts kept pot-herb (Chenopodium album).

by the village accountants, in which the partitioning Bati or Baki, Beng. (Tfft, '^tft) A house, a dwelling.

system prevails, of the particulars of the settlement be- Bati, Uriya (QISl) A measure of land equal to 20 manas.
tween the village and the Government. Bdti-tanki, Uriya (Q|8lS§) Land paying a quit-rent of

Batenth, H. (&XijU;) Proprietor or holder of a share. one rupee per BS,ti, equal to 20 manas or bighas.

Batwdrd, Butmara, corruptly, Butwarra, H. (UjJu, Batia, Buteba, H. (Laaj) a passage, a pathway.

3R^tT, less correctly, Bdpvdrd ]/^^^, ^TZ^XTX) A share, Batin, H. (iji^) A tract of land in Etawa between the

a portion. Division of a crop in shares. The partition Jamna and the Ghar.

of an estate by co-heirs (Act xx. 1836). Distribution of Batin, H. (a. iji'b, lit., interior, internal) Private, do-

the lands of a village in allotments as originally made or mestic. In law, Property of a domestic nature. The con-

67
 BA BA
cealed or internal meaning of a passage in a book of Batwade-patrak, (?) A tabular statement of pay due for
law or religion. a given term to every person on the establishment of a
Batke, Beng. (Tn>Z^) A labourer in the salt-works. An Kamavisddr or Mahalkarni, except the peons.

under-Malangi. Batvton, Hindi (Wil^t^) Finish, the preparation of land for

Batmi or BItni, Mar. (suHHi or ^nnft) Intelligence, news. the reception of seed. Puraniya.
Bdtmi or Bdtni-ddr, Mar. (;Ij, who has) An intelligen- Bau, Bou, H. (y ^3") The fee or perquisite of a Zamin-
,

cer, a scout, a spy. dar when a daughter of one of his tenants is married.

Batnan-bad batnan, Butnun-bad

"
butnun,
"
H. (Ulaj
'
Bau, Beng. (w) A wife. A son's wife.
if .
uJa; iXso) Generation after generation: a term
.

inserted Blu or Bay, Bavi, Mar. (^^, ^^) A large-mouthed well.

in a grant to denote its descent in the direct male line Bmikhol, Mar. ('=|'|c|<sril5') A dry well, or one partly choked

at present it is understood to imply the right of perpetual with rubbish.

descent to heirs general without restriction. Bauchhar, H. (;Lj»-y) Wind and driving rain.

Batohi, Butohee, H. ( Jkjju) A wayfarer, a traveller. BAtrL, Mar. (^ra^J) Moist soil over rock favourable for

Batoran or Batolan, Butoecjn, Butolun, H. (yyj^j rice. Ground on the bank of a river, &c.

^JjL) Gathering or heaping grain in one place at the Bauli, more correctly, Bhauli, q. v., corruptly, Bowlet,
time of harvest „ H. (jjl^, ^cjl) Settlement direct with the Ryots; a

Batta, Butta, H. (JUu, ^^), BItta, Beng. (Tl^), BattA, hhds or Ryotwar assessment.
Mar. (^^) Difference or rate of exchange. In revenue Bi.uNi,Beng.(Tt«^) Hansel, the first money taken by a dealer.

matters it applies to the amount added to, or deducted from, Bauti jamin, Hindi ('^ifi' »pft«T) Lands held by the owner

any payment according to the currency in which it is paid of a village to give out to the Ryots for cultivation,

as compared with a fixed standard coin. Discount on un- sharing the crop. Puraniya.
current or short-weight rupees. A cess or charge im- Bauri, Beng. (Tref^) A Hindu of a low caste, com-

posed to make up for any probable deficiency in the value monly, by avocation, a swine-herd.

of the coin. (It is often confounded, but incorrectly, with Bava, Kam. (ST)S) The son of a mother's brother, or

Bhatta, q. v.). of a father's sister if older than one's self; also a man's

Baher-hatta, Mar. (m^M^l) DiflFerence of value added, brother-in-law if he is the elder, and a woman's brother-

in opposition to Antabatta (ihIiIN^I), diflference of value in-law if older than her husband.

deducted, in exchanging various currencies. Bdvamaiduna, Kam. (23~S5(3jg^OOrO) A man's brother-

Bdjdr-batta, Mar. Rate at which various coins are cur- in-law.

rent in the bazar with reference to a standard currency. Bawag, Bawug, H. (lii^lj) Seed-time (Benares).

Batta, Kam. (£^^) Rice before it is deprived of the chaff, Bavtari, H. (ufjjU) A robber by profession, one belonging to

Paddy, which is probably derived from this word. Com a numerous tribe dispersed through India, and known in
in general. different places by different appellations, but called by

Batta-vabtti, Tam. (I_JI_I_61J 17^^) Property held in themselves Baw^ari. They are all Hindus, and use a pe-
severalty, in contrast to that which is held in joint shares. culiar dialect, which is said to be spoken in some parts

Battemu, more correctly, Bhatyamu, q. v., Tel.(^ gi„^>3) of Guzerat.

Daily allowance of food or money for subsistence. Bawera, H. (5;^^) Sowing seed. See Boara.
Battena-sethi, Tam. (?) An arbitrator among the right- BayA, Bya, H. OjS) a person appointed in bazars to

hand castes. measure grain.

Battnaul-kai, Tam. (?) A tribe of weavers in the Madura Baydi, Byaee, H. ((_f L^j) The weighman's fee or perquisites.

and Tinnivelly districts who have a peculiar slang dialect Bayalu, Karn. (eoo&eu) A field, a plain, an open space.

Batti, H. (^5^) A still for distilling spirits. A candle. BiYANA, Beng. (TtTRl) Earnest-money, money given to

Batwar or Batwal, Butw^ar, Bittv^al, H.

(J\^ J'>w) bind a bargain.

A custom or police-officer stationed on the road to collect BlYANliiKA, Beng. (<llMWlfj, from P. ^^U, relation,

transit duties. and jiij, event) A report or recital of particulars.

68
 BA BA
BayAt, Byat, H. a. (?) Inauguration. The ceremony of Bdzdr or Bdjdr-phasffi, Karn. (CO <3^~q)(5'^iO'X) Tax
admitting a person as a .disciple. or toll on articles brought to market.

Biz, vernacularly, Baj, H. CP-J^, ^Hf) Again, back. Bdjdnvdrd, Mar. (^TsTR^T^) Market-place.

JBdz-dmad, H. (P. jb, again, and Jwit , what comes) Re- Bazaat, H. a. Agency, commission. See Bizddt.
turned, reported, resumed. Bazi, H. (a. t/i^jo) Some, several, miscellaneous. (In the
Bdz-dmad ahkdm, H. A (*l^t, orders) Return to the Hindu dialects it always becomes Bdji or Bdje, ^1»T^,
orders of the Court by the head criminal officer or ^).
Nazar. Bdzi- or Bdji-hdb, H. (A. t-jlj) Various or miscellaneous
Bdz-ddri, H. (P. (_j;ltJ, having) Relinquishment of a items. Head of a revenue account, comprehending various

claim of action, or vf ithdrawal of a suit. petty taxes and cesses. Also Bdzi-hdhat and Bdzi-dafd.
Bdz-giri, H. (P. jb, again, and grm, from
^o^/, to take) Bdzi- or Bdji-jamd, H. (A. j^ ) Miscellaneous revenue.
Taking back, resuming ; resumption of alienated revenue Aggregate of revenue derived from other sources than the

on lands. Mai and Sair or land revenue and customs and excise;
Bdz-ndma, also Bdz-i-ndma, H. P. (&«UjU ) A deed of as from fines for petty offences, fees, cesses, &c., most
relinquishment; one abandoning or renouncing a claim, of which are now abolished.

whether valid or not. Bdzi- or Bdji-kharch, H. (A. _^) Bdje-kharch, Mar.,

Bdz-ydft, H., &c., sometimes dialectically modified, as in Bdja-kharchu, Tel., also corruptly, BdzLcurtch or kurch.
\iri^a., Bdjidft ; or Bdj-ydfta, (from the P. jb, again, and Miscellaneous expenses. An item in revenue accounts for

(jjiju, to find, to obtain) Resuming, recovering ; espe- sundry charges not included in the fixed regular dis-

cially resumption, either wholly or in part, of alienated bursement. A deduction in revenue accounts formerly

lands, and again subjecting them to a revenue assessment allowed to Zamlndars to cover their claims to compen-

Money refunded when in excess of the authorised col- sation for expenses incurred in the collection of the re-

lection. Any escheat or lapsed property falling to the venue, the repair of roads and bridges, including some-

Government. thing additional by way of remuneration for their public

Bdz ydfti, H. (P. (.^'b' ^ finding) The article recovered services.

or resumed ; a grant of revenue, or a land-free tenure Bdzi-zamin or zumeen, H. (P.^^^-, land) Miscellaneous
resumed. lands : applied especially to La-kharaj lands, or lands

Bazar, H. (P. j\j\S) in the dialects which have not a z, exempted from assessment, and paying no revenue, or a

BiJAR, Hindi and Mar. (WT5in:), Ben. (TtetS), Tel. light quit-rent only, to the Government, held under different

(2J "SJ^OJ)^ &c. A market, a daily market. A market- tenures :

according to some authorities, not inclusive of
place. As opposed to a Bdzdr, a Hat is held only on Chakaran lands, or those held in lieu of pay for public

certain days ; a Ganj is where grain and the necessaries services.

of life are principally sold, and generally wholesale. Bdzi-zamin daftar, H. P. ijiiii) Before the permanent
Bdzdrs and JSdts are sometimes included in Oanjes. settlement, an office in Bengal for the investigation

Bdzd/r-batta, H. The market rate of exchange for dif- and registry of miscellaneous rent-free tenures.

ferent coins. Bazigar, H., or, in some dialects, BAJi(}AR,BAJEEGUR,(from

Bdzdr- or Bdjdr-baithah, blunderingly, Bazdr-heetick, H. P. jb, sport, play) A juggler, a tumbler; a low caste,

(S^J>^iJJ , ^<J«h, a place of sitting) A fee or tax for setting living by sleight of hand and bodily tricks.

up a shop or stall, or for trading at a Bazar. Bazik, a. {}Jjj\i) A kind of spirituous liquor made from
Bdjdr-chalan, Mar. (^T3TR^5«t) Current in the market, as grapes boiled down to about a third, whether before or

coin. after fermentation, prohibited by Mohammedan law.

Bdzdr-kharch, H. (P. ^y*-) Expenses incurred for mar- Bazzaz, H. (a. jIj) a cloth merchant, a draper.

ket purchases ; daily or domestic disbursements. BAzU, H. (j)jb) A document bearing the seal or signature

Bdzdr-nirakh, H. {P. ^jj Jijl)) Mar. C-flSTRftr^^) Mar- of a competent officer of the Mogul government authen-

ket rate of prices. Price-current. ticating a royal grant.

69
 BA BE
Sdzu-i-farmdn, H. A document giving effect to a royal outcasteS) or Chandllas, and live by the chase ; hunters,

grant. fowlers : they are considered in Mysore as coming origi-

Be, H. (p. ^) A particle prefixed to words to imply ab- nally from Telingana.

sence or privation ; as Be-hdh, H. P. Without arrears, Bedara-hallt,'Sjaxn. (zB^SSSbV) A village of Bedars,

paid up in full. or outcastes, living as hunters and fowlers.

Be-chhdpar, Ben. (i^'tS) Without a roof. Applied to Beddalu, Kam. (23oeU) Tax upon the straw of the dry

the site of a village on which no huts longer remain, grain, the whole of which is taken by the Ryots.

having been abandoned by the inhabitants. Bedda-sistu, Tel. (^$""^^0) Th^ summer crop.

Be-chirdgh. H. (P. (_jJ and p];^ . a lamp ; without a light) Bediga, Tel. (ISaX) Quit rent.

Ruined, deserted, desolate (as a village). BegIr, Begari, also Bigar, BigIri, corruptly, Beegah,
Be-ddhhil, H. (from Ji-O , entering) Dismissed, set aside, Beegarah, Bagarah, H. (.JSj^,, i^J^., from P. ^j,

not admitted ; also, ejected, dispossessed (of land). and^li, for j^ , who works, S. o|!K) A forced labourer,

Be-ddkhili, H. ( J^W, entering) Ejection, dispossession. one pressed to carry burthens for individuals or the

Be-ddwd, H. (from the A. iisy:J, a plaint) Relinquish- public. Under the old system, when pressed for public

ment of a claim or suit. service, no pay was given. The Begdri, though still

Be-ddwd-patra, H. A. S. An acquittance, a release, a paper liable to be pressed for public objects, now receives pay.

acknowledging the abandonment of a suit. Forced labour for private service is prohibited.

Be-jd, H. (P. L&. , a place) Improper, out of place, unsea- Begdri, H. Ben. iijj^, (S^'tfft) The act of pressing

sonable. labourers or servants. In Mar., Bigdr or Begdr (f'PIK,

Be-jd-kurM, H. i^^jS, distraint) Elegal distraint, a suit W^n^) is the forced labour, Bigdri or Begdri (f^nTtt,
for replevin. %mT!t) the labourer. In Kamata, Begdri (0?"7rS8) is

Be-kdr, H. (P.^l^ , business) Unemployed, without work. the performance of the lowest village offices without pay,

Behdri, H. (P. ^eJ^^) An unemployed labourer. Incorrectly but requited by fees in grain, or rent-free land.
confounded with Begdri, q. v. Behaha, Ben. («?^tl1, S. ^ra^K: ) A domestic servant, '
a

Be-hamr or Be-tahsir, H. iA.jya»,jXcisI) Without blame, bearer,' a palanquin-bearer.

innocent, acquitted. Behda, pronounceable BehrA, also Behara and BehekA,

Be-ndmi, H. P. (from Jj, a name) Nameless, fictitious, incorrectly Bahera, Mar. (^^, ^^) A document

fi-audulent; as a purchase under a false name, or land under the Mahratta Government, shewing the amount of

held in another name than that of the real proprietor. all the fixed receipts and disbursements of the state, all

Be-wdris, H. (A. <.iJ;lj, an heir) Bewdrad, Mar. (^sfK^H) establishments, grants, and endowments, and all particular

Without heirs ; lands, property, &c. transactions during the past year. It formed the basis of

Bewdris-mdl, H. A, Property that escheats to the Govern- the collections of the ensuing year. A budget. A statement
ment in default of heirs. of ways and means.

(There are many other such compounds, as they may be BehjAb, (?) Cultivation of barley and grain mixed.

formed at pleasure.) Doab.

Beb, H. Q,^,,\X)) a grass from which a twine is made ; also Behnaur or Behan, H. ij^*-^,, {j^^ Nursery for rice

called Babae. plants. (Eastern Oudh.)

Bebabtta, Beburttu, Uriya. Head officer of a tributary BehbA, H. (]rt:W) Grass kept for pasturage.

Raja. Behri, Behree, incorrectly, Bheri, Bheree, Behry, Bihri,

Beda or Bera, Hindi (%3T) Ben. (i^^from S. ViW^O A H. i;_gjJifXi, P. Ifyi.a. share, a quota) A proportionate rate
fence or hedge, an inclosure. or subscription : assessment on a share : instalments paid

Bedi or Behi, Ben. (f^vft) A fetter. by under-tenants to the landlord : distribution of an ag-

Beda, Bedanu, plur. Bedaru, whence commonly Beder or gregate sum among a number of individuals, or a monthly

Vedar, Kam. (^?^, jS^^rCi), i>^&6j) The name collection from them according to circumstances. A sub-

of a caste, or of members of it, who are considered as division of a Pattiddri or Bhayachdri estate, being an

70
 BE BE
unequal fractional part of a Thok ; that is, a Thdk of and swearing by them. An agreement or promise satisfied

three Biswas may be divided into three Behris ; one by this oath.

contammg two Biswas, one -^ths, and one "jth of a Biswa. BelA, also Behla, H. (P. Bila, JUj, J^jy) Mar. Belen,
The share or interest of one of the coparceners in such (%q5) Money, or a bag of money, carried by a person of
estate. Beng. Reg. vii. 1822, s. 12. rank and wealth as he travels, for the purpose of dis-

Behri-bandi, corruptly, Bhery-hundy, Bery-iundy, or tributing or throwing among the poor.

Behry-hundy, H. (u?'i>J^J <-Sj*(iA) One of the items for- Beld-harddr, H. (P. .lt)^_) An officer who distributes or

merly allowed in the revenue accounts as abatements of scatters money among the poor on the part of a superior, a

the collection. An allowance for keeping causeways and purse-bearer, an almoner.

embankments in repair, also for digging and repairing Beld-kharch, H. Expenditure of a man of rank or wealth

wells and other public works, the charge of which was in almsgiving.

borne in common by the Zamindars of a district, in pro- Belasu, Belavi, Bele, &c., Kam. (^^<'^, jS^^, §>'§,

portion to their estates. and other deriv. from Oy, to grow) Growing corn, a

Behri-har&r, H. ij[A, tax) Collection on shares of the standing crop.

revenue in kind. Belasdda-hola, Kam. (i)^7^cS'€oJS>e}') a field of grown

Behri-dar, corruptly, Beyrydar, H. (P. ili>, who has) com.

The holder of a share in the lands of a village. One Belbuta, H. (iXJjjIaj) a bush.
bearing his quota in the assessment and charges. Bele, Karn. (^^y) One-eighth of a rupee; also split

Bejhaba, Bbjhura, H. (!,ysjj) A mixed crop, generally pulse.

of rice and barley. Belha, or Beylha, Thug. The person who selects the

Bejot, H. (p. t4, without, and H. cy^, tillage) Untilled, spot where the murder is to be committed.

as land : applied also to a Ryot who has ceased to cul- Belhdi, Thug. Selection of the spot where travellers are

tivate, and has thrown up his land. to be strangled.

Bejot-jamd, H. (A. j-/*?-) A statement in the public ac- Belki, Belkee, H. (jJjjj) A cattle-breeder, a grazier.

count of the revenue leviable on the land lefl untilled. Bella, Kam. (^^) A coarse kind of sugar, commonly
Bejot-zamin, H. (A. (jJ-*;) Land abandoned or untilled, called Jagari.

as registered in the village accounts. Bella-dale, Kam. (J^^^^^) A sugar-mill or press,

Bejwar or BijWAR, H. (^Lsjj, from Bij, J^, seed) Per- sugar-baking.

quisite of the lower classes, consisting of a portion Bella-dagdna, Kam. (O^^^ a c)£3) a coarse sugar-

of the seed-corn brought away daily from the fields. mill.

(Rohilkhand.) BELVi^A, Karn. (23y^) A man whose business it is to gather

BELorBiL, H. (P. (Jjj) A sort of spade or hoe, a pick-axe. the juice of the Tal tree, speaking MaJayalim, though

Belcha, or Belchak, or Belak, Belchu, Belchuk, Beluk, settled in Mysore.

(kiWyj, %^H, CiAs^) A small spade or hoe. Belwal, Mar. (?) High land.
Beldar, or Bilddr, H. (^IjJiJj) A digger, a delver, one Benap, Hindi (^TI, from P. J,, without, and S. Mn,
who works with a Bel, a pick-axe, or a spade ; a pioneer, measuring, corruptly changing m to w) Unmeasured,
a sapper, a miner. unsurveyed.
Bel, H. ((J^^) S. r<4<f=l) A creeping plant, a sort of jasmine. Bendp-ka-pattd, Hindi (^tTR '^ ^1^) A lease in which

A fruit-tree {JEgle marmelos). A spot on which the re- it is agreed between the renter and the cultivator that the
ceiving-pans of a sugar-factory are placed. A line marked original measurement and average rates shall remain
out on a road, or in a garden, to shew the direction of unaltered as long as the cultivator pays the stipulated
any proposed work. rent.

Belrbhanda/r, corruptly, Belhundar, Mar. ( ^(^HiijlO The Benaudha, H. (l»i>»Ajj) A name commonly given to the

leaves of the Bel tree and turmeric placed upon an idol. country between Allahabad and the further side of the
A form of oath. Taking such leaves from off the idol, Sarju river, also called Ben^wat.
71
 BE BE
Bende, Kam. (Ooo) A. kind of hemp made from the inhabiting the hills and thickets, and subsisting by the

fibres of the Hibiscus esculentus. chase, and by plunder. They are sometimes employed in

Bengat, Bengut, H. ( uS^X^JJ, ^HK) Seed : especially police duties, and in garrisoning forts, and are also

when lent for sowing to an indigent Ryot, who is to called Sdmosi.

repay the same at harvest, with such addition as may be Beragadu, Tel. (lS6l^&) A purchaser.

agreed upon. — Benares. Bebajee-ka patta, Hindi, (^5ft^ ^) A lease of cer-

Bent, H. o<JUj, '4z) The handle of a hoe, axe, or si- tain rates to be paid by the Ryot for ploughing the soil,

milar implement. Pronounced Bit in Rohilkhand, and levied upon the crop raised by actual measurement. The
BiNTA in Dehli. amount paid is never to be less than that of the preceding

Bentagam, Tam. (possibly an error for Bandagam, q. v.) year, and increases with additional cultivation, according
Mortgaged plough-land. (Travancore.) to the usual rates (Puraniya). (The word is of doubtful

Beohah, H., &c. (jlaijJJ, ^"VfTC, S. ^m^rc) BehIba, origin, and may be a corruption ofBerij, q. v. ; or of

Kam (tJ°5o3o) Business, calling, trade, traffic, money- the P. be, without, and rdz;t, assent.)

lending. A loan. In law,' legal proceedings. At Jabalpur, Bebamu, Tel, ("S^XiD) Traffic, trade, a bargain.

a Kdnungo. BerIb, H. (j]jii) In Baitul and the Dakhin the same as

Beohara, Beohdrd, Beohdriyd, and less correctly, Bahord, the Kdnungo of Hindustan, the village registrar and

H., &c. CiJbjJ^,

J;^^;»
Ij;^^. =l^*,l. %^?n, S. accountant.

«<l^^ l O , 'Ji'j^ t PLdi ,)Behdri, Kam. (Q?So38) A Beeha, H. (^ji>, S. ^^) A paling, an inclosure. Berh-
trader, a man of business, a merchant, a money-lender, NA, (\it)jM, from the same S. root, ^?, to surround)

a creditor. A litigant, one who engages, or may engage, means also to drive ofi" cattle by force, to foray.

in legal proceedings. Bebi, Bebee, H. itj}^, %ft, from S. ^, to surround)

Bepar, H. (jUaj, ^mr:, S. aniKt) Trade, traffic. BiBi, or BERf, Mar. (f«rrt, ^) Iron fetters, or a chain

Bepdri, H., Ben., Mar., also pronounced Baipdri or for man or animals. A sort of basket with two ropes, by

Byopdri, and written ^ay^aree, Beopdree, &c. (.ij;j\jM, which water is thrown up from a pond or well to a

j_j;L)yo, a'ttSt, ^tlft, ^xntt, S. ^TJK't) A trader, a higher elevation, when it irrigates a garden or field.

dealer, a shopkeeper, a travelling trader or pedlar. A Bebi, Tel. ("^36) The name of a caste in the south of

merchant, a grain merchant. India, following trade, and claiming to belong to the

Ber, Mar. (."sn.) Second or transverse ploughing of a field. original Vaisya caste. They also call themselves Chitti,

B6ra, Kam. (?3"o) Trade, merchandise. or, more correctly, Sheti, from the S. Sreshthi, a mer-

Beba, H. OjM ) A raft, a float, especially one on which a chant ; but, as belonging to the left-hand castes, they are

sort of paper and tinsel boat, with the face of a female distinct from the Komatis or Chittis of the right-hand

and crest and breast of a peacock at the prow, is set afloat division.

by the Mohammadans on the rivers of Bengal, with Berij, also written Barij, and Beeiz, or Bariz, Mar.
lights and music, in honour of Khaja KMzr, on the (^51) Beriju, Tel. (1362=^) Kam. i^^^^S^) all

evenings of the Thursdays, especially of the last Thursday, from the P. ^, an account) The total sum or

of Bhddon (Aug. — Sept.). Opulent persons amuse them- aggregate of an account. The total amount of a revenue
selves with being rowed up and down the river during assessment, the same as Jamd ; the total assessment of a

part of the night in illuminated boats, having musicians district. The items of the assessment on a Zaminddri,

and singers on board. The Berd is usually presented usually inserted, in former times, in the middle of the

in consequence of a vow made during the previous year, grant, and thence identified with that par't of the document

in acknowledgment of some benefit, as the birth of a child, in which the entry was made, or 'the middle' of the

supposed to have been obtained through the intercession paper; also the nett revenue assessment, after allowing

of the saint. for village and other fixed charges. In Kam4ta the

Bebad, Mar. (^t:'3) A low tribe in the South Maratha country, original Bidnur assessment was termed the Shist; the

72
 BE BE
additions made by Hyder and Tipu, the Shdmil. The fifth Report, and so copied into the Glossary, Bedrh-
two together constituted the Karim (? Kadim) Berij, cundy.)

or old or original assessment. The assessment of 1819-20 Beth, H. ii>^i} Sandy, unproductive soil. (Rohilkhand.)

is termed the Tarao Berij .• the Sdswata (S. perpetual) BETHii., Uriya(GQ021|) An impressed labourer, a Begdri.
Berij is the permanent settlement. The term is more Betta, or Bett, Karn. (^H) High land, a hill, a

usually employed in the south than in the north of India mountain. The third and worst kind of land for rice,

to express the sense of a settlement of the Revenue. situated on high ground, and imperfectly irrigated, yield-

In Hindustan it more commonly referred to the entry of ing but one crop a-year ; also called Boku-bett.
the Jama in the Zaminddri grant. Bewara, Mar. ('^^TO) Discharge of business, settlement
BesIta, more correctly, VyavasIya, Kam. (OtcJcJCOD^ of a debt, &c. See Beohdr.

from S. '^<4^m) Cultivation, agriculture, farming. BhAbar, Bhabuh, H. (.J^,) The forest under the Sewalik

Besdyadava, Kam. (w^FTOOODcSi^) a. farmer, a culti- hills. The name of a light black soil in the neighbour-

vator. hood of Baitul.

Besdyaddbhumi, Kam. (0"rJ3o!x)oS^jJ~'^ Land under Bhabhut, H. (c^j^, S. f^JjfrT) The ashes of burnt cow-

tillage. dung, with which mendicants, of the Saiva orders chiefly,

Beshi, H. (P. i^*ii) Increase, surplus. Increased assess- besmear their bodies.
ment, either on the general account, or any particular item BhIchI, also Bhachru, Mar. (»TT^, »»T^^) A nephew :

of the revenue ; as corrupted, Beeshy and Beeshy- Bhachi, (HT^) a niece : the son or daughter of a man's

mamooli occur to express the additional duty formerly sister, of a woman's brother or sister, or of a husband's

levied on the cultivator of opium. sister.

Beshi-jamd, H. (A. j^»^) Increase of revenue or assess- Bhdchejd'^mdi, Mar. (*n^5r|i=ll|.) The husband of such a
ment upon that of the preceding year. niece.

Beshi-zamin, H. (A. ijJ^J ) Increase in the lands cultivated, Bkdchesun, Mar. (m^wq) The wife of such a nephew.

either by addition, or by more accurate measurement. BhadA, Bhuda, H. (U.^,) A kind of grass growing in a
Separate columns are kept for this and the preceding in poor soil to the height of little more than a foot, making
the books of the village. excellent fodder.

Best A, Tel. Kam. (^^) The name of the caste of fisher- BhadIhar, Bhudahub, H. (^U^j, H^?^) Cutting grain

men in the Madras and Mysore provinces, to which the when it is only half ripe.

palankeen-bearers usually belong. Bhadai, Bhuduyee, H. (tiii>^^, ^^) The produce of the

Bestarava, Bestaru, Kam. (Q fO^ oS, plur. Q'0„Q->) The month Bhadon ; the grain, &c., gathered in that month
name of a caste in Mysore, comprising fishermen, lime- Aug. — Sept.

burners, and palankeen-bearers. (Probably the same as Bhadahia, Bhudureea, H. (IjjiX^, »R:rNtT) A tribe of

the preceding Telugu word.) mendicants of Brahmanical descent, professors of astrology.

Beta, H. &c. (Uw) A son, Beti ((^jJ^w) A daughter. (Probably from Bhadra, S., auspiciousness.)

Be-tan-mal, H. (p. (J, without, ^^, tan, a body or person, BhADAURiAjBhADOURIA, COrruptly,BHUDOREA, H. (\jjjii^,

and Tndl, JU, property) An escheat, property devolving JT^^^T) a branch of the Chauhan Rajputs, residing

to the State in default of legal claimants. (This has chiefly in the provinces of Agra and Etawa, and in other
evidently been confounded with Bait ul-mdl, q. v., which places along the Jumna, whence the tract is termed

has thence been incorrectly interpreted an escheat. Bhadawar. The Raja of the district pretends to be de-

Bet- or Betra-bandi, H. (c:,^, i_gX\ijlM, from S. vetra, scended from an ancient family, the members of which
g^, a cane or willow) APargana or Zamindari charge for- enjoyed high consideration at the court of Delhi from

merly allowed to be set off from the assessment as being in- the reign of Akbar, and his pretensions are admitted by
curred for mats or wicker work in which goods or treasure the surrounding Rajas, who yield him precedence, and
were packed for transmission to the Subaddr of the accept from him the Tilaka or frontal mark on their

province, or to the court of Dehli. (Misprinted in the accession.

73 u
 BH BH
BhadbhadanI, Bhudbhudana, H. (Ijlj>^^i\^, H^)T?TTfT) Bhdg-jot, Ben. («1ti^tP) Cultivation by the Ryot on
Cutting grain when half ripe. Stealing fruit from a tree. the terms of sharing the crop with the Zamindar.

Bhade, Mar. (htI) BhIdI, or BharA, Ben. QS^) Bhdg-hhamdr, Ben. (^Tf^dXt^) The transfer of land,

BhItak, Karn. (O d)ejo) Hire, rent, price, recompence. held on the condition last named, from one Ryot to

Bhddatakiyd, Ben. («I>»«^<)1) A renter, a tenant. another Ryot, the latter engaging to give to the former a

Bhddehari, Mar. (W^cifTfl) One who lets out any thing half share of the produce.

for rent or hire, one who works for hire, a hireling. Bhdgmdr, H. (^IjSl^, HTT^n;) Held upon a joint or

Bhadon, corruptly, Baudoon, H. (jj^jI^, W^', S. HfjO sharing tenure (land, &c.)

The fifth month of the luni-solar year (Aug. — Sept.). Bhagat, H. (ci^^^j corruption o{ Bhaki) A religious

Shddonwi, or Bhddui, corruptly, Bhddovey, Hindi,(HT^l%1', mendicant, a worshipper of Vishnu.

WH^) Bhddavi, Mar. (HTc[^) Relating to the month BhIgnab, H. (jiii^i, ^^Tt^T.) A name given to the rich

Bhddon, or the harvest gathered in Aug. — Sept. : autumnal. alluvial lands under the banks of the JumnL
BhIdra, S., &c. (iTI'j) The fifth month of the luni-solar Bhagta, H. ( U^) A tribe of Ahirs.

year (Aug. — Sept.) BhAi, Bhaee, also Bhaiya, less correctly, Bhaya and

BhIdhabau, Ben. («t5^) A younger brother's wife. Bhye, H., &c. iiJ^, ^, >n|, ^, S. HTH) Ben.

Bhag, BhIgam, corruptly, Baug, Baugaum, Baugom, («t^) A brother, a natural brother ; also, a friend and

H., but in most other dialects also, ii£j[^, S. HPl) A companion ; metaphorically, a brother. It is especially

share, a part, a portion, a share in kind : tax, duty, the applied also to individuals connected by community of

share of the Government. Share or portion of inheritance. origin and joint interest in a common ancestral property,

In Hindu law, partition may be regulated amongst the proprietors of shares, either actually or conventionally,

sons according to the number of their mothers, or the in the same village lands. (The derivatives and compounds
wives of the deceased, which is termed Patni hhdga may follow either form of the primitive, but those which

but this is allowable only where the usage has been long take the second form, Bhaiyd or Bhaya, are most frequent.

established as the custom of the family. The more regular Bhdi-ans, Bhaiydns, H. (j^^l t,?^, ^^^T, from ^51, a
distribution is according to the number of sons (.yutra), share) The share or portion of a brother or a co-parcener.

thence denominated Putra-hhdga. See Vibhdga. Bhaiydnsi-bighd, H. (Slf^fW^) An arbitrary measure

Bhag-latdi corruptly, Bhugmuttee, H. (us'^ f^^' of land, used by the brotherhood of a co-parcenary village,

HPT^TTJ^) Apportionment of shares of the crop in kind for apportioning the revenue upon the lands they cultivate.

between the cultivator and the Government. It is larger than that in common use upon which the

Bhdg-batti (?) Bhdgavati, (from S. Bhdga, share, and- revenue is assessed at so much per Bigha.

the possessive particle vati, belonging to, or possessed Bhdi-band, Bhaee-hund, H. (Aaj j_?l^) A brother, one

of). In Guzerat, division of the crop in kind, the by lineal affinity, or one by community of origin and

Government taking one-half of the crop in the rainy interest, or only by friendship and association.

season, and from one-third to one-fifth of that in the dry Bhdi-bandi, H. (t^*^ u?^, »ITt5^t) Brotherhood, fra-

season, if the land be irrigated; (probably an error for ternity, actual or incidental.

the preceding). Bkdi-hat, Bhaeebut, or BhdAwad, Bhaeewud, or Bhybut,

Bhdgddr, corruptly, Baugdar, H. (^IaSIjj, HTII^r) Bhymud, H. (ci^JJ^j 'Tlt,^' fr°™ ^"^ of '>^<^ ^^^

Bhdgiddr, Guz. (<Hl^U? R) A sharer, a partner implying like to) As a brother or co-parcener, brother, or

also, in Cuttack, an accomplice. partner-like (acting, engaging, sharing, &c.)

Bhdgddri, H. (j_f;lji^J, HTT^'i) Holding a share; the BhdAbau, Ben. (>5t^OT) A brother's wife.

same as Pattiddri, in the Dakhin. Bhaiyd-bdnt, H. ( H^IKTj) Held in common, as a village.

Bhdgi, H. (httI') A sharer, a partner ; also, a share, a See the next.

portion. Bhaiydchdrd, or Bhaiydchdri, less correctly, Bhayachdra,

Bhdgi-ddr, Mar. (>nn^T:) A sharer, a partner. It also &c., H. (];L5.lj^, t_j;U-U^, HUT^KT, ^^n^rft, either

occurs Bhdgil and BhdgelL from the S. chara, ^Ti going, or dchdra, institute, fra-

74:
 BH BH
ternal establishment) Lands, or villages, or certain rights Bhajawal, Mar. (>?T»n^) Burning the weeds off the

and privileges held in common property, either entirely or in ground before sowing the Seed. Ground so burned.

part, as in the perfect, or imperfect Pattidari tenure by a BhIjidast, Mar. (from «T»ft, vegetables, and P. dost,

number of families forming a brotherhood, originally perhaps (j:.*v*it>, the hand) A tax levied in kind, either by the
descended from a common ancestor, but now not always con- Government or the village officers, on fruit and vegetables
nected by sameness of descent Their several claims and lia- brought to market.

bilities are sometimes regulated by established custom, but BhIkak, Mar. (hIoIi^) A plain cake of bread ; most
they sometimes rest upon ancestral rights, the nature and usually applied to bread made from inferior grains, as

extent of which are not always easy of determination and ad- holcus, millet, &c.

justment, and require careful investigation. In all such Bhaksi, H. (j^h*C^, «o|r^) A dungeon, a chamber in

fraternities the Government revenue is most usually which revenue defaulters in native states are confined.

paid through one of the number representijig the whole. Bhakshya, S. («^:) Eatable, what may be legally eaten;

Any one of the co-parceners may let or mortgage his in opposition to Ahhakshya, what is not to be eaten,

share to a non-proprietor ; in some places, subject to the what is prohibited.

concurrence of the rest of the fraternity. In such case, Bhakt, Bhukt, also read Bhakat, Bhakta, and Bhagat,
the original shareholder may retain his privileges of ad- H. (u:,Xy, S. bhakta, H^O A follower, a worshipper,

ministering and voting, in regard to the interests of the one devoted to, as to a divinity, as Siva-bhaht, a follower

community, as well as his share in the manorial rights of Siva ; Vishnu-bhakt, an adorer of Vishnu.

of the whole to waste lands, water-courses and reservoirs, Bhdkta, S. (deriv. of *ra«;) A follower, a dependant, a

ground-rents on land let to strangers, taxes on trades, pensioner, a religious sect or school, as those of Saivas,

fees on occasional fairs, and a variety of other emolu- or of Vaishnavas. The right-hand worshippers of Sahti

ments which are shared in common. are also called Bhdktas.

Bhdi-Msd, H. (from the P. lUio-, a part) The shares of BhaktijS. (>»f^:) Faith, devotion, service, hire of labour.

a brotherhood. Bhal, H. (>?T^) A tribe of Rajputs, proprietors of lands

Bhdijhi, Ben. (vsTf^) A brother's daughter. in the districts of Bulandshahar and Aligarh.

Bhdi- or Bhaiyd-jamd, H. (w^- S^jIHT) A fee paid to Bhdlmltdn, H. (^^IJiLalLj) A clan of Rajputs, same as

the head or heads of the vUlage on settling the assess- the Bhal, but freer from intermixture.

ment of the revenue. BhalAvtan, Bhulawun, Mar. (»»^T^5l) A letter of credit,

Bhdi, or Bhaiyd-pansi, H. i^^^ <-/^> ^^' ^'H'iwt) one of introduction or recommendation.

The shares of a co-parcenary or brotherhood. Bhale, or BhAlu, Thug. The cry of the jackall-^an un-

Bhdi-dwitiyd, H., &c. (from the S. »nHf^'?T) A Hindu lucky omen.

festival. See Bhrdtri-dmitiyd. BhamatyI, or BhanwatyA, Mar. (HTiaep, HT^^) A sly

Bhdi-phot, Ben. («I^4<pH») Marking the foreheads of thief, a pickpocket, a shoplifter, &c.

brothers with sandal, on the preceding festival. BhAnd, commonly pronounced Bkdnr, H. (W?^, from the

Bhdi-pud, Uriya, (Qip^) Lit., A brother's son, applied to S. trr^: , buffoonery) A native actor, mime, and jester,

a relation holding lands in a village on easier terms than of a particular tribe, now usually Mohammadans, but
others not related to the Zamindar, on paying a pro- sprung from the Hindu Bahrupiyas.

portion of tlie revenue and village charges. Bhand, H., &c. (S. i^l\i>, Hn!3) A vessel. Stock, capital.

Bhaimi, S. (§»ft, from Bhima, vfttO The eleventh of Bhanddr, or Bhdnddr, or Bhanddra, also Bhdnddr-
Magha, on which day offerings are presented to the manes, hhdna, H., Mar. («?^t. >n?BTt, *nBTtT, from the S.

in honour of Bhima. HHfilHTO) Banddra, or Bhanddra, Karn. (£DoQ So,

Bhais, Thug. One of the seven original clans. epo Q <3o) A treasury, a store, a room where house-

Bhaita, Hin. (§in) A stunted crop. hold supplies are kept. Villages managed by the Raja or

Bhajanappuea, Mai. (s^COg^rD) The palace of the Elia Zamindar himself, his own peculiar estate, not rented or

Raja of Travancore. A private residence in atemple. farmed to others. In Cuttack, also, a reservoir.

75
 BH BH
Bhdnddri, H., Mar. (HHJilcl) A treasury, a store. See (^G.|J, >Wt) The name of a low caste, employed as

the last. In Guzerat, a kind of guarantee-assurance to a sweepers, and in the most inferior menial offices. They are

creditor that a loan made by him shall be repaid by the said to be of mixed origin, having sprung from the union of

borrower, without the surety's becoming personally liable. a Brahman woman and a Sudra man. They extend through-

Also, guarantee or assurance to any person of the un- out Hindustan, where they are known by different appel-

disturbed enjoyment of recognised office or property, lations, as Mehtar, Haldl-khor, &c. They profess to be

granted on many occasions by the British Government to Hindus, observing some Hindu usages, but in others they

the creditors and officers of the Gaikwar. follow the practices of the Mohammadans, and can

Bhdnddri, H., Mar., &c. (from Bhanddra) A treasurer, scarcely be considered as members of either faith. The

a storekeeper. In Sylhet, a servant, an out-door servant. name is probably derived from Bhang, for the Bhangis

In other parts of Bengal, a steward. In Cuttack, also, a are generally addicted to the use of intoxicating drugs

barber. and liquors.

BhanbIeA, Bhundara, Mar. (hSTO) A feast given to a Bhanga, Uriya, (QS|°|) Correct weighment of salt

number of religious mendicants or Gosains. (Perhaps the Bhangd-moharir, Uriya, (A. a clerk, jjs") An officer

same as Bandha/rOj q. v.) who superintends the weighment of salt

BhandIri, Bhundarbe, Mar. (iTTRft) A man of a low Bhanguni, Tel. (?) Settlement of a dispute among Ryots

caste, whose especial employment it is to draw the sap by arbitration. (Ganjam.)

from the cocoa-nut tree, and convert it, by fermentation, Bhangtiria, H. (hj^X^) A branch of the Gaur-taga

into a strong spirituous liquor. tribe in Bulandshahar.

BharidAr-mdr, Mar. (WSKHTS) A cocoa-nut tree reserved Bhanja, H. Csf'\i, «T*n, S. vj^, to divide) An arrange-

for the preparation of spirit, and not allowed to bear ment by which three or four Ryots engage to assist each

fruit. other in turn, either in preparing the crop or getting in

Bhang, BhIng, Bhung, Bhang, corruptly. Bang, H. the harvest When it is the turn, or Bhanja, of the one

(if.^. <^^., P- liXw, lang) Mar. {M, HTT) to be assisted, the others contribute ploughs, bullocks,

Ben. (^"Jt) Tam. (l—Jf^s) &c. An intoxicating pre- and labourers.

paration of hemp {.Cannabis sativa), either an infusion Bhans, Mar. (hto) Heap of husks and grains of rice pro-

of the leaves and capsules, or the leaves and stalks duced from grinding in order to husk.

bruised and pounded, and chewed or smoked like Bhdnsal, Mar. (»TiTia5) Husked rice.

tobacco. According to Mr. EUiot, the natives of Hin- Bhansara, H. (y*jJL(^) A branch of the Ahir tribe.

dustan distinguish the Bhang from the Ganja plant ; the Bhans-lena, Thug. • To defraud one another in the par-

former bearing female flowers only, the latter male. tition of the spoil.

Prom Dr. O'Shaughnessy's description, the term Bhang BHANTi., Bhunta, H. (iltXi^, >iZ\) A ploughman's wages

properly applies to the larger leaves and capsules, and in kind. (Rohilkhand. Elsewhere the word is Bhatta.)

Ganja to the dried plant with the stalks. From the Bhang Bhanwag, Bhunwug, H. (.idfjj^) A small clan of

is prepared the infiision bearing the same name. The Rajputs.

Ganja is used for smoking. —Bengal Dispensatory. BhAo, Ben. («t«) Mar. (ht^) Price of any thing,

Bhangi, H. (-ifi^.i *Tift) One addicted to the use of value of an article, market price or rate ; interest on

Bhang. money or seed advanced.

Bhdngrd, H. (j/^ljJ , Ht»ttt) One who is addicted to the Bhaoli, Bhaolee, or Bhavali, corruptly, Bhowley, Bha-
use of Bhang. WELEY, Behavilley, H. (^j^J, HIW^) Distri-

Bhdngera, H. (m^L^j, *?1jiTT) A seller of Bhang. bution of the products of the harvest, in previously

Bhangela, H. (JbXi.^) Hempen cloth for wear, or for stipulated proportions between the landlord and tenant.
sacks, also sacks made of it Rent paid in kind, instead of money. It is also possibly

Bhanga, Mar. (Hhn) A field, a division of a field. the correct form of Baoli, q. v.

Bhangi, Bhungeb, corruptly, Bangy, or Bahangy, H. Bhdoli-khil, H. iijj^ (_^J^^ Land recently brought

76
 BH BH
into cultivation, and of which the cultivator is allowed a Bhdri, H. (t^l^) Heavy, weighty, a load.

larger share of the produce. BharI, Mar. ( HTO) A bundle of grass, a sheaf of corn.

Bhdoli-pd, H., corruptly, Bhowley-pah, (b ^j^«j) Land Bhdrebhdt, Mar. (vrT^HTK) Threshed rice, usually yielding

long' cultivated, in which the proportional share of the half a maund per hhdrd, or bundle.

cultivator is less than in land of recent cultivation. BhAra, (?) A charge made to the Ryot who pays his rent

Bhar, Bhue, H. (j^, S. «^) Full, complete (used chiefly in kind for the carriage of the grain to the place where
in composition). it is sold. (This may be derived from Bhdr, a load, or

Bhar-kas, Mar. (?) Land paying full rent. iDakhin.) from Bhdrd, hire ; in the latter case it should be written

Bharpdi, or paee, H. (l?^_/V.^ ^^^- (*^'^) -A- release with the hard r, (lj\^.)

in full endorsed on the back of a receipt (being properly Bhara, Thug. The dead bodies of the victims (Dakhini).

the two last words of the phrase, main ne kauri bhar- Bharahar, Thug. A pitcher full of water. A lucky omen.

pdi, the kauris have been received in fiill by me). Bharai, corruptly, Bhurrye, Bhdray, Burry, H. (ti/v^,

Bharwaml, Mar. (»?t^^;^, from A. Jj^j) Full revenue *IT^) An allowance formerly made to the Government
received. revenue officers in the provinces of Bareilly and Benares, to

Bharwasuli, Mar. (hmHqSD A village, &c., from which cover the cost of remitting the collections to the Government

full revenue is realized. treasury, and of exchanging the different sorts of rupees

Bhar, Bhuh, H. (j^) One of the aboriginal races of received in payment into standard currency. A cess or

Hindustan, called also Rdjhhar, Bharat, and Bhar- tax raised on pretext of providing for such deductions and

patroa. Tradition assigns for their original seat the whole allowances, which was originally divided between the

country from Gorakhpur to Bundelkhand, and the Pargana Raja and the Amil. Bharai was finally abolished by
of Bhadoi', properly Bhar-dm, in Benares, is named from Reg. xiv. 1807, cl. 14.

them. Many old stone forts, embankments, and excava- Bharaki, Thug. A gun.

tions in Gorakhpur, Azimgarh, Jonpur, Mirzapur, and Bharan, Bharana, or Bharna, H., Mar., &c. (jj^, S.

Allahabad, are ascribed to them. Amongst others, the H^lir) Completing, filling, rearing. Paying in full. (In

celebrated fortress of Vijayagarh, or Bijaygarh, is still the south) A row of betel-nut trees.

called, after them, a Bhardwati fort. When met with Bharana, Uriya, (QQ£1) A measure of rice in the husk,

they are found following the meanest vocations. They equal to eighty gaunis.

are especially swineherds ; and are considered as knowing Bharantu-dibba, Tel, (^OOeSOOg) a platform or mound
where treasure is hidden. In the hills eastward of Mir- on which a salt-heap is raised. (From hharantu, a floor,

zapur there are some Bhar Rajas. The name may be and dibba, a heap.)
possibly an abbreviation oi Bhdrata, a native oi Bhdrata Bharat, Bhurut, also pronounced Bi-iarit and Barat,

or India ; especially as it is retained unaltered as one of H. (.CUjjfj) Amount of rent paid by an individual, or a

their synonymes. party (Dehli).

Bhara, H. (SJ^,, >TT5T) Ben. (\»fSl) Mar. Bhdren, (vtji) Bharata, Guz. (fH^ft) Measurement. An account opened

Hire, wages, rent, recompense. In Bengal it is especially by the debtor in his own handwriting in his creditor's book.

the hire of any inanimate thing, and therefore does not BHARAT,corruptly,BHAROTE, Guz. ('Hl^<1.) Abard. SeeBhdt
imply wages. Bharata, or Bharata- varsha, S. (hTOT, H^^t) India;

Bharatiya, Ben. (^ivbir^nl) A tenant, a renter. the country or kingdom of Bharata, the son ofDushyanta.

Bhdrekari, Mar. (vntgtT?^) One who lets out houses, Bharauna, H. (Uj_J^) a load of wool.
One who A labourer, a hireling. (^jjifj) A
cattle, &c. hires them. Bharauti, H. release in full.

Bhdrentoren, Mar. (HTSrffs) A loose term for rent, hire, Bhar-bhunja, Bhur-bhoonja, corruptly, Bhadbhooja,
fare, &c. BuRBOONJA, H. {[cfy^j-ifj, from S. W^, a frying-pan,

Bhah, or Bhara, H. &c. (j[^ ,

j^l^_ , S. >nt, P. jlj) A and W^oF, who fries) Mar. («ra«»IT) also Bhujari, or

load, a burthen. A rupee weight. A weight of gold equal Bhunjari (W'lR'f, ii'IRt) Grain-parcher or fryer.

to twenty tolas. The name of a caste employed in parching and frying

77 X
 BH BH
different sorts of grain, pulse, &c. They are said to spring lord, or against the State, committing robbery and de-

from a Kahar father and Sudra mother, and pretend to predation on the country, and assuming the character of

be distinguished into seven tribes, which do not inter- an outlaw. (Captain M°Murdo, Bombay Trans, i. 271,

marry. There is also a tribe of Kayeths distinct from derives it from Bhar, out, and mut, country ; but in that

these, who follow the same business. case it would more correctly be Bdhermatania ; for the

Bhare, H. ii^j./fi) A kind of grass growing to the height words in Guz., as in other dialects, are Bdhar or Baker,

of about nine feet, and used for thatching and making from the S. bahir, out, and watan, from the Arabic,
screens. country. Perhaps the aspirate is altogether incorrect, and

Bharekahi, Mar. (»?^o(\'<!i) A travelling cloth merchant, the word should be Barwatia, q. v.)

who buys it from the manufacturer, and retails it to the BhIryA, pronounced also BharjA, H., Ben., &c. (S. JTpSt)

shopkeepers. also Bhaj, Mar. (hT3I) A wife, one wedded according

Bhargat, Bhurgut, Mar. ( HT.mi, from S. »TT, full, and ifcT, to the ritual of the Vedas. It sometimes denotes a second

condition) Full complement of any thing, load, lading, or inferior wife, as distinct from the Patni, the wife first

cargo. married. It also applies to the female of the Nairs in

Bhari, Bhuree, H. ( i_f;^ ) A weight, that of the old Malabar.

Sicca rupee. In Cuttack, a weight of gold equal to ten Bhasan, Ben. (^frtlt) The name of a class of Sirdars in

mashas. the Kasiya hills.

Bharippukaran, Mai. (S(OloJce>0(0«sb) A superintendant BhasIwan, H. (HW^tT) A tax on boats carrying grain.
or overseer of a kitchen. Bha8ha, S. &c. (>n^T) Speech, a speech, a form of speech,

Bharita, H. (Ij^, >rfwi) Land watered by irrigation. a dialect or language, commonly applied to Hindi. The
Bharki, Bhurkee, H. (jc^rtj) A kind of land in Behar, plaint in a law-suit ; (also Bhdshd-pdda).
superficially of a dark colour, but lighter when turned up BhIskara-saptami, S. &c. (ht^^, the sun, and ^HJft,
by the plough. It is suited to both spring and autumn seventh day) A festival in honour of the sun, held on
crops, but requires abundant watering. the seventh of Magha.
Bharna, Bhurna, H. (.^j\(>) Filling, completing, nourish- Bhasma, or Bhasm, H. (**i*y^, S. HWR) Ashes.

ing. Giving up property in payment of a debt Bhasma-mdna, S. (hW^TR) Rubbing or smearing the

Bharna, H. (S>r\(i, Ht.«rr) The vessel that receives the body with the ashes of burnt cow-dung, a common prac-
expressed juice of the sugar-cane. tice of the Saiva mendicants.

BHARPATWi, H. (1jXj^.j) a branch of the Bhar tribe. Bhasmi, Thug, (from S. >W»T, ashes) Fine earth or sand,

Bhartkul, H. ( jy^rlfJ ) One of the branches of the Gaur- such as is best suited for the interment of those who
Brahmans (for JBharata-kul, of the race of Bharata). have been murdered. Also, Flour.

Bhartot, Bhurtote, Thug. The strangler, the person who Bhat, Bhut, also written Bhatt, Bhutt, H. &c. (iJL~^, S.

applies the noose. JTj:) A title or cognomen of learned Brahmans, as

Bhartoti, Thug. The office of strangler. Kumaril Bhat, and others. Also, the name of a particular

Bhartri, S. (h^) a protector, a master, a husband. tribe of Brahmans in the province of Benares, said to have

Bhartri-hari-jogi, H. (^^?-, 'ft^ft) An order of Hindu sprung from a Maratha father and a mother of the Sarwaria

mendicants, who profess to have been instituted by Bhartri- tribe of Brahmans. A common title or appellation of

hari, the brother of Vikramaditya, in the century before Maratha Brahmans, especially of such as live by begging.
Christ. BhAt, also BhIrata, H. &c. (tEjl||J, S. HU:, mTjR',)

Bharuthal, Mar. (?) A tax for liberty to graze catde. Battu, Bhattu, and BhatrIju, Tel. (2^|^, ^P^,
Bharwah, Bhurwah, Guz. C^l^'Hl'^ ) A shepherd, lead- 2Pl^£^S^) The bard, herald, genealogist, and chronicler

ifng a nomadic life, pasturing sheep, goats, and camels, of ancient days, sprung from a Kshatriya father and Vaisya

and living on or by their produce in milk and wool. mother. The modern Bhat is sometimes said to have been
Bharwatia, or Bharwuttia, (?) A feudal dependant or bom of a Brahman widow by a Kshatriya father. He fulfils
chief in a state of open insurrection against his liege the same office as his prototype, though with inferior dignity
78
 BH BH
although in the west of India, where he is identified with Bhat gaur, H. A sub-division of the Gaur Rajputs.
thp Chdran, his personal security is held sufficient for BhItha, H. (l^jt^) The current of a river, the ebb-tide.

the payment of a debt, or fiilfilment of an engagement Bhati, Bhutee, Bhatha, Bhutha, Bhathi, Bhuthee,
its violation being followed by the voluntary death either H. (,_^, ^JiHii 01^
^j^«^> from *s S. HT^), A fiirnace,

of the Bhat himself, or of some member of his family, a kiln, a still, a distillery, a liquor-shop. (InCuttack)
the retribution of which falls upon the defaulter. In some also a fire-place for evaporating brine for salt.

parts of India the Bhdts are distinguished as Birm- Bhathi ddr, H. (P. ilj, who has) One who manufactures
hhdt and Jaga-bhdt • the former being hired on particular or sells spirituous liquors.

occasions to recite the traditions of a family ; the latter Bhatia, H. (<io^) The poorest land in Sagar and Bun-
being the chroniclers of the family by hereditary descent, delkhand. In the latter it is also termed more usually
and visiting the members periodically, to take note of all Bhatti and Bhatua.
occurrences regarding them. Both classes are as much BhatiAba, or BhatiyabA, fem. BhatiAhi, H. (lUI^,
dreaded for their rapacity, as respected for their reputed ^c^Lu^) A man or woman who cooks victuals for tra-

sanctity. In some places in Upper India the JBhdts are vellers in a Serai.

found forming village communities, and branching into Bhatkakia, H. a class of inferior Bais-Rajputs in Jonpui.
various subdivisions. Some have become converts to Bhatnagah, H. a large tribe of Kayeths who derive their
Mohammadanism. The Bhdt of the village establishment name from Bhatnir.

appears to be of an inferior class. Bhatolar, H. (;Svi^) Land granted to Brahmans bearing

Bhat, H. (cljL^j) Advances to cultivators without interest. the designation of Bhat.
The name of a particvdar soil north of the Ganges, con- Bhatt, or Bhatta, Bhutt, Bhutta, H. S. (c:-^, HJ:)
taining much nitre. In the Lower Doab and Bundel- A learned Brahman. In some parts of the south of

khand the word means. Uneven ground. The more universal India it especially designates a Brahman who professes a

sense of Bhdt is. Boiled rice, from the S. Bhakta. In knowledge of the Vedas, or belongs to a family in which
Maratha, and in other places in the south of India, it is they have been taught.

applied also to rice in the husk. Bhattdchdrj, H. (_^U-U^j), Ben. («jjlt>l«t), both from

Bhdtan, Bhdten, Mar. (hTTTO, Win!!, for >TTil-fniI, S.) the S. Bhattdchdrya (vijT^^:) A learned Brah-
Rice-straw. man ; one who teaches any branch of Sanscrit lite-

Bhdt-set, Mar. (wiri^lri) A rice-field, land fit for rice rature. In Bengal it is also applied to any respectable
cultivation. Brahman.
Bhat, Mar. (»TT7) An elevated spot of land, dry and fit Bhatta-mdnyam, Tel. Kam. (^Pp^T^rogO) Land granted
only for the cultivation of inferior grain ; also a shoal, a either rent-free, or at a low rate, to Brahmans.
sand-bank. Bhatta-vritti, also Bhatta-vartulu and Bhattvartti, Tel.
Bhdti, Mar. (wt^) Rich soil along the banks of rivers, Tam. (from S. ^Wt , maintenance) An assignment of reve-
creeks, &c. nue or lands granted to Brahmans at a low rent, or rent-

Bhat, Tel. (^b) Kam. Bhdte, (^13) A road. In free, for their subsistence; the lands in such case being

Upper India the word is always given with the initial mostly held in severalty. The term sometimes desig-

unaspirated, Bdt. nates a village, the lands of which are permanently dis-

Bhdtsari, Tel. (^brCja) A traveller. tributed among hereditary sharers.

Bhata, Bhutu, or Bhata, incorrectly, Batta, H. ('UjJ, Bhatta, Bhuttu, Karn. (^£j,) Rice in the husk, com-
tl^;) Bhatta, BhIten, Mar. (hwT. HIcf) Bhatyamu, monly called by Europeans in the south of India Batty,
Tel. ($e3g5j>0) Additional allowance. Extra pay or in the North, Paddy, both derived apparently from this

allowances to public servants or soldiers. Subsistence term, which again is derived from the Sanskrit Bhakta,
money, or additional allowances to officers employed on properly, not raw, but boiled rice.

special duties, or in distant places. Often confounded Bhatta, H. (iiu^) Ploughman's wages in kind.
erroneously with Batta, exchange, q. v. Bhatta-gutta, Bhuttu-goottu, Kam. (ep § Xb g )

79
 BH BH
An addition to the revenue assessment in Mysore, accord- Bhediya, H. (V.^V^i nf^) Soil in which various kinds of

ing to the productiveness of the soil, originally fixed by crops are grown (from S. «^, difierence),

Sivapa naik, one of the petty chiefs of Mysore. Bhej, H. (^J*> , H»I, Rent, a proportionate share of it, an
Bhatti, Bhuttee, H. i^Ji^) A Rajput tribe of the Yadu- instalment
bansi race, ruling in Jesalmer, and giving their name to Bhej-bardr, corruptly, Bhej-barrar, H. ij\jjj^\t^ , HsR^rc)
the Bhatti country between Hisar and the Garhi. A tenure frequent in Bundelkhand, in which the propor-

Bhattidna, H. (aLiUi^j) The tract occupied chiefly by the tions of the revenue or tax (Barar) payable by the common
Bhatti tribe. proprietors of a village are subject to periodical or occasional

Bhatti-kahi, Mar. (?) An extra peon employed to collect adjustment, and in which balances of the revenue and of
outstanding revenue. village charges arising from the fi-aud or dishonesty of a

Bhatti-kumbhah, Mar. (?) A tax in kind or money levied sharer are made good by rateable contributions from the

formerly upon potters in the Dakhin. other sharers. Strangers are sometimes introduced into

Bhatua, Bhatudiya, Beng. (^^5^ ^I^HbUl, from Bhdt over-assessed estates on condition of paying the Barar ; but

^|\9, boiled rice) A servant who serves for his food. their admission is not a necessary incident of the tenure,

Bhatula, H. (iU^) Bread made from the flour of the the essential feature of which is the re-adjustment of the

Arher and other sorts of pulse. shares. The term is also applied to a village in which

Bhatuva, H. (HT^t) Light dry soil, yielding only an au- this tenure prevails : it is said to be a Bhej-bardr gdon.
tumn crop. Bheli, H. (jJj^) a lump of coarse sugar, usually consist-

Bhau, corruptly, Bhow, Mar. (HT^) A brother, a cousin. ing of four or five Sers (8 to 10 pounds).
It is affixed respectfully to the names of persons, as Bhet, or Bhent, corruptly, Bhete, Bhaint, H. (o^
Hari-bhaii. ei^JLx^), Bhetd, Ben. (i«Bl) Interview, introduction ; but

Bhdugardi, Mar. ()Trai7i^) Any terrible defeat; lit. the more commonly the presentation of a gifl made to a superior

defeat of Parasuram Bhaii at-Panipat. on occasion of being presented or introduced to him a com-
;

Bfidiii, Beng. (^t^'^) A younger brother's wife. plimentary gifl, a Nazar. A present made by the

Bhaiij, (^^^) An elder brother's wife. cultivator to the collector or farmer on settling his assess-

Bhaunri, Uriya (QS^oQl) A salt village; a place in which ment. In the south of India, the offering of a small pre-

salt-works are set up. sent, as of one rupee, to the European collector by the

Bhaunria. Uriya (C^^oQle|l) An account of all the lands Patel, or head of the village, on the settlement of the

of a village, specifying the fields according to their num- revenue for the year.
bers, with the name of the cultivator, the length, breadth, Bhet-bakrd, H. &c. (]^ <^i%>., «T^W) A present made by
square contents and species of land and cultivation. the villagers to the governor of a district on his coming

BhIvI, S. &c. (>n^T) The eighth year of the cycle. to the village ; lit. the present of a goat, which is the

Bhavanti, H. (?) A house built after the customary Indian original usual offering.

fashion, having externally four dead walls, in one of which Bhefi, Ben. (i^»^) A present at a visit or meeting made

is the entrance to an external quadrangle, surrounded by by the mother of the bride to the mother of the bridegroom
chambers, or sometimes with one chamber only at each to propitiate her good will to her daughter-in-law.

angle, connected by an open viranda or roofed passage. Bhet-patra, H. A deed of gift made on being introduced

Bhavaya or BhavaiI, Guz. CHHo 'M.l) An itinerant actor, to a superior or public officer.

dancer, and musician. Bhian, Uriya (QlSl|6l) A statement of the particulars of an

Bhav^a, Mar. (htTT, from Wm) A husband's elder brother. estate ; the value of produce, amount of revenue, and dis-

Bheda, Tel. ("^^5^) Levying a contribution firom the other tribution among the cultivators, with their names and
Ryots, to enable one who has been unfortunate, to pay his numbers ; the basis of the settlement. See Bhauneia.
rent. Bhihar, H. ij^i^,) A tribe which, according to tradition, was

BHEDi, or Bi-iERi, Beng. iCS^) A dyke, an embankment. one of the primitive tribes of the Upper Doab. They were
Bhedibandhi, Beng. (t«\»l<i«^) An embankment. expelled from Nirauli and the neighbouring districts by

80
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the Bir-gujar Rajputs. In the Doab they are commonly Bhit, H. (c:^J^, S. f>T%) The wall of a house.

called Beimhar, and in Rohilkhand, Bihar. Bhit, Bhiti, or Bhiti, H. (^.iU^,fJ, ^JL^_, ^J^) Ground
Bhikh, H. &c. (.S^,, S. ftr^T) Alms, asking for alms, beg- either naturally or artificially raised, and fit for various

ging, giving alms. An item in the allowances formerly made purposes, as for the site of a house, or of a village.

as abatements from the revenue ; a small sum so deducted Mounds confining a tank or piece of water. Raised
on account of charity or alms-giving by the village or the ground near a tank for planting the Pipei betel upon.

Zamindar. The term occurs in most dialects.with or without Vestiges of an old house. The old or main land of a
modification, as Bhikshd and Bhik (fW'SJT, >fto|f) Marathi. village, that which has been always cultivated, in oppo-

Bhikku, H. (^Ca^, from S. Bhikshu, f>T^, or Bhik- sition to that which is gained from the river, or by allu-

shuka, fHTJoir:) A beggar, a mendicant; especially the vial deposit ; also, but apparently erroneously, Bita,

Hindu of the fourth order. In the present day, in the Beeta. Although somewhat differently spelled, especially

south of India the Bhikshuh may have a wife and family with regard to the last consonant, which is the hard t

or the term may be applied to a Grihastha, or house- instead of the soft, the word has probably the same
holder, subsisting upon alms, being used, in fact, in its origin as the preceding one, or S. Bhitti, a wall.

general acceptation. Bhitauri, H. (^^^^j-jj) Ground-rent,, rent paid for the

Bhikhdri, Beng.(f«^i5), from firasT) A mendicant, a beggar. site of a house by one not a cultivator of the village

Bhil, Bheel, H. ( J-^^J, S. fir^:) The name of a wild lands.

race inhabiting the mountains and forests of Malwa, BhitariA, H. i[>J>j^>, from jJiA.^j, within, S. ^Twrsjl^) A
Mewar, and Kandesh, and in the Dakhin to the north of domestic, male or female, one admitted to the inner

Poona. They subsist partly by agriculture, and partly by apartments of a dwelling, a guest at a marriage-feast

the chase, and in former times were notorious for their who is admitted to eat with the relatives of the bride.

depredations. They are also found settled in the villages Bhitri, Thug. A pair of travellers.

of the low lands, and are employed as the village watch- Bhog, Bhoga, or Bhogam, corruptly, Bogum, H., but

men, as guides to travellers, and in various menial offices, occurring in most, or perhaps all the dialects, sometimes
for which they are remunerated by fees and perquisites slightly modified, i\jjy^^, S. >?)jt) Enjoyment, fruition,

sometimes by small grants of land. The Bhils of the use: possession, of two kinds, savedha or savadha, with

Company's territories are much improved, and foUow obstruction, and nirvedha or nirvddha, unobstructed, un-

agriculture steadily - a number are incorporated as a lo- disputed ; corruptly, samedhhhogy and nirwedhlhogy.
cal militia under European officers. Bhogya, H. S. (»ft"T) Any may thing that be used or

Bhimarathi', S. (>fl»ro^) The seventh night of the seventh possessed. (Tel. Bhogyamu, Ep'Ag^XU)
month of the seventy-seventh year of a man's age, after Bhogddhi, or Bhogyddhi, H. S. (from bhoga, or bhogya,

which a person is exempt from all instituted observances, and ddhi, ^iftjt, a pledge) A pledge or deposit which

it being considered the end of his natural life. may be used until redeemed.

Bhimjodha, Thug. A small bird, a sort of cuckoo. Bhoga-bandhak, or -bundhuh, or Bhogya-bandhak, H.,
Bhinnagotra, S. ibhinrta, f>r^, different, and gotra, ifN, &c. (mI'N'U^, S. Bhogabandhaka) Tel. Bhog-bandd,
family) One not belonging to the same general family. (e3^A&5o"0^) A kind of bond or mortgage in which the

Bhinnodara, S. ihhinna, different, and udara, ^^, womb) article pledged or mortgaged may be converted to use,

A brother by a different mother, a half-brother. as land, houses, cattle, trees, &c., the profits of which

Bhir, H. (jJ^) a crowd, a mob. are to be appropriated by the lender or mortgagee in lieu

Bhis, H. (,^y«J..,f>, S. f^.) The edible root of the lotus, or, of interest.

more correctly, the fibres of the stem ; also called Basend, Bhogabandd-sanadu, Tel. ( '^'^'^^) The document
Bhisenda, Bhasinr. by which a usufruct bond or mortgage is settled.

BhishmIshtami, S. (Ml'*1iaH'^) The eighth day of the Bhoga, or Bhog-ddr, H. &c. (P. Jiii , who has) One in

month M%ha, when libations are offered to Bhishma, the the possession or enjoyment of any property.

son of Oangd. Bhogddhikdr, or Bhogyddhikdr, H. S. (from bhoga or

81
 BH BH
hhogya and "?tft|o|!T^, a right) The possessor of the Bhrigu-bansi, H. a tribe of Rajputs deriving their origin
usufruct of pledged or mortgaged property. from Parasurama, the stem of the Barhoulia clan.

Bhoga-ldbha, or -labdhi, the latter very corruptly Booh- BhbitA, S. (WTIt) Hired, a hired servant or labourer.

Idbby, H. &c. (ji^iTqSW:, >T>n^3r:, from l&hha or labdhi, Bhriti, S. (»jfii:) Hire, wages.

S. acquiring) Usufruct in lieu of interest. Bhriti-rupa, S. (from 'igxi, form, nature) A reward given

Bhogotra, or Bhogottar, corruptly, Bhoguevottur, H., to a person in lieu of wages for the performance of a

&c. ( JjSj^, from S. >Ttn and ^WI!, subsequent, or '^, duty for which stipulated payment or hire is improper, as

what preserves) A grant of revenue for the enjoyment or for the performance of a Sraddha on behalf of another

use of an individual, especially of a Brahman or religious person.

character. Bnt, or BhiJmi, S., but current in most or all the dialects,

Bhogi, H. &c. (S. w»ft) The person who enjoys or occasionally modified, as, Bh6m or Bhoom, Bhu-in or

possesses any thing. Bhoo-een, or BhiJn, Bhoon, &c., H. (.y^_, ,^y(>, »j\i>,

Bhoga, H. S. (^rtTi enjoyment, as before) The food offered (ji-Vd' urc^' ®- *!:' *lt' ^'^ Earth, land, ground,

to an idol. soil. {Bhum, as derived from the P. Bum, jmJ, is said

Bhoga-mandapa, H. S. (from mandapa, a temple, lit., to be applied to uncultivated land only, but the Persian word

pleasure-temple or chamber) That part of the temple of was no doubt originally the same as the S. bhumi ab-

Jagannath where the food to be presented to the idol is cooked. breviated, signifying land in general, earth, the earth).

Bhoga-murtti, Mar. (from S. V,f%X, a form) An idol Bhu-bandu, Tel. (Wr^EOOOO) Boundary of a field or an

carried about in processions, representing the principal estate, particulars relating to it.

idol, which is never taken from the shrine ; also, fig., The Bhu-bandu-jabitd, Tel. (82r't3e5^, from the A. <skoU) The
head of a concern, one who has only the benefit of it ground statement, shewing the total extent of the lands

also, the active manager under a nominal head. of a village, and their distribution as arable, garden,

BhoghiyA, Hindi (JTlfEPn) A small basket in which the and unproductive, and distinguishing those held free of

sower carries his seed. assessment. Particulars of the boundaries of an estate.

Bhoi, Bhoee, incorrectly, Bhoyee, H. Mar. (j.?^, >ft^) Also, Bhu-bandrlikhd, Bhvr-bandr-hissebu, and similar

An individual of a caste whose business it is to carry compounds.

palankins, and who is at other times a fisherman. Also Bhu-ddnam, or Bhumi-ddnam, S. (from ^T«i, donum) A
read Boi, q. v. grant of land, or of the revenue assessed upon it.

Bhojan, H. (M*-ji(J> S. >ft»Pl) Food. Eating or taking food, Bhu-ddna patra, H. &c. ('«T^, a leaf) A deed of grant of
feeding, entertaining. land.

Bhojartr-kharch, H. (A. -r^^, expense) Table expenses. Bhui bhdren. Mar. (»T|>?Ti) Grroimd-rent.

Brdhman-bhojam Ben., Feeding Brahmans. Bhwpati, S. (from tifir:, a lord) A prince, a sovereign,

Bhojpatba, H. S. (>fl»m-:i:) The birch tree, or rather its bark. a landholder, a Zamindar. Also Bhumipati, Bhwnipa,
Bnopf, BiiOPYA, Mar. (»iWt, »fNT) The priest of a village and Bhupcu

temple, generally a Sudra. Bhu-smdmi, S. (from yiPHt^, master) Landholder, pro-

Bhoti, H. (>ftfft) Labour. prietor, prince, sovereign.

Bhotihm; H. (>TtiI^R) A labourer. Bh-^mi, H. (from S. wfji:) Earth, land. (In Rajputana)

Bheatki, S. (>JT^) A brother. Hereditary landed estate held free of assessment

Bhrdtri-datta, S. (^^, given) What is given by a brother Bh'&mid, H. (b»«^i from Hftt) A landlord, a proprietor

to a sister on her marriage ; one sort of Stri-dhan, or of the soil. Descendant of the founder of a village. The
Woman's wealth. head of a village or Pate'l. Among the Bhils, a guide.

Bhrdtri-dwitiya, S. (fkifi^) A Hindu festival on the Bhumyd, Mar. (»?«n. from S. «ft:) An old inhabitant

second of Kartik, on which sisters give entertainments to of a place, one whose family has been settled there for

brothers, in commemoration of Yamun&'s entertaining her several generations.

brother Yama. Bh'Amak, Mar. (whr) In Nagpur, a village officer who

83
 BH BH
performs the worship of the boundary deity, and attends tors, their usual avocation. The term may also designate

upon the Government revenue officers when they visit the a landholder in general.

village. Bhuihdri, H. (h^^^iO ) Land let at a low rent to

Bhumkd, Mar. (ijHoFT) The tutelary divinity of a village, tenants liable to be called out for military service.

or of its boundaries, or of the soil, or any particular spot. Bh-Aiin mdli, H. ((JU ^J|.y(0
A Hindu of a low caste

Bhumidwat, Bhoomiawut, H. [iZi^^y^) A general engaged in the lowest menial offices.

plundering, especially the depredations of petty chiefs Bh'&n-bkdi, Bhoorhbhaee, H. ((_^l^^, from S. irfjl, and
holding lands of which an attempt has been made to dis- inWj a brother) A man invited by a proprietor to reside

possess them, or from which a revenue not heretofore in a village upon a portion of land assigned to him to cul-

paid is demanded. tivate for his own benefit, but which he may not dispose

£A^im^aroat^,H.(^_JiJL*^^)Adiscontentedandinsurgentchief. of: a land or estate-brother.

Bh'hni ddhd, H. (lab ^^.) Being burnt (as a corpse), Bhundari, Bhoonduree, H. (^^Jo^, from S. )Tf»l) A
being reduced to earth. small patch of cultivation. Land let rent-free to the vil-

BMmi ddr, H. (P.^ij, who has) A landholder, a pro- lage servants, or to indigent relations, or paupers, tem-

prietor. A head-man. A chief. porary occupants. The term also occurs, Bhwndd, Baundd,
BMmij, H. (from >|fH, and II, born. Earth-born) A caste and Bhaunddri.
of low Hindus numerous in Ghatsild. Bkuniyd, H. (h^I^) The head of a village. In Cut-
BMmika, H. &c., (i^filoir) A landholder, a proprietor. A tack, one of the former petty chiefs holding lands by

head-man. A military chief. tenure of military service.

Bhoi, Uriya (GQIQ, probably a vernacular corruption of Bhun-jari, (?) A term of the south-west provinces. Lands
Bhm, from «rf»l, earth, land) A village accountant. held by those who first brought them into cultivation, or
Bhoimul, Uriya (GQIC^gR.) A district accountant: also by their direct heirs : they cannot be alienated or trans-

the salary or perquisites of the village accountant. ferred, and, in default of direct heirs, escheat to the

BMin dagdhd, H. (laj^Jj^^, from Bhuin, and ^y, Government.

burnt) Grifls at marriages and funerals, some earth being Bhuydn or Bhuyi, H. (from S. wftl) A landholder. A chief

burned before their presentation. (Eastern Oudh.) holding by military service. A head of a village.

Bhmn-hdr or Bkun-hdr, Bhooeen-har or Bhoonhar, H. Bhuda, H. (jii>j^jJ ) Soil of a light inferior quality. (North-

J^yd *^°™ ^^^ S. «fiT, and^R, who takes west Provinces) Sandy soil. See Bhur,
V^-i'^- ' ^
;

in the vernacular terms the n is of very nasal enunciation) Bhudki, Bhoodkee, H. (?) A well sunk for purposes of
A tribe of Hindus settled in great numbers in the districts irrigation, either in the bed or immediate vicinity of a

of Gorakhpur, Azimgarh, and Benares, the Raja of which river or watercourse : if near them, a channel is cut for a

last is a member of the clan. They claim to have been supply of water from the main stream to the well.

originally Brahmans; and although they admit that the BHtTNGlf, Bhoonqaee, H. (i^^^v^) The name of a tax
distinction is impaired by their having become culti- levied by the Raja of Bijpur on part of the forest-produce
vators, which pure Brahmans should not be, they do not of Tappa Sattisgarh, in Mirzapur. In the official report

wholly abandon their pretensions, and style themselves of the Settlement of the Tappa, the term is said to be

Thakurs, a title common to both Brahman and Rajput derived from Bhunga, an axe.

tribes. Many of their subdivisions have names which are Bhuksa, H. {[mL^ ) Name of a tribe inhabiting the forests

common to them and the Sarwaria Brahmans, as Sandal from Sabna on the Sarda to Chandpur on the Ganges,
Gautam, Dikshit, Upadhyaya, and Pande ; and those claiming to descend from the Powar Rajputs, having been
which have not identical appellations, have titles con- expelled from Dhar, and taken refuge, first in Oudh, and
necting them with the same stock; thus, the Sankar-war finally in the hills bordering on Kamaon. They are di-

take the title of Misr, the Donwar that of Tewari, &c. vided into fifleen clans, twelve superior, three inferior.

This renders their account of themselves credible, and Bhuktan, Beng., (^3^) Making additions to stock. Add-
they are probably Brahmans degraded by being cultiva- ing new sums to what is paid off.

83
 BH BH
Bhundia, H. (UijJj^j ) One who cultivates with a borrowed to malignant spirits, or to ghosts and goblins. Offerings

plough. to demons or spirits at fimerals. Offerings to all creatures.

Bhunja, H. (*i*IT) Parched grain. Bhuta chaturdasi, S. &c., (^Ti^^ft) The 14th of the dark

BhiJb, Bntrp, BhudA, Bhoor, Bhooda, corruptly, Budah half of Aswin, when offerings are made to malignant

and Booda, also Bhuda, Bhuduh, H. (ly^, i^yt(i, pro- spirits.

perly written with the cerebral d, as >T?) An unproduc- BMta-devatd, H. &c. (S. ^TTT) A spirit worshipped as

tive soil, consisting for the most part of seven-tenths of a divinity.

sand and the rest of clay, with very little vegetable fertility, Bhut-hundd, Mar. (?) A tax on witches or persons pro-

being the third in common enumeration. Varieties of it are fessing to exorcise evil spirits.

termed Bhud-khdki and Bk&d-pdrdni. It is also de- Bkut-khet, H. (from S. MH, and Tf^, a field) A field or

scribed as land not retentive of moisture. land granted to the Pahan for the cost of sacrifices to

Bh6iiA, H. i]jy(>, *KT) Land belonging to a village lying propitiate the evil spirits (South-west frontier).

farthest from the inhabitants. Bhuta-yajna, S. (ti^T, sacrifice) Worship of all creatures ;

Bhueari, Bhoohuree, H. ((jfynJ) Com remaining in also, offerings to evil spirits.

the ear after it has been trodden down, especially appli- Bhutyd, Mar. (w^ft) A mendicant devotee of the goddess

cable to the grains of the Rabi crop. Bhavani.

BHtTBDAND, Mar. (»JI,r{<Si) Money paid, or a fine imposed, BntTT, H. {fSJy^^), VZ, but it is probably only a various

to counterbalance a profit unjustly suspected of having spelling of Bhur WS, q. v.) Land irretentive of moisture.

been improperly made. A fine, a forfeit Money op- Bhutta, H.(lx||j) Indian corn, maize. Mar. (>I2T, *?Jt)

pressively exacted or carelessly lost. An ear of Indian corn.

BhiJri, Bhurbhubi, Hindi iijjy^-, '*^, LJfyij^.t ^*t't) Bhute- or Bhutte-chor, Mar. (>T^-, HJ*^) A petty thief.

Light sandy soil. Bhyns, H. (.^j,M^) a buffalo.

Bhursi, Bhuhi, Mar. (w^^ft, Ht!^) Mould. See BurI. Bhynssonda, H. (?) A tax or cess for the privilege of

BHtis, Bntrsi., Bhoos, Bhoosa, also with the vowel short, grazing buffaloes.

Bhus, &c., H. (i_/~jv?, ^yd)} Mar. (>TW, gw, JJW, BiAj, also Bilz, H. i-Aii, ^^T»l), Vyaj, q. v.. Mar (^inj)

vm), S. (^w) The husk or chaff of corn. The straw. Interest on money or grain. In the north-western provinces,

Skusd- or Bhunsa-jins, (,i*Jls^LJ^j) All kinds of the interest paid l^ the cultivators on the advances made to

grain in husk. them by the shopkeepers for their subsistence and repair

Bhtisdr or Bhunsdr, corruptly, Bkursar, Mar. (from 'JBT) of agricultural implements, for seed, and for the Government

A generic term used chiefly in marketing, for grains, revenue. What is borrowed between Asharh and Kartik

grasses, and esculent culms. they repay after the autumn harvest, with 2 anas per

Bhusdri, Mar. (w^IT^) A grain-dealer, a corn-chandler. rupee, or about 12 per cent., addition. What they borrow

A petty shopkeeper or chandler ; also one who husks or between Aghan and Phalgun they repay with the same

cleans grain. addition after the Rabi. Khet harm.

Bhusauri, also Bhusehrd and BMsaula, H. iiJjy*'yii>, Bidjfi, H. (^Lw) Capital put out at interest.

IjjjkMjjjj, ^yii..ij) Room in a house where straw is kept. Bidj-khmbdr, Uriya (Qeil&gl|QQlQ) Usury.

Bhusdrvan, H. ((jjl**.^) A tax on boats carrying grain. BiAR, H. (jUj) Seed-bed (Delhi). Evening (Sagar). Waste

Bkusrd, Bhoosra, H. (1^^) An inferior kind of wheat. land fit for cultivation (Lower Doab). Subdivision of a

Bhut, Beng. (^T?) Rescission of an order. Reversing village, synonymous with Patti, q. v.

any thing. Bils, H. (^^i~Uj) Land prepared for sowing in the fol-

BHtJT, Bhoot, also Bh^jta, H. &c. (from S. «il, been, be- lowing year. Land under preparation for rice.

come, past part, of >T, to be) A ghost, an evil spirit. Any BibId, Ben., but also in most dialects, (fT^rff, more

living being. A material element, (in law) Matter of fact, correctly, S. vivdda ftfWT^t) Dispute, argument, con-

the real state of the case. troversy ; a suit at law.

Bhut- or Bhuta-bali, H. &c. (S. wf^, a sacrifice) Offerings BibhIg, Ben. &c. (Pa^H, more correctly, S. vibhdga
84
 BI BI

f^^TTTt) Portion, partition, division. Share of in- BiDRi, H. (i_?,iJo) A kind of mixed metal of copper and

heritance. tin, of which vessels and hukka bottoms are made ; so

BiCHAR, Ben. &c. (Plblsl, more correctly, S. Vichara, called from its being originally made at Bidar.

ftrau;:) Discussion, consideration, investigation, trial. BiDU.Tel. (eS&)), BinuKApu, Kam. (^^(SoSDSo) Waste,

Bichdr-karttd, Ben. &c. (f^Ft^^^) A judge. uncultivated land.

Bicharah, Ben. &c. (f^FtS^) An investigator, a com- BiGA, or BiGANU, Karn. (2S?X, es^Xai)) The father of a
missioner, a judge. son's wife or daughter's husband; a person related by
BiCHHAiTi, corruptly, Bechaiti and Bedchaiti, Mar. marriage.

(fVSTI^rft, from r<4'^MI, a mat, a bed, &c.) A petty Bigati, Kam. (25?X5) A sister-in-law, the mother of a

dealer who does not keep a shop, but carries his goods son's wife or daughter's husband.

to a fair or market, or exhibits them in a street, or on BigIr, corruptly, Beegah, Mar. (f^m^) Forced labour,

the steps of a door, on a mat or cloth spread on the ground. compulsory and uncompensated service. See Begdr.

BicHWAi, BicHWANi, H. (from ^,, intermediate, ^j^y^. Bigdri, also, Begari, Mar. (fwii<.l) A forced or pressed

j^ij^.) An umpire, an arbitrator, a middleman. labourer.

BichrA, Hindi (^'t^TT) Seeds sown for the purpose of Bigha, Beegha, corruptly, Beega, Beegah, Begah, &c.,

raising plants to be transplanted, especially rice seedlings. H. (l^,Xw) Bigha, Mar. (f^tn) A measure of land,

BiDA, H. (l"3ijy) Mounds, raised ground (Oudh). Perhaps varying in extent in different parts of India. The standard

a corruption of Bihar, q. v. Bigha of the revenue surveys of the north-west provinces

5
BiDA, H. (tjJ, from the A. cbj) Biday, Ben. (f^TftTT) is equal to 3025 square yards, or g'ths of an acre. In

Taking leave, granting leave, dismissal. Bengal, the Bigha contained only 1600 square yards, or

BiDAAT, H. (A. c^^ciJ^) Novelty or change in religion, little less than 3-d of an acre. In Benares it was, at

heresy, schism ; also, oppression. the time of the settlement, determined at 3136 square
BidaniyI, Ben. (Pa^lf^^l) An umpire. yards. In other parganas it was equal to 2025, to 3600,

BiDAR, Hindi (^'i^^) A sort of rake or harrow worked by or to 3925 square yards. A Kachha (an immature or

oxen to loosen the soil and extricate weeds from among crude) Bigha is in some places a third, in others only a

the standing crops of young rice. fourth of a full or standard Bigha. Akbar's Bigha con-

Bidar-parotd, Hindi (=)l«{i,MClilT) Dressing the rice crops, tained 3600 Ilahi-gaz, which have been considered as equal

first by raking, and then passing a roller over the field. to the 3025 square yards of the Bigha of Hindustan.

BiDARU, BiDURU, Karn. (ESiSSj, ?D&&) A bambu. Mr. Elliot specifies the following as some of the va-

BmiRU, Tel. (e5^3^&) Bidara, Karn. (£3^3^) a troop riations found in the Upper Provinces :

Bigb^s. Biswas. Kattas.

of grain carriers, or Banjaras their camps a herd
100 acres = 175
: :

Farakhabad 12
of loaded cattle, a number of bullocks carrying grain, East and South Gorakhpur - - „ =192 19 7

a heap. In Kamata, also, a load of any other Allahabad & part of Azimgerh, „ =177 5 6
grain in
Part of Azimgerh & Ghazipur, „ =154 6 8
articles, as Aralibiddra, a piled heap of cotton packs; Bijnur „ =187 19 15
Kdbaribiddra, a heap of cocoa-nuts in bags, &c. In the Upper Doab (Kachha) - „ =582 3

BiDHi, H., and in most dialects, (^JXiij, S. vidM, f^fvO In Cuttack the Bigha is now considered to be an English

Ride, precept, prescribed rule or ceremony, statute law. acre. The Maratha Bighd is called twenty Funds, or

Bidhibat, H. &c. (f^ftraw, more correctly, Vidhivat) 400 square Kathis or rods, each five cubits and five

Conformably to rule, precept, or law. hand-breadths : as the rod varies, so does the Bigha

BiDiKEYAVARU, Kam. (ES^SS^DOkXl^aj) Persons carry- under the Aadil Shahi dynasty it was equal to 4383

ing corn, cotton, &c., from one part of the country to square yards, or only 457 square yards less than an

another. English acre. The Guzerat Bigha contains only 2849

BiuiGE, Tel. (^^ '^) A favourable or quit-rent. square yards.

BiDiKE, Kam. (SS^^O) A herd of loaded cattle, the pile Bighati, or Bighdoti, corruptly, Begehree, Beegotee, Bee-

of their loads. ghari, Bighari, Bigharni, H. (^j^^, ^^.^^^) Accord-

85
 BI BI

ing to measurement by Bighds; as revenue assessed at so Bydmari, Karn. (23?S^S5) Extent of land computed

much per Bighd ; also, division of lands by Bigh&s according to the quantity of seed required to be sown

among coparceners. Settlement of the revenue per Bigha, in it (Mysore). Allowance for such corn (Madras). Read
with reference also to the quality and produce of the also Bijwari.

lands, generally made at a money rate, but sometimes in Bijkhdd, H. (lii^ ^) Advance of seed and food to

kind. A coparcenary village, in which the lands are dis- agriculturists (Rohilkhand).

tributed among the sharers in Bighas and their fractional Bijmdr, H. (.L« ^JJ, from mdrana, destroying) Failure
parts. of germination of the seed.

JBighd-ddm, H. (from dam., Jii ,

price) Settlement of the Bij-parava, Tel. Land actually sown (Bellary).
revenue at so much per Bigha, especially in villages Bij-parmia, (? prameya) chi patti. Mar. (?) An account

held in common, in which the lands are apportioned in kept by the village accountant of the quantity of land

Bighas, and the assessment proportionably rated. sown, and the amount of revenue due upon it.

Bigha-ddn, H. (?) Rate levied on the sharers of an im- Abij, or Nirbij, H. (from S. bij or vij, with the_ privative

perfect Pattidari village, to make good any deficiency of a or nir prefixed) Seed that does not germinate.

revenue left by the produce of the land held in common. BijAK, H., and in most dialects, (i^:^) A note of grain

(? If this and the preceding are not essentially the same.) when stored ; thence, a note or memorandum attached to

Bighd-dqftari, corruptly, Beghah^duftery, H. (from the any article of trade or transport, as a ticket, a label, a

P. Jliii, a record) Official record of the measurement of list, an invoice.

the lands of a district in Bighas in the time of Akbar. BiJAH, BiJUR, H. (jS\^) A sort of soil in which the cerealia

Bighdtvani, corruptly, Begownee, Mar. (f^l|r=t'!ft) Assess- are generally sown (Lower Doab).
ment of villages at a stipulated rate per Bighd. Reduction BijHEBiYA, H. OjjJ^cs^j) a tribe of Rajputs in the district

into Bighds of measurements by a different standard. of Gorakhpur.

BiGHAj Beegha, Thug. A term used by the Thugs of BijHONiA, H. (bJy^s^') A tribe of Rajputs in the Zilla of

Behar and Bengal to express a share of the spoil. Jonpur.

BiHAN, Hindi, («(l^'«i) Seed. Puraniya. BiHiSHTi, H. (j^^..^;, from the P. ij:^u*i>, paradise) A
BiHAND, Beehund, H. (li-^j) Land cut up by torrents, water-bearer.

broken land abounding with ravines. BiKRi, H. &c. (4_y/j, from the S. ft'awO Bikray, Bikri,
BiHAK, Beehuh, H. (JgJo) Sterile land, land uneven and Ben. (r<H3>*), f^i^) Sale, selling.

broken into ruts and ravines. (No doubt the same as Bikri-gola, Ben. Uriya, (Psiifpl&'fNI) A salt store where

the preceding, differently pronounced). Government salt is sold by retail.

BiHNOR, BiHNOND, H. ij,^J^i, f^^^ft^) Land on which the BiKWAN, H. ((j^^ij) A branch of the Gaur-tagd tribe

plants of rice or other grain are sown for transplanting. (North-west Provinces).

BiHRl, H. (L5>«:fi' P- IrV^' ^ share) A subscription, a con- BiL, Ben. (Rl, S. fg^S, a hole) A lake, a pond, a swamp,

tribution, an extra cess or assessment. In Benares, a low marshy ground.

ward or street rate, or a contribution from each house BiL, H. (J^) A spade, a hoe. &e.& Bel.

for cleaning and repairing the drains. (See Behri : the Bilddr, H. (yslsi) A digger, a miner, a pioneer. See

words are no doubt the same, slightly varied in pronun- Beldar.

ciation). Bilabandi, Bilabundee, or Bilahbandi, corruptly,

BiJ, Beej, H., and in most dialects, (*=}i^, S. vija, '^ftst) Beelabundy, H. Ben. ( i_f J>j,j Aj , fert^^ft, possibly
Seed, lit. or fig., as origin, cause, commencement, &c. from V^ , to arrange, to allot, or a vernacular variety

Bijdi, H. (i_jW,, f«J»ll^) A portion of seed corn which of Behri and Behri-bandi, q. v.) An account of the

the poorer classes are allowed to take from the field ; see revenue settlement of a district, specifying the name of

Bejwar : also the portions of corn given to the village each Mahal, the farmer of it, and the amount of the

smith, carpenter, barber, and washerman, by each cul- rent. In the north-west provinces, Bila-bandi usually

tivator. means an arrangement for securing the payment of the

86
 BI BI

revenue. In Behar it is said to imply the annual dis- a grant of land or the like without any condition, as of

tribution of the portions of the lands among' the Ryots service, &c., being attached to it.

for their respective cultivation. BiLi., BeelI, see Bela, H. &c. (P. &Xi) Money distributed

Bila-dar, H. (jb luS) A collector of the revenue (Central India). to the poor from the private fimds or privy purse of a

BiL, H. A. (a contraction of the Arabic preposition <_J, li, man of rank. According to Gladwin (Vocabulary), Funds
and article al, Jl, prefixed to many words, forming appropriated to the support of the ladies or other mem-
compounds in daily use, several of which are employed bers of the family of a Nawab.
technically as well as generally) In, with, by, &c. Bilgari, Thug. An extensive jangal or waste, a convenient

Bil-ijmal, H. (A. JUjs'b) In the whole (as an estate spot for murder.

without co-parceners. BiLHA, Thug. A great enemy of the Thugs. A leper. A

JBi-l-dks, H. A, ((^«X*11j) On the contrary. man deprived of his nose and ears. One much emaciated
Bi-lfail, H. A. (iJ*aIL)) In fact, indeed, actually. by sickness.

Bi-l-hul, H. A. (lWIj) Universally, entirely. BiLlA, Thug. A brass cup ; technically, a place for mur-

Bi-UmahtA, Bil muqtd, corruptly, Bilmookta, Bilmokta, dering or burying the victims. Bilia marjana (? for

Bilmugta, H., but adopted in various dialects, (A. ^aay«.!lj) mdrjanaX to clean the cup, i. e. to choose a spot where

According to agreement, stipulated, fixed, consolidated to commit murder.

applied especially to a tenure by which a Ryot holds his BiLKHARiA, H. (lOj^) A tribe of Rajputs of the Bachgoti

land at a fixed rate per plough or per Bigha, or to the Chauhan stock, so named from Bilkhar in Oudh.

engagement by which his rent is fixed for a given term, BiLLADUGU, Tel. (?) An allowance of grain made to the

without liability to enhancement. In Benares it was ap- person appointed to measure it.

plied to the fixed or consolidated revenue, including in one BiLU, Karn. (23?^ ) Waste, uncultivated land.

aggregate the Mai, or land-tax, and Abwab, or miscella- Bilddakola, Karn. (eo^^cSiScvst)) A field lying waste.

neous cesses. In the Northern Circars, Bil-mdkhtd, Tel. BlLU BITTI, Karn. (23^9^ ^ o„) The quantity of seed

(tSO SJ "
) was applied to a fixed quit-rent or revenue required to sow a given extent of land.

assessed at a rate below the usual standard. In the BiMA, Beema, also BiMAN, Beeman, H. (ttOiJ
^J'^)
South it implies land or a village held at a fixed rate. Insurance.

See Agrahdrcim. Bin, Mar. ('^*, from S. Tiil) Seed, especially as kept for

Bil-maktd Indm, H. A. (A Jil ) A ^rant of land at a sowing.

low fixed rent. Binhinwald, Mar. (T^fH^SBT) Seeds, slips, roots, or any

Bil-mahtd jama, H. A. (j-a»-) Consolidated revenue, thing of the kind for sowing or setting.

stipulated assessment. BinI, Beena, H. (u>j) a sort of long grass.

Bil-mahtd-mukhdsa, H. (A. luksr*) A village held BiNAHA, BiNNAHA, BlNNAPA, Kam. ( ^^^, »-^^&,
either rent-free, or at a low stipulated quit-rent. £3tO^O, from S. vijnapti, fwfs) Petition, respectfiil

Bil-makta pattd, H. A. (H. tijt) A lease for a gross statement or request.

aggregate rent, one in which the land-tax and all other BiNAHAB, BiNUHUK, H. (m) A gatherer of cotton (from

cesses or Abwabs were consolidated. Uj , binnd, to pick). Benares. Elsewhere termed Paihdr,

Bil-maktd Mai, H. M. (^j) Consolidated rent or assess- Paikara, or Pui.

ment, aggregate rate per Bigha. BiNAi, BinIwat, H. (i_s'-^i t^j*^) Weaving.
BiLA, H. A. (aj) Without; a preposition and prefix to many Bin AULA, H. (<rf»Ju) Cotton seed : it is used as fodder for

terms in common use. cattle.

Bild bandi, H. (P. ufSM, a binding) Doing any thing, BiNAURiA, H. i&ijyu) A weed which grows in fields sown
as cultivating land, pending the final adjustment of the for the kharif crops : it is used as fodder.

conditions. Bind, Bebnd, H. (iXuj) A reed, a rush, a landmark.

Bild skarat, or Bild maskrut, H. (firpm A. \sy^, an BiNDA, Mar. (f^'ST) A mass of cotton or cordage rolled

agreement, or Ss«.>i>.^ , agreed) Unconditional, absolute together, a small load or bundle (of sticks, grass, &c.).

87
 BI BI

BiNDA, Beenda, H. (IaLw) a kind of rope made of grass The Mohammedan tribes retain many Hindu customs, so

or of the fibres of the Arher plant that, as Mr. Elliot remarks, it is almost doubtfiil which

BiNDERi, Thug. A sword. religion they prefer. According to some of their traditions,

BiNDU, Thug. A Hindu. they migrated into the Doab firom Dajore, in the Macheri
BiPAKH, Ben. (S. ft't-'l, S. fnVi^) An opponent (in a suit). country; to others, firom Deosar, in Jaypur, whence
BiPAL, H. (Joj, S. fiRcJ) A measure of time, either the they were expelled by the Kachwahas. Rathor tradition

same as a Fal or second, or -gth of a second. places them in the vicinity of the hills bordering Rohil-

BiPHAi, H. (^_5^J>^) also, Bhiphai, (^i^^) S. iVrikaspati, khand in the fifl;h century.

ffWfitt) Thursday. BirhId, or BiRHAR, Mar. (r«j-^li) Lodging, residence in

BfE, Beer, H. (^jj) Pasturage, grass land. a lodging for a time.

BiRA, Beera, H. (]jM, sftii) Rate of rent of lands ac- Birhad bdjdlen. Mar. (fg^ld=INIc!s) A traveller's bag
cording to the quality of the soil and value of the crops. and baggage ; lit., Lodging and bedstead.

Birdbeshi, H, (P. j_jAjj, surplus) Increase of rent with Birhdd kari. Mar. (fN-^ldoliO) A lodger.

increased value of produce. BiRHANA, H. (lil»;j) Lands in which culinary herbs are

Bira, BirI, or BiRi, corruptly, Beree or Beedee, An- grown.

glicised Betel, H. ( jjjjj Y^i, ^3T, ^(W\, S. ^TcRt) A BiRHERil, H. OjjJyS>j)) A branch of the Chumar tribe.

Pan or Paun, or small pieces of areka-nut, spice, catechu, BiRiNj, H. P. ifji.) Rice.
and sometimes a little quick-lime, rolled up in a leaf of the Birinjdri, H. (P. . I , who brings) A dealer in rice fol-

piper-betel, to be slowly masticated, answering the pur- lowing camps ; more correctly, Banjdri, q. v.

pose of an aromatic, astringent, and alkalescent condiment. Birinjphal, H. A sort of rice.

It is much used by the natives of all parts of India, and BiRJiA, H. ib^s-yi) A division of the Ahir tribe.

is commonly presented from one to another, in token of BirkI, H. (\^) A pond, a small well.

civility or affection. It is also given in confirmation of BiRMBHAT, H. (cul^x*^) A branch of the Bhat tribe,

an assurance of a pledge or promise, and among the whose office is the recitation of ancestral exploits at family

Rajputs is sometimes exchanged as a pledge of defiance. festivals. They are hired for the occasion. They reside

Birana, or, vernacularly, Birna-khar, Hindi, (^^«IT^T, permanently in villages and towns, and do not lead a
from S. =(T<.<ij) A tough coarse grass spreading over migratory life, like some of the other Bhats. See Bhdt.

uncultivated lands which are inundated yearly, and re- BiRODH, Ben. &c. (RtsilSf, fi-om the S. virodha) Liti-

movable only by digging. gation, opposition.

BiRAH, Dakh. ij^ji) A drove of bullocks laden with grain, BiRRA, H. itj)) Gram and barley sown in the same field.

cotton, &c. ; also BiRKI, ^j>)- In the Delhi district, chana or gram injured by wet

BiRAR, Thug. The fighting of cats, or their cries when In East Oudh, a ceremony connected with the building

fighting. of a house.

BiRBANi, Beerbanee, H. (^b^ , from vir or Mr (Lat. vir) BiRRA, H. (jiji, but more correctly, ^jjM, detail) Entry of
a man, and hdni, a form of the possessive affix, having a the different crops of the village lands under separate

man, or husband) A term used among the Jats, and in heads in the Patwari's account.

the north-west provinces, to designate a man's own wife. Birrd-bard/r, H. (.j]ji^J', but apparently either a various

BiRGUJAR, BiRGOoJUR, also Barg^jar, Burgoojur, H. reading, or an error for Behri-bardr, q. v.) Collection in

( j>-»sjj) One of the thirty-six royal races of Rajputs, kind (Central Doab). Mr. Elliot suggests its derivation

settled chiefly along the Jumna, from Rohilkhand to from Birat,' separation on account of the crops being

Mathura. Their chief town was Anupsheher, the rulers of divided before appropriation, or firom the Birra of the

which, as well as the branch of Katehr Birgujars, are Patwdri.

Hindus, but the other tribes are Mohammadans, although BiRT, or Brit, H. (clj^, from S. vritti, Vf^X, maintenance,
adopting the Hindu title of Thakur along with the Mo- support, means of livelihood) Grant or endowment to any
hammadan appellation, as, Thakur Akbar Ali . Khan. person for his maintenance, or for religious and charitable

88
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objects. Proprietary right, whether acquired by purchase, exercise the entire management of their villages, not

inheritance, or grant, heritable and transferable, subject liable to be ousted, holding an hereditary and transferable
to payment of revenue, either to Government, or to the tenure, and subject to enhancement of rent only when
Raja or Zamindar, when not specially exempt. A right, the Government revenue is increased. (They do not ap-
custom, or privilege derived from the performance of pear, therefore, to differ essentially from Ryots holding

offices, whether secular or religious. A right to perform hereditary property under a Zamindar, and not liable to

certain offices claimed by different castes. Fees to family dispossession as long as paying their rent ; except that

priests. Birt, as used in Gorakhpur, has been supposed they are analogous to village Zamindars in excluding the

to indicate a peculiar tenure ; but it does not seem to district Zamindar from interference in the management
have any especial sense, or to be more than a local of the villages.)

term, equivalent to other terms indicating a grant of BiRWA, H. Ojji) A tree. In East Oudh, The labourer em-

land, either rent-free or at a stipulated rent, being merely ployed to raise water with the Beri, q. v.

a grant of land made originally by the Rajas of Gorakh- Birwdhi, R. ( ^\yj>) An orchard. (From Sirroa, a tree).

pur and Benares, and held in absolute and hereditary BiSAH, H. (sUuj) Purchase, buying.
right upon payment of a stipulated rent or revenue to Bisahru, H. (jj^^o) A purchaser.

the representatives of the original granter. The rent is BiSAL, Thug. A person intended to be killed, but who has

liable to occasional adjustment, and to increase,if the Govern- clothes round his neck, or some hindrance to strangu-

ment demand on the Raja be increased. Although not liable to lation. A victim awkwardly handled. A Thug with

be dispossessed as long as the rent is paid, yet the occupant traces of his crime on his dress.

may be ousted, for a time at least, during which he is BiSANAM, Mai. (?) A second or lighter crop (Travancore).

entitled to Malikana. He is also considered as at all BiSANDHi, Thug. Fetters, any metal utensil.

times entitled to the Jalkar and Bankar, or products of Bisin, H. (iLjj) Loan of seed, to be repaid with increase

the waters and the woods. —Revenue Report, Commons, after harvest.

App. iii. 81, par. 380. Various kinds of Birt are specified BiSAT, H. (l2jl*«J, less correctly, SsUjj) Mar. (f^^OK)

as recognised in Gorakhpur : as Stock, capital, goods, means.

Jivan Birt, H. (tll.';^

uy^> ^^'' ins^teiiaice for living;) BisIti (a. ^LiJ, JaLi^, from the A. la«*J, a bed, a car-

An assignment by the Raja to a younger son and his pet) A pedlar, a hawker ; a trader not keeping a shop,

descendants of villages in perpetuity, granting them by but exposing his wares on a carpet or mat spread on the

Patta, or deed of lease, and receiving a fixed sum as rent. ground. (The notion is the same as is expressed by

An allowance to the family of an old servant deceased. Bichhditi, q. v., and the terms are probably confounded.)
Marmot Birt, H. (ci^ lljj^, from MarnA, to die) Com- Bisen, H. (jj-wj) A powerful tribe of Rajputs in the

pensation in land to the family of a man killed in the eastern parts of the north-west provinces, the head of

service of the Raja, chargeable with half the rent of a whom is the Raja of Salempur Majjhauli.
village held as Birt on the usual terms. Bish, corruptly, Beesh and Beeshy, H. &c. (\^^, also

Sankalp Birt, H. (ci^ (,_^KJUw , from S. Sankalpa, ^«lt^t, written and pronounced Bikh, ,^, S, ft^:, visha)

a vow) A religious grant to a Brahman, and held at first Poison in general, but usually applied to a root used

rent-free, but latterly subject to a small payment. sometimes in medicine (aconitum ferox). The fibrous

Birta, H. (in Nepal) Grant of land rent-free in absolute stalk of the lotus (from S. f^T^l).

property and for ever. BishI, Uriya ( §C1| ) A brass weight equal to 20
Birtid, H. (LfJ^j) One holding a Birt, or subsistence palas.

grant of any description, upon the terms of the grant. Bishkapra, H. (iji^M)) A kind of spreading grass used

In Gorakhpur, the Birtias, according to Mr. Elliot, pay in medicine (trianthema pentandra).

a fixed yearly sum, equivalent to 20 per cent, of the BisHNPRiT or preet, corruptly, Bishunpeheet, H. &c.

Government revenue, on account of the Raja or superior (Ll^J^Ai/ikJ, S. ft^. vishnu and prita, TfttT, grateful to,

landholder ; but they are the owners of the soil, and beloved by) whence also, Bishnuprit, Ben. (1%^CT*^)

89 2 a
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Lands held rent-free by Brahmans, or religious persons, Biswaddr, H. (P. j\ii, who has) The holder of a share or

professing the especial service of the deity Vishnu. shares in a coparcenary village.

Bishnprit-ddr, H. (JP.j\ii, who has) A Brahman holding Biswaddri, H. (P. i^J"^ , having) Proprietary tenure m
lands granted in honour of Vishnu. Biswas, or shares so designated. Also the tenure of in-

BiSHNOTTAH, corruptly, Bishnowattur, H. &c. ( JjJLIL), dependent village communities holding under a superior
S. f^mriflO Land held rent-free by Brahmans profess- Talukdar, as in Aligarh, Mynpurl, and Gorakhpur. In
ing the worship of Vishnu, or granted in honour of that some places, as in the Delhi district, the term is equiva-

divinity: hence also, Baishnavottar (from Baishnav, a lent to Pattiddri or Zamindan. (In that case the deri-

follower of Vishnv). vation is probably different, and it may come from the

BisHN owi, H. ( (jTjiiio ) A tribe of growing importance in S. viswa f^^, all, whole).

some parts of the north-west provinces, combining Hindu Bismak, Mar. (jftw^, fi^om S. f^^^lfiT, twenty) The
and Mohammedan practices and belief, generally terming twentieth part of a Pdd, which is the twentieth of a

themselves Sheikhs, but adding the title to a Hindu name. Bighd. The Biswak is one square Kdti, or rod, which,
BiSHT, H. (c^wo) A provincial term in Kamaon for a however, varies in length.
kind of Tdlukddr, appointed by Government. Biswdli, Uriya (QCJ. |Ci.l) Land assigned to the Khan-

Bisi, Beesee, H. (^wJj) A measure of weight, commonly ddyat, or head of a division called a Khanda (or, more

a Vis or Visi, equal to five 8ers. In Garwhal and probably, the land assigned to the Bissoi, the H. Khand

Kamaon, a dry measure ; also a measure of land equal to and U. Bishe meaning the same).
20 nalis, and 4800 square yards. In Rangpur, a land Biswdnsa, or Biswansi, H. i&ujj\yM.i , from Bisva, and S.

measure equal to 16 dhans. ^^ ansa, portion) The fraction of a Biswa, usually

Bisi, Bisee, Uriya, (0^1) A fiscal division of the county the twentieth.

a province or district paying revenue under the Hindu Biswi, H. (j_5y«J, f%^) The holder of a Siswa, or share,

Government of Orissa : also termed Bishe (from S.vishaifa, in which character the person may be appointed by a col-

f^^ti:, a country). lector of revenue to collect the dues of the other sharers.

Bisso'i, or Bishayi, read also, Bisaye, (?) Uriya, The chief Alienation of lands on a low quit-rent or payment of a
of a district in Orissa, collecting the Government revenue, fine (East Oudh). In the north-west provinces it some-

and exercising police and judicial authority. The Des- times implies a deduction of two Biswas per each Bigha

mukh of the Marathas. cultivated by under-tenants, claimed as his right by the

BiSNi, Thug. A Thug, a thief, any one living by plunder. landlord or lessor.

BisoDHAN, Ben., Uriya, &c. (ftj^SR, S. f^TjftV^, lit., BiTi, Eeeta, H. i^iin, more correctly, perhaps, Bhiti,

making clean or pure) Acquitting, discharging, as q. V.) Lands of a village that have existed from time im-
a debt. memorial, in opposition to lands recently acquired by

Bisodhan patra, Ben. &c. ( 't^, a document) An ac- alluvial deposit

quittance, a receipt, a written discharge or release. BiTA or Bhita, Thug. A hundred.

BiswA, H. iiyuJ, f^i from his i^j^, S. vinsati f^^lfrl BitaurI, H. (.]jyj) A heap of dried cow-dung.
twenty) Lit., a twentieth, but applied especially to the BiTAURi, Hindi (^^^l) A tax upon artificers and shop-
twentieth part of a Bighd. It is also used to express a keepers for permission to work or trade in a village.

proportionate share of proprietary right in a village which Puraniya.

is conventionally taken as a Bighd, divisible into twenty BiTHAK, H. ((^J>^) Ant-hills (East Oudh and Benares);

parts distributed among the sharers ; as, a holder of five also a seat or platform where people meet to converse.

Biswas is proprietor of one-fourth ; of ten Biswas, of a- See Baithak.

half ; of one Biswa, of one-twentieth ; of half a Biswa, Bit khet, H. i^S-^J^ *-ii-~H^ Lands on which forced or un-

of one-fortieth, &c. requited labour is demanded from the Ryots by the owner

Bisma-bardr, H. (jy,, "^UJT., tax) Assessment or col- of the village.

lection of the revenue upon the Biswas or shares of the land. Bit- or Bid lavan, corruptly, Bitnoben, Hindi (f^ or

90
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ftrs ^^T!j) A kind of medicinal salt, commonly known as Bogamu-vddu, Tel. (?0^aSx)oTt>qo) a dancing girl.

black salt, formed by ftising common salt with Emblic Bdgamudi or Bhogandi, Tel. (zJ^XSx)©, jJ^XoO)
myrobalan. A dancing girl.

BitrA-bandi, H. ((_f Job LL) Arrangements for securing BoGASE, Kam. (SS/sX rO) The two hands joined so as to

the revenue (Sagar). See Bila-bandi. hold any thing ; whence it comes to imply the small per-

BiTTADAHOLA, Kam. (e3§ c5-&JSe)) Afield left fallow. quisites granted to the village servants measured by

BiTTE, Kam. (^ CJ) Performance of inferior offices in a handfiils.

village, as porterage, &c., for fees in grain, or lands BoHAUDil, H. (bii^&j^) A cultivator who has not a plough,

exempt fi:om revenue. and either works with a hoe or a borrowed plough.
BiTTE-KHADi, Kam. (2Deja5~Stj) A. cess levied in lieu BoHNi, H. {^jO Baijni, Ben. (^^), BdNi, Tel.
of a piece of cloth formerly exacted annually from each loom. Kam. (2^^), Mar. ("TI^hT) The first money received

BiTTiYAVA, BittiyAlu, Kam. (ED&^0&^, gD&3e$io-a$C)) A during the day, or the first ready-money sale by shop-

free porter. keepers and hucksters. Handsel. No credit is given for

BiTTE TETTU, Kam. (23 &jC553o^) A tax levied in Mysore the article first sold.
ti
in lieu of bullocks formerly required from the villages BoHRA, incorrectly, Borah, H. (|;*y, S.vyavahdri ^i^iO,
for the conveyance of grain to the Paligars. a trader, a man of affairs), also BoHi.RA, Bohari, or Bo-
BiTTUTADU, (aaj,^QJ) Sowing seed. hAri, Mar. (^^HT, ^t?^, ^TXfi') A banker. A money-
BiTU, Beetoo, Thug. Any person not a Thug. lender, or merchant of a particular tribe so called, usually

BiYUTAT, H. (cjUjJj, pL of bait, a house, lit., house ex- receiving any article of marketable value in payment of

penses) A term applied to lands in the neighbourhood of money advanced. The Bohras appear to have originated

Agra that were assigned originally to members of the in Guzerat, where they became converts to Mohammad-
royal family, but had come under general cultivation. anism, but they are settled in many parts of central and

BiZAAT or Bazaat, a. (cZ^^Lai) Agency, commission, in western India and in the north-west provinces.

which the profit on the sale accrues to the proprietor of Boi, BoEE, Tel. (^ CXXr^) a man of the fisherman-caste,

the article sold, and is not divided between the owner but whose usual avocation is also the carrying of litters

and the agent. Capital. Stock in trade. and palankins, and who is employed as a domestic servant
Bo, H. iti , root of Bo-nd, to sow) Cultivation. Sowing seed. at Madras, where the word is pronounced like, and con-
Bodi or Bodrd, (.,^'ji , \Jij> ) Sowing seed. Time for sowing. founded with, the English '
:
boy " also written and
Boyar, H. KA^.t ^^'C) Land that never lies fallow. pronounced " Bhoi," q. v.

Bob, H. (<~i^ ) Sowing grain by the drill (Bundelkhand). BoiDU, Tel. (^ CXXJ~°QO) A man of the cow-herd or

Boi bdchh, H. (te-b

j-fj^)
Assessment to be realised on shepherd-caste.

actual cultivation (Delhi). BojH, H. i&=^))), Ben. Boja or BojhA, iC^M , «Tt^,
Boni, H. ((Vj^) Sowing. Seed-time. Hindi (^*Rj) A sheaf or bundle of grain or grass ; also,

BobhatI, Mar. (^^tHTTl) Notoriety. Publicity of what ought a load, a burthen. A load of corn equal to five Dhokas,

to be kept quiet. General outcry. A clamorous com- but the measure varies in different districts, and also ac-
plaint or accusation. cording to the crops. The first of the pans placed for

BodI, H. ()4)^) A buflalo. receiving sugar from the boiler.

BoDAR, BoDUR, H. (jiij^) A place to stand on whilst Bojh-bafdi, H. ^ji^

(i_sIjj Division or shares by stocks

throwing up water with the Dauri, or basket, from a lower or bundles of mowed com (Rohilkhand).

to a higher level. BoKA, H. (l^jJ, ^^t) a basket, pail, or leather bag for

BoDDHA, Ben. (i^tFl) A security, a bondsman, a bail. throwing up water ;

possibly connected with the Anglo-

BoGAMi, Tel. (?) The chief of the left-hand caste in Dindi- Saxon term Buk, Bouk, Bucket.
gul. — Gl. 5th Rep. BoKKASA, Karn. (defe) Treasure.

BoGAMU, Tel. (eS^X^j from S. jftn, enjoyment) The Bokkasadamane, Karn. (t>/e)OcOOa)c3) A treasury.
dancing-girl caste. BoKKENA, Tel. (2J^~^^, from the H. boka) A bucket
91
 BO BO
for drawing water from a well. A leather bag for baling BrahmA, S. (masc. Brahma, Tf^j) One of the chief Hindu
out water. A grain or corn bag. deities. The agent in creation. The creator.

BoLA, H. (Sjj, from Ijljj, to speak) Verbal agreemeiit be- Brahma, with the final vowel short isCSl) The first cause
tween two parties. (In the Delhi district) agreement of all things. The Supreme Being. Also, the Vedas
between the village lessees and cultivators as under-tenants. collectively.

Solans, H. (.f^jiljj) Making over one's share to Brahman, Brahmun, dialectically, Bahman or Bohman,
another. or, in Tamil, Parappan or Pirramanan, corruptly,

Solansi, H. (^wJlSy) The holder of a share properly be- Braman, Bramin, &c., H. (^^^]^j, S. Tirer^) A man
longing to another. An adopted heir. (This and the pre- of the first order or caste of Hindus, properly charged
ceding are current in Benares and East Oudh, from with the duty of expounding the Vedas, and conducting
bolnd, to speak, and ans ^S^, a share). the ceremonies they enjoin : in modem times, engaged

BoLKHATorBoLEKHUT, elsewhere written Bholkat, (?)Mar. not only in such duties, but in most of the occupations
One of the accounts kept by the Kulkarani, a debit and of secular life. The Brahmans of the present day are

credit account, shewing the amount received from the cul- distinguished into a variety of divisions and subdivisions,

tivators, and how it has been disposed of. between most of which no social relations exist. The
BoLWAN, Mar. (^cb=«n) Ceremony of conducting a bride first distinction is between those who maintain a sacred

to her husband's house ; also, dismissal of the bridegroom's fire — and are thence termed Agnihotras —and those who
friends and attendants. Ceremony of propitiating Bhutas do not, by far the larger proportion. A more universal

or evil spirits, who have entered a village, to induce them distinction is that of the five Gaura and five Dravira
to leave it, and conducting them with music and in races. The first are the Kanyakubja, or Brahmans of

procession to the confines. Kanuj ; Sdrasrvat, or north-west of India ; Gaur, or

BoMBYA, Mar. (^'i^) A person in office at Gaya, who, Bengal ; Maithila, or north Bahar ; Utkala, or Orissa.

when a party of pilgrims arrives, precedes them, making The second are the Dravira, Tailanga, Karnata,

a noise by beating his mouth. Maharashtra, and Gurjar, or Guzerat Brahmans.

BoMKAK, Mar. (?) A class of weavers in Kandesh. Each of these has various subdivisions. According to a

BONDA or BONDA KOYYA, Tel. (zS^oS, eS^O (!^r°0&g) Jdti Mala, or list of castes current in Hindustan,

Stocks for confining petty offenders. the principal are thus enumerated: 1. Kanyakubja,
BoNDU, Tel. (23~^oOO) A field or crop dried up for want four : Sarjupdri, Sarrvaria, Jijhaulia, and Sanaudhiya.

of rain. 2. SARASWATjten: Bhdradwdji, Sipoli, Chaini, Sudkani,

Sondu-powadam, Tel. (?) Parched or dried-up crops, Bhdrati, Khukati, Mankhati, Boli, Mdli, Grahani.
yielding no grain. 3. Gaur, six: Gaur, Pdrihh, Bdhimi, Khandelmdl,
BoNTALU-KAsi, Tel. (?) Ears of Jarcari retaining the grain Sdrasrvat, Sukhrvdl 4. 5. The Maithila and Utkala
after threshing. Brahmans have but one order. Of the five Brdviras,

Bora, H, Ben. (^^j) A sack for holding rice. the Dravira properly so termed has three divisions

BoRO, H. Ben. (iTtC^) A sort of rice sown in January Bddam, Brihatcharan, Ashtasahasra. 2. Tailanga
and reaped in April : it is sown in low swampy ground, has six : Telghdnya, Belndd, Begindd, Karndkammala,

or near the banks of a river where irrigation is not required. Mungarndd, Kdsalndd. 3. Karnata, two Bad^alndd- :

Borofad, H. Ben. (J»^) The season of spring, or that Silndd. 4. MaharIshtra, eight: Kardde, Chitpd-

in which the Boro rice is reaped. rvan, Besastha, Yajurvedi, Apastambha, Abhir, Serdbai,

BoTTU, Tel. Karn. (2^ pj) A drop. A spot. An ornament Kayastkiprdbhu. 5. The Gurjara Brahmans are of

or spot-mark on the forehead of a bride at the time of eighty-four tribes ; the principal of which are the Ndgara,

marriage. Sectarial mark with paint or ashes on the Mora, Audiah, Mewdra, Sri-gaur, Khedewal, and

forehead. Also ^jth of a pagoda. Bhulnhdr : (some of these names are very possibly

BoTTU, Tel. (2J^e9J) The husk or chaff of grain after inaccurate.) There are also two classes considered ad-

threshing. ditional to the whole, Sdkadrvipi, who came latterly, it is

92
 BR BR
said, from Sdkadrvipa, and Gaydli, said to have been Brdhmanadivya, S. Mar. ('gT^njlf^) A form of oath :

made Brahmans by Vydsa. Each of the above has an making oath while holding the feet of a holy Brahman.
infinite number of subdivisions. The Kanouj Brahmans, Brdhmanjan, Mar. (from S. »I?f, a person) A Brahman
from whom the Brahmans of Bengal are reputed to spring, entertained in a Brahman family as a menial.

are said to have been divided, after their settling in Bengal, Brahmavdsitti, T. (LJlrTLDSUrreiflaa, spelled Pirama-

into a hundred and fifty-six families. Of these, one hundred vdsitti) A Brahman village.

are to be found in the portion of Bengal termed Varen- Brahmottara, corruptly, Burmhotur, Bruhmutter, Bro-
dra, and fifty-six in that termed Rdrh. Of the former, mutter, Barmautar, Burmuter, Bermertur, &c., Ben.

eight, and of the latter, six are considered Kulina, or of Uriya (isi4^i^'? , S. '3?r, A Brahman, and ^^tl, uttara,
good family, or noble ; a classification ascribed to JBaldl what comes after or belongs to, but the derivation

Sen, a Raja of Bengal in the twelfth century. The and form of this compound, notwithstanding its very

first are named Maitra, Bhima, Sudra, Vdgisi, Santd- general use, are not quite certain. It is sometimes

mani or Sandydl, Ldhuri, Bhdduri, Sudhu-vdgid, and written Brahmatrd, as if derived from S. trd, what pre-

Bhadara. The fourth and fifth names are not unfre- serves, from the root '^T, trd, to preserve or protect, but

quently met with, the rest seldom. Those of the Rdrh the correctness of this is doubtfiil) Land granted rent-

Brahmans are more common: they are Mukhuti or free to Brahmans, for their support and that of their

Mukharji, Gdnguli, Kanjldha, Goshdla, Bandygati or descendants ;

properly as a reward for their sanctity or

Banarji, Chatati or Chatoji. learning, or to enable them to devote themselves to re-

BrIhmani, corruptly, Bramineb and Bahmanee, H. S. ligious duties and education. Such lands have not un-
(aiSHtfl) A female of the Brahmanical caste, the wife frequently fallen into the possession of lay proprietors.

of a Brahman. Brdhmanwdd, Karn. (?) A term used in the Nagar dis-

Brahmacharya, H. (^S'^jixora Br dhmana^axiA Charya,''^!^, trict of Mysore for the garden country.

practice) The condition of the religious student. Leading a Bkaj, or Beuj, incorrectly, Brij, H. (p-jJ, from the S.

similar life, or one of continency and self-denial. Mendicancy. vraja, W3I, a cow-pen or pasture) The tract about Ma-
Brahmachdri, H. I. ('H^, for "STSTO and '^iiO, who fol- thura and Brindaban, the residence of the juvenile

lows or practises) A youth of either of the three first pure Krishna, and the scene of his boyish gambols with the

classes during his pupillage, and while studying the Gopas and Gopis, or cowherds and milkmaids.
Vedas. A mendicant who professes to have prolonged Brajbdsi, Brujbasee, corruptly, Brijbasi, Birjebassy,

the period of studentship, and to observe through life the Birjebussie, and Birjebaussie, H. S. (lit., an inhabitant

practice of study, poverty, and continence. In general, Vdsi or Bdsi of the district of Braj) An armed atten-

however, an ignorant vagrant. dant, one carrying arms, as a sword and shield, or

Brahmddaya, corruptly, Bremhaday, Bramadayum, Bra- sometimes a matchlock, and employed as a doorkeeper, a

mandoyan, Bumadya, H. S. ('33r, for 'aTSTO, and dddya, guard, or an escort. He is always a native of Western or

'>MI<(R, what is received) Any grant or perquisite ap- North-Western India, and is thence identified witji a

propriated to Brahmans. In the Carnatic, a twentieth Hindu oi Braj.

of the ^Government revenue was formerly considered as Braj-bhdshd, or -bhdkhd, H. S. (from S. vm\, speech)

payable to the Brahmans for religious purposes. The dialect of Braj, the form of Hindi spoken in the
Brahmahatyd, S. (^?r?iiIT) The murder of a Brahman. neighbourhood of Mathura and other parts of the north-

Any crime of like enormity. western provinces, and in which the most popular poems of

Brahma, or Brahmaiv-jdJi or -jaee. Mar. (s(«»fl|) A the Hindus are vfritten ; as, the Ramayana, by Tulasi Das.
man of a mixed race, sprung from a Brahman father and Brat, or Brut, corruptly, Burt, H. (cj^j, S. vrata, stlt)

woman of inferior caste. He is usually engaged in A vow, a fast, any self-imposed religious obligation.

service, agriculture, or trade. (The word is improperly confounded with Birt and Brit.

Brdhmandbhojand, S. &c. («is(*!j>I>»n!T) Distribution of See the next.)

food to BrSlimans. Brit, H. ( c:jji , S. vritti, ^tt , means of subsistence) A

93 2b
 BR BU
grant of land or other means of support to any one. (In Bujhonta, H. (lAi^yS"., from Uf»-jJ, to understand) An
the spoken dialect the word is most usually pronounced abstract account of a village proprietary, made out annually
Birt, q.v.) by the Patwari, shewing the profit on each share.
W
BrittAnt, H. (tr^lj^, S. '^ITnT, vrittdnta) Information, BtK, Book, H. (Ci^) Land recovered through the reces-

news, intelligence of a transaction or occurrence. sion of a river (Rohilkhand).

Brittdnt-patra, H. (patra, a leaf) Record of a decision BuKARA, BooKAKA, H. (^fe>jj) Land left by a river, but

pronounced by a Panchdyat. rendered useless by a deposit of sand (Rohilkhand).

Bu, Bui, BuBU, H. (jJ, \<j>, ^ji) A sister. Bud is also an BuLANDi, BooLUNDU, H. (from the P. buland, >3>ilj, lofty)

aunt by the father's side. Bubu in the west of India is High land.

a lady. Bun, Hindi (^) The quantity of grain given to a labourer

Bud, Bood, H. (from the P. lij), third person preter. of for a day's work in weeding, from two-and-a-half to three

jj^iijj, to be) Being, state or condition of being, espe- Sers of rough grain (Puraniya).
cially with reference to the past. It is used in Hindi Bun, Boon, H. (jj^j) Coffee in seed, before it is ground.

chiefly in composition ; as, Bud-hdsh, a residence, Bud- BuNDELA, Boondela, H. (lidjiiJ^) A spurious tribe of

nd-bud or Hast^d-bud, remissiaa of rent on failure of crops. Rajputs, who give name to the province of Bundelkhand,

Budh-Ganga, Boodh-Gunga, H. (l^iijj, from Budh, corruptly, Bundlecund. They are descended from the

pronounced Burh, or Burha, old) The old bed of the Garhwars of Kantit and Khairagarh, and first setded

Granges, traceable below Hastinapur, and also below in Bundelkhand in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.

Soron and Kampil. There are few genuine Bundelas in the British portion

Budhavara, vernacularly, Budhwdr, or Budhbdr, S. &c. of the province, except in the Pargana of Panwari.

(^V^K, from Budha, the planet Mars, and vdra, a day) BuNDU, Kam. (ZiXT^Ocl)) The coffee plant (Mysore).

Wednesday. Bundu bij, Kam. (from S. vija, seed) The coffee berry.

BuDiBUDAKi, Kam. (£X>QeoOOD) a class of religious BuNGA, or BoNGA, H. (<S^'ji) A stack of straw.

mendicants in Mysore. BungIh, corruptly, BouNGA, H. (P. JilXij), Mar. Bunugen,

BupiDE PANNU, Tel. (&Xr^a~Sa3(^>^^ fron, ludide, ashes) ('^^SPT) Followers, suttlers, and baggage of an army.

A fee for permission to burn a corpse. Bunt, Boont, H. (ui-^Jj^) Unripe grain or pulse (Cicer

BupiT, BooDEET, Mar. (^Thr) A loss, a sum of money arietinum).

given up as lost. Money imprudently invested. BuNTAD, H. (P. tSUi^), Mar. (Mi*!^') Lit., foundation, but

BuditMl, Mar. (^jlridi^) A bad debtor, one not applied to offices or appointments which have existed

likely to pay. from time immemorial.

Budit khat, Mar. (from khat, ^IT, P. a writing) A bond Bunyddi, Mar. (?PIT^) Original, ftindamental.

not expected to be discharged. Bunyddi thalkari. Mar. ('^l^SoRTlt, landholder) The origi-

Budit kharch. Mar. (?S^, from _^) Expenditure with- nal landlord or proprietor of an estate.

out return. Head of an account specifying losses. BurI, BurhA, Mar. (^, 5^) Mould.

Budit khdten, Mar. (yslrtlsflif) An account or register BuRA, BooRA, H. (^^) Redeemable mortgage (East
of bad debts. Oudh).

BuDKi, BuRKi, Mar. (^5^) A hole or pit dug by the side BuRANT, BuhInt, Mar. (^t7> ^TT?) A place overgrown

of a stream to collect water for distribution in irrisration. with grass and bushes. A thicket of low bushes.
BuDRtJKH, Mar. (^^^, dialectic corruption of P. Buzury, BuKA-TUKRA, B0011A-TOK.RA, Ben. (?) An account of village

\^jji., great) Venerable, dignified. Greater or upper, as receipts and disbursements made up for six or eight

fields or towns opposed to lesser or lower: also, senior months by the PatwS.ri, and balanced. The balance is

as opposed to junior, or major to minor. carried to the demands of the rest of the year.

BuGARA RASi, Tel. (?) A heap of unwinnowed grain. BuRi, Ben. (^f^) An inundation, immersion of a tract

BUJHARAT, H. {<JLJj\^., from Ul^y, to explain or cause under water. A measure of value equal to five Gandas,

to understand) An audit or adjustment of accounts. or twenty Kaunris.

94
 BU BY
BuRiDA, BooREEDu, H. (P. xjj^, lit, cut) Fields cut by ByIju, H. (^Uj) Principal bearing interest. See Bidjiu
stealth (Rohilkhand), ByA^na, Byara, Karn. (Q^SgK)^ STBg^) \ piece of pasture-
BurkI, Mar. (?) A subdivision or share of the lands of a ground attached to a village, and assigned as a perqui-
village, varying from ten to fifty, each comprising a cer- site to the head-man, who lets it out for the grazing of
tain number of fields, but not a defined quantity of land. cattle at a charge per head.
Burhd chi kul. Mar. (?) The managing Ryot who appor- ByIpIr, H. Ben. ij\^, •MWO Business, affairs.

tions the Burkas and the revenue among the other cul- Bydpdri, H. (t^Ljljj, S. 'antnrt) One who transacts busi-

tivators. Dakhin. ness of any kind, a merchant, a dealer, a trader. (It

BuRKi, Mar. (?) A structure of masonry for drawing occurs in most dialects, slightly modified, as, Bepari, Bai-
water fi:om rivers and nalas. pdH, Beopdri, Byopdri, Byaupdri, &c.
BuRRi, BooRREE, H. (^sjj) Sowing seed by dropping it ByaurA, H. (j;^, S. **(={"$K:) Detail, narration, statement

from the hand into the furrow, instead of sowing broad- of circumstances.

cast or by drill ; also read GuRRi and Gulli. Byay or Byayhar, (^>,^L^j^, S. ^api) Expense, expen-
BuRUD or BuRAD, Mar. (^sT, '^^) The name of a caste, diture.

or individual of it, whose occupation is mat-making. He ByohIr or Byauhab, properly, Byabahar, as above, or

is sometimes enumerated among the village servants. Vyavahara, H. (^Ift^) Business, affairs, trade, calling.

BcfTADU, Tel. ipo^CO) Household expenses. Byohar, H. (/>^, from the S. ^qw^Tt) A loan.
BuTARAD, £Cndi (=lriH,<^) A name given to extra cesses Byohard or Byohdri, H. (Jyi^, iJS;^^, S. d^cf^if^ch:)

upon the cultivator. Purariiya. A creditor, a lender.

BuT-FAROSHi or -PAROSHi, Tel. (from P. hut, an idol, and

parwarish, cherishing) A tax levied on different trades

in a town or village to defray the cost of celebrating the Caste, Eng. A word applied to the distinctions of birth,

worship of the tutelary divinity. A tax levied on the tribe, and occupation, which separate the people of India
festivals of the inferior castes and the drums beaten on of the Hindu religion, and preclude their eating, drinking,
such occasions. In former times, also, a fine imposed by and smoking together ; their using the same vessels ;

a Gruru, or spiritual guide, to expiate certain breaches of their intermarrying ; and other relations of social life.

the laws of caste. The lower orders of Indian Mohammadans pretend to

BUTTAWAL, (?) Tamil. Land newly cleared for cultivation. In similar distinctions ; caste being in all cases matter of

the first year it is exempt from rent, in the succeeding pride, not of humiliation. The word is derived from the
years it pays the Government revenue in progressive Portuguese Casta, race, species.
fourths, until, in the fifth year, it is fiiUy assessed. Chabena, Chabeni, H. (lluis., ^Juas-, S. '^j to chew)
Travancore. Parched grain.
Btabasay, for S. Vyavasaya, Ben. (^J<l>lliJ), S. ( «Hcmm ;) ChAbutarah, Chubootura, ChabutrI, Chubootra, H.
Trade, business affairs. {sJLx»-, "^mtlj -^) A raised bank or terrace de-

Byahasayi, Ben. A tradesman, any one engaged in affairs tached from the residence, sometimes covered over, on
or business. which persons sit and converse. A kind of summer-
Byabastha, for S. Vyavastha, Ben. (^/5^) A statute, house or pavilion. A place where the head of the police

a law. A written opinion or dictum on a point of Hindu is usually stationed. A police-office or station, or the

law drawn up by Pandits. magistrates' court. A room or hall used for public meet-

Byabahar, Ben. ('^J^^), S. (^j^k) Custom, usage. ings of the villagers. A custom-house or station. A
Business, profession, affairs in general. A suit at law guard-house. A market-place. A stone platform erected

whence, also, Byabahdrik, one engaged in affairs, in a as a boundary mark.

suit, &c. ChAbuk, corruptly, Chawbuck, H. (i^U-) A whip.

Byah, H. (iilu, S. f^^?) Marriage. Chdbuk-sumdr, corruptly, Chawhuck-swaar, H. (P. j\ytt^

Byaj, H. i'J^) Interest. See Bidj. a rider) A rough rider, a groom, a jockey.

95
 CH CH
ChachI, Chacha, H. &c. (Is^, .U-t*-, ^^T, ^T^) A Chahal, H. ((J>.^) a strong soil, ranking between those
paternal uncle, a father's brother. termed Rausli and Ddnhar (Dehli).

Chachi, or Chdchi, H. &c. (,jsr^,

^_J^^) A father's Chahal situn, H. (P. Jmt?- < forty, ^^p^ , a pillar) A
brother's wife. pavilion, a chamber, a summer-house supported by forty,

Chackerd, H. &c. (I^as^) Connected through a paternal i. e. many pillars. (Also with the H. numeral, Chdlis,
uncle ; as, Ckacherd-bh&i, A first cousin, the son of a forty, Chdlis-situn).

paternal uncle. Chahalda, Mar. ('g^^^) A tax formerly levied on Ban-

Chachab, also Chanchah, Chuchuh, or Chunchur, H. jaras in the Dakhin.

ijs^, j's'^, ^r^t) Land that has lain fallow for a ChIhil, or ChahibA, H. (JaU-, |;S)^-) A tribe of

year or more, but not a very long time : on being taken Rajputs in Hisar, mostly converts to Mohammadanism.
under cultivation the produce was divisible for the first They nevertheless retain charge of the tomb of Ooga
year in the proportion of one share to Government and Chauhdn, a Hindu prince now esteemed a saint.

three to the cultivator : after a year of cultivation it was Chahli, Chuhlbe, H, (,Jys-) The wheel on which the

placed on the footing of fiiUy cultivated land of the same rope revolves at the top of the well.

description. CHAHOEi, H. (U^^) Rice dibbled in a field after being

Chachab, H. (^U-) A Hindu festival held after the sown in a separate bed. A fine sort of rice.

Holi. Chahoteai or ChahutbA, Mar. ('^^t^, "^SMT, firom '^g,

Chachab, Ben. ( FtB^ ) Land on the banks or in the four, and ^WK, subsequent) Interest at four per cent,

bed of a river, from which the water has lately been per month.

dried. Inferior fallow land. ChXhiJb, Mar. (^T?^) A long measure of land. Accord-

Chadae, Chuduh, H. (P. ^Jks-) A sheet or cloth. ing to one statement, equal to 120 square Bighds, to

Chadar anddzi, H. (P. tjjIiiJl, throwing) A ceremony another, to 150 Bighds.

among the Sikhs : when a man marries a widow a ChIhvabi, Mar. ('•(Ib^O) The drag rope of a plough or

sheet is thrown over the parties. of the bucket of a well, to which the head pair of oxen

CHADAEtJ-GUDDi, (?) Kam. Boundaries of an estate or of are yoked.

village lands, including waste. Chdhvari mot, Mar. ("^ndlT^ 'Tte) The bucket of a draw-

Chadavu, Kam. (8cr C3 &<Q) Increase of price or rent. well worked by bullocks.

See Charhai. Chail, H. ((JCia-) Land twice tilled (Rohilkhand).

Darchaddvu, Kam. (OOax Q ^nS)) Disposing of the Chain, H. (^J^) Cultivated land.

Government share of the crop to farmers at an advanced Chain, H. (jj:**-) A low caste of Hindus.

rate. Chain A, H. (&U»-) An inferior kind of grain. A sort of

Chadh, pronounced also Chaeh, Mar. (^^) Increase, ad- millet (Panicum pilosum), also called Chena and China.
vance (as of assessment or pricei &c.) Chdinhhati, Ben. (FtRsp"«rtT>) A spot in the salt-works

Chadhpatti, Mar. ('SR''?^) An extra cess. where the drainage of the baskets is collected.

Chadi, Tel. Karn. ( t3~°S5 ) An accusation, slander, defa- Chain lahan, Ben. (FtfisP^^) Basket salt

mation. Chait, or Chtt, properly, Chaitea, H. &c. (C^ji*-, S.

Chah, H. (p. !sU.) A well. ^) A month so called (March-rApril) beginning with

Chdki, or Chdhi-zamin, H. i^ji^j-, land) Land irrigated the sun's entrance into Pisces.

from wells. Chaiti, H. (%ift) Relating to or produced in Chait, as,

Mdhiti Chdh, H. (from A. kjs^, surrounding) Land the spring harvest. In Bundelkhand it is usually so ap-

watered by wells in alternate years. plied, denoting the SaM, or spring crops.

Chah, Chuh, H. (<te-) A platform, a pier-head. CiiAiTYA, S. (%iil) Any large tree in a village, held in

Chahab-shamba, H. (p. HX^ JLf^ ) Thursday. peculiar sanctity : an altar, a monument. A Buddhist

Chahar-su, H. (p. j[^ , four j and jm , a side) A square, a temple or monument.

quadrangle, a market-place. Chak, Chuk, corruptly. Chuck, H. &c. (\^J.s-, '^cF, S.

96
 CH CH
^^, a circle or district) Chaku, or Cheku, Tel. i^SO, which form it occurs in most dialects) A wheel, a circle,
USO) A portion of land divided off; as, the detached or any thing revolving in a circle.

fields of a village, or a patch of rent-free land, or any Chakar-bardeshi, (?) H. Compound interest.

separate estate or farm. In old revenue accounts the Chak A K, Chakur, H. (P.^U-, "^oBt) A servant.

term vv^as applied to lands taken from the residents of Chdhard, Ben. (Ff^^) Land given in reward of past
a village, and given to a stranger to cultivate. In the services.

north-west provinces the subdivision of a Pargana formed Chdkardn, H. (properly the plural of^U-, servants)

under cl. 88, Settlement Circular of 1839. In the Dakhin Allowances of land, or the revenue derived from it, pro-

survey the term is used to designate a field within a fessedly appropriated in Bengal to the pay and support
field, when it is necessary to subdivide a field without of the public officers and servants -of a village or Za-
changing the number or series of the larger portion of mindari, including the Zamindar, Kanungo, Mokaddem,
the land into which a village is divided. Patwari, and the Peons and Chaukidars. Under the an-

Chak-bandi, Chukbundee, H. ((_jJaAC»., ^oRg^) De- cient system the lands so appropriated were exempted
termining the limits or boundaries of a detached piece of from the Government assessment in favour of the Zamin-
land, an estate, or Chak. The limits of a police or dar, but this was disallowed on the formation of the

revenue jurisdiction. decennial settlement. Ben. Reg. viii. 1793; ix. 1826.

Chak hardr, Chuh bnrar, H. {j\ji a tax) Collecting the Chdhardn-zamin, corruptly, Chakera-m-zemeen, Chakeran-
rents of a Chak according to its size or productiveness. jemmy, H. (chdkardn, as above, and P. eamin, ^^ji^
Chah nama, Chuk ndmu, H., or Chekundmd, Tel. (P. njj land) Lands exempted from revenue on the plea of being

a document) A register of the extent and boundaries of a appropriated to maintain the public officers and servants.

detached or separate piece of land, or of a separate village. Chdkari, H. (t«,i'U-) Service. Allowance of land, &c.,

A grant authorising individuals to hold alienated lands, for public officers and servants. Service land.

and specifying their limits. Chdkarid, incorrectly, Chdkrid, Mar. (^rat'Jtrr) Applied
Chak ndma drdzi, H. (A. ,<^]j^^ See Ardzi) A docu- to land held revenue-free, on condition of performing
ment given to a Zamindar from whom a portion of land some office, or discharging some obligation. Service land.

has been taken by the Government for public or other Chaki, Chukee, (?) Karn. An extra assessment in Kanara.

purposes, defining the extent, boundaries, and quality of Chaki, Ben. (Ftft, from S. '^^) A mill, a grinding

the laud. stone, an apparatus for spinning twine suspended from

Chak tukra, H. (tiA;*- and »/o, a piece) A plot or par- the hand.

eel of a landed estate. Chakiri, Mai. (siJ<£\(6\) The fibres of the husk of the

Chak, Ben. (0^) A square; also, a market-place enclosed cocoa-nut, of which rope, or kayar, is made.

by building. It has also the sense of the preceding. ChakiyAra, Mai. (iUOdnCQjaro) A class of out-caste

Chak bandi, Ben. (t?<i><iifl) Building a square, connecting Brahmans.

the buildings round it. Chakka, Chukka, H. ((^, from chakra, a wheel) A
Chak, Thug. Suspicion. circular lump of clay, used to press down the smaller arm

Chakrbele, Thug. A dangerous or suspicious place. of the lever employed in raising water from a well. A wheel.
Chak, H. Ben. (ciJU-, Ft^, S. '^'gs) A wheel; especially Chakhand, Uriya (Q|S1gt,) A measure of length, half a cubit.
applied to the pulley through which the rope attached to Chakkalu, Tel. («3|ew) Small bubbles of salt that rise

the bucket of a well passes. Also a mill. Also the rings upon the first ebullition of the brine.

of baked clay used in sinking a well, and a vessel in Chakkan, ChakkAla, Mal.(.2JdB€),nft, iJJoe6i0fi.l) Anpil
which sugar is manufactured. presser.

Chdkd, Ben. (FW) Awheel, a discus. The upper portion Chakkara, Mai. (.Q-lc66>,fO) Coarse sugar, made from the

of the salt-boiling furnace. juice of the cocoa-nut and other palms.

Chakalavadu, Tel. (^^^^s^^^^Cw) A washerman. ChakkarakkaUa, Mai. (J2Jce6i(Dce6i^^) The tdri, or

Chakah, Chukuk. H. &c. (/*-» S, Chakea, ^^, in juice of the cocoa-nut, from which coarse sugar is made.

97 2c
 CH CH
Chakkat, Chukkut, H. (c1.X»-) The loss of a chak, or unchanged, but sometimes slightly modified, as, Chakar,

plot of ground, by inundation. Chaki, Chdk, (^^) A wheel, a discus, a quoit, any

Chakki, H. i^Jj^) A handmill, a grindstone. thing circular or revolving, lit. or fig., as a potter's

Chakki ndma, H. (JLoU) A song sung by women at wheel, an oil-mill, a period of time, a district, a province,

weddings, while grinding a perfumed powder. a region. An ancient small gold eoin in Mysore, usually

Chakki nduri, H. ((_fij^i) Presentation of perfumed pow- 10 fanams. In Mar. also, a rule, a regulation, an extra

der to the bride and bridegroom, and the female as- cess or tax. In Karnata, the extra assessment of 1720,

sistants by whom it has been prepared. which was to cover the interest of money advanced by
Chakkili, Tam. Mai. (s-SiESleiSI) A low-caste man, work- the Raja to pay off the demands of the Sdhukdrs or

ing in hides and leather ; a currier, a shoemaker, the Bankers on the Ryots. (The word is incorrectly printed

village shoemaker. Apparently corrupted to Chuckler, in the 5th Report, p. 804, Chuckes, for Chucker, whence

the word in common use among Europeans. it has been entered in the Glossary Chvxikees, as a

Chakku, Karn. (2<r&)) A pack or bale of raw cotton. separate word.)

Chakkubandhi, Karn. (a^DDUO^) Land measure. Chakramu, Tel. (t^(J;^>3) A wheel, &c., (being, in

Chakla, Chukla, corruptly, Chuckla, H. OliJ*-) ChaklA, fact, the same with Chakra.) An ancient coin current

or ChaklA, Ben. (5^5ri, Pt^, from the S. ^^) formerly in the south of India, equal to igth of a Pagoda.

A large division of a country, comprehending a number Chakrdroal, Chakrdwali, Mar. (S. '^*l<idb, ^W^cJt)
of Parganas ; first introduced as a recognised local di- Compound interest, (from chakra, revolving, and dvali,

vision in the reign of Shahjehan. Bengal was divided a range or series).

by Jaffir Khan, about 1772, into thirteen Chaklas, each Chakravartti, H. S. (^^T^it) A prince, a ruler, an

under a separate superintendant of finance. At different emperor. A name borne by some families of Brahmans
times, and in different parts of the country, the Chakla in Bengal, corrupted commonly into Chuckerbutty.

seems to have varied in extent, and in its subdivisions. Chakra-vriddhi, S. (.chakra, and vriddhi, ^fe, increase)
In modem times it is applied to the part of a town Compound interest.

chiefly inhabited by prostitutes. In Mar., besides a di- Chdkra-vantige, Tel. {xS<^'t)0^~K) An extra assessment

vision of country, it also means the court or oflSce of the of ijth under the Mohammadan Government.
magistrate of a ward. CHAKATf, or Chuktee, Mar. (-"lohriT) A scrap of writing

Chakla handi, corruptly, Chuchldbundy, H. (t^s^JJu Kj»-) paper, a note, a passport, an English letter.

The distribution of a Zamindari or of a province into Chakei, Ben. (S. Fi^) An oilman.

Chaklas, especially for financial convenience. Chdkrikudu, Tel. (€r°,^&)&) An oilmaker.

Chakle dar, H. ( ilt> -K*-) The superintendant or pro- Chakwaen, H. ((ji^y>*-) A small class of Rajputs in

prietor, or renter of a Chakla. Ghazipur.

Chakle ddri, H. ((_?;li> 15**^) Superintendence or pos- Chakwand, H. (liiijiLs-) A common weed, bearing a long

session of a Chakla. The right ofoccupancy as admitted payer legume, growing from eight inches to two feet high,

of the Government assessment, with such fees or privileges used by the poor as a potherb.

as usage may have attached to the office or possession. ChAl, H. (Jl*-) Habit, practice, course of life; as, Bad-
ChMe kharck, H. (^j»-
^_J^^^
Expenses of the whole chdl, a man of bad habits ; Su-chdl, one of good habits,

Chakla or district, charged in proportion to each Ryot, of respectable conduct.

under the old revenue system of Bengal. ChIlA, (?) Mai. The hut of a slave in Malabar. (Possibly

Chakla nawis, H. ((j»iy 2I1X»-) The accountant of the Sdld, q. V.)

revenues and charges of a Chakla. Chalab, Thug. Early part of the evening, between sun-

Ckakli, Mar. i'^^H^) A division of a village in some set and dark.

places. ChalAn, Chulan, also Chalan, corruptly, Chellaun,
Chakalyd, Mar. (M«h<d4l) An officer of police, a magistrate. Chillaun, Chullaun, H. &c. (y;5U-,
J^^, from

Chakra, S., but it occurs in all dialects, most commonly U>»-. S. ^^y, to go, sending off, despatching, [goods, &c.])

98
 CH CH
A document sent with goods, treasure, or individuals ; an or occupation on paying rent for a short or indefinite

invoice, a voucher, a pass, a passport. The post-office list term.

of letters forwarded, &c. Ben. Reg. x. 1819. Chdli gaini-chitu, Kam. ( 8cr°Uj ) An agreement or lease
Chaldn-ddr, H. (P. j\ii , who has) A person who accom- for a short time, usually for a year.

panies a despatch or remittance, and has charge of the Chdli gaini-gar, Kam. ("A^w A dO) A tenant-at-will.

invoice. Chalisi, H. &c. (P. j_j«*jJU-, forty) Chalsi, Chalisa,

Chaiani, Chaldoni, or Chalni, H. (|_jaL»-, ^^}^J^, lyi^-i Mar. (^35^, ''^ife^l) An aggregate of forty, as of

from the v._ Lii>-, to go) Current, circulating (as coin). forty sers, forty cubits, &c. Also a period of forty days

Ohalantd, (from Ujls»-, to go) Passing, moveable, vendible, of impurity from the birth of a child, or death of a

saleable. Duties formerly levied by Zamindars on goods relative. A period of quarantine. The great famine in

passing through their jurisdiction. Ben. Reg. xxvii. 1793. Hindustan of 1783 is known by this name, from its oc-

Chalanti-jdedad, Uriya (0R.^a|-50IQ) Moveable or per- curring Samvat 1840.

sonal property. Chali sidakka, Kam. (So-^rOog) Rice husked.
Chalan, Ben. (bi«i«») Sifting any thing, passing it through Chalit, H. (c:,A»-, S. '^^if, lit., gone) Moveable or per-

a sieve. sonal property.

Chdlani, Ben. (Ft^Rt) A sieve. ChIlitan, Mai. (iJJOaricsDnfb) A weaver.

Chalavadi, Kam. (a^eJ^T'a) A low caste. (In My- Chalki, (?) H. A crop raised by irrigation.

sore) The servant of a Linga merchant carrying a large Challanidoba, Tel. (^^$^0)0 O) A cold gentleman, a

ladle with chain and bell on his shoulders, (in Telingana) European functionary of a calm and gentle temperament,
A Siidra who goes from house to house to give notice a highly complimentary designation.

of a death. Chalti, H. Mar. (,_jaL»-, ''^gnrt) Passing, moving, cur-

Chalavddi ayu joti, Kam. (s/y53DQ &dSx) ^8) Tax rent In Dehli, Cultivated lands. In Masulipatam, Gross

levied on the preceding in a village. measurement of the grain after gathering.

ChalIwan amdani, Hindi (•(cjim ^n;i«t't) Statement Chalti daftar, H. (P.yiti, an office) Under the Maratha
of collections sent with the collections to the Zamindar Government, the records required for current business.

by the Patwari (.Puraniyd). That portion of the Peshwa's register which was always

ChAli, erroneously, Chowlee and Choolee, Mar. (^T^) in the hands of the Farnavis, or Secretary of State.

Land that bears the highest rate of assessment, culti- Chaltij, Hindi (^^5^ Land in cultivation.

vated by permanent inhabitants of the village agreeably Chalu, Tel. (iJ^&U) A farrow. Ben. (^tg) Rice cleaned
to allotment, by which each cultivator has a fixed pro- fit for cooking.

portion of the lands of highest, medium, and lowest Chama, Mai. (.SUOai) A kind of grain, a sort of millet

assessment. Hereditary land held at a fixed rate, which, (Panicum miliaceum). S. Sydmd, i'^Vm).
after being brought into cultivation from waste, may Chaman, Thug. A Brahman.
be assessed at a rate proportioned to its quality, and Chamab, Chumar, H., but in most dialects also, (;Lka-)

to custom. It is sometimes said that a Ryot cannot throw Ben. Chamar (FWS) Mar. Chamhar ('^T'^t)

up his Ohdli land. from the S. Charma-kdra, or worker in skins, ^»Hoin^)

Chali, Ben. (mfcj) A thatch, a shelf, a gang or separate A man of a low caste, whose business is working in

station of convicts engaged on public work. hides and leather, a currier, a tanner, a shoemaker, a

Chaligaeavu, Tel. («3e)AO<^) Soil sandy on the surface harness-maker, and the like. Chamdrs are said to be

with black earth underneath. descended from a Brahman father and Chanddl mother,

Chalipandili, Tel. (tS£)SioaC)) \ ghgd where cool according to some authorities: in the north-western

water, &c., is distributed to passengers. provinces the Chamdrs are considered as divided into

Chali Chaul gainee, Chally, Challi,

gaini, corruptly, seven classes, who do not eat together or intermarry:

or Chalie gueny, Kam. &c. (33T)S "A^^S), probably they are known by the names, Jatua, Kaean, Kuril,

from the S. ^^, ckala, moving, going) Tenancy-at-will, Jaiswara, Jhusia, Azimgerhia or Birheria, and Kori
99
 CH CH
or Korchamri. The last are most commonly weavers. Chanambu parati, (?) Mar. The name of a servile caste

Different tribes of Chamdrs are also known in the in Anjengo, employed apparently as domestic servants.

Dakhin, as Sultangerh, Marathi, Paradosh, Pardesi, Chanamia, H. Vo^AJ^.) A tribe of Chandrabansi Rajputs

Haralbhakt, Dabdli, Woj, and Chaur. in Jonpur, Azimgerh, and Gorakhpur.

Chamar-gaur, Chumur-gour, H. ij^ j^j>-) A division of Chanan, commonly from the plural ShanXr. Mai. (iUO.
the Gaur Rajputs. The highest class, although from mODn6) A man of a tribe whose business it is to extract

their name liable to the suspicion of intercourse with the sap from the palmyra tree, a idri drawer.

Chamdrs. They affect to call themselves Chaunhar- Chanappan, Tam. Mai. (cB'CZJCTULJOTT) A weaver of coarse
gaur, from a Raja named Chaunhar ; or sometimes cloth for sacks, of hempen cords, &c. (From Ghana or

Chiman-gaur, from a Muni called Chiman. Sana, hemp.) See Sanappan.

Chamrdnat, H. {cd^Kaj^) Perquisites or privileges of Chanattam, Mai. (i2JSS*30f3io) Favourable or privi-

Chamars. leged rent of land granted to persons liable to be called

Chamara, Ben. Mar. (PtSTS, S. '^TRtO The bushy tail out for occasional work or service.

of the Tibetan ox set in a handle, and used to drive away Chanchar, Chunchur, H. (/s*^, ^'^) Land left un-

flies. In H. Chaunri, (te/j'^^- tilled for a year or more, but not for a very long interval.

Chamayen, Chumayen, H. (.^^\A.s^) A small class of See Chachar.

the Gujar tribe in Panipat Bangar. Chanchari, H. (j_£^^) Inferior grain, as Mung or

Chambal, Chumbul, H. ((Jju>»-) A log of wood with Jawar, remaining in the ear after being trodden out.

grooves, fixed on the banks of canals, and used in draw- Chancharu, Kam. (So-oao-OO) A tribe of savage people

ing water for irrigation. tenanting the forests in the south of India.

Chamchohi, H. (^_gJ^ (»^' ^^^•' ^^^^ stealing) Adulterous Chanchio, Gruz. (•Hl^tL'^L) The name of a tribe, or

connexion with the wife of another, of an individual of it, inhabiting Gruzerat, Kach, and
Chamia, Thug. Those of the gang who assist in seizing Sind, and wearing a large long-pointed turban. A pirate,
and holding down the victim. a sea-robber.

Chamosia, Thug. The person who holds the hands of the ChInd, H. &c. isl[:>~, S. n^,) The moon.
victim (Dakhini). Chdndi, H. (t^ijJlr»-) Silver. (From Chdnd, the moon).

Champa KA chaturdasi, S. (^WToli, a yellow flower, and A tax formerly levied by the Zamindars of Bengal.

•Iri^^n, fourteenth lunation) A Hindu festival on the Chdndni, H. &c. (|JkjJl5>-) Moonlight, an awning.

fourteenth of Jyeshth, when the flowers, of the Michelia Chdndni Chauk, H. (t^^rs- ^iXil.*.) The principal mar-

Champaka are offered to idols. ket-place of any considerable city.

Chan, Mai. (nJOemra) a span, a span measure. Chdndni haran, Hin. (^f^'t WUS) The practice otBrdh-
Chana, Chun a, corruptly, Chenna, Chunna, H. (Uo., mans, Chdrans, and others, of wounding themselves, in

^»IT) a kind of pulse commonly known as gram (Cicer order to extort alms or payment of a debt.

arietinum). Three kinds are usually reclconed in the Chanda, Chunda, H. ('iiJi*-, from the P. Chand, JJio-,

north-west provinces, Pila, Pachmil, and Kasa. The how much) Subscription, quota, assessment.

last is an inferior sort, also called JRaksrea, Chaptdi, Chandd aogdhi, H. &c. (^ISj! IjoLs-) Levy of rent or

and Kasdri. Pachmil is a mere mixture of the first and revenue from the Ryots, according to their shares or

last sorts. There is also a small kind called Chani proportions. See Aogdhi.

and Batori. Chand, to the eastward of the upper pro- ChInda, Ben. (Ftfl) A subscription, a collection of

vinces, is frequently called Behla and Lona, but in general money.

Ziona is applied to an acidulous salt which forms upon Chanda, H.(!iJoU>-) A common station of the revenue survey.

the leaves, and is collected for chemical purposes. Chand Chanda, Thug. Cloth.

also implies a species of plant, of which the seeds are Chandai, Tam, (S'rjacs^) A fair, one held annually,

often mixed with corn, giving it a disagreeable taste. the mela of Hindustan.

iVicia of one or two undescribed species). Chandal, ChandAl, H., and most dialects,
(
Jj>A»-; Jli>-^s»-,

100
 CH GH
S. -"msi^) A man of a low mixed caste, sprung from a the Betwa, from a kind of cotton grown at Amardwati
Sudra father and Brahman mother. In common use it in Berar. The thread, when of fine quality, is sold for

is indiscriminately applied to all low-caste or out-caste its weight in silver ; and the cloth is of so costly a

trihes. description, as to be worn only by persons of the highest

Chanddlid, H. (U!liXA»-) A tribe of the Bhangis, who rank in native courts,

might be also termed Chanddlas. Chandivala, Karn. (So-oCSSy) Earnest money, hansel,
ChIndam, H. (aOoIs-) a small tribe of Rajputs in Allaha- also what is given to dissolve a bargain.
bad and Jonpur. Chandiya, H. (btUa.) Deep places (East Oudh).

ChandanayItra, also Chandanotsava, S. (from chan- Chandla, H. from Chand, the moon, (SjJU-) A small

dana, '^n^^, sandal, and ydtrd, XIX^, or utsava, TW^I, a wafer-like ornament of gold or other metal worn on the

festival) The ceremony of offering sandal paste or other forehead between the eyes. The ceremony of affixing the

perfume to an idoL A festival held at Puri in honour of ornament on the foreheads of persons present at the

Jagannath. drawing up of a marriage contract, as the ratification of

Chandana, or Chandinah, Chundana, Chundeenu, the agreement.

H. (P. AJ1jJl»-, <SMJ>i:s-, from chand, Ais^, some, how Chandra, S. (^^:) The moon.
many) Sundry or miscellaneous, applied to a division of Chandra Grahana, S. (from TTfll, seizing) An eclipse.

the Sair, or a variety of petty taxes, under the Mogul Chandraseni Kayastha, S. Mar. (•^J(l*n1 oRHreer) A caste

Government ; as, of writers in Puna, who pretend to be descended from a

Chandina Alamganj, H. A tax on all persons engaged Raja named Chandrasena, and therefore claim to be re-
in trade at Dacca, from one to two rupees per annum. garded in some degree as Kshatriyas, and to be entitled

Chandina bajantri, H. (,_fjJLs-lj) A tax on musicians. to perform the ceremonies of the Vedas ; a claim not re

Chandina, Uriya (SttQlft) Ground-rent, rent of land cognised by the Brahmans. There are two divisions : the

on which a house is erected. Tenure derived from such Patani Prabhu, and the Darvani Prdbhu. The former
payment. (It is probably from the P. <KJljiJbi-, like the are found at Bombay and other towns, the latter at Goa.

preceding). Chaneth, H. ((SJijJbs-) Drugs for cattle.

Chdndinaddr, Uriya ( SI^QlffOlQ ) A person paying ChangIh, Thug. A thief of any kind.
ground-rent, and holding his house and garden by that Changel, H. ((J.jXii>-) A herb growing among ruined
payment. buildings. The seed, used in medicine, is termed Khabdji.
Chandina damdhdri, H. (i_f^l»Jk«J) A tax on exhibitors Changuli, Karn. ( BjoXJ-^S ) Daily hire.

of snakes, monkeys, and bears, or fakirs, jugglers, &c. ChInk, or Chanka, H. (tiljU-, l^'U-) A stamp fixed

Chandan-khuri mahal, (?) H. A tax formerly levied in on the side of a stack or heap of grain, when the heaps
Rangpur upon the sale of hogs, abolished since the de- are to be divided ; or when, after division, they are left

cennial settlement. in charge of one of the sharers. A piece or pieces of

Chandata, Hindi ('^J^l) Shaft of the share of a plough. cow-dung placed on a heap of grain, to protect it from
Chan DEL, H. (Jj.iXis', ^^5^, perhaps from Chandra, the the evil eye. A ceremony observed in the threshing-floor,

moon) A numerous tribe of Rajputs, originally from when the winnowed corn is gathered into a heap. It is

Mahoba in Bundelkhand, but now scattered over the variously observed m different places, but the essence
north-western provinces : they claim to be of the Soma- consists in reverentially and silently circumambulating
bansi, or lunar race, and gave their name to the district the heap, finishing the process with a short prayer.

of Chanderi or Chandeli. In the lower Doab they are Chank, Chunk, or more correctly, Sankh, H. (tfAls-,
divided into four tribes, bearing the several Hindu de- .^M, S. ^53) A conch shell. When entire, with the
signations of a ruler or king: as, Itdfa, Rdo, Rdna, greater end cut off, it is used as a kind of horn formerly

and Rdmat. blown in war, but now at the worship of idols. Cut in
Chandeli, H. {^dJj^) A very fine sort of cotton cloth, segments of circles, it forms ornaments for the fore-arms

originally fabricated at Chanderi, on the left bank of and wrists of women. The chief supply of these shells

101 2 d
 CH CH
is from Ceylon, and when the volutes turn to the right Chap-jarIb, H. ((.^^.s-t >U.) Gross measurement of the
the shell is held in peculiar estimation. lands of an estate : (perhaps from Chdp, in one sense, a

Channangi-nellu, Karn. (2j^OoS'o^c§£U) a kind of rice bow, and jarib, a land measure, a bow-shot, or bird's-eye
grown in Mysore. measurement).
Channel-maka, or Channel-vahi, (?) Names of a small Chapolalu, (?) Tel. Watering by hand.
additional money tax on the cultivators of Karnata under Chappa, Tel. Karn. (^^, a dialectical form of Chhdpd)
the old system : (apparently, Channel is the English word An impression, a stamp, a custom-house stamp ; the straw

connected with the local terms for cess or tax, being a of an inferior kind of grain.

charge for keeping up the water-courses necessary for Chappekatte, Karn. (^rojoej) The office of a custom-

irrigation, or a tax on fields so watered, as being more house where goods are stamped.
productive ; also denominated Channel fees. —5th Rep. Chappar, Chapra, Karn. (^^^, ^^) A thatched

p. 966.) roof, a shed ; any temporary thatched structure, as for

Chanti, H. (^JUl;*-) Cesses levied from artisans and others the celebration of a marriage, giving water to travellers,

(from Chantnd, to squeeze). a mat, a screen, &c. The Chhappar, of Hindustan and
CHi.NWAL,orCHAwAL,orCHAOL, Or ChIul, ( JjJlf-, Jj^f^) Bengal, q. v. has not such a range of meaning.

Undressed rice, but cleaned of the husk. Chapras, H. ((/"Ih*^^ ^ badge, a plate worn on a belt

Chanta, Mai. (iUr(B)) A fair, a market. as a mark of office.

Chanta nagaram, Mai. (.Q-1 0350000(00 ) A market town. Chaprdd, H. i{j*i]j^) A messenger or courier wearing

Chantavila, Mai. iS2-irrS)iLl\aJ) Market price. a chaprds, most usually a public servant.

Chantram, Mai. ( iJJ(C5)° ) The office of a petty district Chaphe, H. (i_f/t*-) Cakes of cow-dung after drying, used

treasurer. as fuel.

Chantrakkdran,Mal. (j2Jl£(d)Sidd>0(Cirrt) The petty trea- Chapri, Chupree, H. i^jjX^') A puddle : a small kind of

surer in a district. pulse somewhat resembling millet.

Chan WAN, ChunwIn, H. (ij'j-^) A small sort of millet. Char, Chur, H. (js>-) A sand-bank or island in the current

Chap, Beng. (Ftt) Mar. (^xi) A weight or block used of a river, deposited by the water, claims to which were

to press down any thing, a press, a screw press ; an im- regulated by Ben. Reg. xi. 1825. Pasturage, fodder.

pression, a seal (but in this sense the original word is Chara, H. ( !iiL!>-) Grass, food for beasts and birds ; fodder,

more correctly Chhdp, the initial being aspirated. The pasturage.

substitution of the unaspirated Ch has probably arisen Chardgdh, H. (xlsK*"-) Grazing ground, afield, a meadow.

from confounding the two words. Chardi, or Chardv, H. ( i^j'>- ,

jl;f-)
Pasture lands, fields

Chdpd, Beng. (Fttl) A weight, a cover, any thing laid appropriated to the grazing of cattle. Sending out cattle

upon another to press it down ; treading down clay or to graze. Rent derived from pasturage.
salt to press it together, pressing salt together for weigh- Chah, Thug. A strangler, peculiar to certain classes.

ment. Chdrai, Thug. The office of strangler.

Chdpd dar, llriya (S1^ia|Q|Q) The officer who puts the ChIra-pair, orCHAH-PAiR, Karn. (8Fc)^"?0^aJ, S^C^oJ^^)
salt into the scales. Duties on grain levied from the peasantry, whether it be

Chdpa gam, Tel. i^^^ <->

^|^ ) A bank or mound on which of their own growing or purchased for re-sale. A tax

salt is placed immediately after it is taken out of the pans. on villages of various items.

Chapani, (?) Asam. Islands formed in rivers, or any CiiARAGi, Thug. A Bairagi.

alluvial deposit. Charak, Ben. (F3^, also written 5v5^, from the S. '53,

ChapIta, or Chapati, H. (ti^»- i^'^v^) ,

-'^ ^in cake of a wheel) Charkh, H. (P. <t-j^, a wheel) A wheel

flour and water, without leaven, slightly baked or toasted or lathe for turners' work, cleaning cotton, &c. ; a sugar-

over an open fire. mill. The ceremony of swinging suspended by hooks

ChJlPAVANI, Karn. (8cFScJdaE3, from H. Chhapna, to be passed through the skin, above each bladebone, and con-

hid) Concealment of lands in order to defraud the revemie. nected by ropes with one end of a lever traversing an upright

102
 CH CH
post with a circular motion. The apparatus for swinging. with Government for the sale of spirituous liquors. Spirit

Charakgdchh, Ben. (F^^-Sttf ) The upright pole or mast or arak farm.

supporting the horizontal lever on which the swinging Chardehat, H. (from chdr, four, and A, dehdt, (Ji;lfti>,

is performed. villages) An estate formed of the lands of four villages,

Charah-puja, Ben. (S. 1»IT, worship) The swinging festival or a subdivision of four villages set apart from the
held on the Sun entering Aries. As a religious obser- Pargana.
vance it is confined to Bengal, but the swinging is practised Chargan, Churgun, Mar. ("^Tlf) Grazing ground, pas-
in other parts of India as a feat of dexterity for obtain- turage.

ing money. Charh, corruptly, Chur, H. (^»-) Rise; lit. or fig.,

Charaki, Ben. (bsil^p) A small wheel, a reel, a machine for Increase, augmentation of revenue or rent. An item of

separating seeds from cotton. the public revenue in Bombay.

Charakka, Mai. (-Qjro<e6)) Goods, merchandise. Ckarhdi, or Charhdu, H. (l.^^*-, jlap^. from IJi!6y>-,

Charan, H. (j^^), Charani, Ben. (^^1^) A meadow, to mount, to rise ; or Ula>~&- , to raise) Mounting, ascend-
fallow land, grazing ground. ing. Raising, as price or rent.

Charan, Ben. (F5t^) Pasturing or attending cattle. Charhdit, H. (l::^1»^»-, from ^.^a^, to mount) A
Chardramnd, Hindi (m.H.H^l) Lands appropriated for trooper mounted at the expense of the State. Also
grazing, in consequence of being left unploughed for Charhwdya, &c.
more than a year. — Puraniya. Charhanddr, incorrectly, Churunddr, ( ,1iXa»,s^) A servant
Charan, H. (yj_;^-, '^ITW) The name of a caste analogous accompanying a cargo of goods, a supercargo, a pas-
to, or identical with, the Bhaf, following the profession senger by a boat or vessel.

of bards, heralds, and genealogists ; and held in like Charhdmd, H. (Ijl»^*-) Offerings made to idols. Raising
estimation, so that their personal security is considered in price, &c.

sufficient for engagements of the most important descrip- Charhtd, or Charhti, H. (Usijs-, 15^^/*-) Increase of
tion, the breach of which involves the death of the surety, price, making additional profit, settlement of revenue at

or of some of his family. They also subsist by carrying a progressively increasing rate.

grain, salt, groceries, and the like. The latter, in Central Charhtd-patta, (IL) H. A lease for a term of years at a

India, are styled Kachili Chdrans ; those who are not progressively increasing rent.

engaged in trade are the Maru Chdrans, or Chdrans of Charhwi, H. (t_5jay>-) Raising, as rent or price.

the desert, or the sandy tract east of the Indus. Chari, Churee, corruptly, Churree, H. (<_;£;»-) Jawar
Charanamrit, H. (S. ^tm, foot, and ^>?tf, ambrosia) Water sown close and not suffered to run to seed, but cut un-
in which the feet of a Brahman has been washed ; also ripe, and used as fodder for cattle. In the Lower Doab,
with TJddha, water, Charanodaka. a small portion of rent-free land.

Charas, incorrectly, Churrus, and Cherrus, H. i(j*tj!>-, Chari-kagaja, Uriya (SI^^Ql^lff) Paper of pleadings.
<i<.«) The resinous exudation of the hemp plant, possessing Chahhli-phollu, Thug. Time between sunrise and noon.

strong intoxicating powers, and the basis of all the Charkhi, H. i^j^, from the P. ^J^, a wheel, S. ^^)
inebriating preparations of hemp : see Bhang and Ganja. The pulley, or rather spindle, by which water is raised
Also, a large leather bag or bucket used for drawing from a well by two water pots tied to the ends of a rope

water from wells. that passes over the cylinder, and are raised alternately.

CharIyam, Mai. (.2J0(O0CQ;o) Spirituous liquor; rum, A spinning-wheel.

&rak, any intoxicating beverage. Charmajoda, Mar. (from S. ^Ȥ, leather) A pair of shoes
Chdrdya hata, Mai. (j2_10(D0ca)<fijS) An arak or spirit exacted periodically by the head village officer from the
shop. village shoemaker, or a money cess in lieu of it.

Chdrdya hdran, Mai. (i2JO(OOca;cfi50fDfY6) A distiller or Charmak, CharmakIra, Mar. (S. ^i^oir, ^toBT^) A
vender of spirituous liquor. currier, a shoemaker, a worker in leather.
Chdrdya kuttumaia, Mai. (.QJOfOOCQjceSire^ann ) Contract Charni, H. itjj^) A feeding trough.

103
 CH CH
Charshamba, H. (from .U^, four and P. shambah, lUii, worship Vishnu exclusively, and whose occupation is the

a day) Wednesday, the fourth day of the week. sale of flowers.

Charsu, H. (p. j*»yU-) from chdr, four, and su, a quarter) Chatar, Uriya (SI5EIQ) The place in the salt works

A square, a market-place, a place where four roads where the saline earth is collected and prepared for

meet. filtration.

Chartta, Mai. ( iUOnriTD ) A writing, a document, a Chatara (?) Ben. Land of an inferior quality. Indifferent

title-deed, a register, a catalogue. (Probably adopted fallow land (Jessore).

from the Portuguese.) ChAti, Uriya (S^S) A salt manufactory.

Chdrttumuri, Mai. ( .QJOrt^qfOl ) A document, title- Chdtipdik, Uriya (Sl^SGIlC^O) A peon attached to a

deeds, writings of land, &c. Salt work. An assistant to a native collector.

Charutah, H. (^P^j^) a life-rent grant. Chdtia malangi, Uriya (S\;Se||SlS).Sf ) Head salt ma-
Charwaha, H. (IaIj js.) a herdsman, a grazier. nufacturer. (More correctly Chulidmalangi, q. v.)

Charwdhi, H. (i<?>^r»-.) The wages of a herdsman in Chattamu, Tel. (t3'fe^Sx>) Chattam, Mai. (.2-l§o) A
grain. regulation, a rule, a law.

Charmdi, H. (uf'jj*-) Price paid for grazing. Chattiga, Karn. (8o-&3a) The head man of a drove of

Char-tar, H. ( i1j.Is-, from chdr, four, and ydr, a friend, cattle for exporting com.

P. Chahdr) A Mohammadan of the Suni sect, one who Chattiram, or Shattiram, pronounced Chattram, Tam.
maintains the rightful succession of the first four Khalifs, (S'S^CTLQ, vernacular representative of S. T^) A
Ahubakr, Omar, Osmhn, anAAli. place where refreshment is given gratuitously, especially

Chas, or Chasa, H. and other dialects (^_^U-) Chash, to Brahmans ; funds set apart for such purpose : also,

Ben. (Ft^) Cultivation, tillage. an umbrella.

Chashd, Chashdn, Ben. (^, 5^t^) Ploughing a field, CHATTIRIYAIf, or Shattiriyan, Tam. (S'S^ItflUJOT,
causing it to be ploughed. S. '^f^ltj) A man of the military caste.

Chdsd, H. (l*wU-) Chdshd, Ben. ( FW A ) cultivator, a Chattu bAvali, Tel. (^^^^5^^!)) A well sunk in a rock

ploughman, a husbandman. (from ^&, hard, solid.)

Chdshbdsh, Ben. (FNTt^) Cultivation, tillage. Chatdkulu, Tel. (^&^ew) a weight of four Dabs.
Chdsh-sanad, Uriya (from A. Jowj, a grant) Grant of Chatur bhIgamu, Tel. Karn. (tSe^^X^ao, s. ^ilT,
rent-free lands (Cuttack). four, and HT't, a part) The fourth part of the annual
Chdsi, H. (j^ljs-) Chdshi, Ben. (Fl^) Cultivation, crop received by Government from the holders of certain

tillage, a cultivator. alienated lands. According to the definitions of the term

Chdshdchdshi, H. Land prepared for cultivation by repeated as applied in the Tamil provinces, it is the grant or

ploughings (Cuttack). alienation of the Government fourth in favour of the

Chasht, also Chasht-gah, H. (P. c:^!*-, !sl^ e:^U-) holders of the land.

The middle hour between sunrise and noon. Refresh- Chatuedasi, H. (|__j««iJ^»., S. "^jt^ft, fourteenth) The
ments taken at that season. fourteenth ; as the fourteenth lunar day.

Chasht-namdz, H. Morning prayer. ChaturmIsya, S. (from ^3^, four, and MX^, a month)
Chasni, H. (^AujU-) a pan in which the sugar juice is Relating to four months. Applied to four kinds of sa-

boiled. crifices, the Vaismadeva, Vdruna praghdsa, Sdkamedha,

Chata, Hindi ("^TTl) The vessel that receives the juice of Sundsiriya, to be offered in four consecutive months, or

the sugar-cane as it drops from the mill. every four months, or, according to some, in the months

ChatIn, H. (jjjSs-) Rocky soil. Ashdrh, Kdrtik, and Phdlguna, consisting of roasted
ChatanA, H. (Ulio-, cans, of Ujl»-, to lick) The ceremony cakes of rice flour, offered in the first to the Visreadevas,

of feeding a child for the first time. in the second to Varum, with two figures of sheep

ChatIo, or Chatai, Thug A share of the booty. made also of flour, in the third with vegetables to Agni
ChatInulu, Tel. ( tJ~°e^<<$Deu ) a class of Sudras who (?), and in the fourth to Indra.

104
 CH CH
Chaturvedi, S. ('^H^, four, and g^, the Vedas) A of literary habits. In the upper provinces they are

Brahman professing to have studied the four Vedas. In usually boxers, wrestlers, and the like.

common speech, Chaubi. Chau-bisa, H. {&mM^, from S. '^tf^^K, twenty-four)

Chatussimd, H. (^WHiIht) The four boundaries of a field A tract of country containing twenty-four villages occu-

or village. pied by a particular tribe : they are frequent in the

Chatushpatha, S. (^Titqxi) A place where four roads north-west provinces.

meet, an open place or square. Chaudhari, or Choudhuree, sometimes, but incorrectly,

Chaturupddhyaya, S. (^^t , four, the four Vedas, and Chaudhri, coTTu-ptly, Chomdrah, Chowdry, H. (^j^i>j»-,
^^rran^t, a teacher) The name of a family of Brahmans lit., a holder of four, perhaps shares or profits) The
in Bengal : in common pronounced Chaturjia or Cha- head man of a profession or trade in towns. The head
turjee. man of a village. A holder of landed property classed with

Chaturtha, S. ('^'t:) A fourth, the fourth day, &c. the Zamindar and Talukdar. In Cuttack the Chaudhari
Chaturtha-hriyd, S. (from f^m, act, rite) Offering fu- was the revenue officer of a district corresponding with

neral cakes on the fourth day after a person's decease the Desmukh : the Chaudhari Talukdar, or head re-

also Chaturtha-p'inda, (from fin^:, the funeral cake.) venue officer, was there treated under the British Govern-

Chaturthi, S. (^F^) The fourth day of the lunar fortnight. ment as a proprietor or Zamindar.
Chatwatta, (?) Mar. A place where four roads meet. See Chaudhardi, corruptly Choredraroy, H. (,J^t>j»-) The
ChawdtJia. office, jurisdiction, or privileges of a Chaudhari.

Chaxt, H. (^) A ploughshare. Chaudhardyet, H. (c>»^J;Sit>j»-) The fees of a Chau-

Chau, H. (^ , abbreviation of S. Chatur, four ; used chiefly dhari's office.

in composition) Four. Chaugadda, Chouguddu, H. {.iM^) The place where

Chauhdchha, H. (<lCy&-b^) A mode of apportioning the the boundaries of four villages meet.

assessment formerly practised in the Delhi territory or Chaughdchdr, Mar. (^ITJHK) Ownership by many,
the levying of a revenue upon four things ; viz. 1. A fixed common property.

rate per plough ; 2. The same per head on each Chaughald, Chauguld, or Chaughuld, corruptly, Chougulla,
male above twelve years old; 3. A rate per family, Mar. (•Tuic^I, ^T^rr, -"flUcjn) The second officer of a

hearth money ; 4. and one on each head of cattle. Maratha village, an assistant of the headman or Pdtil :

Instead of the plough tax, some statements separate the he holds his office by hereditary tenure.
poll tax into two, one on adults and one on children. Chauhadda, or Chauhaddi, H. (li!x&-jr»-, ^^s^is>-, from
Thus arranged, the four heads of taxation are denomi- chau, four, and A. hadd, a boundary) A place where

nated, Pdg, from pagri, a turban ; Tag, the cloth worn the boundaries of four villages meet.

round a child's waist ; Kudi, or Kori, a hearth ; and Chaudu, Tel. (^3^&)) Salt soil.

Punchhi, a tail. Chauhan, Chouhan, H. {^J^^) One of the principal

Chau-bandi, Mar. (xTH't^^) Made up of four, or contain- Rajput races, numerous and powerful branches of whom
ing four, as a sheet of paper of four leaves. Any con- are found in every part of the north-west provinces, as

nexion of four. Fourfold state or quality. well as in Malwa and Rajasthan. The most distin-

>]h3^^ ^ summer-house,
Chaubdr, or Chaubdrd, H. (^Vj?" guished families in Central India are the Khichi, Hdra,
a place where villagers assemble, a shed, a police station, Bhadauria, Hdjkumdr, and others : in the Company's
especially that of the principal officer or Kotwal. territories, Major, Pratapnir, Chakarnagar, and Man-
Chaubdri, or Chaupdri, Ben. (iP^Tf^, CFl'ft^) A school chana ; the head of which last is usually known as the

a college, especially one in which Sanskrit is taught Raja of Mainpuri : they trace their descent from the cele-

by a Pandit. brated Prithi Itdi.

Chaubi, H. (^^, abbreviated from Chatur-bedi or Ch AUK, Chouk, corruptly, Chowke, H. (t^j*-, '^oS) A
-vedi) A Brahman learned in the four Vedas ; now ap- square, an open place in a city where the market is held,

plied to a class of Brahmans who are not always men and the chief police office is commonly stationed.

105 2 E
 CH CH
Chauk-nihds, H. (ftl^l^) A tax or duty levied on all articles tilled during the four months of the rainy season, or from
sold In a market-place in Bengal under the Mogul Government. Ashdrh to Kuar. A rate in a Ryot's lease for those

Chauh-vidrd, H., or Ben. maru (from j^yU, or li)l«, to lands which he sows after the rains, not having had a
kill, to strike) Smuggling. crop previously raised on them in the same year.

Chauka, H. Ben. ('v^j*-, w[M ) A cleared space in which Chaumasid, H. (Lw<j»-) A ploughman hired for the four

a Hindu cooks and eats his food, or performs any re- months.
ligious ceremony. Chaundhi, Thug. A turban.

Chaukab.1, H. (hij*-) Division of the crop, in which the Chaunra, ChounrA, H. (j/j*-) A subterranean apartment

cultivator gives up only one-fourth. for grain.

Chaukaba-bhumi, (?) Karn. Indifferent land. Chaunri, H. (^JjLs-) A police-station, usually the Kotwali,

Chaukari, H. (t:£;Jj»-) A measure of grain, a quarter (Sagarj.

of a Chauthia, q. v. Chauntali, Chountalee, H. iyj^"^^' Cotton pods in

Chaukasi, corruptly, Chokusseb, H. (^uji^) Vigilance. which the fibre is equal to one-fourth of the whole produce.

An examiner, an assayer. Mar. (^cS^) Careful in- ChaupIl, Chaupab, or Chaupar, H. (

JUj»-,^ljjr>-, ,Lij»-)

quiry or investigation. A shed in which the village community assemble for public

Chaukasnis, Mar. ( ^oFTt'Ti^) An inspector, an overseer, business (generally erected by the head man of a village, and

a visitor ; a registrar or record keeper. used by him as an office). A raised platform near a

ChaukalsA, Mar. ('^clT^^) A class of Sudras, or an in- hou^e, a Chabutara, q. v.

dividual of it, from their having four ichau) ornaments Chaupan, (?) Mar. Stiff, clayey soil.

ikalasis) to the bridegroom's litter in a marriage procession. Chaupani, (?) Uriya. A tax formerly levied by petty chiefs

Chauk-bhabna, H. Filling a square space with coloured in Cuttack, to cover the expense of maintaining police, com-

meal, perfumes, sweetmeats, &c., on occasions of rejoicing, muted for a money payment. Ben. Reg. xii. 1805, cl. 4.

a Mohammadan custom. Chauh, H. ()j«f-) A large open space in a forest (Ro-

Chaukha, H. (L^j^) a station where four boundaries meet. hilkhand). An extensive tract of low land (East Oudh).
Chauki, Choukee, corruptly, Chowky, Choky, Chokbe, Chaubaha, H. \li3>\j^) The meeting of the boundaries of

H. &c. ( i5>)»- , '^T'lft) The act of watching or guarding four villages, or junction of four roads.

property, &c. Station of police or of customs, a guard, Chaurasi, H. (^*»'!;y*-> lit- eighty-four) A subdivision of

a watch, or the post where they are placed. — Ben. Reg. a district or Pargana comprising originally eighty-four

iv. 1795. ix. X. 1810. xvii. 1816, &c. villages, although now reduced to a smaller number.

Chauhiddr, corruptly, Chowkeydar, Chokeedar, &c., H. The division was very common in Hindustan, and nu-
(ilJoOjrs-) A watchman, a police or custom peon, a merous traces of Chaurdsis have been detected by the
village watchman. —Ben. Reg. xiv. 1807. xxii. 1816. industry of Mr. Elliot, who has added to the fact some

vii. 1817, &c. highly valuable observations on the selection of this par-

Chaukiddri, H. ((_S('.Xpfc>-) The office of watchman. ticular numeral. —Supplement to the Glossary, p. 151.

A tax levied to defray the cost of a town or village Chaurkani, Mar. (^iT=in^'t, used with t;13T, &c.) A line

watch. The fees or wages paid to the town or village drawn across a sheet of country paper through the four

watchman. — Ben. Reg. xxii. 1816. columns into which it is folded, a form used in letters to

Chaul, Ben. ( t>|5ci ) Rice freed from the husk. See Chdurcal. sons, pupils, &c.

Chaula, H. (^j*-) a kind of bean much cultivated in Chaursi, Choursi, H. (j_5»*'jij'^) a granary above ground

Hindustan (Dolichos sinensis). (Rohilkhand).

Chaula, S. (^T^) The ceremony of tonsure. See Chudd. Chaus, Chous, H. (|^j^) Land four times tilled (Ro-

CHAULfj Mar. ('D^) A small silver coin, equal to two anas. hilkhand).

Chaumasa, H. (<U,Ui«»-) A period of four months, the rainy Chausingha, H. (L|p^A»«y»-) A raised mound indicating

season. where the boundaries of four villages meet.

phaurnds, corruptly Chowmass, H. (jj,«Uj*-). Land Chauth, Chouth, corruptly, Chot, and Chout, H. ("i^^)
106
 CH CH
Chauthai, from paid to the farmer or Zamindar, for the privilege of
Mar. C*^, for the S. "^K^. fourth)

An assessment equal to one-fourth of the original weighing the grain of the Ryots, either to determine the

standard assessment, or generally to one-fourth of the quantity, or for sale, for which the weighman has a fee

actual Government collections demanded by the Marathas of about half a ser per maund ; the deficiency, when the

from the Mohammadan and Hindu princes of Hindustan, grain is sold, falls upon the purchaser (Puraniya).

as the price of forbearing' to ravage their countries. The Chautra, H. (IJ..*-) a court, corrupted perhaps from

Chauth vras collected by the Marathas through their own Chabutara.

agents, and was divided into four parts : 1. Raj babti, Chavalamu, Tel. (u^e;^:o) One-eighth of a pagoda.

a fourth allotted to the head of the State ; 2. From the Chavalan, Mai. (uJOJ^nrb) The name of a low caste

other three parts, denominated collectively Mukhdsa, six of Nalrs, or of a member of it, a fisherman.

CH:AVATU-BHUMl,Tel.Karn.(^=^"J2P>3 °~-5) Brackish ground.

per cent, of the whole Chauth, termed Sahotra, was set

apart for the Pant Suchu ; 3. and Nargunda, or three CHivEKRUVUTTi, Mai. ( iiJ36)n_iO acm RTtnl ) Lands, &c.,

per cent, was given away at the pleasure of the Raja or granted to the family of a person who has conquered,

Peshwa ; 4. The remainder, or Ain Mukhdsa, sixty-six or who has fallen in battle, a military pension or reward

per cent., was distributed among different Jagirdars, to for service.

assist them in maintaining the troops they were bound to Chavika, Karn. (c5»io) A house with four pillars. A
furnish for the use of the State. Even when a country guard-house.

came into the actual possession of the Marathas, the Chavile, Tel. (^°^ O) Four dabs of twenty kds each.

collections were made under the same titles as before, Chavu, or Chau, corruptly, Chow, Tel. (.^'^) The weight
and appropriated in like manner. Under the British by which pearls are valued.

Government the Sahotra portion, or six per cent, on a Chavudai, Tel. (?-Jc^USCCO, dialectic form of H. Chau-

fourth of the Government collections, is still enjoyed by thdyi, or S. Ckaturthi, a fourth) Land held on payment

the Pant Suchu ; and some of the grants made from the of one-fourth of the nett produce to the State.

Ain Muhkdsa, or nett surplus of the fourth, are still Chavuka, or Chauka, Karn. (^^<^o) A square. The
held by individuals. In Hindustan, under the Mogul box containing the Linga.

Government, a Chauth was levied from the successful Chavukalu, Tel. (w<^"S^tO) A measure of seven cu-

party in a law -suit or arbitration : the precise proportion bits and a quarter.

is not stated, but it was probably a fourth of a rupee, or Chavulu, Chaulu, or Chaudd, Karn. (8^<<2}^0, ^~g)^,

four anas per cent on the value of the litigated pro- c^c)Cdo) Sterile land. Saline soil, in which corn will

perty. Also, a fourth of the pay of hired servants taken not grow, unless much watered. Fullers' earth.

by the head officer who hires them. A fourth of the fee Chavulu or Chaulu gadde, Karn. (8^<^$^/^g) Sterile

paid to a peon for serving a process taken by the Ndzir, wet cultivation.

or head native executive officer of a Court. Chavulu or Chaulu gadde, Kaxii. (Ss- '^^^^) Barren dry

Chauthai, H. (^^yfj^-) A fourth, a fine equal to a fourth cultivation. (It differs from the last in the dental dd.)

of the revenue. Chavulunela, Karn. (Ztc^^^V) Barren unproductive land.

Chauthard, Mar. (^^TCT) A condition of letting- land, in Chavuluppu, Karn. (^"^^C)^) Earth-salt. Also

which the landlord takes one-fourth of the produce. A Chautuppu, Chauduppu.

fourth of the produce of a field, &c. Chavutu, or Chautu, Karn. (^^&ij) Saline, as soil.

Chauthi, H. ("^raft) The fourth lunar day. The ceremony Chawal, Mar. (^^55) Two anas, or an eighth of a rupee.

of untying the wedding bracelet on the fourth day after Chawali, Mar. C^^^'^) A silver coin worth two anas.
consummation. ClHAWAL, (?) Guz. A small share in a co-parcenary village.

Chauthia, Chouthea, H. i\j^^) A measure of grain (Perhaps the same as the preceding, implying a two-ana

in general use in the north-west provinces, about equal or one-eighth share).

to a Ser of wheat : five Chauthias make one Panseri. ChAvstab, Mar. (^^T^) A measure of land, 120 square

Chautki kaiali, Hindi ("^i^ %^T^) An annual sum bighds.

107
 CH CH
ChawathA, Mar. (^^RT) A place where four roads meet. Chela, H. (5U»-. S. '^0 A servant, a slave, a pupil, a

, Any place where gossips meet, as a barber's shop, the disciple, especially one brought up by a religious men-

village tree, &c. dicant, to become a member of his order. In Mysore, a

Chawati, or Chauti, corruptly, Choltky or Choultry, Hindu boy seized in early life and forcibly made a Mo-
Mai. (.oJOaJsl) ChAwadi, Tel. (t3~°^a ) A public hammadan, by order of Tipu : these boys, as they grew
lodging place, a shelter for travellers. up, were incorporated in a military corps, retaining the

Anchechdwadl, Karn. (e30S3-3Fc)SCS) The post office. name of Chelas.

Chestarachawadi, Karn. (&rr\5^083^SSS) A station for ChelAvani, or Chelactni, TeL ( o'er°^S3) Current, as

palankin bearers. coin.

Kanddcharadach&wadi, Karn. ( §0Z53a3T)^cS8rc)^a) Chelike, Tel. ("t??)"!) A field left fallow, a field after

Station of armed peons or militia. the crop has been cut and cleared.

Kottawdlachavadi, Karn.. (D/S§^5J^e;aar-c)^a) The Chellam, Mai. (6).QjeJo) Royal treasure, hidden treasure.

office of the chief police magistrate, or Kotwal, &c. Chellu chiti, Tel. Karn. (tjCJ^-tSej) A receipt.

Chdmadiyava, Karn. (8F?)^tS0lX)O) The keeper of a ChellubIkilu, Tel. ("t^eO^Sw) CoUections and

choultry or karavansarai. balances.

Chan'ari, Mar. ('^'R^) Any place of resort, the magis- ChembAdivIdu, Tel. ( o'OEOQoJ^&) A fisherman.

trates' court, a police office, a custom station, an inn. Chemman, Mai, (6).QJGl(20nf6) A currier, a shoemaker, a

Chdwarirkharch, Mar. (A. j-y*" ' expenses) Cost of keep- worker in leather. See Chamar.

ing up a public lodging-place. Chen A, H. (iSJu»-) A kind of millet (Panicum miliaceum).

Chahwabi, Mar. (^5^5) The drag rope of a plough, a Chench, H. (^AJks-) A herb which springs up in uncul-

well, &c., to which the bullocks are yoked. tivated places in the rainy season.

Chdhmarimot, Mar. ('TT^TlWt?) The bucket of a draw- Chenchuvadu, Tel. ("t5'OtSDca-0(So) a tribe of half-

well. savage Hindus dwelling in the hills and forests ; also

Chdhwarydhail, Mar. (^dg'^^c^) One of the bullocks Karn. plur. Chenchukuladavaru.

yoked to the rope of a plough or well. Chendi, tSoO) The fermented juice of the date tree.
Tel. (

Chawupula, or Chaupula, Mai. ( i2j 9 a^ 04 ai) Mourning Chengavabusa, Tel. ( o'oX^cl)^) A land roll, a list
for a relative. Period of impurity arising from such a of farmers and fields.

death. Chejtgoli, Mar. (^jftf^s) Work done 'for hire.

Chaya, Tam. {b-HUS) A root from which a red dye is ex- Chenu, Tel. ( t5fCX)) A field of dry grain, a crop.

tracted (Oldenlandia umbellata). Chenvukotti, Mai. (,6)n-iax^6)SiO§\ , fi-om chenva, copper)

ChedIvu, Tel. ("3"S^c^) Increase. A brazier or coppersmith.

Dhar-cheddvu, Tel. (from Qo, price) An extra assessment, Cheota, Thug. Rupees.
by relinquishing the Government share of the crop to the Cheba,Cheli, Mai. (6>.qJO, 6\aJ^) Soft or wet soil, mud,
Ryot at a higher than the market price. mire, soil in general, or such as is fit for rice cultivation.

Cheduhu, Tel. (^QoOJ) An allowance of grain made to Cher-ldpam or -Idbham, Mai. (from cher, and S. ^H,
the Ryots in compensation of the right of gleaning. gain) The profit of cultivation, the cultivator's share of

Chehah, Thug. Jungle, forest. the profit.

Chehba, H. (p. ^<^, a countenance) Descriptive roll of Cherrmita, Mai. (6^.2JOQO-nrai) Cultivation of wet
a servant ; also, Chehra-handi. lands.

Chekavan, or Chegavan, Mai. (G-^<ftO-lfif6) A man Cheruman, plur. Cherumar, whence corruptly, Chermers,

of a low caste, commonly a Tair : one whose occupation Charmas, Churmars, also plur. Cherumakkal, corruptly,

is drawing the Tari juice. Chermakkal, and Shurrumukhul, Mai. (eixuoacinrt),

ChekUi Tel. (^Sso) A separate portion of land. See Chah. plur. 6)iUOQ,(2i<eS>d>) A slave or slaves, prsedial slaves ;

Chekku, Tel. (^1^) Grain derived from extra measure, the term designating them as " children of the soil."

Karn. {^^) Half a bullock load. CheeadAya. Karn. ( ar"ODS3o!l)) Profits to Government
108
 CHE CHH
from the sale of unchaste women. Assessment on cattle Chetti, Mai. (6)i2J§1) A foreign or Karnata Sudra, a
graziers. tradesman, a weaver by caste and occupation.
CHERlf, Karn. (aj-O dCXO) Pasturage among the hills. ChettukIean, Mai. (SijUnrygdaOffinrb) A Tdri drawer : a

Cheki, Tam. ((oS-cfl) Mai. (6liJj«n) A town, a village, a grass cutter.

hamlet. Ckettupdttam., Mai. (6)i2J«:^Q_19§°) Rent of cocoa-

Paraicheri, Turn. (ucCDmiEfGiffCfl) A village of Pariars. nuts or other palms for extracting Tdri.

Puduchen, Tam. (l-l^i&GSTJl) A new village or town, Chetukudu, Tel. (xjk:X)^&S) A male servant or slave.

the original form of Pondicherry. Chewaea, or Chewaeea, (?) Lands situated at the ex-

Cheeikkal, Mai. (6)iU«n<iB^(!!fc) Threshing-floor and farm treme boundaries of a village.

attached to Government lands. Jungle or hilly tracts ChhadAm, corruptly, Chudam and Chhedum, H. (^liiiS^)

sometimes cultivated. A coin of very small value, one of six, or properly six
and a quarter ddms, or two damris, a quarter of a paisa
CheenadIr, Tam. (SSTrrjsmj) Relations, dependants.

An con- valued at twenty-five ddmn. The word is used to imply

CHERRi., Mai. (6)iiJOO0) artificial reservoir,
any thing of no worth or value.
structed for irrigating lands.

Chbetj, H. The name of a wild tribe inhabiting Chhahel, Hindi (if^^) Land.
(
, -to.)

the hills and woods in the southern parts of the province ChhahkAe, Ch'huh-kooe, H. (.iij^s^, from <):-if»-.
six)

of Benares, in Mirzapur and Behar, sometimes called a Division of crops in which the Zamindar gets only one-sixth.

branch of the Bhars, and sometimes identified with the Chhai, H. i^J•^) A pad to prevent laden bullocks from
Koks. Mr. Elliot considers them to be the aboriginal in- being galled.

habitants of the provinces, on the skirts of which they are ChhAj, or ChhAch, H. (^\^, &^\=^, 'SfT*R) A winnowing
now found, driven from their proper seats by Eajput races. basket.

Cheeuko, Tel. (O'e£0&>) Sugar cane. ChhakrA, H. QjC^, S. ^JoRt) a cart.

Cheeujanmam, Mai. (e^JjaKOZio, from cheru, little) Chhal, Chhttl, H. ((Jya-j S. ^(cyO Deceit, fraud. In law,

The rights or perquisites of the inferior members of the a misdemeanor ; also, a legal quirk or deceit.

village community. ChhIlA, Ben. ('^W) A pair of sacks or pauniers, or any other
CheeumInam, Mai. (q.qJ«»i20OOo) Collection of revenue, article, so placed on a bullock as to hang on either side.
the duty of an inferior collector. CHHALAvipi, Karn. (i^OtO d)?^) A menial under the head
CherumdnaMran, Mai. (6).2J(?»CiOPnoB39(OfY6) An inferior merchant of a village.

revenue officer. ChhIlnA, Ben. (^siHl) An awning under which a

Cheeuvu, Tel. (xS(50o^) An artificial pond or tank. father or guardian presents the bride to the bridegroom

Panta-cheruvu, Tel. (from ^O^, crop) A tank for the on the day of marriage.
irrigation of various crops. ChhAmdchitIu, Uriya (Q|?IQS^) Grant of land by the
Uru-cheruvu, (from &O0^ a village) A tank for the Raja of Khurda.

common use of the inhabitants of a village. Clikdmuhdran, Uriya (g|flQ|QCl) The accountant of a Raja.
Chet, Thug. A traveller who has discovered the designs of ChhIntI, H. (LiiUjj-) Throwing additional seed among a
the Thugs. A gold coin. growing crop of rice (Delhi). Land in which seed has
Chet A, Tel. ( w fa) A cribble an allowance of grain made to
: been sown after a single ploughing, especially at the ex-
the head of the village. Maila-cheta, A similar allowance tremities of a village, to secure possession.

to the village washerman (from 30CXX)y, H. maila, ChhanpIt, Uriya (ggIE||g) Grass lands. Hemp.
dirty). ChhIoni, H. (^.U»-) Cantonments, station of troops.

Chexan, Mai. (6)iJjsnr6) A man servant, a slave, a ChhIp, incorrectly Chdp, corruptly Chop, H. (l_;L».) A
weaver of a particular caste.
stamp, a The impression of a stamp or seal.
seal. The
Chetkam, or Shexeam, Mai. (6)caa(®o) A temple of the Government stamp on papers or on coins. A mark on
first order, one dedicated to the Trimurttl. See Kshetra. weights and measures to shew their accuracy. The cus-
Chette, Karn. (Zx.w) Half a bullock load. tom-house stamp on goods having paid duty, &c. In
109 2f
 CHH CHH
Delhi the word is also applied to a small bundle of thorns Chhdr-chitthi, H., Ben., Uriya, &c. T'^lt'l»'S^)
(^is^^rf-^,
about a foot high. A pass, a permit, a passport on sale of salt, to the ex-

Chhdpa, H. {jkA^^) The village seal used to impress tent of twenty mans within a given jurisdiction; also an
grain with any stamp or impression. A fee on stamps. order for its release. (Shakespeare derives the compound
In recent times the word has come to signify printing ; as from Chhdr, a bank of a river, but it is probably a
Chhdpa kdghaz, a printed paper, a newspaper ; Chhdpa modification of Chhdr, letting go : or, as applied in the
hhdna, a printing-house or office ; Chhdpa kariia, to salt agencies, it may be referred to Chhdr, vernacular
print. Also adj. Sealed, under seal, distrained, attached. form of S. Kshdr, salt. As derived from the Hindustani

Chhdpa hasil, H. (JvoUi- <loLs») A tax on stamping cloth. Chhorna, to let go : the compound is Chhor-chitthi).

Chhdpi, H. (|j^.&.) Bearing a stamp, stamped, authen- Ben. Reg. x. 1819.

ticated, printed. ChharidIr, or bardIb, Mar. (•53^^, ^^^n:) A cane-

Chhdpikari, H. (i_f^, who makes) An officer whose bearer, an usher.

duty it is to apply a stamp or seal, a printer. Cheat, Chhut, H. {t,:^,^^) ChhIt, Ben. (^) The
Chhdpi rupaiya, H. i&J^jj) Eupees which have been roof of a house.
defaced by private marks punched on them, and some- ChhatAk, Ben. (^t^) ChhatAnk, or CHHATlNKf, Mar.
what depreciated in value on that account.
(iF^tcir, W^W), also Uriya, ChhatAnki, (S. vz, six,
Chhdpti, corruptly, Shaptee, H. (^jL>^.»-) A coarse seal
and ^c|r, a mark) One-sixteenth part of a Ser measure,
of cow-dung and mud affixed to the pile of grain on the
either of weight or capacity.
threshing-ground, to prevent its removal until the Govern-
ChhatIo, H. (.lx(js-) Cleaning rice from the husk.
ment or proprietor's dues are paid.
Chhathi, H. ^''""^ ^' ^' ®'^) Sixth. A cere-
ChhIpa, H. (^joLjs-) A heap of refuse corn formed in
mony performed
( j-ij-V?"'

a few days, from six to nine, after the

winnowing, a small heap of grain appropriated to pur-
birth of a child, by women among the Mohammadans.
poses of charity. In some places, the name of the basket
The sixth day of the mouth.
used for throwing up water out of a pond.
Chhatr, Chhatra, or Chhatak, Chhdtr, Chhutra,
Chhappae, Chhuppur, corruptly, Choppek, Chuppur,
or Chhutur, H. &c. (/^, S. •5^) also ChhAtA, H.
Chuppea, Chapbow, H. (JL^^) ChhApar, Ben. (^f^)
A thatch, a thatched roof.
(UL^) An umbrella. (S. l^) A place of shelter for

travellers, especially for Brahmans (Mysore), a serai.

Chhappar-hand, Chhuppur-hund, H. (P. jJu^ a binding)
Chhatri, Chhutree, corruptly, Chitree and Chiteree, H.
A thatcher, forming in the Dakhin a subdivision of the
Kumbi caste. A resident cultivator, in contradistinction
&c. {i_gl^, from S. 'Sf^'t, a small umbrella) A monu-
mental structure or pavilion erected in honour of some
to one who takes part in the cultivation of the lands of
person of rank. In Mai., One who carries an umbrella;
a village in which he is not a permanent inhabitant.
also a barber.
Chhappar-bandi, H. (^jJij, binding) Thatching. Expense
Chhatra-pati, H. S. A prince or Raja, one over whom a
of thatching. Cultivating with permanent residence in a
parasol is carried as a mark of dignity.
village.

ChhAr, H. (tI>s>-, ^T?) The bank of a river, alluvium,

Chhatra-dhdr, B., lit. an umbrella-bearer— A mixed caste,
formerly known in the Dakhin, whose function it was to
land gained from rivers.
hold the umbrella over persons of rank, and fetch water
Chhak, written ChhXd, but pronounced as if with a final r, Ben.
for the four pure castes.
Uriya ('^tS) Letting go, relinquishing, allowing to pass, &c.
Chhdrd, Ben., Uriya ('^1^) Letting go, relinquishing.
Chhatr a-varttana, Karn. (GjP^'6 S F~rv5) A tax formerly

Relinquished, deserted, as lands out of cultivation.

levied for feeding the Brahmans of the Cliaultris.

Balance due for Chhatri, or Chhetri, H. i^jX^,

Chhdrd-bdM, Ben., Uriya (A. ^J>^S) t_s/J.vr, S. -^g^:)
lands deserted. A man of the second, or regal and military caste.
Chhdri, Ben., Uriya ('^If^) Remission of revenue : lowering Chhatt*r, Chhuttoor, H, Ly.^, from ^f^, an um-
or letting off rent : acquittal of a prisoner, release : laches, brella) An article placed upon the top of a heap of
not prosecuting a suit,and other uses implying abandonment. winnowed corn ; a cake of dried cow-dung, or a shoot
110
 CHH CHI

of grass, or bundle of twigs, or a spear placed by the CHHfpi,incorrectlyCHiPi, corruptly Cheepa and Cheapaea,
side of it, or a flower near the bottom, to protect the corn H. (^XA^*., from the v. ULa.|^»-) A printer of cottons,

from the effects of the evil eye. a chintz-stamper. Also Chhipi-gar.

Chhatrapati-paisd, Mar. (^^t) The copper coin of Puna, CHHfE, H. iji^ , S. •Ej'k, milk) The land cultivated by
&c., established originally by Sivaji, stamped with the the proprietor of a village, or the lessee himself on his
word Chhatrapati. own account. See Sir.
Chhaue, Chhoitk, H. {.y^) A large stack of Jawar Chhit, Ben. (f^) Chintz, (also from S. f^) Balance,

collected for fodder, comprising several smaller stacks remainder.

(Delhi). Also, walking a boundary with a raw cow-skin Chhitua, H. (IjjLs-) Sowing broad-cast (Benares).
on the head, under a solemn oath to decide correctly :
Chhola, H. (irfj-^js-) Gram, (Cicer arietinum) The man who
five sticks are held in the hand, to imply that the arbi- cuts the standing sugar-cane, and pares off the leaves and
trator is the representative of the Panchayat (In the tops, which are in part payment of his labour.
north-west).
Chh6b, H. (jm^, from ^ijy^, to let go) Letting go,
ChhedI, H. (liXJi.rj»., from S. 'g^, cutting) An insect in-
dismissal, remission, acquittance. Also Chhordn and
jurious to corn ; the disease occasioned by it.
Chhordma.
Chhedana, S. ('^^ti) lit. cutting. In criminal law, muti-
Chhor-chitthi, H. (^^x=- Jjif*-)
^ "^eed of release, a
lation, cutting off a member or limb.
pass, a permit : a deed of divorce, or abandonment of a
Chhela, Uriya (SSCO A weight of metal equal to 40 bishas. wife, a document giving up claim to a girl betrothed to

CHHENKwi-U, or ChhenkwIiI, H. {j\^lXi^, uIjGj.^^) the repudiator, but married in his absence to another man.
Sequestration, distraint. ChhotI thAkue, Ben. ((f^tPl, H. '6'^^ , little, ^"t^,
Chhenchan, Ben. (i^°'plT) Throwing up water from a a lord) The youngest brother of a husband's father, to
pond or any reservoir. be used only by the wife of an elder brother's son. A wife's
Chhetr, or Chhetea,-H. {J)j~y^,
S. ^) A field. A place father's younger brother, to be used by an elder brother.
of reputed sanctity, as, Kuru-ckltetra or Kuru-hhet, at Chotd thdkurdnl, Ben. ( i^tl» t^i'^Pd't^ ) The wife of

Panipat. A geometrical figure : whence the Sanskrit a husband's father's younger brother, or of a wife's

translation of Euclid is known as the Cshetra- or father's younger brother.

Kshetra-sanhita. Ckotdbail, Ben. (f^tPt^T^) A younger brother's wife.
Chhetra-phal, H. (J^^U^) The superficial contents of The youngest of a man's wives, or the one last married.
a field or any geometrical figure. Chh^rikabandha, Mar. (^ftoFT, a knife, and ^^x^, binding)
ChhidA, H. (U>^^) Thin, not close, as a crop of corn A ceremony formerly in use of formally investing a Siidra
or grove of trees, &c. with a billhook, in imitation of the investiture of the
ChhikIi, H. (|_5^j.:=-) a fee on granting a release or ac- Brdhman with the cord.

quittance of rent or revenue (Rohilkhand). CHHtT, H. (iJL>j.r.».j from the v. Lu,^^, to let go) Re-

ChhimI, H. {^j*j<:^, S. f^) A pod or legume. mission, acquittance, letting go or relinquishing. Re-

Chhind, Ben. (f^°^) A water-course. mii-sion of revenue either on the highd or in rupees.

ChhinkI, H. (I^jy-^, ^'^T, S. f^^) A sort of bag of Chhut, Chhut-mdji or mujrdi, are terms especially applied

rope fastened on the mouth of an ox with straw for him to the reductions made in the assessment of the Fasli

A net or loop for hanging pots year 1197 (a. d. 1789). Some have been authorised by
to eat while ploughing.
Government, but most have been granted without any
or boxes in.

S. 'NtT, variegated) Chintz, spotted

such authority.
Chhint, H. (tiJb.^,
Chhutaiiti, H. (jJjUj.^js-) Remission of rent or revenue.
cottons.

ChhIntI, H. (IJUJ.A*-) A field in which peas and linseed Chhutti, H. ([jXi.!s-) Leave, leave of absence, discharge,

rice crop is standing, dismissal, leisure, oppoitunity.

have been sown broad-cast while the
and left to grow after the rice is reaped. Chibhae, H. (^jorb-) Land which long remains moist(Sagar).
CMiwia&,H.(L_^siiA^.=-)Sowingbroad-cast(Bundelkhand). Chigaeavantige, Karn. (S^X6^o6a) A tenure of
Ill
 CHI CHI

land in Mysore by shares, in which the whole village Chikndwat or Chiknot, H. lij.UJ^ai-, fsnUT^j) A clayey
was parcelled out in lots of equal value, each containing or loamy soil, a fat soil.

a due proportion of wet, dry, and garden land. Chikli, corruptly, Chicklee, (?) A lyot cultivating in one
ChihIi, ChihInA, ChihIrA, H. ((_fL»- \i[^) A place village and residing in another.

where dead bodies are burned. Chiliki, Tel. (T^Si) A field left fallow.

Chihel, H. ((Jj,^->.)
Wet oozy land. From CHlHLi., ChiksI, H. (Lk$l-^) A flagrant powder made up of a great

(i^j»-) mud. variety of ingredients'; the principal of which are sandal,

Chihe, H. (^j-Ajs-) a division of the Gujar tribe. andropagon, minnakun, benzoin, and camphor.

Chihna, S. &c. (f^j^) A mark, a sign, a badge, any dis- Chilam, corruptly, Chilltjm, H. &c. (As-) The part of

tinguishing mark or sign. the hukka which contains the tobacco and charcoal balls,

Chihnit, H. (Li,Jkys-, S. fq^, a mark) Known, ascer- whence it is sometimes loosely used for the pipe itself, or

tained, measured, identified. TJriya. Identity. the act of smoking it.

Chihnit ndma, H. (P. <lc«U) A specification of land with Chilaya, Mai. (.ajlaioj) Expense, disbursement, money

its boundaries. allowed for expenses, bafta, or extra allowance.

Chik, H. &c. (f^W, »-) A kind of screen, usually made of Chilla, H. ^^ , from the P. (J,^, forty) A forty days'

split bambus loosely fastened together in parallel lines by fast, a similar period of religious seclusion, or the place

perpendicular strings, and painted. where it is observed. The period of forty days after

Chik, Chikae, Cheek, Cheekxjk, H. (CJUs-,

childbirth during which a woman is unclean. Ceremony
J-^)
Mud, The
of purification. The shrine or residence of a saint.
Chikhal, Mar. (fg^jf^S, S. f=^foif^) slime.
Chillaginje, Karn. (a?^9^oa3) The nut of the Strychnos
bundle of rushes or turf on which the bucket rests when
Land potatorum, which is rubbed on the inside of water jugs
brought to the top of the well. that has been
to purify the water.
recently irrigated.

Chihhalwat, Mar. (p^NcJ^lil) Miry, muddy, land rendered

CniLLAR, Chillaru, Chillare, Chilee, corruptly. Chil-

by irrigation.
ler or Chilta, Tel. (-t30^&) Karn. (zS-O S^
^^)
so

A gold Mohur. Mai. (iijlg^o) Trifling, petty, sundry, an odd sum of

CbIk, Thug.
CnfKA, Thug. A timid or cowardly Thug. money, a small grant or allowance.

Chikal, (?) Planting surplus parcels of rice-plants on un-

Chillar-hdh, Karn. Sundry items or cesses in revenue.

occupied village lands, for the use of which the trans- Chillar-hharr.hu, Tel. ("ao^cS^Sjj) vernacularly or in-

planters agree to pay a portion of the produce. correctly, Chilhar khurch, Mar. ( ?) Sundry or petty
expenses, deductions from the revenue allowed for village
Chikan, H. {^Si^) Working flowers on muslin, or em-
expenses and for the contingent expenses of the native
broidering.

H. (P.j^d, a sewer) An embroiderer, a worker revenue servants (Dakhin).

Chiharirdoz,

of flowers in muslin. Chillar-hdran, Mai. (-2_ng-jo<fi>0(Dnf6) A petty shopkeeper.

Chillar-vari, Mai. (curol, a tax) The minor
Chikat, Chikti, Chbekut, Chiktee, H. (ci,X**-, ^JL^) or petty pay-

Clayey soil (Sagar). ments made to the inferior village servants.

ChikIut, H. (CL»>I^) Clayey soil of a black colour, Chillari-mdnyam, corruptly, Chillary-m.annium, Tel.

Chikhae, H.. ijfj^) The husk of Chana. (a eJ^8;fxj-°rC5g 0)Small gran ts of land for village charges,
ChikharwIi, H. (^_j1j,Xs.) Wages for weeding (Oudh). the pay of revenue officers, or support of temples, &c.

Chikkan, ChiknA, corruptly, Chickum, H. [^^fs^, U^js-) ChiltI, Karn. (arOtJa)) Sandal chips (Mysore).
Mar. (fq^inir) S. (fq'^lj:) Greasy, fat, unctuous. Thick, Chilwai, H. (^_jIj11js-) The turf or rushes on which the

loamy, as soil. Pure clay, incapable of cultivation. bucket, when drawn up from the well, rests ; and which
Chikanwat, Mar. Greasy or fat, especially as therefore becomes sloppy and muddy.
( r^chitR ?)

soil ; loamy or clayey soil. CuiMAMA, Thug. The cry of the wolf, a bad omen.

Chikankhadu, (?) Mar. A particular kind of rich soil Chimota, Thug. A boy. Chimoti, a girl.

(Western India). Chimpiga, Karn. (a?ol)X) A tailor.

112
 CHI CHI

Chin, H. (j^^i*-) Akind ofsugar (Upper Doab and Rohilkhand). Chirchera, Thug. Cry of the lizard.

Chini, H. (,eij->-) Coarse sugar. Chirchitta, H. (<SJi*|y»-) A kind of grass bearing a small

ChinuI, Guz. C*HL Si.) Allowance made by Grasias to vil- seed which may be eaten.

letge Patils for collecting' their dues. Chireta, Thug. A Maratha, a Pandit.

Ching, Thug. A sword. Chireya, Thug. Chirping of the small owl, an unlucky
Chingana, Thug. A boy. omen.
Chingari, Thug. A clan of Muttari Thugs of the Mo- Chiriya-mar, Ben. (Ic>r»*)l>)W A low caste, by pro-
hammadan religion, following ostensibly the business of fession bird catchers.

Banjaras, or travelling grain and cattle dealers. Chirppa, Mai. (jaJloL^) A flood-gate, a piece of wood or a

Chingoria, Thug. One of the sects of the Thug clans. door to shut up a sluice.

Chi'nha, Thug. A boy. Chisa, Thug. Any good or blessing, especially a wealthy

Chinkalu, Tel. ("^Oseo) The inferior grains of millet traveller.

separated by winnowing from the better. Chit, abbreviation oiChitthi, q.v. Mar. if^Z ) A note, a letter.
Chinhalu-rdd, Tel. (^3^3 , S. TT^ft) A heap of such grain. Chitnavis, or Chitnis, (ti^H, or ^^^^, from Chit, and
Chintal-makta, or Chintal- lana guti, (?) Mar. A tax P. nams, writer) Under the Maratha Government, an
levied on large scales. under secretary of state, who wrote and answered des-

Chinwal, (?) Mar. Tax payable from the customs revenue. patches. Any clerk or registrar. The same as the Sar-

Chippala, Kam. (3o-^9) An instrument of torture rishtaddr of the Company's Courts, in the Dakhin.
two sticks tied together at one end, between which the Chit, H. &c. (e:,^*-, S. f^ir) Mindj understanding, the
hand is placed, and the loose ends are forcibly pressed intellectual faculty, the soul.

together. Chita, H. &c. (l^, S. f%in) A funeral pile, a heap of

Chippevadu, Tel. {-erfO^&i) Chippiga, Kam. ("^^^) sticks on which a dead body is burned.

A tailor, said to have sprung from a Shakili female by a Chitdhha, H. (^li»-) A funeral pile.

Brahman. Chitdpinda, S. (f^HTPn^) Offerings of cakes to the

Chipten, Mar. (fira) A measure of capacity, one-fourth of manes at the funeral pile at the time of burning, the

a ser. corpse.

Chir, Mai. {n2\0 ) A bank, a dam, an embankment, a mound Chitdrohana, S. (fenTr^tl) Ascending the funeral pile,

across rivers, or dividing fields, serving as a causeway burning with the dead body of a husband.
in the rains ; the Band or Bund of Bengal. A large pond. Chitkd, Hindi (f^oFT) A place where dead bodies are

Chiea, S. (f^) Long, in time. burned.

Chiranjiv, B. S. (fr3°#k) Long-lived, said as a bene- Chita-khanda, Ben. (ffe^*!"^) Spring-harvest.

diction. Chitari, corruptly, Chebtaro, H. {^Jj^ , S. fq^^l'O)

Chirdyu, S. (f«rt1^:) Long-lived. A painter.

Chira, Thug. Call of the Ruparil, or the bird itself. Chitra, S. &c. (f^^) Variegated, spotted: a picture, chintz.
Chira, S. (^t^) Cloth, clothes, bark. An effigy placed ChitrabhInu, S. (f^^>TT^:) The sixteenth year of the
upon the funeral pile when a woman burnt herself after cycle of sixty.

her husband's decease in a distant place. Chitragupt, Mar. (fg^iT?l) A skilful writer, both as
Chiraohi, H. (|^]^, p. ^I/s-, a lamp) An allowance, regards his style and handwriting. (From the mytho-
either public or private, for keeping a lamp or lamps logical Chitragupta, S. the registrar of the dead.)

constantly burning at the tomb of a Mohammadan saint, CHiTPEKALiRi, Arakan. A class of slaves, those who are
or for illuminating a mosque. Presents of money for taken in battle. „
like purposes. Chitt, H., and other dialects, (ci^»-, S. f^) Mind,
Chira VAKA-PADU, Tel. (t2)O^0o:J^(Sj) Land recovered heart, the intellectual faculty, or its supposed seat.

from the waste, and prepared for the cultivation of the Chittpdrvan, Mar. (f«l^MHfT) A Brahman of a particular
Chiravara or Chdi, a plant yielding a red dye. tribe ; also termed Konkanastha, or Ronkan Brahman.
113 2 G
 CHI CHO
Chittari, Tain, ((^lasrfl) A small tank. ChoiyI, H. (l^j*-) A hole dug in the dry bed of a river.

Chittb, Tel. (t2> t3) An incomplete heap of salt. A rivulet.

Chittha, H. i\j^) Chita, Ben. (ft^) Chittha, Tel. ChokA, H. (li'^) Rice (SSgar).

( "^"^ ) A memorandum, a rough note or account, rough ChokabIg, H. ('^loRT^n) Seeds sown immediately after

journal or day-book. Pay of public servants. Particular a fall of rain.

statement of the measurement of a Zamindar's estate ChcJllu, Tel. (pi. V^lf^) A kind of grain (Cynosurus

founded on actual measurement. It also applies to an corocanus).

account of all the lands in a village, divided numerically Chonda, Mar. ('ftin) A clump of rice plants.
into ddgks or shares, shewing the quantity of land in ChoneI, H. (l3Jj»-) A well not faced with masonry, where
each, the sort of cultivation, and the name of the cultivator. water is near the surface.

Also a field book, more usually termed khasra, an ac- Chondha, Mar. ('•«rHpO A small bed or banked-up portion

count of all the lands of a village, according to their of a rice field.

allotment, in the order in which they have been Chonta, Ben. (iFf^Sl ) A rough copy, a rough draft (of

measured. a writing).
Chitthd-dnialddri, H. d^IjiLkC l^) A deed conveying Chonti, or Choti, H. iy^^i lS^^?"'
^""""^ ^" ^^^ ^
a proprietary right. tuft of hair left at the top of the head when the rest is

Chitthi, H. Chiti, Ben. (fpft) Chiti, Chitti, shaved off, in the case of boys at an early age. Among
(,_5V*v"^
CniTHf, or Chiththi, Mar. (f^, f^, f%3^, f^3^, the Mohammadans it is sometimes dedicated to a par-

Chiti, Kam. (8^?^) corruptly Chitee, abbreviated Chit. ticular saint.

A note, a short letter, any letter, a note conveying an Cnoppf, pronounced Chopri, corraptly, Chopeddi, Mar.
order or demand. («ll13l) A stitched or bound book for accounts.

Chitthi talab, or Talah chitthi, (from the A. (.—^dlo, in- Choppa, Tel. (^§) Straw.

quiry) A process, a precept, a summons to a defaulter to Chop-SANad, (?) Uriya. Grant of rent-free lands in perpetuity.

appear and pay his arrears. Chor, H. &c. (;j»-, S. '^) A thief.

Chltihundi, Kam. (e^^^Sbjoa) A bill of exchange. Chorank or dnh. Mar. (^t^«S -'SlioR, from S. ^TU, a
Chittu, Kam. (So-^oJ) A rough copy or draft. cypher) An extremely small figure on the leaves of a

Chitu, or Chiti, Karn. {sS-^tiJ^ a?? ei) Chittu, Tam, MS., or on a bale of cloth or piece of goods, to mark its

(.^lI®) a bill, a bond, a deed : the Hindi Chitthi. price. A secret or furtive mark.

Chitti, or Chetti, more correctly, Sethi, corruptly, Chitty, Chordarwdza, (from P. Hj^jjii, a door) A back door, a

Tel. (t3^, or "t^&S, from S. Sreshthi, wf) All private way.

members of the trading castes in the Madras provinces, Chorgali, H. (l^^, a lane) A bye street or lane.

either shopkeepers or merchants. Chorgast, Mar. (^"^?:irer) Secret rounds, going privily

ChivIti, Mai. (ilJloJOSl) A small vessel, a kind of round streets, &c.

Pattamar. Chorsirhi, H. (^jtu) Back stairs.

Chivuka, Tel. (t^'^s ) A coin of the value of a quarter Chorugasti, (?) Tel. A spy, a secret watcher.

rupee. Chorwddd, Mar. ('^^^KT) A haunt of thieves.

ChiwanI, H. (iJljS") A place where dead bodies are burned. Chorzamin, H. ^^;)i^)Jy^) A quagmire.
Chob, H. (•-r'j*-) Chop or Chob, Mar. (^tt, ^^) A Chora-nimak, H. (i^X<i^^) but used in Cuttack, Con-

stick, a staff, a staff of office. traband salt.

Chobddr, corruptly Chubdar, H. ij\Si^) An attendant Chordnna-lutle, (?) Karn. An item of revenue ; remission

carrying a short staff or mace. on account of plunder by thieves or robbers.

ChohA, H. (lS!y»-) A small well. Chori, H. &c.{t^y»-, '^rt:t) Theft, robbery ; also, doing

Chohae, less correctly, Choah, Ben. (tfFt^l^) A tribe of any thing furtively or clandestinely.

mountaineers in the hills of Ramgarh, &c. Chorimdri, Mar. ('q^^J^T.'t) A collective terra for illegal

CiioiL, Hindi (^ft^^) Land lying low, and always moist. and violent practices, robbery, battery, murder.

114
 CHU CHU
Chori-sarakula-phdramu, (?) Tel. A statement of smug- Chuk AT, H. (ci^Cs-, from UC»-, to be finished or settled)

gled goods. Agreement, a contract

Chot, H. ( 1-^^) Folding a blanket or sheet as a cover- Chukauta, Chookouta, H. ((fojLs-) Fixed rates of rent,
ing for the head and shoulders, so as to keep out rain money rate.

practised by shepherds and herdsmen. CH0KKAN, Mai. (n^^B^Onb) A helm, a rudder.

Chot A, H. (^^) Discount or premium. Chukkdnkdran, Mai. (^SetOSBiOtOnb) A steersman. See

Chotana, Mai. (eiSLiO(mm, S. ^ftV^) A liquid measure, Seacimny.

varying in different places. Searching, determining. Chukri, Chookiiee, H. ( uf^*-) A fractional division of

Chotanahdran, Mai. (eiiUOraiOOd&orOnfi) A custom officer, land (Kamaon and Garhwal).

a searcher, one who examines goods in transit to verify ChuktI, Mar. ('^^) Settled, cleared, as a debt.

their having paid the proper duty. Chukti, Ben. (b<f\sl ) or Chukoti, (^oRTrft) Chukmati,
Chua, H. ( Ijj^) A plant used as a potherb in some places, Mar. (-Moh^riT) Settlement of a debt or bargain.

but in Garwal and Kamaon the small grains of it are Chula, or Chulah, H. (<s!j*-) A tribe of Tagas in Baghpat.

largely used as food (Amaranthus oleaceus). Chulat, Mar. ('^qSW) A term expressing collateral relation-
ChudI, Ben. Mar. (S. ^TT) A tuft of hair left on the top ship, used in composition ; as, Chulat-djd, a grandfather's

of a boy's head at the time of tonsure. (It is also pro- brother ; Chulat-bhdu, son of a paternal uncle.
nounced Churd and Chuld, whence come the deriva- Chulha, or Chulhi, H. (l^^. (jS^;*-) Chi&la, Mar. (^^)
tives Chaura and Chaula, signifying the ceremony of in other dialects, Chuia, Chulli, from the S. (^f^) A
tonsure.) fire-place, a temporary and moveable receptacle for fire,

Chudd-haranam, -harma, or -kriyd, (firom S. dttiM> &c., made of dried clay.

act, ceremony) The ceremony of tonsure performed on Chulia, (?) A name given to the Mohammadans in Mala-
Hindu boys, which should properly take place between bar. In Cuttack (oS.21|) A salt-boiler.

the third and fiflh year of their age, but sometimes later, Chulid-malangi, Uriya (QR.8i|SlCl.ST) The head salt-

when a single lock of hair is left on the top of the head. maker, the one who makes engagements with the Go-
See Chaura or Chaula, Chaura-karaTia, Chaula-karana, vernment.

&c. Chulli, Choollee, H. ((Jj*-) Supports placed beneath

Chaul-otsava, S. A festival held on occasion of the cere- stacks of straw or stores of grain. A. fire-place. See Chulha.
mony of tonsure. Chullu, Choolloo, H. {^^) The palm of the hand hol-

Chugai, CHOOGi.EE, H. (t/l^) Pasturage. lowed for holding liquids. A handfal of any thing fluid.

Chughal, or Chughli, H. (P. J«»-, ,J«»-) Tale- Chulta, Mar. (^^(Tt) A paternal uncle.

telling, backbiting, informing. Chumata, Mai. (a-JQis) A load, a burthen.

Chuffhalkhor, H. ()»»-> who eats) A tale-bearer, an Churmttdl,Chumattukdran,M&\ip-^a^%obo,a^Qi^&'i(Cir(b)

informer. A porter.

CHtjHEi., H. (pt>5*-) The lowest description of village ser- Chumbak, Ben. ( F°"^ ) Substance or abstract of a document.
vants, the same as the Bkangi, Haldlkhor, Mehtar, &c. Chumwa, (?) Asamese. Name of a tribe in Asam exempt
Chuk, Ben. (F^) CntJK, but often short in derivatives from manual labour.
and compounds. Mar. (^«li) A mistake, an error, espe- ChiJn, or Ch6ni, Choon, Choonee, H. (^j^. tij»-. S.

cially in figures. 'qtr) Pease-meal, pulse coarsely ground.

Chuki, Mar. (•^*T) A small mistake. ChtJna, H. (Lij*-, S. ^) Chunnam, whence the current

Chukbhul, Mar. (^^i>J^) All kinds of errors or inad- word Chunam, Tam. (s'COTrccnrLri) Lime.
vertencies. Chundru, or Chundn,yi. (jj"j^> u^"j^) Lime-burners,
Chukado, Ghiz. (^i61hI) Decision, adjustment, settle- or workers in lime, as plasterers.

ment of a dispute, &c. Chundigab, Guz. (^°^I^IL^) A bracelet-maker, one

Chukani, Ben. (cx^inl) An under-tenant (Rangpur). who makes armlets of glass or ivory for married women.

CnuKlRi, Chookaka, H. (J;!^) Customs, duty (Sagar). Chungadi, Kam. (ScrOoXS)) Interest of money, odds.

115
 CHU DA
Chungal, ChoonguLj H. (JXa*-) A handful of any thing Dddia, H. (A. &xcli>) A plaint, a claim, a petition. See
dry. Ddmd.
Chungi. H. ((<^-**-) A handful of grain levied as a tax or Dab, H. (*-jI(3, Darbha, ^) A kind of grass (Poa cy-

fee for weighing, or as a compensation for the use of nosuroides) with sharp points ; whence a sharp-witted
market conveniences, as bags, booths, &c. Similar con- man is said to be Darbh-dgra, keen-pointed as Dab grass.

tributions to religious mendicants, or allowance to Za- It is not much used for ordinary purposes, but is held

mindars for establishing a new market or permitting a sacred by the Hindus, and is strewed upon the floor or

fair to be held. This is also sometimes called Chutki, on the altar at ofierings with fire: it is also considered

(^-»*-) lit. a pinch. desirable that a dying person should expire upon a bed

Ckungi-penth, H. (from Penth, ^Mxy, a market) A market of this grass. It is also called Kusa.
or fair held on the tenure of giving a small portion of Daba, Ben. (^tTl) A large vessel to receive the juice of

each saleable article to the Zamindar. the sugar-cane from the mill.

Chungudu, Tel. (oooXbao) A small or trifling arrear. Daba, Uriya (^|Q) Memorandum, inventory, list.

Chunkam, Mai. (a-JSSjo) Duty, customs. See Sunka. Dabak, or Dabka, Dabuk, Dubka, H. (^iAj'5, l^t)) Fresh

Chunkippa, Mai. (a_jSeS1aj) Petty theft, pilfering, fraud. well water.

Chunni, Mai. (-^gj^) A sum of a hundred kaunris. DAbaliya, Ben. (^FtTtPwt) Low land.
Chuntbu, Choonteoo, H. (jyu^) Head man of a dis- Dabak, Dabue, H. (jjlii) Low ground where water lies.

trict in Dehra Dun. A small tank.

Chur, Chuba, or Chubi, H. (t^, S. ^^) A crest, a Dabbi, Dubbee, Tel. Mar. (^g^) A small box, a cash-,

topknot, a ring, an armlet, the bracelet put on a bride's box, one kept in temples to receive contributions. The
arm at the time of marriage, and which she is entitled contributions so received. The treasury of a temple.

to wear only while her husband lives : hence, meta- Dabaeo, Guz. (S^<1) A vessel of leather, for holding oil,

phorically, the married, as opposed to the widowed state. ghee, &c., commonly called a Dubber.
See also Chuda. Dabbu, Tel. &c. C^&P) A Dab or Dub, a small copper

Churd hhanddra, H. An allowance or portion of land coin of the value of twenty has ; whence it comes to

granted as means of maintenance to the junior members signify money in general.

of a Zamindar's family. Dabehra, Dubehra, H. Oj;i^d) A large ploughshare

Chura, Karn. (2jC/©C^, from the S. "g^) The smallest (East Oudh).

pieces of sandal assorted for sale. Dabehri, Dubehree, H. {^j^S) A light kind of plough

CnuTHACHti'TH, Mar. (^TSn^^, lit. deranging) Applied to in the west of Oudh and Rohilkhand.
writing which has been or is being spoiled by numerous Dabi, H. (^jIJ) Ten handfuls of the autumn crop. See

corrections, erasures, interlineations, &c. the next.

Chuti, Karn. (&rO^) A roll of tobacco, a cigar. Dabid, Dubea, H. (Ij^JJ, from Iw*), to press) A measure
Chutul, Mai. (a-J(KOo) A roll, a scroll, a roll of tobacco, of grain : when applied to the autumn crops it usually

a cigar. designates about ten handfuls ; when to the spring crops,

Chuyah, Ben. (Felts') The name of a tribe of mountaineers sixteen ; but it varies in different places.

inhabiting the mountains bordering Bengal on the west, DabIr, Dubeee, H. (P.jjji)) A writer, a secretary.

in Ramgarh and the neighbouring districts. DabrI, Dubra, H. i}j)S) A marsh, a puddle. In the
Upper Doab, a small field.

Dabri, Dubree, H. ii^jiS) Division of profit among a

D
village community according to their respective shares.

Da, Ben. (Tfl ) Dau, H. (jiti) A sickle, a billhook, a sort Dabulen, or Dabolen, also Dabulke^, &c. Mar. (s^,
of hatchet with the point curved. (From the S. Dd, or siicjj , '3^o|f) A hidden or reserved treasure.
Do, to cut.) Dach, Duch, H. (_i>) Homestead (East Oudh).

Dili, H. (A. ijc'tJ) A claimant, a plaintiff. Dad, H. (P. liu) Justice, complaint, representation. (In

116
 DA DA
some dialects, as in Marathi, the latter appears to be the Daebd, (a probable error for Dher, q. v.) A class of agri-

more common use of the word, althoug'h the former is cultural slaves, said to be numerous in Kanara.
its more legitimate meaning). Dafa-dIr, corruptly Duffadar, H. &c. (P.j'j ^S) In
Dddi, H. ((_jiiti>) A plaintiff, a complainant. the Hindu dialects which have nof, the ph is substituted ;

Dddi-fariddi, H. (P. (_sobj3 t^i>lj) Hindi, Dddu-phi- as, DaphedAr, Mar. (<i|i(^K) DaphedIrttdu, Tel.

riddu, (^ftsftsft,^^) A complainant, an appellant for (O~^"2y'O0OJ) Commandant of a body of horse, head of a
Justice. party of police, a police officer. In Bengal, a person at the

Ddd-khwdh, H. P. (xiji-) A plaintiff, a suitor, an ap- head of a number of persons, whether labourers or soldiers.

pellant for justice. Daftar, Duftub, H. (P. Jiiii) or, ph being substituted for

Ddd-khmdhi, H. P. (jJ6l«i-, desiring) Applying for jus- /, Ben. (fj^) Daphtaramu, Tel. (6^^X>)
tice, instituting a suit. Daphtah, Mar. (^TRrl^) A record, a register, an account,

Dad, H. (p. olj, from ^j^^ii, to give) A gift. Giving. an official statement or report, especially of the public re-

Ddd-o sitad, H. (P. jJLi, taking) Giving and taking, ex- venue, roll, archives, &c. An office in which public records

change, barter, traffic. are kept ; more correctly, Daftar-khdna.

Dddai, Hindi (^^) A term used in leases, meaning Daftar-hand, or -bund, H. (P. Sm) A record or office-

that the lessor '

gives,' or has given.' keeper. Allowance paid to such an officer.

Dddani, or, abbreviated, Dddni, H. &c. (^ijlij, ^T^q^) Daftarddr, Daphtarddr, H., also in Mar. Daphtarnis,
Paying in advance, advancing pay to labourers or manu- ( iiiif'iJii, (^MiriC'llF) A record keeper, a registrar, an
facturers : any additional grant or allowance. accountant. The head native revenue officer on the col-

Dddani malangidn, H. (^^*Lo, salt maker) An ad- lector's and sub-collector's establishments of the Bombay
ditional allowance to the makers of salt, an item in the Presidency. Under the Maratha Government, a district

former revenue accounts of Bengal. officer whose duty it was to collect and enter together in
Da-da, H. &c. (b'j) Paternal grandfather, an elder brother, the ledger the accounts of the waste-book as prepared by
any elder or venerable person. the Pharnis, and to transmit monthly and yearly abstracts
Dddi, fem. (i_ft>5ij) A paternal grandmother, any vene- to the head of the State. Under the English admini-

rable old woman. stration his duties are still more multifarious and respon-
Dadh, incorrectly, Dat, Mar. (^13") Ground prepared by sible ; and he takes an active part, not only in the record,

burning for being planted ; the weeds and grass strewed but in the settlement of the revenues with the Ryots.

over it to be burned. Grain growing on ground so pre- Daftarddri, or Daftamisi, (t^lj^isJ) The office of the

pared. Ground in which rice, &c. is grown from seed for Daftarddr.
the purpose of transplanting. Daftari, Dufturee, H., M. {i_£jiiti, ^TSHTff) A record-

Dadh, Dctdh, Thug. A man who is not a Thug. keeper, a registrar. In Hindustan it more usually de-
Dadeya, Kam. ( OSoa3 ) A measure of weight, the fourth notes an inferior office servant, who prepares writing

of a man, or ten sers. materials, and arranges the books of the establishment.

Dadri, Dudeee, H. (jjr;t>t>) Unripe corn, chiefly barley, Daftar-hhdna, H. (<JJU-^J) An office in general, a

which is cut occasionally, and brought home to be eaten, counting-house, an office of public records.

without being taken to the threshing-floor. Daftar-liharch, (—ji-Jiiii) Office charges.

Dadupanthi, H. (^^lOjiJlii) A follower of the religious sect Dqftar-saranjdmi, H. ( ««Ik^«j, effects) Office charges

of Dadu, a cotton cleaner of Ahmed abad, in the beginning an article of disbursement formerly deducted from the

of the seventeenth century, who endeavoured to establish a revenue payable by the Zamindar.

sort of monotheistical worship. Dag, Ben. (>ft''1) A spot, a stain, a brand. See Ddgh. A
Daen, H. (j^.b) Tying a number of bullocks abreast, that lot or portion of an estate which has been measured, and

they may tread the corn under their feet and force out the of which the measurement is recorded in the order of

ear. Also DloN. time at which it was made.

D.A.EE, Uriya ( Q|-3Q ) Pending, as a suit. Ddg hhdura, Ben. («l5jii awry) , A lot or parcel of land

117 2 H
 DA DA
out of its place, not following a preceding one in nu- ten) Rate of interest at ten per cent. : allowance on

merical succession. articles sold of ten on the hundred.

Dagae, DageA, Dugue, Dugra, H. (Jj j/3) ,
A path. Dahsani, Duhsunee, or Dehsunnee, corruptly, Duhsemee,
Mar. (tJR, TKCl) A steep slope, as of the bank of a H. (^JUiiSi), from !iii. ten, and ^^, a year) Relating to

river. A small hill. ten years. The title of a book comprising the revenue

Dagdha, S. (^iv:,lit., burned) Applied to a day on which accounts of ten years. Such a record, called Dahsani
an inauspicious aspect of the planets may occur, and on hitdb was compiled for the Bareilly district in 1802,
which, therefore, no religious ceremony should be performed. under the directions of the collector, showing the occu-
DIgdugi, Dagduji, Dagdug, or Dagdoji, Mar. (^iRsff, pancy of the lands for the previous period of ten years,

-aft, -dlJI^'l, -'T)»ft) Repairing tanks, buildings, &c. so as to verify the title of the holder as Malik kadim
Dagh, H. (p. cIj) the Hindu dialects commonly drop the and Malik hdl, the ancient proprietor knovni in the

aspirate, as Dag, Ben. (''ft''1) and with the initial op- Kanungo records, and the more recent or actual occupant.
tionally changed, Dag or Dag, Mar. (^H, ^TT) A spot, Dah-sdla, H. (.xIL-liii) Decennial, for ten years. The
a stain, a mark made with a hot iron, a brand, especially decennial, as introductory to the perpetual settlement of

such a mark stamped on the necks of horses belonging the revenues of Bengal, and therefore applied commonly

to the Emperor of Hindustan, or maintained for his service. to the latter.

Ddgh-irtashiha, H. The office where the public horses of Dahyek, Dehyek, corruptly, Deyek, H. (SiXiJtui, from dah,

the state are mustered and branded. ten, and ek, ^,LXi\ , one) An allowance of ten per cent.,

D drogha-i-ddghi-tashiha, H., A. The officer who super- which used to be assigned to the farmer or collector of

intended the branding of the horses for public service. the revenue as his profit, and for charges of management,

Dagha, Dugha, H. (a. ls.S) Dagd in most dialects, Ben. and to the native collectors or Zamindars for police

(frfl) Deceit, fraud, cheating, treachery. charges : abolished by Beg. xiv. 1807.

Daghdhdz, H. (julcJ) in other dialects, Ben., Mar^ &c., Dah, or Daha, H., and in most dialects, (S. ?[T^:) Burning,

Vagdbdj, A cheat, a deceiver, a swindler, a rogue. lit., as with fever or disease : also the burning of dead

Dagdbdjire-chaldibdr, Uriya. Issuing fraudulently. bodies.

Dah, Duh, commonly written Deh, H. (xJ, from the Pers. Ddha-karma, or -karana, or -kriyd, S. (oRJ^, &c., act)

!Sii, and S. ^) also with the vowels long, Daha, or, less The act or ceremony of burning a dead body.
correctly, Dah A, Duh A, Mar. (^?T, ^^) The number Daha, Duha, Ben. (If^) Brine obtained from saline earth.

ten, forming various derivatives and compounds. Dahd-buldn, Ben. (t^IsiI**) Placing the brine in the

Ddhd, H. (la^ii) The ten days of the Moharram, during boiler.

which public mourning for Ali and his sons is observed Dahal, Duhul, H. (J.aJ ) A quicksand, a quagmire.

by the Shidh Mohammadans. Dahan, Duhun, H. (^^>i) A gold coin, in value six

Dahak-patti, corruptly, Dehug-puttee, Mar. (^^oin?^) rupees.

A tax upon hereditary offices, the whole receipts of which, Dahand, Duhund, H. (from the P. participle Dahanda,
except the revenues of the rent-free lands attached to them, JiiXiaj, giving) A good payer, one willing to payor give.

might be stopped once in ten years, and carried to public Dahar, Duhur, less correctly, Dehar, or Dehue, H.

account, under the Maratha Government. (jaJ, 55^;) Low lands flooded during the rains, and

Dahmardd,Duhviurdd,li. (Ii^^.*ftt>, from !it>, ten, and lijv, yielding, after their drying up, good crops. A road. Ben.

a man) A cart of a moderate size, one capable of holding (^^) A lane.

ten men. Dahia, Duhia, H. (Uftj) A field, land near a village

Dahnimi, Duhneemee, H. (P. ,^g*^^'^, from l^j

a half) (Benares, Sagar). A tribe of Jats in the Dehli district,

Five per cent (Delhi). more properly JJahid, (UaJ).

JDahotard, Duhotura, H. Oj^ii> from iii, and S. Uttard, Dahia, Thug. Cry of the hare, an ill omen.
lil, over) Tythes, an allowance of ten per cent DIho- Dahlan, Duhlan, H. (jjjJlftj) A tribe of Tugas, in the

TARA, or Dahotea, Mar. (^T^^KC, ^ft^. from ^T^, Upper Doab.

118
 DA DA
Dahliz-khandalnA, H. (\ldJ^ Jihbii, lit., to tread the divinity. A form of marriage, the gift of the maiden to

threshold) Invitation of the bridegroom to an entertain- the officiating priest. Fate, destiny.

ment at the house of the bride's parents, when a delay Daivaha, or Daivajna, S. &c. (^oIT,^^) An astrologer,

intervenes between the betrothment and the marriage, a a calculator of nativities, and announcer of lucky and un-
custom of the Mohammadans. lucky days, an almanac maker : he is usually a Brahman
Dahh, Dahri, Duhr, Duhree, H. (ytiJ, ^jon) StiflF but there is also a caste professing the same functions.
clay soil in low grounds. A marsh or inundated land (Delhi). Dak, corruptly, Dawk, H. &c. (uL)1j, 3To|r) Mar., alsoDANK,

Dai, Daee, H. (i^b, Pers., or from S. VT^t, when it is (TJoB) Post, post-office, or establishment for the convey-

more correctly written DhaD A nurse, a wet-nurse, a ance of letters and of travellers. Relays of men or

midwife, a female commissioner employed under early cattle along the road for these purposes.
Regulations to interrogate and swear native women of Ddk-cliauki, H. (iPj*-) A stage or station where a
condition, who could not appear to give evidence in Court. relay is posted.

Dai, Thug. The road. Ddh-ghar, H. &c. (.j4 '^I'-O A post-office.

DAiBA, Ben. (Tft^) Reaping corn. Dak A, H., Ben., Mar. (lilj, T(^) An attack by robbers
Dai J, Mar. (^Tf»r, from S. ^PTT^) An heir, a kinsman, especially armed and in a gang. (This and its deriva-

one entitled to inherit. tives are also written with the dental d, as Tft^ , &c.,

DaijI, Dtja, H. (Isiii) A dowry or portion which a wife but perhaps incorrectly).
brings to her husband in marriage, or presents made to Ddkdit, corruptly, Dakoit, Decoit, H. &c. (c:>AilJ,
the bridegroom by the parents of the bride, the object ^olil^rl) A robber, one of a gang of robbers.

of which in the present day is usually to obtain a hus- Dahditi, or Ddkdti, corruptly, Decoity, H., Ben., &c.

band for the daughter of higher rank or tribe. ('Srantiri', ^^m't) Gang robbery.

Dai'mi, H. (,_s*i'i>, from Jls, perpetual) Relating to what Ddku, H., Ben., &c. (^W) A robber, a burglar, a gang-

is perpetual ; the perpetual settlement of the revenue robber or Dakai't.

a criminal sentenced to imprisonment for life : also Dakara, also Dakar, Dankra, DhAkab, H. ()_^1j,

Ddim-ul-habs.
V \J^\ii, S^\S>3, '3Toin;T, ^ToRT) The best or second best
Dain, corruptly, Beeyne,Yi.. {k. ^^Ji) Debt, either one ac- quality of soil in the Upper Doab and Dehli. In many
tually incurred by borrowing, or, in matters of sale, by places it is considered inferior to the soil termed Rausli,

purchasing on credit. whilst in others it is regarded as the same.

Bain-ddr, H. (P. Jiii, who has) A debtor. Dakhal, Dukhul, H., but used, as well as its derivatives,

Dam mu&jjal, A. (Js*« ^S) A debt payable on demand. in most dialects, with the meanings occasionally modified,
Bain-muwajjal, A. (Jf-^ ^jt^S) A debt of which payment although bearing a relation to the original (A. (Jo-ii,
is deferred. entrance, as into a house) Taking possession, occupancy,-

Dain, H. {f^}d, ^4) A threshing-floor. engaging or meddling in an affair, entering in an account,

Dain, H. (^J;ib) A hamlet or estate, the lands of which and the like. In Mar., Known, familiar to.

are intermixed with those of another. Dehra Dhun. Dakhal ndma, H. (P. ^U A deed
) of possession or occu-
DllN, Ben. &c. (^iT, S. ^fWi') A witch, a female ma- pancy, a document giving right of occupancy.
lignant being. Ddkhald, incorrectly, Dakhld, H., Mar. (^^^Tt) Proof,
Dair o Saib, H. (a. ^jL^Ij, going about) Proceeding evidence, a receipt, a bond, a certificate.

on circuit (judges, &c.). Ddkhalu, Tel. Karn. (^^^tU) Examination or com-

Dairah, H. (A. yb) A circle, a circular inclosure, &c. parison of accounts, records, &c. Entry in a book. De-
A monastery. livery of money or other article due.

Ddirah-ddr, H. (P. j\d, who has) The head of an esta- Ddhhil, H. (A. Jj>-!i>) Entrance, taking possession, entry

blishment of Mohammadan ascetics. of an item in a deed or register, a receipt for money,

Daitya, S. (fw) A demon, a goblin, annexation of lands, inclusion of a minor in a major

Daiva, S. {%n\, from ^^:, a deity) Divine, relating to a parcel of land.

119
 DA DA
JDakhil daftar, H. (yis^ Jo-liJ) Entered upon the record, times Dakkan, and Dachhin, corruptly, Deccan,
which is equivalent to being laid on the table, or post- Deckhan, Dekhin, &c., H. &c. {^^4^' S. ^lj) The
poned indefinitely ; struck off the judge's or magistrate's south, the south of India, the right-hand, opposed to

file. the left, whence the vernacular terms, Ddhna, Ddhnd,

DdkhiUdr, or Ddkhil-kdr, H. &c. (jo, who makes) An oc- Dd-en, &c.
cupant, either in his own right, or as a manager or trustee. Dakshindchdri, S. (^ftpirraT^ft) One who follows the

Ddkhil-khdrij, or Ddhhil-muMidrij, H. (_ .li-, ejecting) observances (acharas) of the right-hand tribe or caste,

Entering and ejecting, erasure of an entry. In Bengal, practicers of the purer forms of the ritual, as opposed to

especially, the removal of the name of one proprietor and the Vdmdchari.
insertion of that of another, on occasion of a transfer of Dahshindyana, S. (l^T^Tm^H) The sun's southern decli-

the property. Receipts and disbursements, Ddkhil- nation, the six months of his progress from the northern

mukhdrij is also applied to fees on the registry of to the southern limit of the tropics.

estates. Dakshin A, also vernacularly, D AKHiNi, Daxina and D achh-

Ddkhil-ndma, H. Warrant or deed of possession, a con- inA, or Dachhna, corruptly, Duckneh, S. (^ftjlJIT)

veyance. A present, especially one made to a Brahman on the con-

Dakhil, Dukheel, H. (J,A=^t>) An occupant. clusion of any public ceremonial. Presents to other per-

Ddkhild, H. (jli-iii) A receipt for money or goods, pay- sons are also sometimes so termed. Presents made annu-
ment of revenue, or rent. ally by the Peshwa to the Brahmans at Puna, and continued
Ddkhildbitam, Ben. (Tftf^lSftft^") Transfer of revenue or as a definite allowance applied partly to them and partly

land from one Ryot to another. to the maintenance of the Puna college by the British

DdhhaldpalU, Tel. {'Q'Sper'^S^) A small village Government. ,

within the lands of a larger. DIl, H. The letter of the Persian alphabet d, li, formerly

Ddkhili, sometimes Dakhld, corruptly, Dahhlee and affixed to Zamindarl and other grants by the head native
Ddklee, incorrectly, Dukhilee, H. (\s-\S) Included, revenue officer under the early British administration of
comprehended : applied especially to villages which have Bengal.

become included in the revenue list of villages paying Dal, Dul, H. (Js) Wild rice.

revenue, having branched off from, and being dependent Dal, Dul, H. &c. (
Jii, from S. '^, to divide) A portion,
upon, those on which the assessment was originally a part, a body of troops. In Bengal it commonly
levied ; and which are therefore termed Asali, original, designates a club or association of artificers, or, among
in opposition to Ddkhili, the subordinate or included. the higher classes, a faction, a coterie, into many of which

Dakhili mauza, H. (.^yc) A village supplementary or native society in large towns is split.

additional. See the last. Daldi, Dulaee, Uriya (0RJ.|SJ^, from QC5., a troop) A
Ddhhhili nakld, H. (A. 21jij ) An additional or supplemen- subordinate officer in command of Paiks.

tary subordinate village, or subdivision of a MauzA. Dalheherd, Uriya (0R.GaG5Q|) The chief or head of

Dakini, H., S. (Trf'F'lt) A female goblin, a witch, or an the Gwala and other castes. An officer in command of

old woman so reputed. Paiks, the hereditary militia and police of Cuttack.

Dakocha, or Dakota, Mar. (^^^ or -in) A man of Under the former system, a military or feudal chief

mixed caste, professing to descend from a Brahman father holding lands, most usually in the hills, on the tenure of
by a cowherd mother they follow the avocations of fortune-
: military service.

tellers, almanac-makers, &c. Dalwdri, Mar. (^^5^zS) The officer in command of the

Dakaut, Dukout, H. (cLJji^J, ?oRTTT) a tribe of mendi- local militia, or Sersanradis.

cants of Brahman descent, practising astrology, fortune- Dal, Dul, Thug. A weight.

telling, and the like. (The word is no doubt the same DAl, corruptly, Dol, H. &c. (Jb, from S. ^5, to divide)

as the preceding, vernacularly modified). A kind of pulse (Phareolus aureus), but applied to other

DakshijVA, S. vernacularly, Dakhin, or Dukhin, or some- kinds, the pea of which, especially when converted into a

120
 DAL DAM
sort of coarse pease soup, enters largely into the food of agency for strangers or pilgrims (paradesis) at Benares : for

the natives. permission tp act in which capacity a fee was formerly paid

Dal, H. &c. (
Jli), Tt^> from H. ddlnd, to throw) A to Government.

bough : a basket used to throw up water from a pond or Dallar, Dullur, Thug. The head.

canal for irrigation. DaluA, Uriya, DaluvA, or Dalwa, Tel. ("C"^^) Light

Dala, H. (i!t!b) A particular tenure in the Doab. See crops of rice grown in the dry hot weather in moist situa-

.Dhdla. tions, commonly called the black crop (Northern Circars

DalAi, H. (J^J) A tribe of Jats in the Rohtak Zila. and Cuttack).

A broker, but in this sense more correctly Dallal, q. v. Dam, corruptly Daum, H. (Jj) A coin, originally a copper

Dalambu, Tam. (^STTLQl-j) A flood-gate, a sluice. coin, but adopted as money of account. In the reign of

Dalah, or Dalar khan, Thug. A name pronounced to put Akbar, 40 dams were reckoned to a rupee ; in that of

the party on their guard, or uttered by the leader as a sig- Alemgir, 463d ; at later periods, 80 and 90 are the pro-
nal for the stranglers to be ready. portionate rates, which appear to have been liable to great

Dalawa, Mai. (Q^OJO) One of the ministers of state in fluctuation. By the common people in the upper pro-

Travancore. vinces 25 ddms are calculated to a.paisa. — Elliot.

Dalawai, Karn. (c5^<0 doro, from O^, an army) The Dam, H. (p. *b) Price ; Mar. (^w) Money, cash.
commander-in-chief, and hence, also, the prime minister Damad, H. &c. (S. iJUlii) A daughter's husband.

under the Hindu rulers of Mysore. Damai, Dumaee, H. ( Jv«ii) Amount of assessment. (From
DaLDAL, OrDALDALI, DULDUL, DuLDULEE, H. (JjiSii) A ddm, the money of account.

quagmire, a quicksand, a sandy swamp, a marshy soil. Damangir, H. ((j.«li), lit., a skirt of a garment, and ffir,

Dalganjana, H. (Us'^'^) a kind of rice. j», who holds) A complainant, a plaintiff, one who sues

DalharI, H. {\J^S) a grain seller. for justice.

Dali, H. &c. (^'lij TT^) A tray, pr a couple of trays, Damar, incorrectly, Dammar, H. (y^S) Resin, pitch,

fastened by slings to each end of a pole, carried over the especially the resinous extract of the Sal tree used as pitch.

shoulders. Such an apparatus is used especially to carry DamAsahi, H. (^^jSLUii) DamasIi, Mar. (^un^TT^) Da-
complimentary presents of fruit, sugar, spices, fish, &c., MASHAJt, Tel. "(iy^T^,J~°OX>) Equitable partition of

on festive occasions, whence it has come to specify the the effects of an insolvent amongst his creditors : hence,

presents so offered. Such complimentary envoys from any just proportionate distribution. (The word is said

natives to Europeans were formerly frequent, but those in to be derived from a proper name, one Ddmasdh, who, be-

the Company's service are now forbidden to accept them. coming insolvent, distributed all his property in just

Dalia, H. ( Ulii) Any sort of split pulse ground finer than Ddl. proportions amongst those to whom he was indebted).
Daliajhar, H. (^1^»-UI3) The conclusion of the sowing Damcha, H. (As^'J) a platform on which a person is sta-

season : lit., the brushing out of the sowing basket. tioned to protect crops: a boundary mark.

Dalil, H. (a. (JJii, plur. (JjJIt>) Argument in pleading, Damdupat, Mar. (^H3T17, from ^, and dupat, doubled)
proof, evidence. Precedent, example. A voucher. Principal of a debt doubled by accumulated interest.

Daldlat, H. (A. o!^ii) Proof, evidence. Argument Dami, H. (

ijolt), from ddm, price) An assessment.

Dalima, H. (UJ J) A class of Tugas in Moradabad. Ddmi Mghd, H. (l^j) The assessment of the lands of a

Dalkar, Dulkur, Uriya (QRQQ) Rent for pasturage. village per bigha

Dallal, DuLLAL,^sometimes with one I, Dalal, corruptly, Dami-wdsildt, H. (A. CijlLa'^) Gross assets of a village.

Dellol, H. (Jill), from the A. J J, to point out) DAlal, DAMfAT, A. (c:^*.«ii) A slight wound, a scratch causing blood
Ben. (Tft^rtsT) An agent between buyer and seller, a broker, to appear, but not to flow : in Mohammadan law.

a salesman. Ddmiat, A. (ijyc^d) In Mohammadan law, A slight

Dalldli, or Daldli, H. (jj3o) Brokerage, agency, com- wound, a scratch, but causing blood to flow.

mission. A tax upon brokers. Damka, Dumka, H. (K«i1) a hillock (East Oudh).

Dalldli-paradesi, H. i^Mi^j), a stranger) Brokerage or Dam-madAr, Dum-mudar, H. ( iIj^aJ) A ceremony ob-

121 2i
 DAN DAN
served by the peasantry of Upper India in honour of DAna, H. (iO!o) Grain, corn.

a Mohammadan saint named Madar, who is believed to Ddnabandi, Ddnubundee, H. (^^ilubAi^ii) Cursory survey

have lived four centuries, having the faculty of retaining or a partial measurement, of a field, or weighment of the

his breath idam or dum). The ceremony consists in crop, to ascertain the value of the crop, and the amount

jumping into a fire of wood and treading it out, ex- of the assessment.

claiming, Dam-madar —by the breath of Madar. It is Ddnabandi-kanMti, H. i^^J^) Assessment of the re-

supposed to be a preservative against the effects of snake venue without measurement, upon a partial valuation of

or scorpion bites. the standing crops.

Dammidhi, Tel. (QSoQ) A quarter of a dab — five ?tds. Ddnaddr, H. (jljdtjlj) Apportionment of revenue, or any

Dammu, (QSx)) Mud, miry

Tel.
— ground, land prepared other contributions, accgrding to the actual produce

for receiving young rice plants. (Benares).

Dampaharru, Tel. (OoSjS^)) The ploughshare used in Dana, Dunu, Kam. (fi'^, S. dhana, VT, wealth) Cattle,

the tillage of wet ground. domestic cattle : also wealth. A corruption oiDhan, q. v.

Dampati, S. (^wnft) Husband and wife. Danaga, Karn. (OrOA) A shepherd, a cowherd.

Dampati tambula, Karn. Betel-leaf and areka-nut pre- Danagdvi, Karn. (OrC3 A oS>) A herdsman.

sented at marriages by the bride and bridegroom to each Danadahatti, Karn. (<SrC5(5gb^) A cattle-fold.

married couple present. Danamdr, Karn. (OrOoJ^o) A tax on the transfer of

Damri, Dumree, H. ii^j^S) A nominal coin, of the value cattle from one Ryot to another.

of 3g or 84 dams, or from 8 to 12 kaunris. Any money Dand, or Danda, Dund, Dunda, S. (^H^:) and in most

of very small value. It is also applied in the Dehli ter- dialects, as Ben. (tj^Q) Mar. (^jpiO Tel. (^O$^>0)
ritory- to subdivisions of land, one damri being equal to &c. In Hindustani, and occasionally in other dialects also,

25 Kacha bighds. the initial is written either with the dental or cerebral d,

Damri, Ben. (ffN^) In retail dealing, five gandas of and the following .vowel is optionally made long, DInd,
haunris. or DInd, (liJlj, jJlj) also Ben. (^°^) Punishment, of

Damwast, Dumwust, H. (c>^j^J) An inferior tribe of two kinds — personal, SaAra-danda ; or pecuniary, Artha-
Rajputs in the Benares district. danda : also a fine, a mulct : and, in Ajmer, a propor-
Dana, vernacularly. Dak, S. &e.
{^J\^,
S. ddnani, Lat. do- tionate share of the revenue formerly levied on the

num, ^T«f ) Gift, giving a gift, a gift by will, a bequest. wealthier cultivators to make good any deficit in that due

Ddnadharma, S. (^•I'JJH:) The virtue of liberality. from the poorer.

Giving for pious and charitable purposes, alms-giving, Danda ddsa, S. (from ^re, a slave) A slave, one who is

building or endowing temples, digging tanks, &c. condemned to servitude as a punishment.

Ddnamdvasyaka, S. (from ^SR'Sf'i, certainty) An imperative Danda pdlaka, S. (from Tjr^oir:, who protects) A magis

o-ift, as gifts to Brahmans on certain days, as full moon, &c. trate, the head of the police.

Bdnpatr, H., or Bdnapatra, S. (^t^H, from patra, Danda pdrushya, S. ((^iiiMI^W, from danda, punishment,

tj^, a leaf) A deed of gift, a grant, an assignment of said pdrushyam, violence) Assault and battery.

land, especially to Brahmans. Dandiga, or Danduga, Tel. (OoGX, 5o(SoX) A fine, an

Ddnapdtra, S. (from tjH, a vessel) One deserving of, or exorbitant assessment, any extortionate demand.

fit for, a gift : one to whom by law property may be Danda, Dand, or Dand, S. &c. (^) H. (JjJ, or 3J13, the

conveyed. final sometimes pronounced like r, as DAnr) A stick, a

Danpatrddr, or Ddnapatraddr, H. One who holds a staff, a rod, a cane carried by certain mendicants, an oar :

grant, or deed of gift : a grantee of the Brahman caste a measure of length, a rod or pole of four or six cubits

to whom lands have been assigned for religious purposes. a measure of time — twenty-four minutes.

Ddni, H. S. ( ^^ft) A giver, a donor : applied also to a Danda grahana, S. &c. (?[?!3^5?!l) Taking the staff, en-

oratuity to the village accountant, at the rate of six tering upon a religious or mendicant course of life.

paisas on each rupee of the revenue (Etawa). Dandd-zani, H, (from P. zan,

^^J , striking) A mode of tor-
122
 DAN DAN
ture — fastening a man's hands behind him with a cord, DandI, Dunda, Dandi, or DIndi, Dundee, Dandee,
which is twisted round by means of a stick until the H. (tjJj, i^jJj, t^iilj) Dandi, Ben. (vSl'vit) The
tension produces excessive pain. beam of a balance. (From S. danda, a stick).

Danddwat, H. (S. CUjIjJj, ^^BT^h) Prostration, lying Dandd, or, Dandia, H. (IJoJ, lj.iiJ>-*) A collector of

flat like a stick on the ground. market dues.

Dandi, S. &c, (^55^^) Any one who bears a staff, applied Dandi, or, Dandia, H. (t^ixJj) A weighman.

especially to a numerous order of religious mendicants, Ddndiddr, Ben. (^"^flTftW) A weighman.

founded by Sankara Acharya, many of whom have been Danda, Dunda, H. &c. (S. ^ip:) A measure of time,

eminent as writers on various subjects, especially on the equal to twenty-four minutes : a sixteenth part of the day

Vedanta philosophy. They are divided into ten classes, and night.

each of which is distinguished by a peculiar name ; as, N.B. — In this, and all the preceding forms of what is

Tirtha, Asrama, Vana, Aranya, Saraswati, Puri, Bhd- originally but one word, viz. S. Danda or Dunda, great

rati, Giri or Gir, Pdrvaia, and Sagara, which is added confusion has been made in the vernacular languages by

to the proper name of the individual, as Purushottama the irregular and arbitrary alteration of the first syllable

Gir, or Bodhendra Saraswati. They are hence known in the optional substitution of the cerebral for the dental

collectively as the Das-ndmi, or ten-name Gosains. Of d, "S for r^, and the elongation of the vowel : so that we
these, only the classes named Tirtha, Asrama, Saraswati, have in some instances four different forms, or ^, da;

and part of Bhdrati, are now considered as pure Dandis: ^T, da ; 'S, da ; and TT, dd.
the others are of a more secular character, and are more Dandakattu, Tel. (OoaspJ) A wisp of straw bound

usually termed Atits. round the bottom of a heap of grain. Area within which
Ddndi, H. &c. (tjjJolJ, 5T3^) A boatman, a rower. the corn is threshed.

Bandiddr, H. (I'jjjJj) An inferior servant or officer in Dandi, Hindi (t^jJIj, ^t^) A dry, hard soil that does not

an opium agency. retain moisture, and dries quickly when irrigated : a

Bandiyd, Mar. (^ftTl) A petty officer in a bazar, a gravelly soil on high ground.

beadle. Dandu, Thug. Braying of an ass (Dakhini).

Dandyd, TeL (Q0^§) A police officer, a peon. Dandikala, Karn. (Qoao^O, from SoB, abundant)
I)dndio, Guz. (SlSL^L) A watchman who goes the Harvest time.
rounds at night beating a drum. Dandihele, Karn. (OOQiO^) A plentiful crop.
Dand, Dand, orDlNDA, H. (Job, jolo, IjolJ, ^, ^3, Dandwara, H. (x,ljiiJj) A south wind.
3f3T) High ground, opposed to Dabar, q. v. Sterile Dang, Dung, Mar. ('tiT) A thicket, a place overrun with
land, of the kind called Bhur, land- in which sand pre- bushes.

dominates. Elevated land of the sort called Dumat. Dang, H. (lL^IJ) A hill, a precipice, the top of a moun-
Dand, or Danda, H. &c. (liiJii) Raised ground forming a tain, the high bank of a river. Corrupted provineially

ridge or causeway, a path for cattle, or a boundary be- into Dhdng and Dhdyang.
tween fields, also a landmark ; from analogy, perhaps, to Dang, Mar. ('511) An ascent, or rising part of a road.

a straight line or stick. A name given in the Dakhin to a tract of country along,

Dandd-mendd, H. (liXJU.* IjOii) The boundary between near to, or below, the Ghats ; and which, although not
two estates, or the lands of two villages. (Either from mountainous, is so much interspersed with hills as to

dand, a stick or pole set up as a landmark, or a boundary have no extent of level ground : it is generally overrun
or raised bank, and mend, a limit with low thicket. Also forest or jangal land.

Dandd-mendd takrdr, H.
{j\f^,
a quarrel) A boundary Ddngi, Mar. A forester, an inhabitant of a low, hilly, and
quarrel. jangali tract. In the Dakhin a tribe of Rajputs inhabit-
Banddsulu, TeL {^01$°^ Vd) Village watchers. (.» from ing the woody districts of Eastern Malwa.

dandd, a boundary). Ddngi-gaon, Mar. (ttH) A village in the Dang, or low

Dandudsi, Uriya (9^21 1 CI ) A watchman. hills at the foot of the Ghats.

123
 DAN DAR
Dang, H. (P. i^i\S) A weight, the fourth part of a dram. Danthi, Thug. Noise of jackals fighting —a bad omen.
Danga, Ben. (^°Th) Dry land, upland, ascent. DInwAn, H. (^lyl'i, from S. ^^) Burning stubble, or

DangA, H. &c. (\^S) DiNGl, Ben. (Tft'Tfi) A riot, a fire in a forest.

disturbance, a tumult, an affray. DInwari, H. (u?;yl'>) The rope by which the bullocks
Danga, Karn. (cao Ad ) Dunning for payment, sitting are tied together when treading out the com. See Dauei.

Dharna, q. v. Dag, H. (j!ii) A hatchet or cleaver with a bent point.

Dangah, Dangab, Dungub, Danguh, H. (^J, ^^'J, DapAni, Uriya(Qaiff) Brine.

#tr) Horned cattle, especially those belonging to a Daphaet, Dafat, Uriya (Q£f|-3Q, from the A. <!U»J, a

village. Sometimes applied only to such as are worn out. turn or time) Pay in addition to the rent for privileges

Dangast, Dungust, H. ((.::,^«X j) A class of Rajputs in attaching to the land, as right of fishing, &c.

Ghazipur. Daphdte-jamA, Karn. (Os3^o8d^)J^, from the A. <)WJ ,

Dangi, H. (|-wlj) A name given to the Bundelas (Sagar). and jamA, collection) Extra or miscellaneous collections

Dangi, Mar. (^Tft) A basket or baskets slung to a pole (Mysore).

carried over the shoulders : the Bahangi, q. v., of Hin- Dafhate kharchu, Karn. (Op^Sa^arOF", from the A. as

dustan. before) Extra or sundry disbursements (Mysore).

Dangora, Mar. (^fiftXl) A proclamation, notice by the Daphedae, Uriya (OSSTOQ ) Land of second quality.

public crier. Dangaea, Karn. (QOAO) Proclamation Dapheraphe, Mar. (^^i^, A. ^J and jSj) Qearance of

by beat of drum. a debt, settlement of any business.

Dangwaka, Dungwara, H. (fi]j^3) Reciprocal assistance DApita, S. &c. (^ftfil) Fined, sentenced to pay a fine or

in tillage (Dehli). compensation.

Danka, Tel. (QOS) A path between two fields for Ddpya, S. &c. Punishable by fine, liable to pay compensation.

cattle. DApni, Dahkini Thug. A dagger.

Dant, Hindi (^rf) Hard, dry soil, not retaining moisture. DAppu, Tam. (l_rTUL^) A list, a schedule, an inventory.

Dant. H. &c. (ij>ib) S. ^:) A tooth. Dae, Due, H. (P. ji3) In, within.

Ddnt-ghunghni, H. (from M H h1', a preparation of wheat Dar-dmad, Duramud, H. (iX^UiJ) An account of fees

and pulse with sugar) or, Dant-nikalna, H. (from UIO paid for serving a process, the t'eturn of a process : lit.,

to go forth, to appear) A ceremony observed by the Mo- coming in.

hammadans on the appearance of the child's first tooth. Darbandi, H. (.-SMjd) An item in the village accounts,

Dante, or Danti, Tel. (<So"S, 6ohi) A kind of rake or statement of proportionate rates of revenue payment.

hoe. (Probably from danta, a tooth). Dar-bast, or, Dar-o-bast, Dur-bust, Dur-o-bust, H. (P.

Dantan, Ben. (^°1>II) Threatening a person, putting him '

c:,.v»«,ju.i3) Entirfe, whole. The whole of a district or

in bodily fear. estate, as opposed to a kismat, or portion of it.

DantIoli, H. (^jUjJ) a harrow or rake. (From ^, Dar-bast-i-aima, H. Grant of the whole of the lands, con-
a tooth). stituting a rent-free estate.

DAnte, H. (^XiiiJ) A sickle. Dar- iDur-) harvdla, H. (from .d, in or sub, and A.

DInt-tinkA, H. (1^ Cl..~>b) Taking a straw or blade of <tl|»»-, charge) Sub-tenure, holding a farm on lease from

grass in the mouth to deprecate anger or express sub- a farmer or lessee.

mission. Dar-ijdra, H. (P. A. ^U>-! jj) A sub-lease or farm.

Danth, H. (^fijlii) Refuse of harvest-floors, especially of Dar-in-milld, H. (P. A. Sj^^lii, lit., in this proximity) A
the kharif produce. phrase heading official papers in some of the Courts in

Danthal, Dunthul, or Danthld, Dunthla, H. (J^fbii, the south of India, implying. In this case, or. At this time,

JlfUii) The bare stalks or stubble of bajra, jawar, and By these presents.

Indian corn : either the stems after the heads have been Dar-must&jar, H. (P. js«-U*i*/*,i), from mustdjar, s. ienan'i)

cut off, or the roots left in the ground after reaping. A sub-lessee, or tenant holding of a farmer, not of the

The refuse of harvest-floors, especially of the kharif crops. Zaminddr.

124
 DAR DAR
Darohastu lekkah,T:el. (S6^e3r^"^^e«, piur.) AH the DarI, or, Dada, incorrectly, Durrah, Mar. (^) A body
accounts of a district, &c. or company of Pindaris.
Dar-pattani, or commonly, Durputnee, Ben. (W'f^f^) Darad, Mar. (^T^) A steep slope, a high bank.

A subordinate or sub-leasehold tenure. Darak or Dark, Duruk or Durk, Mar. (^^, ^^) A
Dar-pattani-ddr, Ben. (Tf^'l^f^lrisl) The holder of a hereditary public office, as that of Pharnams, Chltnis, &c.

lease from a leaseholder, a sub-lessee. Darak-ddr, Mar. (^oir^O A hereditary public officer,

Dar-pattani-tdluk, Ben. (ifsT't^first^^) An estate held or fanctionary. The term was applied under the Maratha

under a sub-lease. See Patni or Pattanl. government especially to eight offices

:
— 1. The Kdrhdri,
Dae, Dur, H. &c. (,0, ?[^) Rate, price, a number or Mukhtiydr, or Diwdn, the chief financial minister.

quantity fixed as a standard, an allowance. 2. 3Iajmiiddr, auditor and accountant. 3. Pharnavis,

Darbandi, Durbundee, H. (i_fJaJ.ii) A statement of the his deputy. 4. Sabnis or Daftarddr, clerk. 5. Ear-
different rates of a village. Assessing the price or value kdnis, (?) Commissary. 6. Chitnis, secretary. 7. Ja-
of crops or produce. Fixing the value or price of any maddr, an officer in charge of all valuables, except cash.
thing according to a standard. 8. Potnis, cashier. The term was also applied to all the

Darjasti, Karn. (0025^fOj) An extra assessment, by Kdrkuns, or officers of account, who were paid by fees from

making the cultivators buy the Government share of the the villagers, in addition to their salaries, but who were
crop at a rate above the market price. appointed and removed only by the supreme government,

Darterrot, (?) Mar. Fixing of rates, revision of assessment not by the district officers.

Dar, H. (p. j1l>, from ^ILilj, to have or hold) One who has, Darak-patti, Mar. (^oIT'IJ^) A tax upon public functio-

holds, possesses, &c. : used in compounds with the object naries: a fee levied from them, especially a tax of one year's
held or possessed, as, Choh-dar, a mace-bearer ; Zamin- revenue in ten on the lands of the Desmukh and Despdnde.
dar, a landholder; and the like. Also in Marathi, Daranamu, or Dharanamu, Tel. (^^O^X5, ^6a^X))
Solvent, having funds, as opposed to Naddr, having An imaginary coin, of the value of two fanams.
nothing, insolvent. Darbar, Durbar, H. &c. (jUo) A court, a royal court, an

Ddri, H. (P. (.SjiO) The act or function of a possessor or audience or levee.

holder, as Zamindari, the condition of a Zamindar, an Darhdr-charaniyd, Ben. (ifsratS' F^f^ral) A plaintiff, or

estate. complainant.

Ddrmaddr, H. (.JiS^JS) An agreement, a stipulation. Darbar-hharch, H. &c. (jrr*- j^ji.^) Political and diplo-
Adjustment of a dispute (holding or not holding). matic expenditure, court charges, charge for presents and

Dah, Dur, H. (P. jO) A door. gratuities made to princes and public functionaries, bribes,
Barwdn, H. (P. jjljjO) Barhdn, Ben. (^^Tt^) A &c. In many places under the old regime, an addition
doorkeeper, a porter. made to the assessment by government officers or the

DaRj H. (A. j'ii) A house, a mansion, one with various Zamindars, on the plea of providing for gratuities ex-

rooms or tenements and an open court. Used in com- acted by their superiors or the State on their payment of
position, it implies a place where any public work is car- the revenue.

ried on, as, Ddr-uLmrab, the house of striking coin,' Dares, H. (^_y.w,^t^, ^c) A road. Margin. Any line

the mint ; Dar-ul-inshd, the secretary's office, or house very straight. (Supposed to have been adopted from the
of letters ; Ddr^s-shefd, the house of healing, an hospi- English military term dress.")

tal ; or the residence of a prince, as, Ddr-al-khildfat, the DargAh, Durgah, H. (p. ssli^j) A royal court. In India
residence of the khalif; Ddr-us-sultanat, the dwelling of it is more usually applied to a Mohammadan shrine, or

the Sultan — titles given to any royal capital or metropolis. the tomb of some reputed holy person, and the object of

Ddr-ul-lmrb, A. (t—J^Uj) A country under a Govern- worship and pilgrimage.

ment that is not Mohammadan : lit., the seat of hostility Darhot, H. (eiJjs^ii) Advance.

or war, infidels at all times being legitimate objects of Dari, Hindi, &c. (^^ft) A cave, a cavern, a natural or

attack. artificial excavation, a dell, a hollow.

125 2 K
 DAR DAR
Daria-bak-amad, H. (P . V^ii , a river, and Ji-«T;J , what four or five feet long by three or four wide, much used

comes up) Alluvial soil, land gained from a river. in Bengal to make fences and walls to native huts.

Darid-burd, or -shikast, Durya-boord, or shikust, H. DarmIhA, Durmaha, or -mahi, H. &c. (IaU^l), or ^^jSiLbj j,

(from P. IjjJ, and burdan, jjJjJ, to bear, or shikastan, from P. J, in, and !iU, a month) Monthly pay or wages.
J
c:»>**»Ci, to breat) Lands carried away by the encroach- DArogha, H. {is-^JS) in some of the Hindu dialects it is
ments of a river. written with the simple g, and with either a long or

DARisl, Hindi (^TT^^T) A stall in a market where betel is short vowel in the first syllable, as, Daroga, Tel.

sold. "CTcS^A-^) Mar. DAROGi., or Daroga, (^HT, '^tlUn)

Daridr-elhedna, H. (lijok^ jOjIj, from S. ^ft^, poverty, The chief native officer in various departments under the

and khednd, to chase, from S. ^n^) Driving out po- native Government, a superintendant, a manager ; but

verty : a custom observed on the morning of the Ditvdli, in later times he is especially the head of a police,

when a sieve or winnowing basket is beaten in each custom, or excise station. In the Dakhin, also, the

comer of the house, or the dirt in each place is swept officer employed to prevent the removal of the crops before

with a brush, and carried away in a basket, with the the payment or assessment of the Government demand.
exclamation, Iswar paithau, Ddridr niklo, '
May God A tax originally imposed to meet the expense of employ-

be present 1 Poverty depart ! or some equivalent prayer. ing a Darogha, and afterwards brought to credit as an

—Elliot. item of public revenue.

Dark, or, allowably, Darak, incorrectly, Dirk, A. (tl^t.', Ddrogha-i-Addlat, H. Under the native system, a judge
or llSjii) Consequence of any act or thing. In law, or deputy presiding over a court in the absence of a

a contingency, a possible event. superior of high rank; as, the Ddrogha-i-Addlat-al

Kafil-bil-dark, A. ((JJjixJj iSi^) A. surety or bail against Alia, the deputy of the Nazlm in the Supreme Criminal

what may happen, liability for contingencies. Court of Bengal ; Ddrogha-i-Addlat-Diwdni, the de-

Darkhal, H. (
Jl^i.j) A cattle enclosure (Benares). puty of the Diwan in the Civil Court.

Darkhast, corruptly, Dhurkast, H. (P. c:,^««J^»-,t>) Tel. Ddrogha-i-drz-mukarrar, H. U°j^^ ^^^ officer under
(^_/-«

and Karn. (5^ara^) Darkhas, Guz. ('c^'*ni€i) the Mohammadan Government, whose office it was to draw
Darakhasa, Mai. (SfOeuocrO) A contract, a tender : a up an abstract of papers which required the royal assent, and
representation, an application, a petition. In judicial present them for confirmation and signature. He was espe-

proceedings, an application which is required to be made cially charged with the superintendence of the assign-

for the admission of each exhibit in a suit, and for the ments to the Mansabdars, for the horse they maintained.

summoning of each witness. In revenue matters, the Ddroghagi, H. (jg^cj^lJ) The function, charge, or juris-

representation of the proprietor of an estate as to the diction of SiDdrogha.

amount of revenue he is able to pay ; or a proposal for Ddroghdna, H. (<)jli:jjlj) The payor fees of a Darogha.
renting or farming an estate, or any branch of the public Taxes levied for the payment of Daroghas under the

revenue ; or the engagement entered into by the Lam- Mohammadan Government.

bardars to be responsible for a stipulated amount of re- Darogagiri, Karn. (OOJBA?^8) Office of a Darogha, su-

venue payment for a given time. perintendence, headship.

Darkhdst-i-hhdrij, H. (r-j^- exclusion) A petition of Darogatana, Karn. (OoJQhOrO) Superintendence, in-

exclusion. In Bengal, a petition to the collector for the spectorship, duty of a Darogha.
exclusion of the name of a proprietor, whose interest has Dahogh, or, more correctly, DARtJGH, H. (P. cj iii) A lie.
lapspd by death or sale, and the insertion of that of Darogh, or Darugh-halfi, H. ijjii, from. A., half
(.^J>^
another in the public books. an oath) Perjury, false swearing.

Darkhds-karawi, Guz. (t^'^L'H^^'il) Making a motion DarI, Dura, corruptly, DuRRAH,Mar. (^, properly Dada,

in a court of law. but the cerebral d is sounded like r) A body of Pindaris.

Darma, Ben. &c. S. (Tf^^ ) A sort of long grass, much Darra, Dltrra, H. injii) Dara, Dura, Mar. (^) A
used for making mats (Arundo bengalensis). A mat, hollow among hills, a ravine, a defile, a pass.

126
 DAS DAS
Darsa, S. (^;) Sight, seeing. The day of new moon, when Dasabhandamu, Tel. (OB^pOOcWO) A deduction of one-

it rises invisible. A sacrifice with fire on that day, per- tenth of the revenue, on account of compensation for some
formed by householders, who maintain a perpetual fire. public work, as the construction of a tank, &c.

Also Darsa-ydga, from ydga, a sacrifice. Dasdha, Mar. &c. (S. ^^? ) A period of ten days. The
Darswpaurnamasa, S. (5[§Tit^'TrB) Sacrifices or oblations period of impurity from the death of a relative.

with fire, performed at the new and full moon by house- Dasahard, or vernacularly, Dashard, written incorrectly,

holders, who maintain a perpetual fire. Dasard, and corruptly, Dusrah, Dasehra, Daserru,
Dabsana, vernacularly, J5ar.ja«, H. (^wyJ, S. ?(§5T) See- Ditssarat, Dusserat, Dussora, &c. H. Oj^uS) Mar.

ing : especially visiting temples, and seeing or reverencing (^^T) S. (^^^T, from ^, ten, i. e. sins, and ^, what re-

idols. A school or system of speculative doctrine, of which moves or expiates) A popular festival in honour of the

six are recognised by the Hindus :

— 1. Puna mimdnsd, goddess Durga. In Bengal it is exclusively appropri-

treating of the purport of the ceremonies of the Vedas. ated to her worship, and is celebrated for nine days in

2. Uttara mimdnsd, or Veddnta, inculcating unity of spirit Aswin — September, October. In the west and south of

and matter. 3. Sdnkhya, dualistic, teaching the distinctness India it is a military festival held at the same season,

of soul and matter. 4. Pdtanjala, teaching the practice which, being the close of the rains, is the commencement
of abstraction, or Yoga. 5. and 6. Logic or dialectics in two of the period for military operations. It is said to have

parts : the Nydya, as taught by Gotama, and Vaueshika, originated with Rdma's worship of Durgd, on his in-

founded by Kandda. vasion of Lanhd, by which he secured victory ; hence the

Darsana-pratibhu, S. (^HlrfcPj:) Bail or security for tenth of Aswin is also called the Vijaya dasami, or tenth
appearance. of victory. The original festival, however, appears to have

Darsah, (?) H. Distribution of the Government revenue had no relation whatever to Durgd, being held on the tenth

amongst the several Mauzas of a Pargana (Garhwal). oijyeshtha, in honour of Gangas descent from heaven.

Corrupted strangely to Dirroa. Dasami, H. S. (^^PTt) The tenth lunar day of the fort-

Daru, H. &c. (jjil'i) Spirituous liquor. Gunpowder. night.

Ddru-kaldli, Mar. (i^^cR^T^st, from kaldl, a distiller) A Dashard-bakra, H. (A. ^;w) Goats or sheep levied from
tax or excise upon distilleries and liquor-shops. a village in some parts of India as an offering to Durga
Ddru-sisd, H. &c. (UpJwj jj\S) Military stores, ammu- at the Dashara.
nition ; lit., powder and lead. Dashard hharch, H. (A. ^i»-) Expenses of the Dashara
Dauuvu, Tel. (OOJc^) An embankment for irrigation. festival. A cess levied on that pretext by a Zamindar.
A mound on the bank of a river from which to raise Dashard jhandd patti, Mar. (*fe^, a flag, and V!^, a tax)

water in buckets. A well. Tax upon hoisting flags at the Dashara.

Darvtada, incorrectly, Daroda, Mar. (^^31) A gang of Dashard patti, Mar. (''7^, a tax) The instalment of the

robbers. An attack on a village by such a gang. public revenue, which is levied at the Dashara. A
Darwesh, or Darvesh, corruptly, Dirvesh, and Dervise, portion of the allowance granted to temples under the

H. (P. iAj'jj'J) a Mohammadan religious mendicant Maratha Government, set apart for the Dashara festival.

in many instances a mere vagabond and stroller, occa- Dasndmi, H. S. («ni?, a name) One of the ten-named
sionally leading about bears and monkeys, but in some order of ascetics. See Dandi.
cases persons leading a religious life, either independently, Dasotara, Dasotra, H. (iSuuS) Ten per cent.

or enrolled in different orders. Dasrdt-panchrdt, Mar. (tjji, for T;Tf?, night, with ^, ten,

Daryaft, H. (p. ei^ljjii) DariyIphat, or Dariyaphti, and 4^, five) An ordeal or, test of evidence : if a per-

Mar. (^fc^nWT, ^WTOitrt, also ^^Tqiir, &c.) Dariyaptu, son's children or cattle should die within a few days after

Tel. (OSOoT^Jtoj) Inquiry, investigation, detection. preferring a plaint, or giving evidence, it shewed that his
Darzi, Durzee, vernacularly, Darji, Durjee, H. (P. case was bad, or testimony false.

^.4>) A tailor. Das-sdla, H. WLij) Decennial, decennial settlement.

Das, Dds, H. Dasa, S. (^_^ or ^, Lat. decern) Ten. Dasatrd, H. (^tTT) Ten per cent. A tenth part. The
127
 DAS DAS
tenth of the value of property litigated exacted from the dast, the hand, the signature) A passport, a permit. In

successful parties under the Mohammadan system. the early days of the British government, a document

Daswdna, H. (Ul^ii) A tenth. Addition of a tenth to authorizing the free transit of certain goods, and their

the revenue, as made in Bidnur in 1723. exemption from custom dues, in favour of English traders.

Dasa, vernacularly, DAs, corruptly, Doss, H. S. (^TH:, In later times, it applies more generally to a summons,

fem. Di.si, ^TWt) A slave. Fifteen kinds of slaves are a writ, or warrant; especially to a process served on a

recognised hy Hindu law: — 1. Grihajdta, one born in revenue defaulter, to compel him to pay any balance that

the house of the owner by a female slave. 2. Krita, may be due.

one purchased. 3. Labdha, one acquired, as by gift Dastahdna, H. (^U2u.J) Fee or remuneration to the

4. Ddyddwpdgata, inherited. 5. AnakdldbhHta, taken officer who serves a writ or summons.

as a slave in a time of famine, for support. 6. Ahita, Dastak-i-talb-i^ear, H. P. (jj <-_-^ (.LnAwJ) Warrant
taken as a pledge. 7. Sinaddsa, one becoming a slave issued against defaulters of revenue, demanding pa3mient,

in payment of a debt. 8. Yuddhaprdpta, acquired in and subjecting them to the expense of maintaining the

war. 9. Panejita, won in a wager. 10. Tavdham, officer who serves it until the amount is paid.

one who voluntarily makes himself a slave, saying, I Dastdwez, Dustawez, vernacularly, Dastdroej H. (P..

am thine.' 11. Pravrajydvasita, an apostate — one Jijll-O) Dastdveju, Tel. (Sc:^~3a^) Basta-airvaj,

who, having entered a religious order, forsakes it, and Mar. (^$^aT) A voucher, a document, any legal paper,

thereby becomes a slave of the Raja. 12. Krita, made, a note of hand, a bond, a title-deed, and the like. Any

one who makes himself a slave for a definite term. thing in writing producible in evidence, or by which a

13. Bhakta ddsa, one who is a slave for his food. person may be bound in law. A certificate of any kind.

14. ^ Varavdhrita, one who becomes a slave by marrying Dastdwez-i-hibba, H. (from A. <U>-, a gift) A deed of

a female slave. 15. Atmavikrayi, one who sells him- gift or bequest

self. Dasa also means, in some places, A fisherman. Bastdwez-i-hisja, H. (from A, <La»., a share) A deed of

It is a suitable agnomen also for a man of the Siidra partition.

caste, as Chandra-ddsa ; but it is also borne with that Dast-ba-dast, H. (lit, hand with hand) Ready-money

of a divinity, in token of devotion by other superior transaction.

castes, as Vishm-dds, Siva-dds, Krishna-dds, Ndrdyan- JDast-bdki, or Dastu-bdhi, H., Mar., Tel., Karn. (A. ^\>,
dds — the slave of Vishnu, Siva, Krishna, Ndrdyan, remainder) Balance in hand, money collected but not

&c. In the days of Akbar it was borne by Rajputs, as brought to account, whether referring to balances in the

Raja Bhagrvdn Das, of the Kachndha tribe. It is hands of the native collectors, or to collections made and
now seldom used by them, except for illegitimate embezzled by them.
offspring. Dast-barddri, H. (from P. ^JiJi,\C)j>, to lift up or off)

Ddsa, also Ddsari, and Ddsayya, Tel. Karn. CZ^^'O, Withdrawal of a suit from a court.
15^r68, "O^ivioaDg) A mendicant of a class in the south Dast-farosh, H. (firom P. ^j*j^j who sells) A pedlar, a

of India, a worshipper of Vishnu. hawker.

Ddsiputra, S. (^^1'^:) A son by a female slave. Dast-garddn, H. (from P. u''\s, turning) A loan without

Ddsira, Karn. (^S3^0) Son of a female slave. any voucher.

Dasa, H. (<)-«Ii)) A reaping-hook. Dasti, Mar. (from ^H, a tax) Assessable, taxable, (land,

Dassa, (?) H. Stones for building, from the Chunar quarries. &c.) H. ( JL,J) A present to native o£Scials at the

—Ben. Reg. xxii. 1795, cl. 82. Dashara.

Dast, Dust, H. (P. Li-^wii) lit.. The hand ; also, techni- Dastibdd, Mar. (^^cfl^T^) Exempt from taxation.
cally, money in hand, Tel. ("'^) The portion of re- Dast-jamd-kharch, H. Debit and credit account of col-

venue actually realised by some head-man, but not paid to lections. Account current
government. Mar. (^^) Tax or assessment of the revenue. Dast-kardan-i-daftar, corruptly, Dusherdon-dufter, H.

Dastak, Dustuk, corruptly, Dustuck, H. (uSjmi^, from P. Account of money in hand. Cash account of collections.

128
 DAS DAT
(From dost, as above, kardan, P., to make, and daftar, hand, in opposition to a paper written or signed by an

account). amanuensis.

Dastkhat, sometimes abridged to Daskhat, H. (P. lasr'^i.S DAtan, Thug. A police guard. Any person found unex-

ias:*"j) Handwriting, signature. pectedly on a place selected for a murder.

Dast-ldf, H. (from P. (_j5', boasting) Handsel, first money Datta, Dutta, S. (past part, of ^,to give, datus) Given,

received in the day. (or used as a noun substantive) A son given in adoption

Dast-muzd, H. iJy*JMni) Wages, recompense. Revenue also. Gift, donation. (It is sometimes vernacularly changed

assessed upon the land. to Bat, But).

Dastan, Mar. (^^T«T) A store, a granary. Battd, S. (fem. of ^) Given (a girl) in marriage, be-

Dastram, Tel. ("'vTiyo) The public document or record trothed.

of a district or office. (? an error for Daphtaramu.) BattahcL, or Battrima, S. (from ^, given) An adopted

DasTiJh, DuSTOOH, H. &C. (P. ^jX*iJ, plur. UL>\jyi'Mii, son, one given by his parents to a person who legally

DastueXt) Custom, usage, regulation. A customary adopts him. (Also with JPutra, a son, as Battaputra,

fee or perquisite. A commission or per-centage on the Battahaputrd).

collections, allowed by the Mohammadan government to Battdtma, S. (from "'STW^, self) The son self-given, one

the Zamindars. A subdivision of a Sirkar, or aggregate who offers himself of his own accord to be adopted.

of several adjacent Parganas (a sense in which it is now Batta-homam, S. (from igtT, burnt-offering) Oblations of

rarely, if ever, used). A high priest of the Pards. clarified butter to fire, a ceremony performed at the

Dasturi, H. &c. (t^jju,j) Dasturi, Ben. (ix^al) A fee, adoption of a son, and by some held to be essential to the

a perquisite, a commission; especially a fee claimed by validity of the adoption.

cashiers and servants on articles purchased, or on pay- Battola, Mai. ( seinn^OEJ) A deed of adoption.

ments made. Battdpraddnikam, S. (from '^Tl^fH^, not like a gift)

Dastur-i-kazA, H. {fJa jyLmS) Fees paid to a Kazi for Retraction or resumption of gifts, a head of Hindu law.

putting his seal to a document. (Also called Battasya-anapakarma, The non-taking back
Dastur-al-umal, Dustoor-ool-umul, H. ((J^t^KyUMj, from of what has been given).

A. t>«£, business) Rule, regulation, rules of practice, Bat-patra, Uriya. A deed of gift.

prescriptive mode of carrying on public business. The Batta, commonly Butt, Ben. (Tf^, from the S. ^) A
orders and rules of government. A body of regulations subdivision of the writer caste. A name commonly borne
agreed upon by any number of persons for their future by members of the caste, as, Jaykrishn-Butt.

guidance. A body of instructions and tables for the use Datua, Thug. Cry of the hare : if on the right, a bad

of native revenue officers, under the Mohammadan Go- omen, and travellers must be spared.
vernment (Although professing to be copied from the Daul, Doul, corruptly, Dowle, H. (A. JjJ , state, con-

original of Akbar, no two copies of the Dastur-al-Amal dition) Daul, Ben. and Mar. (i^^f, ^t^, the initial

agree ; owing in part, Mr. Elliot conjectures, to their being changed to the cerebral d) also Davulu, or
having been made up, in various degrees of completeness, Daulu, Karn. (cSn^^U) Mode, manner, shape, appear-

from another account left by the Kanungos, the Amal- ance, form, estimate, valuation, a statement of the par-

dast'&r, in which orders superseding those of the Dast'dr- ticulars of the gross revenue levied from an estate or

al-dmal were registered). district. An estimate of the amount of revenue which

Dastur-paraded, H. (from S. iK^^fl, a foreigner) Fees a district or estate may be expected to yield. In the

formerly levied at Benares from pilgrims from countries west of India it is also used to signify a blank form ready

beyond Hindustan. to be filled up, and sometimes signed and sealed ; or a

DasttJh, Dustoob, Mar. (5^^) Handwriting, signature, blank return, of crimes when none have been committed,

the signature of a clerk or amanuensis. The form of an or of revenue when no collections have been made.

official paper ; (besides the ordinary meanings as above). Baul-band-o-bast, H. (P. c:^<*wj j i\jij, agreement) Statement

Dast'dr-khud, Mar. (from P. Jy>-, self) Written with one's or particulars of the arrangement made for the amount of
129 2 L
 DAU DAV
revenue realizable from a district. Although applicable to J5aur, Mar. (%n;) A small drum, shaped like an hour-glass.
the settlement between the revenue payers and the Govern- Dauri, Mar. (Trt^) A player on the jDaur.
ment, it was formerly used in Bengal and the northern Dauri-gosdvi, Mar. (^trltiftWR'l') The Gosain who beats

Sirkars to signify especially the rent-roll of estates, the the Daur: he is one of the inferior village officers, or Aluti.

gross receipts demanded by the Zamindars from their te- Daura, Uriya (CJ^QI, probably from H. Daur-nd, to go

nants or farmers, or the agreement made with them with about) Sessions, circuit.

reference to the amount payable to the government after Daukapa, H. (from UTjiJ, to run) A village runner or

making certain authorized allowances and deductions. messenger.

Daul-izdfat, H. (A. u^^lol ) Statement or estimate of ad- Dauri, or Dauri, H. (ufyjJ, <-/ji'^^
"^^^
^^V^ *'*** *i*s

ditional sources of revenue. the bullocks together when treading out com.

I>aul-jam&, H.
(f<»- Jj^^)
Particulars of the total re- Davasa, Karn. (OarO) Produce of the fields. Grain in
venue assessed upon a district or a village. general.

Daul-khazdna, H. (.xi\j>-, a treasury) A memorandum Davasadavanu, Karn. (03(00ai\X)) A corn factor.

given to the Ryot by the native revenue-officer, specify- Dawa, or Dav7I, H. (a. JjjC'i) as there is no equivalent
ing the sum due by him for the current instalments. for the A. a in the Hindu dialects, this word and its

Daul-kistbandi, H. {^liM c:,»«i.f) Engagement to hold derivatives are written with the simple long vowel, fol-

land upon payment of the revenue by fixed instalments. lowed by M or V, ^, pronounced as ro, Ben. (Tft'S'^) Mar.

Daul-ndma, H. (P. <t«U, a document) Extract from the ge- (^T^) Tel. ('S'oJ^) Karn. (^JB^TS, SS;3) A claim,

neral particulars of an estimated assessment, for the infor- a demand, a complaint, a suit, a prosecution. In the west

mation of the person paying, supplied to him as a Patta, of India it has come to signify a right, a just claim.

or lease : also termed Daul-patta. Ddrod, or Ddmi-ddr, H. &c. (jli5,_sjcJ) A complainant,

Daul-patra, Mar. (S. vm, a leaf) A blank form, a blank a plaintiff, one who has a just claim or right.

return. Ddrvi-glialat, A. (lali t<y='J) Plea of error ; in Moham-

Daul-tashkhis-i-hand-o-bast, H. (from A. (_|««Ja:»^, assess- madan law.

ment) Particulars of the assessment of a village : one of Ddwi-hins, A. (C-JU- i^^S) Claim of penalty ; in

the accounts formerly kept by the Kanungo. Mohammadan law.

Daul-wdsil-bdhi, H. ^iS^, tJ^S^ Statement of collections DlwAT, H. (A. iJU^S) Invitation, benediction, a feast, a

and balances. banquet.

Bavuluddr, or JDavulddr, Karn. (^^.^euUS^, ^c^^6) Dawam-band-o-bast, H. (c:.>y»»i j liJb ^'^o, from ^IjJ,

An appraiser, one who estimates the amount and value perpetuity) Perpetual settlement

of the crop. DA WAN, Dawun, H. (jj^jb) Threshing the com by bullocks,

Davulu-huttmalL Karn. (^.^euJSco^iSv) Estimate of attaching some six or eight in a row, and driving them

the probable produce. round a central pivot over the com strewed upon the

Bavulujamd-handi, Karn. ((J^-^eua^^XX^SDoa) Esti- floor.

mated assessment of the revenue of a vUlage. DAwAN, or Da WEN, Mar. (^1^1?, ^) A rope fastened at

Davulupatti, Karn. -(Ot^^eWoieJ) An account of the esti- both ends to which cattle are tied.

mate of each farmer's produce. Dawara, Daura, or Dahwara, corruptly, Dowra, Mar.

Paul, or Daula, H. ( J^ , 3j5, '^5) The boundary of a (^^^^ or f^tl) A hole dug for water (in the dry bed

field, a boundary mark, or mound of earth for that pur- of a river, or the like).

pose. Daya, S., but adopted in most dialects, at least in its legal

Daundi, (?) Mar. A. small drum beat by a public crier. sense, i^A) Gift, donation. In Hindu law, Portion, in-

A proclamation. heritance, which may be of two kinds ; without hindrance

Daur, H. (jyi) The strings attached to a basket to throw or impediment, absolute, direct, Apratibandha ; and Sa-
up water for irrigation. pratibandha, with obstmction, indirect, contingent, or

Dauri, H. (^S;jJ) The basket so used. presumptive.

130
 DEB DES
Dayahhdga, or Dayavibhdga, S. (from »Tt^, a share, or Den-mahr, H. &c. (from A.^,y«, a portion) A dowry, a

ftJTPT, partition) Partition of inheritance. Title of law- wife's portion.

books relating to the apportionment of heritable property Detdghetd, Mar. (^iTlMin) A regular dealer, one who is

amongst heirs. punctual in money transactions.

Ddydda, S. (from ^TT^, to take) An heir, whether direct, Denda pronounced Dendo, DENDtJ, alsoDENPA pronounced
collateral, or contingent. A claimant. Denpo, DenpiJ, Ben. {.CS'fi, CS°yr,C^°'^, CS'"^) Teeh-

JDayddopdgata, S. (from griTTiT, come or descended to) A nical terms used in the measurement of land, implying

slave received as inheritance. relative position or bearing — thus, Denda imports that

Ddyaji, Mar. (^HIijT) An heir, a kinsman. there is a parcel of land between the lots last named and
DIya, Ben. (S. TtN) Charge, plaint, law-suit (besides the the next lot, lying a little to the south of the land which

preceding senses). is immediately to the south. Dendu imports that which

Ddyah, Ben. (Tft^) An accuser. Also, a donor, &c. is a little to the north of the land immediately north.

Deb, Ben., Uriya, &c. (ff^, the vernacular pronunciation of Denpa is that which is a little to the west of the land

Dev, q. V.) A divinity, a deity, an idol, a king, a title immediately west. Denp'u, is that which is a little to the

of respect in addressing a person of rank, a cognomen west of that lying west. (The o of Dendo and Denpo
appropriate to Brahmans, as Chandradeb. (There being is only the common Bengali articulation of the short a).

no V in Bengali, the b is substituted for it in this and Deo, H. &c. (yJ, for S. ^^, Deva) A god, a divinity.

all similar words). See ^ and its compounds.

Deb-dihi, Uriya. Enumeration of estates and villages. Deo, or Deo Link, Thug. An exclamation from the look-

Debhi-dsdmi, or Debhi-raiyat, (?) In Behar and western out confederates, to signify that all is safe and the murder
Bengal said to mean, a resident cultivator, one having a may be committed.

right of property in the ground he cultivates. Deola, H. (''Jj-'S) Mounds, high ground (East Oudh).
Dehri, H. (^mS) a marshy soil. See Dahr. Deorha, H. O^j^S) One-and-a-half: used to express in-

Deja, H. (W.J, from S. ^, to be given) A portion, a terest in kind on grain at the rate of fifty per cent.

dowry. Deja, or Dej, Mar. (^jI) Money given at Deorhi, H. i^j^Ji) A threshold, a porch.

Sudra marriages: given by the bridegroom to the father Deorhi-ddr, H. A porter.

of the bride. Deha, H. Ojid, ^T) a tent, any temporary dwelling, a

Deju, H. iys?.iS) Part of a dowry. Ryot's hut

Del, H. (lJj'^) Land ploughed and ready for the Mabi Debh, (o3) One-and-a-half.

crop (Bundelkhand). Land prepared for cotton after Derh-pdo, H. A quarter-and-a-half, three-eighths.

being cropped for gram (Sagar). Derhpawd, A weight equal to three-eighths of a ser.

Dena, H. &c. (from the v. UJ J, to give, that which should Deri, Ben. (CW^) Ill-prepared; applied to rice when only
be given, ^^) Dene, Mar. (^^) Money due, a debt. half cleaned, or husked once and-a-half, it being usual to
Dend, or Dene-ddr, or Denddr, H. &c. (jloUoJ, ^^^^, make the most ordinary kinds pass through the mortar

CTf^fjiH) A debtor. three times.

Dend-pdnd, H. (from iijii, and ULj, to obtain) Profit and Di^SA, S. (^^) vernacularly, Des, H. (^j^i^) H. Mar. (^^j)
loss, settlement of affairs. Ben. (fPf-t) Tel. ("S'^^) Karn. ((Se^) Tam. ((S^S'lL)

Deneghene, Mar. (^<!JV*!l) Money transactions, paying and Mai. (eiac/ao) as the palatal s, which is used by all, ex-

receiving, lending and borrowing. cept the Hindustani, is slightly aspirated in Sanskrit, the

Den-hdkimi, H. (^-Aila-) The share of the government aspiration is exaggerated in some of the dialects, and the
or Zamindar of the produce. word and its compounds are prononuced, as in Marathi,

Denekari, Mar. (^^<*Jl1) A debtor. Desk : in that language, however, it also occurs, less cor-

Den-len, H. (abbreviated from wii and libJ , to take) Money rectly, but optionally, Des, with the dental sibilant (^?j)

dealings, paying and receiving, borrowing and lending, Country, district, place, region. In different parts of
buying and selling, &c. India it is emphatically applied to particular districts, as

131
 DES DES
constituting "the"' county. In Rohilkhand it denotes the Des-hetd, Uriya (CQC1G^e)|) Service lands of avillage officer.

cleared villages on the borders of the Tardi. In the Desi, H. &c. (S. ^^) Belonging to, born or produced

Himalayan regions it signifies the plains of Hindustan. in a country, a native of a country.

With the Marathas it especially designates the country Desiya, H. &c. (S. ^f^) Belonging to a country, native,

between the Sahyadri and Balaghat hills, the Karnatik local.

and the Godaveri river. It also applies to any plain, Des-kdvali, Tel. ("S^T^^S) Black mail, fees paid to

open, or champaign country. In Malabar it likewise prevent a village from being pillaged, expenses of guard-

signifies, the proprietary possession of a village, and the ing a district.

rank derived from it. Des-hulkarani, Mar. (^^f^db**-^) The district accountant,

Desdchdr, H. S. (^^fl'^R) Local observance, custom of the one who prepares a general account from the several

country. statements of the village accountants.

Sesddhikdri, incorrectly, Desadikdr, S. (^^fvi<*KT) Chief, Des-kulkarani-varttana, Karn. (S. ^'#rf, subsistence) A
or governor, or superintendant of a given tract of country. per-centage formerly allowed to the district accountants on

Desddhipati, S. (^^ftt^rfK) Chief or head ruler of a the collections of the revenue.

district or country. The representative of the Raja. Dexmukh, Desmookh, or Deshmookh, corruptly, Desmooh,

Desddhipatyam, S. &c.. Office of governor, government of Mar. (^^, and S. ST^, chief) A hereditary native officer

a district. under the former governments, exercising chief police and

DemhdsUu, or Des-hddl, Tel. ("S^^^eu) Inland or revenue authority over a district, containing a certain

transit duties. number of villages, and responsible for the revenue

Desdi, corruptly, Desae, and Dessye, Mar. (^TJtT^, from S. holding for compensation lands rent-free, and being en-

^^nftl'^frl) The superintendant or ruler of a Pargana or titled to the various fees and allowances, corresponding
province, the principal revenue officer of a district, under generally to the Zamindars of Bengal. Under the present

the native government : the office was hereditary, and administration the Desmukh is a district revenue officer

frequently recompensed by grants of land, so that the who is expected to superintend the cultivation, and report on

Desdi often became a kind of petty chief in the south of India. the state of the crops, to assist in the settlement of the

Desdi, Karn. (Q^^OCO) A chief man among the mer- annual revenue, and to give general aid to the collector and

chants of the Lingam sect. his establishment in the discharge of revenue duties.

Desdi-giri, Mar. (^^n^flft) Office oi Desdi, emoluments Desmnkhi, Mar. ( ^51>n3^) The office or duty of Desmukh.

or fees attached to it. The fees or perquisites levied by him, or on his account.

Desa-lekhaka, S. (^^«(r, a writer) The accountant of a Des-nihdld, H. (SIC) ,j~JJ, from U!l^, to send out) Exile,

district. banishment.

Desdnt, H. (from S. "SlfT, end) The boundaries of a country Despdnde, or Despdndyd, corruptly, Despandeah, Despon-
or district. deah, Despondee, Daispaundee, TeL ( oi<^OlS°^)
Desdntar, H. (from S. '^'jft, diflFerent) A foreign country, Mar. (^^XTHS, ^^i^iJT) The hereditary revenue ac-

belonging to a different country, a foreigner. countant of a district or certain number of villages,

Desastha, or Desasth, less correctly, Deskasth, Mar. holding office by hereditary tenure, and paid by lands.

(^^, from S. ^, who is, or belongs to) One of a Under the British administration this officer is expected

tribe of Maratha Brahmans, who consider themselves su- to keep a duplicate set of the public accounts, to super-

perior to the rest. In other parts of the South, a Ma- intend and cheek those of the village accountants, keep

ra (ha Brahman in general. note of the collections, and see that they are regularly

Desdwar, H. (^.jLyJ) A foreign or different country. paid, to assist in the annual settlements, and give general
Desdrvari, H. ( ^jcyUpJJ) Goods, the manufacture of another information and aid to the collector and his subordinates.

country. In some parts of Telingana the Despandya. acts indepen-

Des-chaughald, Mar. ( ^^f^il^) The assistant to the chief dently of the Desmukh, discharges the same duties, and

native revenue officer of a district enjoys the same privileges and emoluments.
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 DES DEV
Desapramdni, Mai. (roSC/3(a_)Ci06v-Y9l) Head of a village: Brahman of an inferior order, who attends upon idols,

also, Desamukhyasthan. and lives upon the offerings made to them.

Des-tydg, H. (from the S. 'RnT, abandoning) Emigration. Devdlaya, S. (from WT^!^. an asylum) A temple, a shrine.

Desrvdl, H. ( J1j«*J4>) A tribe of Tagas, holding a few Devala-prajd, corruptly, Dewul purchd, Ben. (CTf^»T£f^)

villages in Bhagpur. One of three officers, so named, managing the temple of

Deswdld, or Deswdli, Mar., H. (^^r^TlcSiT) A native of Jagannath, under the Raja of Khurda, but appointed for-

any country. In Bengal it is applied to a native of merly by the collector.

the north-west provinces. Devala, or Devdlaya-divya, (from S. Divya. f^^, an

JDesamdli, Mai. (Siac/dojO^) The head or ruler of a oath) Making an oath in a temple, or before an idol.

district. The same as Desdi, q. v. Devali, Mar. (^^3^) A small building made for an idol
Deswdr, H. ( i'.«jjp) Relating to a district or districts, only, not admitting worshippers. A frame or shrine

a statement, assessment, &c. within a temple.

Deula, Ben Uriya (iJf^=Tl , from the S. Bevala) A temple. Devamdtrika, Mar. Devamdtruka, Tel. (S. <^=(*ltdofi)

Deula-karan, Uriya. Accountant of a temple. Watered by rain ; fields, lands, &c., as opposed to those

Dbva, S., vernacularly pronounced whether singly or in dependent upon artificial irrigation.

many of its compounds, Dewa, Dev, Deb, or Deo, Devdng, Karn. (from S. ^ST^, the body) A Lingayat, one

(^^, Dens) A god, a divinity, an idol. A man of high who carries the emblem of Siva on his person.

rank, a sovereign. A Brahman. A cognomen suited Devdnga,Tel. C^<^^oX)Bevdngada, Karn. (^53~9oX(S)

to Brahmans. The title assumed by the caste of weavers in the Karnatic.

Devaddna, S. (^^Trf) A gift or offering to a divinity. Devdrdya-vatta, Karn. (OtO dTTBoSiafeJ) a tax for-

Devadarsana, S. (^«T, seeing) Visiting or paying re- merly levied in Mysore on the lands of rebellious subjects,
verence to an idol : particularly, in the south of India, rated at so much for each temple on them.
such a visit paid by the bride and bridegroom, with their DevasM, Mar. (^^(t) Annual ceremonies in honour of

friends, at a particular period after their marriage. village divinities.

Devaddsi, H. &c. (from S. ^^, a female slave) A dancing Devasthala S. (^'^Wcj) Any sacred place or temple. In
girl attached to a temple. Malabar, a temple of the first order, dedicated to Siva,

Devaddya, Devaddyamu, corruptly, Devadow, Devadyen, as Trimurtti.

a.ndDevadoyam, Karn. (Q^'^UildSS) Tel. ("S^'C^oS)^, Devasihdna, corruptly, Deostan, S. &c. (from S. WT'i, a
from S. ^ni, a donation) Lands or allowances for the place) A temple. Revenue applied to the support of a

support of a temple, an endowment. temple.

Devadevhdrd, Mar. (^'=)<^,^'Kl) Running about from idol Devasthdpana, S. (^'=f*?m1'T) Setting up" an idol in a

to idol, importunate in prayers and supplications. temple, or in a room in a dwelling.

Devadharma, S. Religious offices, acts of supererogation Devasthdna-pudir-vatta, Karn. (oScJ^rOS^uaU) A
in honour of a divinity. tax of two-and-a-half fanams per kdndi of land, levied upon
Devadigdr, Karn. (OSQ A do) A man of a low caste, who the Ryots, on behalf of the temple or temples of a dis-

performs menial offices in temples in the south of India. trict (Mysore).

Devaka, Mar. (from S. ^^«ir, a deity, or a minor deity) Devasiva, Mar. (^g^) Karn. (Q^^^, from the S. ^,
The deities worshipped at marriages, and other essential own) Property belonging to a temple. An endowment.
ceremonies, Devathike, Mar. ( ^^ft^) A spot of land held rent-free in

Devaha-gondala, Karn. &c. Decorating the household or some villages by the Mukaddam or Mhar, in reward of
other deities who are worshipped at the Sanstaras or his having established by ordeal the disputed boundaries
essential ceremonies. of the village.

Devala, (from S. Devaldya) vernacularly in Ben., &c. Devotthdna, S., vernacularly, Deotthdn, (from ^"fVr<T,

Deval or Demal, Deul, &c. ( ^WqJ) A temple. rising) The eleventh day of the light half of Kartik, when
Devala, S. and Mar. (^^) Devalan, Karn. (Q^e)£3) A Vishnu is supposed to rise up from his four months' sleep.

133 2 M
 DEV DHA
The end of the rainy season. It is also the period at which Dhai-giyI, Hindi (^iflT, from fVniT, gone) Washed away
the sugar-cane is first cut See Dithwan. by inundation (Puraniya).
Devhard, Mar. (^d^ni) The niche or shrine in which an DhajA, Dhuja, H. (W'^, S. ^:) A flag. A pole with
idol is placed. a strip of cloth tied to the end of it, and erected some-
Deoi, S., adopted in all the dialects, ( ^^) Any goddess, times near a place of worship, in satisfaction of a vow.
but especially a name of Durga, the wife of Siva, the Also, a flag hoisted on some lofty situation on the last

day of Ashdrh, called the Parean-parikshd, trial of the

Devotthdpana, or Deotthdpan, (from S. ^n'lrni'I, raising wind ; as, from the direction of the wind on the sunset
up) The ceremony of removing'or dismissing deities at of that day, as shewn by the flag, the people draw their

the end of the rite at which they were supposed to be auguries of the quantity of rain likely to fall in the en-

present. suing rainy season. If the wind blows from the west,

Devata, S. (^^iTt) A divinity, a deity, an idol. it is said that there will be Banya kd pdni, grain-dealers'

Devdtara, Mai. (6iaaJ0(5iro) A temple dedicated to an water — the season will be dry : if a little more round, it

inferior divinity. is Kumhdr kd pdni, potter's water, as they do not like

JDevatdvuttdra, Karn. (Q?^3^'^3|^c5') Lands allotted much wet : if from the north, moderate weather may be
rent-free for the support of a temple. expected, and it is called Mdli kd pdni, gardener's water:

Devatrd, or Devottara, S., vernacularly, Deotar, Deotara, and if from the east, copious rains are expected, called

Ben. andUriya,2)e6oMar, 'KaxTi. Devatdvuttdra, corruptly, Dhobi kdpdni, washerman's water, i e. abundant rain.

Deowuttur and Dewitter, (S. ^^, and % what pre- Dhak, Dhuk, Ben. (T>^) A weight
serves, or ^^T, what belongs to) Land rent-free, granted DhIk, DhIkA, or DhIkha, corruptly. Dawk, H. (u/Uj,
for the support of a temple or an idol. alftj, l^bbii) A tree common in India (Butea frondosa),

Devatottha/pana, Mar. (from S. d>V!||ijcj, raising up) Dis- also called Palasa, the products of which are very useful.

missing the deities who have been invited to a ceremony, The bark yields an astringent exudation, called Palds-

upon its termination. gond, or Bengal kino ; a strong rope, called Bukel, is

Dhabbu, Dhubboo, Mar. (V¥) A double pice. made from the root ; the wood is used for coating wells,

Dhabdhabi, Mar. (vaR't) A waterfall, the noise of falling and is valued as fuel for sacrificial fire; the flowers are

water. of a bright red colour, and yield a yellow or orange dye.

Dhad, Mar. (VTT, pronounced DhAr) An onset, an over- In Bengal, and in and along the hills, it is a good-sized

whelming multitude or crowd, whether of robbers and the tree ; but in the plains of the north-west it is of stunted

like, or of locusts or other destructive creatures. growth, and comes to signify any dwarf shrubs or brushwood.

Dhada, pronounced DHAiii, Hindi (>n3T) A robbery. Dhak-jangal, is any wilderness of bushes.

DhadA, H. (liilaii, S. VRT, a stream) Water falling from Dhak, Hindi (VToir) Arable land in a ravine (Puraniya).

above, a waterfall (Rohilkhand). Dhakara, H. (x^lfliij) A tribe of Rajputs, scattered over

Dhada, Mar. (>ITT) A weight often serf, an accumulation the country, from the south bank of the Jumna about

of weiffht in a balance. Agra and Mathura, across the Doab to Rohilkhand.

Dhada, or Dhaddi, Dhudda, Dhuddee, H. ('iMjj, ,_j3ao) DhIkatI, or DhAkuta-pana, corruptly, DhIktepuna,
A term applied to low ground (Rohilkhand). Mar. (vrarjT'Wr, VI«5«iH*u) Inferiority in stature, age,

Dhaga, Thug. Eliciting the intentions of travellers. Ne- &c., lesserness. Claim to inheritance, or other rights of

gociation with persons in authority for protection or release the junior branches of a family.

from arrest Dhakata, or Dhdkati, incorrectly, Dhakti, -khds, Mar.

Dhagal, Thug. Papers. The third or inferior class of village oflScers. See JBaluta.

Dhagsa, Thug. Hilly or woody country. Dhaki, Ben. (T>t^) A deduction of rent allowed to tenants

DhIhima, H. (&^bbiJ, TJlff*!!) A tribe of Rajputs, formerly by the Zamindar.

lords of Biana, one of the thirty-six royal races. There Dhal, Hindi (^^) An influx of water coming down a

are also Dhahima Jats and Ahirs river from the hills (Puraniya).

134
 DHA DHA
Dhala, H. (iXllaS) Collections from the individual villagers, Dhdn-kdti, H. The season for cutting rice.

to cover village expenses in Rohilkhand, usually at the Bhdn-madi, Tel. ("9"rC5^a) A rice field."
rate of one ana in a rupee, or one ser of grain per maund. Dhant'hid, Dhunted, (U^Xiaj) A field which has been

In the Central and Lower Doab it is generally used with reaped for rice (Rohilkhand).

Jamd,, as JamA-dhala, and signifies a particular tenure. Dhdnwdiyd, H. (builaii) A thresher or a seller of rice.

See Dhar-bachh. In this sense it occurs also D&la, with Dhan, Dhun, H. &c. (j^ii, S. V«t) Wealth, property.

the initial unaspirated. A loan. The cattle of a village.

DhalAit, H. &c. (ci^isiii, probably from Dhal, a shield) Dhani, and Dhanik, H. &c. (S. V^\, vflcS) One having
An armed attendant or peon. property, a master, an owner : also, a lender, a creditor.

DhalIl, Thug. Spirit vender. Dhani-jog, Mar. (VTf'ft'T, from S. Yogya, ^ftrif, fit,

Dhalbhol, H. (
Jjjjlftj) Complete transfer by sale proper) Payable to the purchaser, a bill, &c., as distin-

(Kamaon). guishable from that which is payable to some other,

Dhalphob, (?) H. A class of the Kurmi, or great agricul- Sahdjog (^l^l^iln).

tural tribe in Hindustan (clod piercers). Dhanteras, Mar. (vqHX:?r) The thirteenth of the dark half

DhalwIn, Hindi (5^^) The slope of the inclined plane of Aswin, when the bankers worship money.

down which the oxen descend from a well. DhIna, Mai. (Loom) Pried barley or rice.

Dhaman, H. (?) Payment of rent in kind : applied also to Dhana, H. ( iblaii) The Gond portion of a village, which

lands or a village when the revenue is so paid. is always separate from the rest (Sagar).

DhImi, H. (^Ui), plur. Dhamian) A follower of Pran- DhIna, Uriya (ill??, probably vernacular corruption of DIna,

nath, a Hindu reformer, who flourished in the seventeenth a grain, a seed) A measure of weight for the precious

century in Bundelkhand. metals, four dhdnas (grains) equal to one ratti.

Dhamkai, H. &c. (from H. iJ'iC^jsJ, or Ben. ^V^, to Dhanak, Ben. (^Tt^) A copper coin, about the value of

threaten) Reprimand, reproof, threatening. two-pence.

Dhamkdibd, Ben. Uriya (ll91G|S5^Q|) Intimidation. Dhandhoi, Thug. Any man employed in the pursuit of

Dhamoni-ki-manj, Thug. Fighting of cats, a bad omen. Thugs.

Dhamhi, Thug. Metal utensils. Phandhoi, Phundhoee, H. (^yiiiSaii) The scum of the
Dhamuka, Tel. (Q^JO S"°) A road made with gravel. A sugar-cane juice when boiling (Dehli).

ridge or bank passing across water. Phandhora, PhundhohI, corruptly, Dhandero, H.

DhIn, corruptly, Daun, H. &c. (^Jsiii, from the S. Wl) (l^yfijJaJ, from S. "STfS, to search) Proclamation by
Grain in general, but especially applied to the rice plant, beat of drum.

or to rice in the husk, of which there are a great number Dhandhoria, H. A crier.

of varieties, bearing different names. Sixty-six different Dhanqa, (?) Any hiding-place of robbers and marauders ;

appellations are enumerated by Mr. Elliot as known in three such were especially notorious in Katiwar — one
the western provinces ; and he states that the variety is in the neighbourhood of Chutila, one about twenty
still greater in Bengal and Bahar. In what tespects they kos to the southward, and the third in the forest of
differ, except in name, does not appear. Chachai.

Dhdn, or Dhdna-bandi, corruptly, Danabundy, H. DhaNGAR orDHANGAR, DhUNGUR, H. &C. (yXilftii, j^j)
((_jJ«Jj iXJlaii) Estimate of the extent of the crops of rice A tribe of people inhabiting the hill country in Ramgarh
or other grain. and Chota-nagpur : some of them come periodically into
Dhanhd, Dliunha, H. ( i^SnJ, from VR) A rice cultivator ; the plains for employment, and are engaged as labourers
rice-bearing, as a field, &c. and scavengers. In the south of India, Dhangar is

Dhdm, H. ((Jlaj) A good soil, fit for grain. generally applied to the caste of shepherds and weavers of

Dhanhar, Dhunkur, H. C^ii, abridged from j^UiJ, wool. In Telingana, they are also cultivators, and are

Voira) A stiff soil, bearing rice if rain has fallen plen- divided into twelve tribes, who do not eat together, nor

tifully. A field cropped with rice in the previous season. intermarry.

135
 DHA DHA
Dhangar-mag, Mar. (from flirt, a loom) The loom of a Dhapia, Dhupea, H. (U»fttJ, from S. Dhdva, running) A
woollen weaver. short kos, a distance which a man may run without stop-

Dhangar-mdniyam, Kam. (QoAOoJTSraoaJO) Taxes on ping to take breath.

shepherds. Charge for pasturage. Dhak, H. (jlaj) A heap of corn (Benares).

Dhangi, Thug. A brass pot. DhIr, H. (jlftii) A hollow tree inserted in the mouth of
Dhantera, Thug. An ass, whose braying is an omen highly wells in the Tarai, to prevent their falling in.

esteemed, whether for good or evil. DhIr, or DhAra, H. &c. (jllk J ,

\J^S) A stream, a chan-

Dhanya, H., but in all the dialects also: (S. VI^) Grain nel, a flow of water.
in general, especially rice, but nine principal kinds are DhXr, Hindi (>nt) A ravine with or without water.

enumerated under this title ; small quantities of each of Dhar, or Dhara, H. &c. (^IftJ, \j\s>S) Settled assessment,

which are sometimes given to Brahmans at festivals : the fixed or customary rate, a proportionate share or charge.

donation is called the Nava-dhanya-ddnam. The same tenure as Dhdrbdchh, q. v. Also, Mar.

Dhdnydddyam, Tarn. (S. ^rrCtsflUjn'SrTLlJlli) Receipt DhIre (vT^).

of revenue, &c., in grain. DhIr, Ben. (itS) A loan, a debt: an edge, a limit, a boundary.

Dhdnyaduh, Tel. (plur. of^rO^OCitO) AH sorts of grain. Dhardt, or Dhartta, (?) Ben. (*ra») A loan, a sum de-

Dhdnya-sdramu, Tel. &c. ("^^rOgcCiJ^oSx)) Grain after ducted from the amount lent, by the lender, as ar bonus.

threshing (from S. W^, substance). Dharttd, Ben. (Sl^) A debtor.

BhdnyavarddhanamMsA.. (aJ0Cg)aJ(=UJOOo, from S.insi, Dhara, Thug. Vessels of metal.

and '5Rf«f) increasing) Lending grain at interest, receiving DhahI, Dhura, Ben. Uriya (^^1, from S. VCj having,
a usurious return for seed com supplied to the cultivators. holding) Personal restraint, arrest, apprehension of a

Dhdnya-vruddhi, Mai. ((jOOc^cxjRAil, from S. srflf, criminal.

increase) First-fruits, or the first sheaf reaped. DharA, incorrectly, Dhuh, Ben. Mar. (*rtTt, VT^T) Usage,

Dhanuk, H. (tliylaJ, from S. Dhanush, a bow) The practice, custom, customary or current price, rate, or as-

name of a low tribe in the upper provinces, but most sessment, tax on gardens and plantations.

numerous in Bahar : they follow the practice of fowlers Dhdrd-chaddo, Tel. (?) The former custom of making the

and archers, and feed upon their booty: they are cultivators pay a premium on the market price for the

also employed as house guards, and in various menial share of the crop relinquished by the government.

offices, and sometimes become slaves. The females are Dhdrd-kari, or Dhdre-kari, Mar. (from S. oirc, who
in request as midwives. They are said to be divided into makes) A tenant, one who pays the government assess-

seven branches, between whom there is no social inter- ment, one who is possessed of fixed rates or fees. The
course. — Elliot. According to Buchanan, however, the permanent occupant of a farm, one who cannot be dis-

Dhanuks of Bahar, Bhagalpur, and Puraniya are a pure possessed as long as he pays his revenue, and who may
agricultural tribe, perhaps not essentially different from abandon his farm for a time without losing the right of

Kurmis : many of them, however, are agricultural slaves. resumption on paying a compensation to the temporary

—Western India, i. 167. occupier.

Dhanus, or Dhanush, vernacularly, Dhanu and Dhanuk, Dhdrd-pramdn, Uriya. According to custom.

S. (Vfl^, Vfl''^) A bow, a bow used for cleaning cotton. Dharauki,Dhuroukee,H. i^Jjjf'"^) Ascertaining by guess,
A land measure of four cubits. Dharauna, H. ( LJjjjftii) A woman married a second time.

Dhanur-vidyd, S. (VI^, the final being changed to r In case of a dispute, the quantity of land in cultivation
before certain consonants, and f^^TT. knowledge) The (East Oudh).

science of archery, literally, but comprehending the whole Dhara vtrAT, H. ( cLSjUiit)) Land ascertained and apportioned

of military science, the art of war : also Dhanu-veda and by estimate, not measured (Benares).
Dhanur-sdstram. DharAwatu, Tel. ((^"O^^esO) a deposit, an instalment

DhIp, H. (t_jlaj) One-fourth of a hos : a pass, a ghat: an of revenue in advance ; also read Dhar&wati, and, incor-

expanse of low ground. rectly, Dharoti.

136
 DHA DHA
DharA, Mar. (vTT) A weight of ten sers, the quantity that which keeps man in the right path) Law, virtue,

weighed by it, a peculiar mode of multiplying weights. legal or moral duty.

Dharai, Thug. Share assigned to the leaders of an expe- Dharmddhikdr, or hdri, S. &c. (from "SlftToinT, who
dition, usually one article in ten, or one ana in the rupee presides over) A judge, a magistrate : a superior over

on the value. Brahmans invested with power to investigate and chastise

DhabakhI, or Dhabala, H. (l^i^i), 'ijtij) A scarecrow. breaches of custom, violations of caste, and the like.

DhAran, Mar. (TJTCJIf) Rate, current or market price. Dharmddhikarana, S. (from '3rftl«liC<!I, superintendence)

Dhakan, Mar. (V^in, from the S. 'JTJSf, holding, con- A court of justice. The duty of a magistrate or judge.

fining) A dam, a bank across a river : a weight of Dharma-ddna, or Dharmaddyam, S. &c., vernacularly,

twenty-four gunja seeds : a sum of nine anas. Dharmaddo, corruptly, Dhurmadow, (from SfPT or ^ni,

Dharband, Mar. (tj?:^) A law, a rule, a regulation. donation) An endowment, grant of food, or lands, or

DhIbbachh, H. i ^s>-\ij\3>S) Any even or general dis- funds, for religious or charitable purposes.

tribution of charge or rate, &c., especially that which is Dharma, or Dharm-dds, S. &c. (from t^TI, a slave) An
levied from the individual holders of a coparcenary estate, attendant upon a temple.
to make good any deficiency in the produce of land held in Dharma-karttd, S. &c. (from c|T^, who makes) A judge,
common, or let to cultivators. In the central part of the a magistrate. In the south of India, the manager of a
north-west provinces the term denotes an imperfect Pattidari temple, and appropriator of the benefits derived from it.

tenure, in which part of the village land is held in common Dharma-kdrya, S. &c. (from cifl'S, an act) Any good or

and part in severalty. The profits of the former are first ap- pious work, building a temple, digging a tank, &c.

plied to the payment of the government assessment and Dharma-khdten, Mar. (v»^^Tif, from P. Li-, a writing)
the village charges ; and any deficit is made good by the The head of accounts under which pious or charitable

proprietors of the latter, in proportion to their holdings. gifts are entered.

DharbigIe, Mar. (from S. Vt, seizing, and Mgdr, forced Dharmma-kilam, Mai. (COCiCid&lfiJio) A jurisdiction, a
labourer) Pressing people for carrying burthens. district under the same legal administration.
Dhardho, Thug. A river. Dharma-patni, S. &c. (from TlBfl', a wife) A wife who
DHi.R-DHf;RA, H. (ij^iijlSiS) The boundary formed by a has been married according to the legal forms, and is of
stream. (From dhdr or dhdrd, a stream, and dhura, a the same caste as her husband.

boundary). Dharma-patra, or Dharvi-patra, S. (from H^, a leaf) A

DhAbe-bandi, Mar. (VT^^f^) (Land) held on condition deed of gift or endowment for religious or pious purposes.

of paying a part of the produce : settling the portion to Dharma-poi, or -powai, Mar. (v*^Vl^, -ift^^) Giving water
be given. and food to wayfarers or paupers. A booth or shed where
DhIbe-ehsan, Mar. (VTtT?Tn«T, from P. ^jL**-!, easy, they are given.

light) A mitigated assessment, a stipulation favourable Dharma-putra, S. &c. (from T^, a son) A legitimate or

to the cultivators. adopted son, a person appointed by a widow or by the

Dhdre-ehsdni, Mar. (VH.<J^^H1) Land lightly assessed. caste of one deceased to act as a son in performing the
Dhdre-mdp, Mar. (from JTItl, measure) The measure by obsequial ceremonies : as applied to Europeans, it sig-

which the government share is received in kind. nifies god-son ; as Dharm-pitd, or Dharm-bdp, or Dkarm-
Dhabi, Dhueee, H. ((jf^SiJ) A measure of five sers. md, signify godfather or godmother.

Dharicha. H. (Isi^j) The second husband of a widow, Dharmdrth, S. &c. (from W^, object) Any thing given
among the lower classes of the Hindus. for charitable or pious purposes.

Dhabinga, H. (IXJ^S) A kind of rice (Rohilkhand). Dharma, or Dharm-sdld, S. &c. (from ^TT!^, a hall) A
Dhabma, more correctly, Dhabmma, but in practice com- building for any legal or pious purpose, as a court of
monly dropping the second m, S., used in all dialects, justice, a place where religious persons assemble, a place
but commonly corrupted to Dhabm or Dhabam, Dhuem, of accommodation for travellers and pilgrims, or for the
Dhueum, incorrectly, Dueum, (S. M^, from V, to hold, poor and sick, a Serdi, an hospital, a monastery, a temple.
137 2 N
 DHA DHE
Dharma-sabhd, S. &c. (from ?WT, an assembly) The with bankers, in addition to a sum actually lent, gene-

word has much the same meanings as the preceding ; but rally about three per cent. (Sagar).

in Bengal it applies to an association of influential Dharti, H. (tJ/"^) fro*'! S. Vfr^) The earth, land, soil.

Hindus, to uphold their religion. DharwAi, H. (tj5)j3^'>) The village officer or accountant

Dharma-sdstra, S. (from ^n^, a scripture) A work on who weighs grain. (From Dhari, a weight of five sirs,

the whole body, or on particular subjects of Hindu law. which is considered his perquisite at the harvest).

The collective writings of the Hindus on their laws and Dhasani, Ben. (^Ttf^) Falling in of the banks of a pond

institutions. The Hindu code. or river.

Dharmatar, more properly, perhaps, Dharmottar, H. Dhasan, Dhusan, Dhasao, Dhasam, H. (^^LJ6;>, &c.) A
(yUo^j) A charitable grant, an endowment. swamp, a quagmire. (From Dhasnd, lju*iAii, to sink).

Dharmdvatdr, S. &c. (from '^RiTT^, descent from heaven, Dhat^rA, H. &c. OjjjJiii, S. VSre) A plant (Datura
incarnation) A term addressed by Hindus to a respectable fastuosa), the seeds of which have strong narcotic pro-

person, sometimes in the way of flattery to Europeans. perties, and are often given with sweetmeats, to stupify

Dharmopddhydya, or Dharmopddhydyika, S. (from previous to robbery.

I'TTMnW, a teacher) A Brahman supposed to be ac- DhIta, S. &c. (VTiTT) The tenth year of the cycle.

quainted with the law, and exercising in some places in DhItkar, Hindi (tnK«IR) A pound or pen for cattle, or

the Maratha country the functions of censor and judge of the rails of it (Puraniya).

offences against the laws, especially of caste, and receiving Dhaul, or Dhaur, H. (Jysii, jySii) A kind of sugar-cane
perquisites and fees in that capacity. (Rohilkhand).

Dharna, or Dharne, H., Ben., Mar., &c. (U^t), *raiTi, Dhaulani, Thug. One of the sects of the Thugs.

VtTff, from the S. WSl) Sitting at the door of a Dhaul, Mar. (^3B) An official paper, sealed and signed
house or tent, to compel payment of a debt due by a ready to have the blanks in it filled up when required.

debtor, or of arrears owing by a public officer or prince. Dhauri, H. (i^j^ii, for Adhauri, a half) A bull's hide

The person so sitting observes a strict fast, and as long cut in two pieces (Dehli).

as he so sits the person from whom he demands payment Dhava, Hindi (>JWl) The best kind of grass for thatching.

is obliged to fast also, and abstain from his usual occu- Dhawar, Mar. (VT^) Name of a tribe, smelters of iron.

pations and amusements; as, if the suitor were to perish, Dhb, H. ((Jtii, S') A chief but recent subdivision of the

the consequences of the sin would fall upon him. Originally Jat tribe in the north-west provinces.

the person sitting in Dharna was necessarily a Brahman, Dhela, or Dela, H. (La>J, i^n, i^Jl) A clod of earth:

either on his own behalf or that of another, and the sin also a small piece of clay made into a pellet, and cast at

of Brahmanicide would be incurred by his death. The birds from a sling, by a person stationed to protect the crop.

practice is not restricted to Brahmans ; but is altogether Dhen, H. &c. (jjJAJ, S. ^h:) a milch cow.
obsolete in the Company's provinces, having been made a Dhbnka, or DHENKi, H, Ben. («Souft3, iiAftJ, JSl°fl)

punishable offence by Ben. Reg. vii. 1820. In some parts A kind of pestle or pedal projecting from the end of a

of the south of India a similar practice is observed, to lever, one end of which being pressed down by a weight,

extort a boon, or the promise of one, from an idol, by or by the foot, the other falls of its own weight when
sitting permanently at the door of a temple until the the pressure is withdrawn. It is used to clean rice or

attendant priests assure the person his desire will be tobacco, to pound brick-dust, &c.

granted. Dharne, in Mar., also means an armed party Dhenkaya, Ben. («^°^^) A debtor, a creditor.

sent to seize an oBender. DHENKLf, H. (^_jllAAai5, "^cR^) A machine for raising

Dhahohah, H. (^jjjiJ, from Z)Aa9'W«, to place) A deposit, water, a horizontal lever resting on an upright, having a

an instalment. weight at one end and a string pulled by a man with a

Dharohar, Thug. Strangling. bucket or water-jar attached to it at the other. The word
Dharta, H (^HJiAS) Discount and commission. Increase is provincially corrupted into Dhekli, Dhukli, Dhikli,
of demand upon land : also, an item of account usual and Dheokal.

138
 DHE DHI
Dheli, Mar. (s'^f^) Having the impression worn ; a coin. Dhi, Dhee, H. (l<&3) The high bank of a river (Sagar).
Dhenri, H. (^yuaJ) A seed vessel, a capsule. Dhihd, Bheehd, H. (L^J^J) Rising ground, mounds. Also
DhepI, Hindi (^^n) Dhep, or Dhbjvp, Mar. (i^I, ^) A Diha.
clod of earth, any large lump. Arable land. A piece of DHfKADi, Guz. (il^isl) A contrivance for drawing water

ground assessed in the lump, or according to the quantity of from the bed of a river.

grain it is estimated to yield, without reference to its area. Dhilka, Thug. A faisa.

Dhenppahani, Mar. (<Jmil^Ju'f) Inspection or survey of Dhima, Thug. The belly. Dahkini Thug. Goats or

arable land. sheep.

Dhepali, Mar. (iTTtcrt) A hole in the ground into which Dhimar, H. (^*JAi>, S. DMvara, tft^:) A fisherman by

the boiled juice of the sugar-cane is poured to harden and caste and occupation. They are, properly speaking, a

form into lumps. branch of the Kahar or Bearer caste, but are sometimes

Dheh, or Dhbd, corruptly, Dhaib, Dheyh, Mar. (^) considered offshoots of the Mallas or Boatmen.

Dherh, H. (^^) Dhed.4, Dhed, or Dheh, Guz. Dhimatu, Tel. (O^"-*) A notice, a memorandum, a

( iS, i^) A man of a low caste, employed as a watch- document given before a lease is finally granted, a private

man and messenger in the village establishments. In the agreement. (Probably a vernacular form and local use of

Dahkin especially, commonly but incorrectly identified Dimmat, q. v.)

with the Mahar, and properly a worker in leather and DhingI, or Dhinka, H. (IXiSii, ILiftj) A small kind of

hides. In some places he performs the duty of scaven- rake or pitchfork with curved prongs.

ger. In the Sagar territory the Dhers eat dead animals, Dhingar, (?) Ben. An agricultural slave (Puraniya).

clean the skins, and sell them to the Chamdrs. In Ka- Dhinkhah, H. (j^jAJ) a bundle of thorns tied together
nara, they are labourers on the soil, and in a very large and drawn by bullocks, either as a harrow, or to beat

proportion are slaves, the property of individuals, saleable out ears of corn.

with or without the land on which they work: they are Dhirhor, H. U^JaS) A tribe of inferior Ahirs in Benares
very numerous, and are distinguished into twelve sub- and Gorakhpur.
divisions, who do not intermarry. They are rare in the Dhirna, Thug. The belly.

north-west provinces. DhoXt, Ben. (i^JtSftP) Alluvial soil : what has been washed
Dherwdro, Guz. (^SHlil) A place set apart for the down by the rains.

huts of the Dhers. Dhobi, H. (

^lAj) A washerman in general The washer-
Dher, or Dhbhi, H. CjAii, iJj*S>S) A heap, a parcel. In man of a village. As forming a caste, various sub-
the upper provinces, a piece or share of landed property divisions are recognised, which do not eat, drink, or marry
in a joint-tenancy village, a subdivision of a Patti, or a together. There are seven such in the north-west pro-
Taraf. In the Upper Doab, jyheri is applied to a sharer, vinces, but they differ, or are at least differently named
especially in landed property, one who has a lot or heap. in different provinces.

Dheridar, H. The holder of aDheri, or subdivision of Dhobi-hardi, (perhaps for kar, every, din, a day) Mar. (?)

joint-tenancy lands. A right of having a garment washed daily by the village

Dhera, Ben. (ti»ai) A mark made by a person who can- washerman claimed by the Pdtil.

not write. Dhoi, H. ((.sytiii, firom UytiJ, to wash) lit. Washings, ap-
Dheri, Thug. A sarai,- a village. plied in the opium department to refuse opium. Soaked
Dhi, or Dhih, Hindi (vt, vt?) The site of a village, pulse, a mash. In Cuttack, (GtllSJ^) Inundation.
whether occupied or deserted (Puraniya). Dhoka, H. (iJc^ysj) A grain measure, equal to five dabids
Dhiauri, Hindi (>^ft^T?f) Ground-rent for the land on of the kharif crop. Ten dkokas make a bojh, or load.
which the houses stand of those who do not cultivate Dhoka, or Dh^tka, Dhooka, H. (AJjUO) Small stones, of

village lands. irregular shape and inferior quality, allowed to be ex-

DMsda, Hindi (vt^rra) Lands on the site of a deserted tracted from the Chunar quarries by poor people for sale

village ; much valued. Ben. Reg. xxii. 1795, cl. 82.

139
 DHO DHU
Dhokab, Thug. A dog. A man who seizes Thugs. four feet high, and placed round the limits of each town-

DhokhA, H. (l^ybii) A scarecrow. ship at the distance of about ibO yards from each other.

DHOLii, or DholAn, Ben. Uriya («l>t3rt^, CFtSTt^, but Dhuh, Dhooh, H. ( iy^'i) Elevated ground in the midst of

vernacular corruption of H. U!jO, S. ^t^TT, swinging) ravines (Central Doab).

Transport of goods, transit ; or the charge for conveyance DntnA, DhoohA, H. ( laybii)A scarecrow. See also Dhua.
from one place to another. Dhukli, pHOOKLEE, H. (^JsaS) A machine for raising
Dholia, Thug. An old woman. water. See Dhenkli.

DhonchI, H. (Wjao) Four-and-a-half: a term used in Dhul, Ben. (1^)' A measure of land, a kdtd, or the 20th

tables of the multiplication of fractions used by the native of a bighd.

surveyors in reducing their linear measurements to highas. Dh^lidhoyA, H. (bjAO^^o) A washer of refiise or dust.

The several terms are thus specified by Mr. Elliot: (From the S. M^, dust).

Deorha, (I^^t)=1|^; Dhamd, (VHT)=2|^; Honta, (^tji) DhuUgutta, Tel. ($3SXb_d ) A rent levied on a field

=32; Dhonchd,=^^; Ponchd, ('«fl^)=5|-; Khonchd, before any seed is sown, a dust rent.

('S^)=62'; Satonchd, ('^ih^)=72- The size of the Dhulbdph, Mar. (vaB^ffi) Sovidng grain in the dust, i.e.

fields seldom requires the specification to proceed fiirther. before the rains have begun, or immediately afterwards,

Dhondal, Mar. (vfeT35, from Vt3T, a stone) Stony, abound- before the ground is moist.

ing with stones : applied to one kind of black soil, that Dhundi, Phoonbee, H. (jjiiJytij) The pod of gram,

which has stones in it, and which is therefore more re- Cicer arietinum (Benares).

tentive of water, and is the most esteemed for crops de- DnuNii, H. (Uiaii) A cotton comber or carder.

pending on the rains for irrigation. Dhunka, or Dhunra, H. (I^yui), ]^^^, from ^^yfeJ, smoke)

DhondI, Dhondi, H. (liiiytjJ, ^^jjyoj) A grass that The chimney of a sugar-cane milL
grows in rice fields, and sometimes chokes the crop. DntJPA, S. &c. (v^t) Incense, the vapours of any fragrant

Dhondh, H. (jijJjftL)) A capsule, a seed vessel, especially gum or resin burnt slowly.

of the poppy, cotton, or gram. DHtJR, Dhoob, H. (i^fcij) A measure of land, the twentieth
Dhonki, Thug. A policeman or guard. of a iismd.

Dhopa, Ben. (isrt'tl) A washerman. Dhurki, ( iJj^ii) The twentieth part of a dhur.

Dhoe, Mar. Guz. i'S^) The general name of horned cattle, Dhuba, Dhoora, H. (ijiDti) or Dhur.4, Mar. (?) A
or bulls, cows, and buifaloes. A man of a low caste, a boundary, the border or limits of a village.

worker in leather. (Another form, perhaps, oi JDher). Dhuriyd, (?) H. A ploughman who works two days on
I)horwero, Guz. (<Jl^H-Q) A tax on cattle. the field of one who hires him, and one on his own
Dhora, H. ( ^jj* J) An insect very destructive to the Cicer (Bahar).

arietinum. A mound of earth raised by the side of a DhtJekat, H. (ci^^aj) An advance of rent paid by the

ditch. •
cultivators to the Zamindars in the months of Jyeshth
Dhotab, Hindi (VlJ^) Cultivation carried on by plough- and Asharh (Benares).
men from a distant village, finding their own ploughs and Dhurphorya, Mar. (^^Cfit^in) A quarryman, a stone-

bullocks, and erecting a temporary residence (Puraniya). breaker by caste and occupation.

Dhruta, S. (in:) The north pole : thence, fixed, stationary, Dhus, Dhoos, H. {^^J^i) A kind of soil of mixed quality.

(in general). Sloping ground. Sterile sandy eminences.

Dhruva-kavulu, Tel. (\^0f6s:^tU) A permanent lease. DnwlRf, Mar. (sqrat) The brother's daughter of a man,

Dhruva-pairu, Tel. (IfflyS^^&J) Garden produce, per- the husband's brother's daughter of a woman.
manent crop. A tax levied on garden trees after a due DhyIn, H. (S. Hrnr) Religious meditation ; meditating on

period of their plantation. a divinity so as to perceive him with his attributes

Dhuansa, Thug. Dry tobacco. mentally.

Dhua, or DhuhA, Dhooa, Dhooha, H. (Iyfc3, IftjaJ) A Di, or DiHi, Ben. {fs, Hs^) A district composed of a few
mound of earth raised as a boundary, most usually about villages.

140
 DIA DIG
Dibandi, or Dihibandi, Ben. (fv5^°f1 , P?ft^°^) Settle- Dirhi, Mar. ( f^cfi'^) A piece of money, a dugani and a
ment of the revenue of a small district. half.

DiARA, or DiwaeI, corruptly, Dira, and Dewbt, H. Dig, or Dik, also Dis, or Disa, incorrectly, Deesha, H.

(
I; w'^,
l>|jj'^)
Alluvium, an island formed in the bed of &c. (^li, S. f?J^, nom. f^, or f^) A quarter or

a river, land gained by recession of a river. division of the horizon, of which ten are enumerated

DiBBA, or DiBBA-BHtTMi, Tel. (Qg, ag^5a-°S)0, from the cardinal and intermediate points, the zenith and
S. wfir, land) High land, a height. nadir.

DiBBi, Ben. (f»ff%, from S. f^) An oath, an ordeal. Digambara, S. (fairer;:, lit. sky-clad) A mendicant going

DlBl, Hindi (f?Tl) The germ in seeds. about naked. A division of the Jains, the members of
DibiyA, Hindi (fTf^RT) A small portion of grain given which either go naked or wear coloured clothes, in op-

at harvest to some of the inferior village servants. position to the Swetambaras, or those who wear white.

DicHHiT, Deechhit, a vernacular corruption for Dikshita, DiGAR-RAKM, Hindi (P. jJoJ, another, A *Sj, sort) Any
H. (ci^^.i>, S. 0f^W, initiated) A name most appro- kind of crop: a term used in leases (Puraniya).
priately given to Brahmans, and the title of one of the DiGH, Hindi (^Tf, S. ^^, long) A pace, two cubits
sixteen branches of the Kanojia Brahmans : it is also (Puraniya).

borne by some families of Maratha Brahmans ; and in DiGHi, corruptly, Diggy, H. &c. ( ^p J, from the S. dirgha,

Ghazipur and adjacent provinces by a tribe of Rajputs. ^t^, long) DiGHi, DiGi, Ben. (^NPf, W^'^) A long or

See also Dikhit. large tank or pond.

Didah wa danistah, H. (p. the past part. iSiji, having DiGRi, or DiKRi, Ben. Uriya (a corruption of the English
seen, and iSiwb, having knovra) Wilfully, purposely : ap- word decree) Decision, judgment, sentence, especially

plied to committing any offence deliberately andintentionally. that in favour of one of the parties.

DiDAH, H. (P. jliJaJ, ^}^^) An overseer, an inspector, DiGUMATi, Tel. (SXo'foS) Importation, landing goods

an officer formerly employed in that capacity in the Com- from on board ship.

pany's factories. An overseer, a person stationed by the DiGWAH, corruptly, Degvs^ar, and Deegwab, H. &c.

ovirner of a village over the ripe crops, to see that the (iLsii, from idJ^ii, a quarter) A watchman, a guard, espe-
whole is brought to the threshing-floor: he remains in cially one employed by the Zamindars in the Jangal
charge till the Ryots have paid their rents, or the owner Mahals : lit. a protector of the regions.

is satisfied by the sale of the grain. In this latter sense DiH, Deh, not unfrequently pronounced, and sometimes written
it is more correctly, perhaps, Dihddr, q. v. with the hard d, DiH, P. (iii, !ij) A village, com-
Diddr-kharch, H. (A. y-/*-, expense) The charge of prehending not only the actual village, but the lands be-

maintaining an overseer. longing to it. Mr. Elliot observes, that, in the Lower
DiDHISHU, DiDHISHU, Or DlDHISHU, S. &C. (fcfftf^:, -TK, Doab and Benares, Dih or Deeh is applied to a deserted

or f^^ft^:) (when amasc. noun) The husband of a woman village, and the Persian Dek is used for an inhabited
married a second time ; (when fem.) A virgin widow re- one ; but Richardson and Shakespear both write the word

married : an elder sister unmarried, whose junior is a Dih for a village in general.

bride ; the childless widow of a brother whom, under Dih, Deeh, H. Land of the best quality (Bahar).

the old law, a surviving brother was required to marry. Dihdt, Dehdt, corruptly, Deyhat, H. (ci;la4>, being an

Dip, or DiDH, Mar. (^5, ^ts, also, with the vowel short, Arabic plural to a Persian noun) Villages collectively,

f^, &c., vernacular forms of H. Derh, 33', S^J) One- as opposed to towns: any cluster of villages, especially

and-a-half. when belonging to the same proprietors.

Didhikddhi, Mar. (fi^dTohtdl) Advance of grain by the Dihdti, Dehdti, H. (^i^d') Belonging or relating to

grain-dealers to the cultivators, on condition of receiving villages or a village.

back half as much more at the harvest. Dihdti-jamd, H. (A. ja»-) Village assessment, revenue

Didhotard, incorrectly, DeedotrA, Mar. (f^ilXt) Interest assessed upon any number of villages forming a local

at one-and-a-half per cent, per mensem. division.

141 2 o
 DIH DIH
Dihdti4stamrar, H. (from A. .LtJUil , continuance, per- Dih-jamd, H. The revenue assessment of a village.

petuity) Villages held at a fixed or permanent rent. Dih-jhdda, Mar. (?) A general list of villages.

Dih-bandi, or Deh-bandi, H. ((_fJou iS) A detailed state- Dih-hdsht, H. A resident villager. Dih-hdsht-zamin,

ment of the villages in any particular district or estate, H. Land cultivated by a resident.

and of the revenue assessed on each ; such statements Dih-kharch, corruptly, Deh Curch, H. Village expenses.

were to have been prepared by the Kanungos at the time An assessment on a village for its quota of the charges

of the decennial settlement, and deposited in the collectors' of settlement and collection.

offices: also, the rate at which a Ryot holds his lands. Dih-wdl, less correctly, Deehmal and Dehmal, H. A pro-

Dih-da, H. &c. (.Dih, a village, and ^, the letter d) An prietary cultivator, whether paying his revenue direct to the

abbreviation used by native surveyors, implying that cer- government, or through a landholder of greater consequence.

tain lands, passed over for the time when taking note of DiHi, Deeha, H. (LyJj) A small mound.
the measurement, lie to the south, or dakshina, of lands Diha, or Dihi, Uriya ( ^^ ) Land raised for the site of

actually measured. Similar abbreviations are used for a dwelling, ground on which a house is situated.

the other cardinal bearings ; as, Dih-u, for uttara, north ;

DiHijLA, H. (<)j«a)ii) A kind of rice grown in the Benares

Dih-pa, for paschima,-west ; ani Z)ih-pu,foT purva, east district.

the first syllable of each being substituted for the whole D1K.HIT, or DiKHiT, H. (ei.^.^t>, ei's^.t>) A tribe of

word. In Bengal the terms are Denda, Denpa, &c., q. v. Rajputs settled in some numbers from Oudh to Bun-

Dih-ddr, H. (.Dih, a village, and j'l), who has, or the 1 delkhand. The name is probably the same with Dichhit

word is written Diddr, from P. jjjJoJi to see, q. v.) A and Dihshit. See the former.

revenue officer, the village overseer or superintendant on piKRi,or DiGRi, H. B. i^jii^, f^'t^, Eng., Decree) Award
the part of the landholder or the state, whose duty it is of a judge in favour of one of the litigants.

to exercise a superintendence over the village cultivation, Dikriddr, H. (P. .b, who has) The person in whose

so that the Zamindar or government may not suffer de- favour sentence has been given.

triment by negligence or fraud ; he is also to see that the DiKSHA, S., and in most dialects, (^^^) Religious in-

lands are properly distributed, the village boundaries pre- struction, the performance of certain ceremonies before

served, and to assist in effecting the collections. It is receiving the mantra, or secret prayer, from a spiritual

said to mean, also, a person having a prescriptive right preceptor: sacrificial worship in general.

of occupancy, who cultivates at a fixed rate (?) (Bahar). DiL, H. (

Jt>) A small eminence, the site of an old village.

Uih-dari, H. The office of the village keeper or super- DiMMAT, Mar. (f^wnr, from the A. i^ti) Trust, charge,

intendant. The pay or fees of the Dih-ddr. A special management, custody. Temporary order or agreement
assessment (in Bhagalpur) formerly, to provide for the for a person's taking possession of property transferred

pay of this officer, who was more usually paid by fees before the official documents are finally granted. See

from the Ryots. Dhimatu.

Dihddr-kharch, H. Expense of the employment of a village Dimmat-ddr, Mar. (from P. jW, who has) One who has

overseer. charge or keeping of any thing or person.

Dihi, H. (.fJtiiy) Village, belonging or relating to a village, DiMRAtJT, H. ( cbjj,>w J) One of the twelve tribes of the

a villager, village cultivator, &c. Mewatis.

Dihi, Ben. (f^^) A district containing a few villages, DiNA, S., and in most dialects, sometimes vernacularly

subdivision or minor portion of an estate. (Dr. Carey shortened to Din, (fsfrfO A day.

derives this from Dis or Dik, a quarter ; but (?) if Dih, Dina-kdli, Karn. (OrOOJ~°9) Daily wages or hire.

a village, is not allowable in Bengali, although not in his Dina-thik, Uriya (Qs^OQ) Total of daily measurement

Dictionary, nor in that of Ram-kamal Sen, under the of land, or collection of revenue.

word village). Dindii, Hindi (f^«lT!l't) Time of a plough's working,

Dihi-bandi, Ben. (n»^<i«*fl) Regulation or assessment usually from 10 a.m. to an hour before sunset : also, daily

of the revenue of a small district. See Dih-bandi. work of labourers (Puraniya).

142
 DIN DIR
Din, H. (a. ^Jl^) Religion, faith, especially the Moham- dead. Presenting a lamp to the Ganges, setting it afloat

madan religion. on the river lighted, and watching for its extinction, as

Din, H. (^jJJ, S. ^n3ft«T, a dependant) Poor, dependent. ominous of good or ill luck. Also (derived from Dip,

Din-daydl, H. (from S. cjxrtgr, compassionate) Benefactor abbreviation of Dwip, S. Wt% an island,) Land assigned

of the poor, a term of respectful address from an inferior to Brahmans on the bank of a river, to deprecate its

to a superior. encroachment.

Dinar, A. (JjjS) A coin, a silver coin weighing seven, or, DiRA, Hindi (^H) Fresh lands thrown up by the shifting
according to some, ten drachms : also, a gold coin, espe- of the courses of rivers.

cially in the compound Dindr-i-surkh, or red dindr. In DiBM, or DiRHAM, H. (A. Alii, iSijii) A silver coin, usually

the south of India (Q^oJdO) Any current gold coin. weighing from 45 to 50 grains, rather heavier than an

Dinuae, Hindi (dTdl.) An earthen vessel for drawing water English sixpence. As a weight, a dirham is considered

from a well. to be equal to S'j mdshas, or 462" grains. The dirm is

DlNGA, Ben. (f^°Ttt) A ship, a sloop, a vessel employed in also sometimes distinguished from the dirham, the latter

the coasting trade. being equal to ten of the former.

Dingi, Ben. (f^°'5?t) A boat, a wherry, a passage boat. DiTTHWAN, H. ( jjj(jfii>» a vernacular corruption of S. De-
DfPA, S. and in all the dialects, also sometimes modified, as votthdna, q. v.) A Hindu festival on the eleventh lunation
H. DiA, Mar. Diwi, Kam. Divige, but the M. has also of the light half of Kartik, on which Vishnu is awakened
Dipa and in Tam. and Tel. the word is pure S., or with music and singing from his four months' slumber,

Dipam, (^W) A lamp, a lamp burning before an idol. constituting the rainy season : marriages and festive re-

Dipdli, or Dipdvali, S. (^t(, a lamp, and ^trfcy, or joicings, which have been but few during the interval,

^rra^, a row or line) A festival observed by the Hin- are now resumed : and on this occasion the cutting of the

dus in honour of Kartikeya, on the new moon of the sugar-cane is commenced by the cultivators bringing home
month Kartik, Sept. — Oct., when lamps are lighted in a small quantity from a comer of the field, and spread-
honour of him. It is popularly known by the name ing it out for the reception of the Salagram-stone, or

Diwdli, but under that appellation is addressed to a dif- Ammonite type of Vishnu : after this only, when the for-

ferent object, and has undergone popular modifications. tunate hour is announced, the sugar-cane harvest commences.

See Diwali. DiTTAMU, Tel. (Qp^^) Arrangement, settlement, esti-

Dipamdld, S. (from ITcST, a garland) A row of lights. mated aggregate of the revenue of a village fi"om inves-

A festival of the Sikhs, observed on the 14th of the tigation of each several holding.

dark half of Kartik. Also vernacularly, Dipmdl, Mar., DivIkirtti, Mar. (f^, by day, and ^"W^, repute) A
(<1mHI35) A pillar in front of a temple on which lamps are barber, any one of a low caste. (A barber is not to be

suspended. employed nor spoken of at night).

Dipdrddhana, Tel. (VoS'ir'QiO, from S. ^TTtni, wor- DiVASA darwabA, Mar. ( f^^TT, S., by day, and ^T^fT, at-

shipping) OfiFering a lamp to an idol, worshipping an tack by robbers) Bare-faced extortion by the government,

idol by waving a lighted lamp before it : also, in Mysore, or officers in authority.

setting fire to a cloth steeped in butter or oil, and sus- Diviti-inIm, Tel. (Q^^^l^5~^^^) Land granted as the

pended to the gate of a temple on the l-Sth night of the portion of the village torch-bearer.

month Kartik. DiVYA, S. and in most dialects ; vernacularly changed in

JDipavdrane, Mar. (firom ^TTC^, to revolve) Waving a some to Dihya, (f^tR, divine) An oath, or, more cor-
lamp before an idol, an act of worship. rectly, an ordeal, various kinds of which were admitted

Dipddn, H. (^jjlJJo J, from S. ^^, a lamp,and ^Ji, giving) by the Hindu law. 1. The Tula, or balance, in which

Offering of a lamp to an idol. A particular popular cere- the accused is first weighed against a weight properly

mony, STispending a lamp to a tree for ten days after the adjusted, and then, after certain ceremonies, is again

death of a relation, in order to light the spirit on its weighed : if he be lighter than before, he is innocent ; if

way to Yamapuri, the city of Yama, the judge of the the same, or heavier, guilty. 2. Agni, or fire, in which the
143
 DIV DIW
accused touches fire or heated metal : if his hands are burnt oil-cake on his head, the falling or breaking of which vitiates

he is guilty. 3. Jala, water: the accused is to be entirely his demarcation. These difierent modes of determining
immersed while a person runs to a place to which an arrow innocence or guilt, or of giving evidence, are accompanied

has been shot and returns with it : if he then lives he is with various forms and observances, according to the

pronounced innocent. 4. Visha : the accused is acquitted supposed sanctity, and the importance of the judgment.
on his swallowing poison with impunity. 5. Kosha: DiWALi, H. (il'jJiJ) DiWALEN, or DiwaltJn, Mar. (f^^T^,
drinking holy water, that in which images have been bathed, f^cJ) DiwIli ,Karn. (Qa3~3V?) Bankruptcy, insolvency.
and meeting with no misfortune for fourteen days after- Dimaliyd, very corruptly, Devaleeo, H. (Uil^j) A bank-

wards. 6. Tandula: chewinggrains ofriceandejectingthem rupt. (This and the preceding are variously derived from

if they are dry, or tinged with blood, the suspected person diya or dimd, a lamp, because, it is said, it was formerly
is pronounced guilty. 7. Tafta-m&sha: taking a mdsha the practice to announce the event by placing a piece of
weight of gold out of a vessel filled with hot butter or oil, burning cow-dung at the bankrupt's door, or because it

without burning the fingers, is proof of innocence. was customary to announce insolvency at the Bimdli
8. Phdla, the ploughshare: holding with impunity a heated festival.

ploughshare, or similar blade of steel. 9. Dharmadharma •

Diwi-Li, corruptly, Deepoulee, H. &c. i^J^jlii) De&li,

images or drawings of Dharma and Adharma, virtue Ben. (dlT^'Tl) Kam. DIwaligeichha, (p^'^'>^'A(XX)^
or
and vice, are covered carefully with cow-dung or earth, from the S. Bipdli, or DipdvaK, q. v.) popular fes- A
and placed privately in a vessel : the accused draws one tival of the Hindus, the feast of lights, held on the two last

of them, and is declared innocent or guilty accordingly : days of the dark half of As win and the new moon and four

this is also termed Dharmdrchd, worship of Dharma. following days of Kartik (Sept. — Oct.). Appropriate cere-

10. Tulasi, holding the leaves of the Tulasi plant, which monies are allotted to each day, but on the last the night

is sacred to Vishnu, and some water, and, after repeating is to be spent in merry-making and festivity, and illumina-

the form of the oath, swallowing them. Some of these tions are to be made in honour of deceased ancestors. The
forms of ordeal are still in use among native states, and goddess Lakshmi, or fortune, is also to be worshipped,

that of chewing rice is occasionally employed for the de- and in her honour games of chance are to be played

tection of petty thefts by the police-officers of the British during the last night of the festival. Amongst the Ma-
government. There are other forms also in popular ra^has it is the commencement of the commercial year,

use, some of which are rather modes of adjuration than or- over which Lakshmi especially presides, and accounts are

deals, although the notions are blended ; as, 1 . Kachcha opened by merchants and bankers with individuals for

ghata or ghard, H. Mar. (from kachcha, raw, unbaked, and the smallest sums —a few rupees — as ominous of success.

ghata, or ghard, a water vessel) filling an unbaked Bankruptcies are also declared at this season. In Bengal

earthen vessel vdth water, and carrying it on the head for the lower orders of the Mohammadans, in imitation of the

a certain distance without breaking it. J3el-bhanddra, Hindus, also offer lamps at this time to the spirits of

(q. V.) Swearing by the leaves of the Bel. Gangajala, the dead.

(S. Jala, water) Swearing while holding a cup with the DiwIn, incorrectly, Dewan, Deewan, Divan, H. &c. (P.

water of the Ganges, or some sacred stream. Devdla, jjj'yii): in the dialects the i is short, as DibAn, Ben. (^^t^)
or Devdlaya, swearing in a temple before an image. DiWAN, Mar (f^gnj) A royal court, a council of state, a tri-

Oau, holding the tail of a cow ; or Brdhmani, touch- bunal ofre venue or justice. A minister,a chief officer of state.

ing the feet of a Brahman, while pronouncing an oath. Under the Mohammadan government it was especially ap-

Simd, or Simbd, a boundary : in a case of contested plied to the head financial minister, whether of the state

boundaries, a person is selected by both parties, who, or of a province, being charged, in the latter, with the

after performing religious ceremonies, walks over and collection of the revenue, the remittance of it to the

points out the proper boundary: if no misfortune befal imperial treasury, and invested with extensive judicial

him or his family within a given term, his decision is con- powers in all civil and financial causes. Under the

sidered final : or sometimes he walks the boundary with an Maratha government the Dirodn was the chief minister

144
 DIW DIW
after the Pradhan. The title also denoted the head officer Diwdn-i-hhdha, H. (A. from <K^li-, pure, most eminent)
of any revenue or financial department, as the Diwan of The accountant-general of the royal revenue.

the mint, of the jewel office, and the like ; in which sense Dimdn-t-daftar^ H. ijMii, an office) The account or record
it is retained under the British goverraent, as the Dimdn office of the Diwan.

of the mint, of the bank, of the salt-agency, and, formerly, Dimdni-sanad, H. (from A. iJjj*i, a grant) A patent or

of a coUectorate, and is even applied to the managers of grant under the authority of the Diwan. A grant of the

Zamindaris for native proprietors, and to native servants office of Diwan. The deed of grant by which the Diwani
intrusted with the management of the financial interests of was conferred upon the East-India Company.
a house of business, or of any responsible individual. The Diwdn-i-tan, H. (from P. ^Ji, the body) The chief financial

title oi Diwdn, or office of Diwdni, equivalent to the minister in attendance on the emperor. The officer charged
right of collecting the whole revenues of Bengal, Bahar, with the provision of the emperor's personal expenses.

and Orissa, was conferred upon the East-India Company (He is called, in some of the early reports, Diwdn Beutal,

by the nominal emperor of Hindustan, Shah Aalam, in which is clearly erroneous, although it may have some
1765. The word also signifies a record or account book relation to JDyay or Vyay expenditure).
and, in Mohammadan law, the bags in which the Kazi's Diwdnu, Karn. (tJtO drOD) The head native officer of a

records are kept. Kachcheri.

Dirvdni, incorrectly, Demani, and, corruptly, Dewanny, H. DivsrAu, Deevpar, H. (j'y.'J) The tutelary divinity of a

(A. jjv.j) adj.. Of or relating to a Diwan, civil, as village for whom a portion of grain is set apart at each

opposed to Criminal. subst., The office, jurisdiction, harvest ; commonly represented by a shapeless stone,

emoluments, &c., of a Diwan. The right to receive the although bearing various personal appellations, as, Ka-
collections of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, conferred on the teswari, Sanwat, Shum-sen, Sari-Mdm, &c.

East-India Company by the titular Moghul. It is used DiTELAVANi, Mar. (f^5<^l=)*lft) Peopling a deserted place:

also in the early reports for the territory of which the (lit., causing lamps to be brought).

revenue was receivable under the grant in Bengal. Diveldvani chd haul, Mar. (A. Jji) A paper granted to set-

Diman-dene or dhdrd, Mar. (from ^U, to give, or VRT, tlers in deserted places, exempting them from taxes for a
fixed rate) Any tax or assessment. term.

Dimdn-juz, H. (j»-, a little) A sub- or deputy-steward, or DiYAT, incorrectly, Deyit, or Deyut, H. (A. hS) The
finance officer. price of blood, a tax imposed for any act of offence against

Dirvdn-khdna, H. (from H. <lol»-, a house) The court or the person : in cases of homicide, payable to the relatives

office of the Diwan : a court of civil or revenue juris- of the deceased.

diction : a hall of audience. Diyat-mughalaza, H. (from A. ildali.*, severe) The heaviest

Dimdn-khdsji, Mar. (^B'sft) The chief finance minister fine or penalty for manslaughter that can be imposed

of the Peshwa. (Mohammadan law).

Diwdn-kul, H. (A. {jS, all) The head steward or finance Do, or, as sometimes modified vernacularly, especially in com-

officer. position, Du, Doo, H. (ji>, from the S. fl', or nom.

Diwdn-patti, Mar. (from Tjj^, a pecuniary collection) Dual, ?t, or from the Per. j4>, Du) Two.
Government assessment. Do-ab, or Du-ab, H. '-j'j'i, from jJ, two, and dh, water,

Diwani-Addlat, corruptly, Dewanny Adawlut, H. (from by metonymy, a river) A tract of land lying between two
Ci^'.Ac, a tribunal) The court of civil and revenue ju- rivers, which, after running for some distance, unite ; as

risdiction. See Addlat. the country between the Ganges and Jamuna, known
Dinidn-i-A&ld, (from A. ^Js.\, most eminent) Prime minister. especially as the Doab : also the districts between the

Diwdn-i-Adm, H. (from A. aVc, all or common persons) rivers of the Panjab, as the Jalandhara-Doab, between

A public court, or general audience chamber. the Satlaj and the Beah, &c.

Diwdn-i-khds, H. (from A. {jo^, select) Private audience Do-ansa, Hindi (^^^t) A sort of soil, a light clay

chamber. A cabinet council. mixed with sand.

145 2p
 DOB DOG
Dobdra, or Dubdrd, H. (jj, and jSjlj or ub a time) Twice,
, tribe in the north-west of Hindustan. During the last

two times ; also, twice as much, double. century they occupied a considerable tract on the banks of

Do-hul, or Du-kul, Ben. (ift^, from S. "^K^, a bank, the Satlaj, and made themselves formidable to the Mo-
or a family) Both banks of a river. Belonging to both hammadau government of Dehli. They are Mohammadans
families — of father and mother, or wife and husband. by religion, but claim to be descended from the Chauhan

Do-tarafa, H. (from i—ij^, a side) Applied to a suit in Rajputs, a claim not admitted by the other converted

which both parties have been heard. Chauhans, who consider, apparently with reason, the Do-
DoBA, Hindi ift^) A pond (Puraniya). *
gars to have been originally Jats and Grujars. Members
DoBA, Ben. (i^SlTl, from «<, to sink, properly, immersed) of the race have latterly risen into consideration as former

Low and swampy or inundated land. feudatories of Ranjit Sinh, now acknowledged by the

Zfobd-jami, or -jamin, Ben. (from P. ^Ji^, land) Swampy British as Rajas of Jamu and Kashmir.
or marshy ground. DoGGA, Thug. A pipe for smoking. .\n old man.

Dohd-mdr, Hindi ( j|<|IHlO Low lands which lose their DoH, Mar. (?t^) A deep part in a river or tank.
moisture from sand being too near the surface. DohAi, or DuhAi, H. ( i^lSj J, from ^i>, two, or repeatedly,

I)6bdn, Hindi (ilvjiii) Land situated around and in the and j-la>, alas) Dawahi, Guz. (^HLi^I) A word used
beds of dry ponds (Puraniya). as an exclamation in calling out for mercy or redress.

DoBE, DuBE, H. (^jiJj from do, two, and be, corruption Bohdi-tthdi-karna, To make exclamation twice and thrice,

of Veda) A Brahman who has studied or who teaches i. e. importunately.

two of the four Vedas. A caste of Brahmans so termed, DOHALI, DOHLI, or DOHRI, H. ( ^IftjO, L^J'^J ^^?^)
generally ignorant and low persons, arid by profession Service land, or lands granted rent-free by Zamindars to

boxers and wrestlers. village servants, to poor relatives, or religious mendicants.

Dobiswi, sometimes abridged vernacularly to Dubsi, or In some places it is confined to land given to Brah-

Doobsee, H. (^yuJ^S) An allowance or deduction of mans. '

The terms are also applied to the perquisite of

two biswas out of a bighd, or one-tenth. The right of Fakirs at harvest time (Dehli).

the Zamindar in land, as the Malikana is in money. A DoHAO, H. (jlAjii, perhaps from duh, for dudh, milk, and,
concession sometimes made by holders of rent-free lands more correctly, Buhdo) The Zamindars perquisite of a

to the Zamindar, in acknowledgment of his superior or certain quantity of milk from the Ryot's cows (North-west
proprietary right ; especially, according to Mr. Elliot, Provinces).

when they are not confident of the validity of their te- DoHAB, H. ( i*^J> from .iJ, two, and ^, what takes) The old
nure. A per-centage, 10 per cent., allowed to farmers of bed of a river (East Oudh). Land that bears two crops
the government revenue. in a year (Central Doab).

Docha, H. (is-jii) The second reservoir to which water DoHAR, Mar. (^t^TC) A caste, or individual of it; a tanner,

is thrown up from a pond or river for irrigation. or worker in leather

Dofasld, H. (ILaijO, ^trUqSt) Two crops raised on the DoHopiu, Guz. (SLl^Sl®) A copper pice, a quarter

same land in one year : the land so cultivated. ' ana,

Dofadi, H. (j_jLmjiJ, from jO, two, and iJ-<*'i harvest) DoHRA, H. (Lajj) A sort of ladle for taking the juice of

Yielding two crops in a year (land). the sugar-cane out of the boiler.

DoDDADORE, Karn. from QJ©^ great, DoHUR, DoHOOH, H. (_^jt>) A loose sandy sub-soil, which
Q,
',

a , old.

and CVSo, a master) A head-man, the chief authority in is apt to give way in sinking a well without masonry

any place, the head of a mercantile firm or bank, &c. while the water from it is oily and brackish.
Boddappa, Boddatande, Karn. (^^g, ^^§0^, DoiPHOKYA, Mar. (^t^, the head, and tBtS^TT, who breaks)

from Q-®3 ^ great, old) A father's elder brother, the hus- The name of a class of Hindu mendicants, who knock
band of a mother's elder sister. their heads against stones to enforce compliance with their

DoBDi, Karn. (^g) A pound for confining cattle. demands ; hence, any importunate petitioner.

DoGAB, H. (jij'i) The name of a predatory and pastoral DoJiRA, H. (X;^.J) A kind of rice.

146
 DOK DOM
DoKHi, H. (^^jL>) A raised mound, indicating the junction dancer, a juggler. (Probably vernacular modifications of

of two boundaries. Dom.)

DoL, H. (Jji^) Applied locally to signify the richest black Dombar-lingada-vira kdniki, Kam. A tax levied on the
soil. (Baitul). cultivators in Mysore in lieu of smaller sums formerly

DoL, Hindi &c. (^i^, A. Jjii) A bucket, a leathern bucket distributed as presents to tumblers and mendicants.

used for drawing up water from a well, or for throwing DomtikAr, H. (J^Xtjii ) A division of Sarwaria Brahmans.

up water for irrigation. Don, H. (jjyj) A fractional division of an estate.

DoKARA, Mar. A small copper coin, a half pice.

(^VoIT^T) D6ne, corruptly Dony, Tel. (O '^ ) A coasting vessel,

Dokaro> Guz (^l%Sl) A nominal coin, one hundred of a sloop, usually with one mast.

which are equal to one rupee : the decimal fraction of a Donga, Tel. (S'oX) A thief, a robber.

rupee. DongA, Dongi, Ben &c. ((T^t'ftl, tf^°'it) A canoe, one

DoLA, or DoLi, H. &c. (SjJ, ^^i^, S. ^^T, the initial being made of two or three sheaths of the plaincain leaves

vernacularly changed) A swing, a sort of sedan in which fastened together.

women are carried. A woman of inferior rank married Dongar, Mar. (^VSk) A hill, high ground.

to a man of superior rank : she takes a lower place than Dongaren, Mar. (Tth^) A sort of coarse rice grown on

a wife of equal station, and is carried home privately, the hills.

without any ceremonial or procession, Dongarkoli, Mar. ( TtW^ohldbl ) A lawless tribe inhabiting

Doldtva, H. (!S}3j J) A well having two Laos, or well buckets the hilly country.

and ropes. Dongarwat, Mar. ('Jtil^^) Undulating, hilly.

Dolcha, H. (fe'.j) A small bucket. Doni, Hindi (^tsft) Treading out the grain fi-om the straw

Bol-jdtrd, Ben. (flftsi^t^, from S. ^Tr^,a festival) The by bullocks (Puraniya).

swing festival, held on the full moon of Phalgun (March DonkA, Tel. (O 0"S^) A path between two fields, a pas-

April), in honour of Krishna, when figures of him and sage for cattle.

Radha are swung in an ornamented swing. DoNWAR, or DuNV^TAR, H. (^'yjt>) A tribe of Zamindars

DoM,orDoMRl,fem.DoMNi', corruptly, DHOME,H.(|«ji.\|^jt>, of mixed origin, partly Brahmans, partly Rajputs. They
fern. ,c*-*ji^ ) The name of a low caste, apparently one of call themselves Thakurs, but are generally considered

the aboriginal races. In Hindustan they are usually by avo- Bhuinhars, Brahman cultivators. They are numerous in

cation makers of ropes, mats, fans, and baskets. In Oudh the districts of Gorakhpur, Ghazipur, and Azimgarh, and
the Dom is a sweeper ; and in some places they perform were once sufficiently powerful to establish a Rajship on

the lowest offices, as carrying dead bodies and skeletons. the Kosi, in Western Tirhut under Karnadeva.

The Dom is often a musician, and the female Domni is DoPATTAH, H. (<!^;jii) DoPATA, Ben. ((CTftft&l, from S.

an actress and singer, who performs in the inner apart- VZ, cloth) DUPATA, DUPATTA, or DUPATEN, Mar.
ments before the women of the family. There is also (5TI7T, &c.) DuPATi, Tel. (&S3^) A piece of cloth of

a tribe of Mohammadans termed Dom, better known by two breadths, forming the principal or only garment of
the designation of Mir, or Mirasi. women of the lower orders.

DOMAT, or DuMAT, DOMUT, DOOMUT, H. (c:^v«jj, from jt>, DoPHALi, Uriya (S. tR^s, fruit, produce) Land bearing two
two and |J*«, earth, from S. »R, ^^^, SHT ) A kind crops.

of soil chiefly composed of clay andsand, severally Matiar and Dor, Hindi (jjJ, ^'3) A tribe of Rajputs, some of whom,
Shur. In some places it appears to contain a proportion mostly converted to Mohammadanism, are settled in the

of about jQth of lime. In some districts, as Farakhabad district of Aligarh, also about Banda and Sagar.

and Bareli, it is considered the first quality of soil: in Dor, H. ( ijJ) Land twice ploughed.

others, as in Badaon, the second. Dor, also Dora and Dori, H. &c. (jjJ, j^jJ, lSj^S) A
DoMBA, DoMBAH, or DoMBARA, Kam. DoMMARA, or string, a rope ; also thread. Dort is also applied to the

DOMMARI, Tel. (^O&D, d/soeo5, (^0ETci5', chain or line used in land measurement ; and, among the

0"6:) 6) DoMBARJ, Mar. (tt^Tlli ) A tumbler, a rope- Marathas, to a land measure : a Dori is equal to 80, or

147
 DOR DOS
sometimes 120, Mghds. (In Maratha the initial is the DosfWANio, Guz. (?l'Sr{l<=t.ll9(l'^l) A dealer in cloth, a

dental d, as ^T!t. In Bengali, as in Hindi, the cerebral pedlar of the Banya tribe.

Dragoman, (corruption of Tarjamdn, from A. Tarjama,

Doha, Tel. (O O) A master, a ruler, a prince, with the iUs.-^', translation) An interpreter.

honorific affix gdrii, Doragdru. Dravida, S. ("Jlf^^) or, the d being pronounced r, Dha-
JDora-gdru, Tel. (S'^"?^^) The equivalent of Mr. or viRA. The country in which the Tamil language is

Sir, applied to Europeans especially. A gentleman. spoken : the Coromandel coast from Madras southward
Do-RAS, Do-BUS, H. ((w-;jii) A kind of mixed soil, con- the country below the Eastern Ghats, to Cape Komorin.
sisting of the soils known as Matiar and Balua, clay An inhabitant of the country. A class of Brahmanical
and sand, variously estimated as of first or second quality. tribes, called the five Dravira Brahmans, comprehending
Liaud yielding two crops in a year. all those of the Peninsula, or Dravira, Kamdta, Te-
Do-HASTu, Tel. (O ^^, from the P. <Uguj, grown) linga, Gujerata, and Maratha.
Land yielding a double crop. The double apportionment Dhamma, Mar. (S. "^in) A piece of money equal to 16

of the harvest. The shares of the cultivator and of the panas of kaunris, or 1280.

government. Dravva, S., adopted in most dialects, slightly modified, and

DoRAVU, Tel. (5^0.^) A large well. met with sometimes barbarously corrupted, as in the

DoRWA, (?) Tel. The native head revenue officer of a dis- Summary of Hindu Law and Customs, published by order

trict, the Mukaddam. (The word is probably a modifi- of the government of Bombay, in which it is always

cation of Dora (Warangal). printed Drewt, ('5^) Thing, substance, wealth, pro-

DoRiA, H. (.^jjii) Lace. (From ^j}'^, thread). perty. It is distinguished as

Ztorid, H. (Ijj)'^) Striped muslin. (From the same). Sthdvdra, or Sthira dravya. Fixed or immoveable pro-
Ztorihdr, H. (jl^iitS) A pedlar selling laces and thread. perty, property in land, trees, &c.

A Saiva mendicant living partly by the sale of thread. Asthdvara, Jangama, or Chara dravya. Moveable pro-
Dorlwdld, H. (Sly^jt>) A ropemaker. perty, cattle, money, &c. It is also distinguished as

DoRiDENi, Hindi (^t;^^) Measurement of a field after Kramagata, descended or ancestral ; Swayamarjita, or

the crop has grown to estimate the probable produce. Krita, self-acquired or made ; and Agantuka, accidental

DoSAD, or DusId, H. (lilwjii) A low caste, employed as and again as Sddhdrana, common, held in common
executioners, to remove dead bodies, and the like : em- Asddhdrana, that which is not common, but belongs to

ployed also in Bengal as village watchmen and messengers. '

the holder exclusively ; and Vibhakta, divided, partitioned

DoSAl, or DoSAHl, H. (i_jL(jrJ, JbLjjj) Land yielding among separated heirs.

two crops a-year. Dridha-bodha, Ben. (from the S. dridha, ^, firm, and

Dosari, Dosuree, H. (^.*«jt>, it were more correctly Do- bodha, ^V, understanding) Conviction, judgment (Uriya)

siri, from iftx, S. a plough) Ploughing land twice : Presumptive evidence.

the land so ploughed. Drishta, vernacularly, Drisht, sometimes corrupted to

Dosdl, H. (P. from ji>, two, and JL>, a year) Applied to DiSHT, (S. ^) Seen, present, visible.

lands that have been two years under cultivation. Drishtddhi, or Drishtabandhak, H. &c. (S. TE, with

Dosha, vernacularly, Dosh, Ben., Uriya, Mar. &c. (S. f(^) ^iftl, or ^^op, a pledge) Mortgage or pledge of real

Dos, H. (i»v.J) Fault, offence, crime. substantial property, that which may be kept in view ;

Dosfn, Ben. &c (S. ^'i') Dosi, H. i^^ii) An offender, or, also, that from which, although possession be had, no
a culprit, a criminal. profit or benefit is derived. In the west and south of India
DosHAMBA, H. (P. iJ^jS) Monday. it means mortgage or pledge, without giving up possession,

DosiLi, Tel. (O &)£)) The hands joined together, so as to except on failure of payment of the debt for which the

hold any thing : what may be so held, a handful. A property is pledged.

small quantity of grain granted as a fee or perquisite to Drishti dosha, S. ("^fe, the sight, and ^:, fault) The
the village servants at the time of harvest. influence, or blight of an evil eye.

148
 DRO DUM
Drishtdnta, S., but used in some dialects, ("^T^) Ex- DuBSi, H. (jjaujO, from UjjJ, to be immersed) Land
ample, proof, precedent. liable to be flooded. See also Bobismi.
Drona, Ben. (S. CS\'\) A measure of capacity, equal to DuDDU, Karn. (^^) DupiJ, Mar. (?^) A copper coin,
igth of a khdri. (In Chittagong and Sylhet) a land worth twenty kds. Mar., A fourth of a paisa.

measure equal to 16 kdnis. Dud:^, (?) A weight equal to the fourth part of a maund
Droni, S. &c. {"^(nfi) An oval vessel of wood or stone (Madras).

a trough for watering cattle ; a canoe. DuDEKULAVADU, Tel. (&~° 0&£JoJ^&>) A cotton cleaner.

DijB, DooB, Di!;Rvi, H. (v^jJ, S. 5^) A kind of grass DiJdhA, H. (IftJjO) A sort of rice.

highly esteemed for fodder (Cynodon dactylon). Three DuDHWATi, Hindi (^V^lft, lit., full of milk) Full of
sorts are described : the best, called Paunda, is essen- farinaceous matter, ears of com becoming ripe.

tially the same as Fiorin ; the second, called Kh'&tia, is DuDi, Tel. (COO) Cotton aflier it is cleared from the seed.

smaller, and grows on hard ground ; the third is called DuQAR, H. (^J) A path, a way.
White Dub : or it is distinguished as of two sorts, Ghor- DuGARA, Tel. («^J^X^) The dust of rice in the husk, bran.

duh, horse grass, being the best fodder ; and Ban-dub, DugdhI, H. (btiXSj) A tribe of inferior Brahmans on the

forest grass, of a coarser quality. borders of Fatihpur and Allahabad.

Dub-mahdl, H. (A. Jls^) A tax formerly levied on pro- DuGGANi, Tel., Karn. (&)-^b) Dugani, Mar. i^rmft)
viders of fodder or grass cutters (Dacca). A copper coin, worth about ten kds, or a half ^zce.

DiJbIchar, H. (from bji>, immersed, and^*-, an alluvial DuGLA, H. (^jJ) A sling basket of large size used for

island) A bank or island in a river, or low alluvial irrigation.

lands liable to be flooded. DuHi, H. (jjftjij) Alluvial formations. ' A mark of village

Dubai, H. ij^jii, from L»jj-\ to drown) lit., Drowning boundaries.

but applied to a bribe which is given absolutely, whether DuHiTRi, S. (^w) A daughter.

the briber gain or lose his suit, in distinction to Tarana, Dauhitra, S. (^ff^:) A daughter's son. Bauhitri,
a crossing over, %. e. a bribe which is to be returned if , (^f?^) A daughter's daughter.

the suit is lost. DuHOTTARA, or -THA, Mar. (^^^T-'^) Interest at two

DubAra, H. (^Ijjii, from Ujjii, to be immersed) An island, per cent, per mensem.

or land left in the channel of a river, liable to be flooded DuKAL, Mar. (5, which in Mar. compounds is used either
when the water rises, but cultivable in the cold weather for ^, two, or for the S. ^ , dur, bad, and cRTqS, time)

for spring crops. A dearth or famine.

DuBARo, Guz. (?^^l) A man of the BMl or Kuli tribe. DuKAN-PATTi, Mar. (from P. Buhdn, a shop, which oc-

Dubaru, Ben. (^<ii^) A caste, whose occupation is that curs in most dialects, and patti, a cess) A tax on shops
of fishermen and divers, (from f^\, to plunge). or trades.

DuBAsi, commonly, Dubashi, Tel. (O0'Ey°<O, vernacular DuKKi, Tel. ('-JJ|j_) Ploughing, ploughed ground, a ploughed

corruption of Dobhashi, one who speaks two languages, field. Also Bukki-polamu.

from S. fs, two, and »TTO, a language) An interpreter, DuKRA, H. &c. (<l,«Ii^) One-fourth of a paisa.

a native man of business in the service of a European DuLANDi, DooLUNDY, (?) A Ryot cultivating land in a
(Madras), but the office and the name are almost obsolete. different village from that in which he resides.

DuBERji, Mar. (s^MMT) Twice brought to account, twice DirLi, H. (.^J}'i) DoLi, Mar. (3^^?'^) A litter, a swing cot.

entered, payment, expenses, and the like ; as, Duberji- Buliyd, Ben. (wf^T^) The name of a caste, or individual

jamd, Duberji-kharch, &c. of it, whose business is carrying palanquins, or other

DuBHALiS, H. ((iJl^jJ) Land seated in the neighbourhood burthens.

of population, the soil of which is intermixed with gravel DuLLAKOTTUTA, Tel. (^^^S^^^^) Threshing corn.

vegetables, Jawar, and poppy are grown in it (Behar). Duma, (?) A leather case, holding about three sers, in which
DubrAj, (corruption oi Yuvarajd, young prince) H. The tea was imported into Kamaon from Tibet. The tea of

heir of a Raja. Kamaon itself is now exported to Tibet.

149 2q
 DUM DUR
DuMALA, or DumAli-gaon, incorrectly, Doomalla, Mar. DungIni, H. ( tjlXj j) A small fractional division of an

(CTT^ST, the back or tail part, from P. Sbo'j, fig., re- estate (Ramaon).
verting or turning back, and ITsft', a village) A re- DtJNGAH, or DoNGAR, H. (^jj) A hill, a hilly country.

versionary village, or lands the revenues of which are DuNH, or DuNHi, Thug. Cry of the victim for help.

granted for life or a term of years, after which they re- DupiKi, Mar. (^finii^, from g, two, and fxt^lj, to ripen)
vert to the state ; or lands granted for service, or through Bearing two crops in a year (land &c.).

favour, subject to resumption at pleasure. Also, lands DuHiHi, Mar. (hih^, from S. K^, bad, and ^n?, saying,

of which the revenues are not wholly alienated, but which also Dwdhi, ^1^1) An expression used in prohibiting

are subject to a quit-rent. In common use it is also any thing on the part of the authorities or the Raja, im-
loosely applied to all alienated villages. (The word, in plying his vengeance in case of disobedience.

the usual sense, is more probably derived from du, two, DuRAi, Tel., Karn. (SotT'cOD, from the S. particle 5^,
and mdl, property ; the holder and the state having both implying deprecation or prohibition) Protest, prohi-

an interest in it). bition. Citation, summons, an order of the state to

DumbIla, Tel. (QOOlS^G^) An order for giving up the bring a person to trial. (Probably a modification of the

government share of the produce to the cultivators. preceding).

Dumhdld-deron, (?) The issue of an order to the cul- DuRAKANi, Mar. ((j<ehHl) Drawn (as a line) through the

tivators to reap the crops without waiting for the final two central columns of a sheet of country paper, leaving
adjustment of the assessment with the Zamindars. Fifth the first and last as margins ; the form used in letters to

Rep., p. 644. (The second term is obviously erroneous, superiors or equals.

and the sense of the first has been, perhaps, mistaken. DuRBHiKSHA, S. &c. Vernacularly, Durbhikka, (^fil^)
An absurd etymology is given in the Glossary to explain A famine, a dearth.

the term : as, Dumbdleh, P., tail of a cow, and Dharan, DuHGA, S., vernacularly, DuRG, DooRG, whence, erroneously,

H., seizing, taking hold of the tail of a cow, to urge her Droog, H. &c. (l1/;J, ^^) A fort, a hill fort.

along). DurgI, S. &c. (hht) a goddess highly popular in many

DumUlw-mdnyam, Tel. (&0iyer-Sfo-°rC5§0) Lands parts of India, especially in Bengal; the wife of Siva,

held free of assessment, or at a low quit-rent ; under and, in au especial manner, the destroyer of evil beings
special grant, not forniing part of the original assign- and oppressors : her worship is permitted to the lowest

ments. castes.

Dun, DooN, H. i^jS) A valley. Durgd-navami, S. &c, (s^lT'T^'ft) A Hindu festival, the

DuNi, Thug. Stocks for culprits. worship of Durga on the ninth lunation of the light half

DuNBi, also written Doenbee, (neither, perhaps, is quite of Kartik.

correct) Mar. Split, cracked : applied to the first kind Durgd-fAjd^ S. (^r|«n) The worship of Durga, celebrated

of black soil, which, although very rich, requires a copious for ten days in the month of Aswin (October), with par-

supply of water. ticular pomp, in Bengal.

DuNDA, H. (I'^ijii) A bullock with one horn. Durgotsava, S. (from ^TB^:, a festival) The festival of

DuNDi, or DoNDi, Hindi ('3^) Proclamation by beat of Durga, the Durga-puja.

drum. DuRG-BANSi, H. (j^ywju^j) A tribe of RajpuU in Jonpur,

DuNDUBHi, H. &c. (S^^ftr:) The fifty-sixth year of the and Azimgarh.

cycle, the next recurrence of which will be A. D. 1862. DuBiA, or DoRii., H. (Vjj-j) A dog-keeper. (From Dori,
Dundubhi-hechchige. Karn. (COOQJZp'iKi^Tr) Increase or Duri, a string, with which he leads the dogs.
in the Mysore assessment made in a former Dundubhi DuBMATi, S. &c. (S^ft:, from ^^, bad, Hfff, mind) The
year, 1784-85. fifty-fifth year of the cycle.

P^NGA, H. (LUjj) Deep; a trough, a canoe. DuRMUKHA, S. &c. (5§^, fromS. HT, bad, and *J?S, aspect)

DuNGALi, Karn. (&)OA^) A measure of two-and-a-half The thirtieth year of the cycle.

sers (South Kauara). DuRVA, or DurbA, S. (sfl) Bent grass: see DtJb.

150
 DUR EDA
Dundshtami, S. (from ^^jfl', the eighth) The eighth to inherit also from his natural father. The adopted son,

lunation of the month Bhidra, on which day Durvd the Dattalia-putra, properly renounces all claim to direct

grass is used in the ceremonies observed. inheritance from his natural father and paternal relations,

DijsotA, Mar. (?^ta) Pulse, &c, sown in a field from except through any affinity which he may derive from
which the regular crop has been gathered. his adoptive father ; but a continuance of a double re-

DtJsiGA, Karn. (QJ^^SiX) A cloth merchant, a tailor, lationship may depend upon express stipulation, or where

Dusli, Hindi ( (_j1«jji>, ?^T^) The second sort of sugar-cane, the natural father has no other son, or where certain
which is sown after the autumn crop is reaped. ceremonies, as that of tonsure, have been performed prior

DuTA, S. (HUt) A messenger, an envoy, an ambassador. to the adoption in his natural father's house. This sort

DwADASA, S. (n^:^) Twelve, twelfth. of adoption is also sometimes distinguished as Nitya or

Bwddasddhika, Karn. (SB^^^O^, S. Wi:^, and ^VHT, Anitya, perpetual or temporary; the latter is the case

more) Twelve fold, a rate of increase to be calculated on when the tonsure has preceded adoption, and then the

the produce of land. children of the adopted son return to the family of the

Divddasdhika, S. (from ^%oir, relating to a day, 'Sift natural grandfather. The term is sometimes considered

A Brahman householder, who keeps a store of food for applicable to the son begotten by a brother on his

twelve days' consumption. brother's widow ; but this union is no longer regarded
Dwddad, S. (^ItJ^A) The twelfth day of a lunar fortnight. as legal. Among the Marathas it is applied to a boy

DwAiTA, S. (fir, from fg, two) Duad. The doctrine of born in adultery.
duality, distinguishing two principles in creation, spirit Dyokaran, Mai. ((D^0dai0fOa6) A blacksmith.

and matter, as opposed to the Adwaita, or monad doc- DyijTA, S. &c. (?riT) Gambling, playing either with animate
trine, which acknowledges the reality of spiritual ex- or inanimate materials, as dice, chess, &c., or cocks, rams,

istence only. and the like.

DwAPARA-YUGA, S. (^niTi:t't) The third age of the world. Dyuta-pralipad, or -purnimd, S. (from TtfiTI? , the first

DwAR-DEVATA, Mar. (iTI^Win, S. 'git. a door, and ^'^T, day of a lunar fortnight, and Tif^JiT, full moon) The
divinity) The attendants of a great man, who must be night of the last day of the light half and eve of the

worshipped in order to get access to him. first day of the dark half of Kartik, which is to be spent
DwiJA, or DwiJATi, S. (flTiIS, fir»rTfff:, from fw, two, and in gambling in honour of Lakshmi, the goddess of

*I, or »nfK, who is born) A twice-born man, first by his fortune.

natural birth, and secondly by his spiritual birth, or in-

vestiture with the sacrificial cord. The term properly

E
designates a man of either of the three first castes, the Edagai, or Edagai-Kula, less correctly, Eddagai, Karn.
Brahman, Kshatriya, and Vaisya, but is now generally (i)C^"^§Sjy, from ^^, left) Idangai, Tam. q. v. A
understood of the former. left-hand caste. According to the Karnatic enumeration

DwiPA, S. (1^0 An island; also a continent surrounded of the castes included under this head, they are nine in

by an ocean. Jambu-dwipa is that division of the world number: — 1. Panchdla, comprising five subdivisions; as,

in which India lies, so named, because it is the climate Kavimdranu, blacksmith ; Bddige, carpenter ; Kdnsagdr,
of the Jambu tree : it is encircled by the sea of salt water. brazier; Kallurutiga, mason; Akasdle, goldsmith.
DwiPADi-VYATAHARA, S. ( r^M(fl<=M=l^'K) A law-suit which 2. BerisetM, a class of traders. 3. Devdiigada, a class
consists of only two of four padas, or steps, of a regular of weavers. 4. Odnigdr, an oil maker. 5. Gollur, (?),

process. One in which the defendant admits the truth people said to be employed to carry money; (perhaps a
of the charge, thus limiting proceedings to the plaint and mistake for Golla, a shepherd, plur Gollar). 6, 7. Pa-
reply. liwdn and Palawan, (?), two tribes of cultivators, (per-

DwiPADYAM, Mai. (sJiln-ia^o) A double fine or penalty. haps for Palligavanu, a villager, a peasant). 8. Beda,
DwYi.MUSHAYANA, S. (glT'J^T'TO:, fromfg", two, and ^m^, a low caste of Hindus, living by hunting and catchino-

an individual person) An adopted son, who retains his right birds. 9. 3Iddiga, a worker in leather, a shoemaker:
151
 EDA EKD
the latter is generally most active in contests with the Ekanhath, (?) Mar. The total sum of an account that is

right-hand castes (Buchanan's Mysore, i. 78). closed. The name of a particular mark which is drawn
Edagai hisdb-varu, Kam. A tax levied on workers in over the signature affixed to the account.

leather and skins. Eicapiki, Mar. (^^clrfWt) Yielding one crop a-year — ^land,

Edaru-chitu, Kam. (cjOOoaj-^eXi) A document given by a field, &c.

the purchaser of land engaging to give it back to the seller Ekaputba, S. (from 'V^, a son) Having one son only.

on repayment of the purchase-money within a definite term. Ekabiba, Thug. A single or short cry of a jackal suddenly

Eddangalli, or Yeddangali, (for, in the languages of checked — a bad omen.

the South, and in Malayalim and Tamil especially, an Ekarnab, Ben. (i£l^*i^, from S. ^§^, the ocean) An
initial e is very commonly pronounced as if preceded by undistinguished multitude, a crowd of persons eating or

an initial y) (?) Mai. A dry or grain measure, the acting together without distinction of caste.

measure most in use in Malabar : a cylindrical measure, Ekatra, or Ekottara, H., Mar., Ben., &c. (»/^., ^^.,
Sgin. high, 6|rin. diameter, or 85 cubic inches : it S. ^oF^) Together, jointly, acting together as one. (In

ought to contain 57,600 grains of kalama-nella, a kind Bundelkhand) A sum total; also applied generally to

of rice. signify interest at one per cent, per mensem.

Eddu, Tel. ( ^^) An ox, a bullock. Ekbachhi, (^j»-U^) Distribution of any sum or cess

Edduvddu, Tel. ( ^&»-r°&)) A bullock-driver. levied upon land at an equal rate.

EpiKOLA, Tel. ( ojaF^O) The shaft of a plough. Ek-ba-digari, H. {^JixS^) One against another (as

Eduhu-chitu, Karn. (aiOoaJSo-^^) A note of hand given opposite parties in a suit).

for another that is lost. Ekbal, or Ekwal, Ben. (il^'^, ifl^^l*!) A total sum : a

Egani, Tel. (qJ"A^cJ) a copper coin, equal to ten has. bringing together of details under one head : one of the

Egumati, Tel., Kam. ( ^Xs^S) Exportation. Zamindar's accounts in which is stated the gross amount
Egumati-digumati, Tel., Kara. (^Xb^SQXb^©) Ex- of the land in each Ryot's possession in each Mahal,
port and import. with the deduction for waste, &c., and the disposition of

Ekabhogam, S. Ekabogam, or Yekabogam, Tam. (^oRiTln, the productive land remaining.

ejiSGl—JPTSLQ, from Eka, one, and Bhogam, fruition) Ekbarda, Thug. An oil maker and vendor ; a man of

The possession or tenure of village land by one person which employment it is considered unlucky to kill.

or family without any co-sharer. The appellation is con- Ekberji, Mar. (5=ir^»l'f, from S. ^cu, one, and P. Aji)

tinued in some instances where other parties have been The first entry in the books of sums disbursed or re-

admitted to hold portions under the original tenure as ceived. A sum total.

long as that remains unaltered. Ekberji-daphtar, Mar. (jJ*«H»ll<^i«ri<.) An office at the

Ekachhaya, Tel. ( cJSi:?~°C)a3) a bond signed by ten persons. seat of government, under the Peshwa, to which accounts
Ekadasi, S. (^oBT^^, from TJoffl^^, eleven) The eleventh from all departments were transmitted, and in which they

day of a lunar fortnight. were recorded, after abstracts were made of the receipts

Ekddasi-vrata, S. (from Wf, a religious obligation) Past- and disbursements of the year. Also, the abstracts.

ing on the eleventh lunation. EKCHETiYi., Ben. (ifl^ZBfS^) Monopolized.

Ekaha, S., Ben., &c. (^oFT?) A single day. Fasting for a day. Ekchetiya-bydbasay, Ben. A monopoly.

Eka-jata, S. (from sTlfl, bom) Of one parentage, born of EKCHHi.Yi.sRiTA, Ben. (ifl^t^llfst^, from S. tJeS-'snin, shade,

the same parents on both sides. ^if^rf, taking refuge) Held under one obligation (joint

Eka-jati, S. (from »nfiT, caste) Of the same caste. bondsmen or sureties).

Ekamati-ekajati, Guz. (^^L'M.'^^aH^lsv'oQ,, from S. EkdhIn, Ben. (i£l^*rt»r) (Land) producing one crop of rice

H^, one, and JlflT, mind, with a rhyming repetition) A in the year.

terra used in agreements, contracts, and the like, by which EkdarrI, Hindi (Tre|i^TT,T) A common rate per lighd. See

the subscribers bind themselves jointly and severally to Dar.

fulfil the terms specified. Ekdarrd kd pattd, Hindi (<i<!h(^«l o|rt V^) A lease, in

152
 EKE ENU
which the Ryot is to pay the same rate per highd, what- Ekun-jamin, Hindi (^oH'iiUltT) A statement of the total

ever crop he may sow. land measured to each Ryot for the current year.

Eke-an1-patt1, Hindi ('f^^T'TT^JX) Lease of a definite JEkun-kami, Ben. (from P. *i, deficient) Total remission
quantity of land, at an average rate per bighd ; a tenure or deficiency.

by which Ryots hold in Puraniya. EkwIl, Ben., Uriya(-3<MlH, -3QS||R., possible corruption of A.

Ekeri-karkun, Mar. (^^rrlt, single, and oRTToirH , a clerk) Jly'l, plur. of J»i', agreements) A general account of a

An inferior scribe or clerk, one to whom no equipage is village or estate, shewing, under the name of each cultivator,
allowed. the quantity and description of the land held by him.

Ekfahdi, and Ekfasli, H. (^dj>^_, from i>^, a kind, Elakola, or Yelakola, Mai. (<^e-\GtAO^) The use of

,_jLflaL», from {).-as, a crop) Land producing only one words in place of figures, in which each syllable has a nu-

crop a-year. merical value, and the whole are read backwards (Malabar).

EkhXla, Hindi (^oR^^l) Moisture extending through the Elam, Mai. (<^aAo) Auction, outcry, public sale ; see Nildm.

whole depth of the soil ; lit, that which is in one uniform .Ele, Karn. (^f ) Thread.

condition (Puraniya). Ele, Karn. ( cJ^) A leaf in general, betel leaf.

EkjAi-jahib, Ben. (ifl<?'«l^>st^<i) Measurement of the whole Elegdr, Karn. (

^^"7^35') A betel seller.

of the lands of a village or district, with a specification Ella, Tel. (^^) Ellai, Tam. (6T60330) Elle, Karn.
of the individual holdings. Ella, Mai. A boundary.
Ekkan, Mai. (ti5)o6€1(5fc) Soil cast on shore by the current Ellaikal, Tam. &c. (STSOSsOSS^) Ellekallu, Karn.

of a river. (^OOOJ) A boundary-stone.

Ekkaru, Mai. (t^cOfflRB) Agricultural implements, ap- Ellai-tahrdr, Tam. (from A,^)^') Boundary dispute.

paratus for ploughing. Ellai-vyajyamj'Ta.m. (S.tifRf) A boundary quarrel or dispute.

Ekoddishta, S. (^e^f^#) The Srdddha, or obsequial ce- Ellardi, Tel. (^v^'^^OX)) a boundary-stone.
remony performed for one definite individual deceased, Ellekattu, Karn. (oi<^°|4^) A limit, a boundary.
not including other ancestors. Elu, Thug. Any single person not a Thug.
Ekpachha, H. i,^s^., from S. UoK, and H^, a side) Ex- EiSTDH, Thug. A woman.
parte (as evidence). Endieam, Tam. (er^^CTLQ) A sugar-cane press, a mill,

Ekpadia, Uriya (-9QaQ5||) The total rent of a village, a hand-mill.

with the proportionate charge to each Ryot. Enqili, Tel. ( oJo'Xl) ) Enjulu, Karn. ( ^oa^e)J) Echchil,
Ekphasla, Hindi (iJohiJi^ltjH) A single crop. Land yield- Tam. Mai. i^hSMCi) Any thing that has become im-

ing one crop a-year. Rate fcharged in the Ryot's lease, pure by having been in the mouth : orts, leavings, frag-

calculated on his rearing only one crop a-year on his land. ments, crumbs, and the like, considered as impure.

EkeI, Tel. (^^^) The English word ^icre. Ennam, Mai. (<^gJIQo) Counting, an account. Charge for

Ekeakm, Mar. (from Jij, sort) In a lump, at once, the reaping, usually ten per cent. ; or if paid in kind, one

sum of difierent items. sheaf out of ten.

Ekeojo, Hindi (CoK'ClsTl', from P-jjj, a day) Authorised EsTNAEl, Mai. (f^l^OS^, from enta, or, in composition,

daily expenditure of public officers (Jodhpur). en, eight) Eight ndris, or two measures.
EksIla, H. (<i(!LuO, from P. JL;, a year) Annual, for one year, Enati mImiJl, Mar. (^HIjft'lT^QS, from A. Indyat mdmul,
lasting one year, a cess levied originally for but one year. J»/io«/o d^Uc) Customary presents, an additional charge
Ektaefa, H. (from P. i—i^ls, a side) Ex-parte, on one side. on the district at the time of assessment on this account.

Ehtarfa-muhaddama, H. An ex-parte proceeding or suit. Entha, Thug. Rupees, or money of any kind.

Eku, Tel. (^^) A roll of cleaned cotton. Enuka, or YenukA, (?) Mai. A certificate given by a he-

Ekun, Hindi (f^) Ben. (i£|^) Sam total. reditary proprietor to the person to whom he has mort-

Ekun-beshi, Ben. (from P. (_/i..J./, more, excess) Total increase. gaged or made over occupation of his lands ; or a document

Ekun-jamd, Hindi (iJ'^«H»1HT) Statement of the total rent given to the proprietor by the mortgagee, if he transfer

of each piece of land in the village accounts. possession (Malabar).

153 2e
 ENU FAR
Enuha, or Yenuka muri, (?) Mai. A similar certificate to EsKAE, Mar. (^^oir^) A man of a low caste, a Mahdr,
the last, given to the person to whom the mortgage is trans- one of the village servants ; more usually Yeskar.
ferred: also, a notice from the proprietor to the mort- Etamu, or E'tamu, Tel. (^e^^X), i)eP^) Erram,
gagee that he has transferred his proprietary right and pronounced Yettam, Tam. (ejJpjTQLu) A machine on
accompanying liabilities to a third party (Malabar). the principle of a lever, for raising water from wells,

Eh, or Yer, Tam. (ejlj) A plough. commonly termed at Madras a Pihota.

Erdnmai, Tam. (6JCrrT<3CnT(333LD) Tillage. Etdmu-bokkena, Tel (^'«r'^302J^'~|_rC$) The bucket

Eranar, Tam. (6T CrrrcTTCT) Husbandmen. by which the water is drawn.

Erhal, Tam. (eTCTSneO) A yoke, a plough-beam. Yettachchdl, Tam. {67 ppS-S-rrin) The bucket of the

Ersdman^am. (6T ITS' rTLDrrCtSl) The apparatus of a plough. Pikota.

Erai, pron. Ieai, Tam. (eTCTOrf)) Tax, tribute. Yettakol, Tam. (6T_fT)rf)c5&0srT^) The bambu by which
Erai-vari, or Irairvari, Tam. All dues demaudable by the bucket is suspended.

landholders from their tenants. Errappuvdram, pron. Yettappuvdram, Tam. ( 6J m rf}U-

Eramati, Asamese (iflTWfp) Land that has been aban- l_|6LirTD"LQ) Share of the charge or tax for watering

doned after cultivation. the lands.

ErIpher, or PHEBi, H. (j^^'ji) , from \Jj^ , to turn round : Etu-konamuparra, (?) Mai. The rate of tax levied in Tra-

the syllable without the initial repeated) Exchange, barter. vancore ; or one in eight upon the produce of garden

Ehavu, or Ervu, Karn. ( cbOc^, oici^e") A thing lent or land, and three in ten out of rice land.

borrowed for temporary use. Ettu, Tel. (q)^) Weight, a burden; a weight of two

ErIj Tam. (errfl) A large reservoir or piece of water, vis, or 65 pounds.

partly artificial, constructed for purposes of irrigation. Ettuvali, Karn. (^W^^) Collecting money.

Erikarai, Tam. (ejrflSSCCSCr) Bank of a reservoir. EtwIr, H. (^tyul) Sunday, abbreviation of S. Aditya-
Erikudai, Tam. ( 6T n51S(BTi_(3SDl_ ) A basket used for vdra, through, Aitwdr.

throwing up water. (From 6T rrjl , throwing).

Erimerai, Tam. (6Ti;fl(oLQC5!5DD") A portion of the crop set

apart to meet the expense of keeping the reservoir and

Faal, a. (Jscli, from Jj«j, to do) An agent, one who
watercourses in repair. does any thing.
Eri-pdchal, Tam. (6Ti:flULJrr<?^) Watered by channels Faida, H. (a. idJj) PhIyi'da, Tel. (ep^030^^) Profit,
conducted fi'om a reservoir or tank (land). gain, interest. (In this and other Arabic words beginning
Eri, Mai. ( ftSXOl ) A row of stakes to support an embank- with/, adopted into the Hindu dialects which have not
ment the letter, ph is substituted for it).

Erpadu, Tam. (6TJI3I—irr©) A decision, a settlement.

Faisal, or, more correctly, Faisala, Fysul, Fysula,
Eru, Tam. (6T([3) Manure. ((J»aw, uLau) adopted in most dialects with slight
Eru, Tel. Karn. (q)&) A plough with its apparatus, bul- modifications, Ben. Phai'sIlA,
as, (i^Jft^) Mar.
locks, &c., complete. Phaisal and Phaisalla, (^5, ^H^) Tel. Phaisala,
Erugeru, (?) Tel. Gross produce. (epCXXDroCT') A decree, a judgment, a decision, ad-
Eruku, or Erukala-vIdu, Karn. (Q)eeo&)^ ^aJSoSJ^.
justment of a quarrel, settlement of a debt.
cO o)(Sj) A man of a tribe living in forests and mountains, Faisal-tirmai, H. (from the Tam. (^IJODDOJ) The rates
resembling gipsies in their habits: the women are famous settled on each field at the time of the original survey
as fortune-tellers. assessment (Madras).
Erupalu, Karn. {a^OJ^TSVJ) The farmer's portion of the. Faisaldti, Tel. Karn. (qJOJO^er=S) Settled, as an ac-
produce. count especially, according to a decree or award.
EruvIka, Tel. ( ^00<S~°S) The commencement of cultivation. Faisaln&ma, H. &c. (iJuULaw) A written sentence or award.
EshamAn, or Yejaman, Tam. (6T&innCSl) A person em- Fak-ar-rahn, H. (a ^Jt>j j\ CSi) Expiration or fore-
ploying priests : vernacular form of S. Yajamdna. closure of a mortgage, redemption of a pledge.
164
 FAK FAR
Fakhr ul-tujar, H. (a. j\s!">js^) The provost of the Fakiri, H. (i^jXii) Phakiri, or Phaklri, Mar. (tfifoFTt,

merchants : an honorific title granted by the Moghul TR^W) Alms given to Fakirs. An item in the village

government to any eminent banker or merchant. accounts or charge for alms to Mohammadan mendicants.

Fakir, Fuqeer, H. (A. ^jJii, plur. FukhA, \Jii, or Fa- The vocation of a Fakir, or any thing relating to one.

kirAn, ^j'^jtM) Phakir, or Phukeer, Mar. (iJolftT) Fakt, Fuqt, H. (a. laiii) lit., Only, no more ; written at

Any poor or indigent person. In law, one who possesses the end of a document, deed, petition, &c., to indicate

only a little property. The most general application is, that it is completed.

a Mohammadan religious mendicant, who wanders about Phaktu-jarditi, Tel. (qJ_^ai^^CXADS, from the A. kiii,

the country, and subsists upon alms. Many orders of and L2^*c])j, cultivation) A richly cultivated country.

them are known in Hindustan, named after their founder, Nothing but cultivation.

or some peculiar practice or doctrine. They are gene- Falam, whence the English Fanam, H. (Us, but more
rally divided into two classes : 1. Those who are Bd- properly, no doubt, Phalam, S. (tfi^) A small silver coin

shard, with the law, having families, and following the formerly current at Madras ; 12^ are equal to one rupee.

precepts of the Koran ; they are also known as Sdlih, Falan, or Falanah, H. (A. ^Jii, £ili ) A certain person,

travellers or pilgrims: and 2. Be-shard, without the such a one, used to designate an individual whose name
law, or Majzuh, 'abstracted,' who lead a life of celibacy is not specified.

and seclusion, and whose sanctity is such as to place Faliz, H. (A. JjJli) A field of melons.

them above the necessity of observing the rules of the Fal6s, corruptly, Feloos and Fluce, H. ( {j^^, plural of

Koran. The chief Hindustani Fakirs are, 1. The ,^j*i^ ) A small copper coin, of varying weight and
Kddaria or Bdnawd, who profess to be the spiritual value, current in Arabia and Persia, and sometimes ap-
descendants of Saiad Abdul-kddir Jildni, of Bagdad. plied to the paisa of Hindustan. It was also the de-

2. The Chishiia, followers of Banda-narvdz, whose shrine nomination of a copper coin current at Madras : one
is at Kalbarga ; they are usually Shias. 3. Skutdria, Jalits was equal to five kds or cash.
descendants of Ahdul-shutdr-i-ndk. 4. Tabkdtia, or FarA, H. (P. j^ ) lit., Above, over ; a term used in the
Maddria, followers of Shdh Maddr ; many of these are Mohammadan revenue accounts for the increased revenue

jugglers, and bear or monkey leaders. 5. Malang, derived from new taxes.

descended from Jaman Jati, one of Shah Maddr's Farari, more correctly, FirIri, H. ((_f;|/, from A. Firdr,
disciples. 6. Mafdi, or Gurg-mdr, descended from Saiad Jji, flight) Mar. (.rmft) Tel. (^Tr=6) A fugitive, espe-

Ahmed Kabir Rafdi, who appear to beat, cut, and cially a cultivator who has abandoned his lands and
wound themselves without sufiering inconvenience, and home. The head under which the names of absconded
who, in the belief of the faithful, can cut off their own revenue defaulters are entered.

heads, and put them on again. 7. Jaldlia, followers Farazi, H. (ci;j/> from P. Fardz,j\/, above) Elevation,
of Saiad Jaldl ud din Bokhdri. 8. Sohdgia, from exaltation. The name of a sect of Mohammadan re-

3Iusa Sohdg, who dress like women, wear female orna- formers, who object to many of the practices of their
ments, play upon musical instruments, and sing and Indian brethren, established in and about Dacca since
dance. 9. Ndksh-handia, followers of Bahd ud din, of 1828, by a man named Sharkatullah.
NaksKband, distinguished by begging at night, and carry- Fard, Fuhd, incorrectly, Fe«,d, or Fird, vernacularly,
ing a lighted lamp. 10. Bdwd pidri kafahirdn, who Parat, and Pharad, or Phard, H. (A. oi) Mar. {x^)
dress in white. There are other distinctions ; and at the A single thing or individual, one out of two, a single leaf

Muharram a number of the lower classes assume the or sheet of paper, a written list or statement, a long
character and garb of Fakirs, of different ridiculous per- slip of writing containing a list, a catalogue, &c.

sonations, for the amusement of the populace, and the Fard-i-hakihat, H. (from A. iXajJia-, actual state) A
collection of contributions. memorial, a statement of circumstances, a return made
Fakirana, H. (J|^;Wi) Appropriated to the support of by the officers of government to a requisition for in-

Fakirs (lands, &c.). formation, a report.

155
 FAR FAR
Fard-i-kdsht, H. (from P. e:^!^, cultivation) Statement Farik-duyam, or sdni, H. (from the P. *Jjt), or A. jjU,

of a Ryot's cultivation. second) The second party to a suit.

Fard-i-samdl, H. (from A.
J1j«j.
asking) A petition, an Farikain, H. (A. dual) Both parties to a suit.

application. The recommendatory report of a revenue FarmIish, or FuRMAiSH, H. (P. ^j^lofi) Pharmais,
officer in former times in favour of the grant of a Za- Ben. (¥3^rttT) PharmIs, Mar. (tfUjnH) An order, a

minddri sanad to the person named in the application, command, a direction, a commission to execute any work,
and specifying the districts to be granted. a present to a superior.
Fard-i-tafrik, H. (from ^j^, separation; A paper or Far-farmds, or Phar-pharmds, corruptly, Fur-furmanesh,
deed of partition. Phaur-phurmaish, Mar. (MidMiAra) Petty articles of pro-

Fard-i tashkhis, H. (from ^Ja^si^^, settlement) Record of vision formerly exacted from a village by the government
a revenue settlement. or public officers': it occurs also in this sense as Far-

Fabiad, Furyad, H. (p. jIj^) vernacularly, Phakiyad, maish alone. It was also applied to all sorts of produce

or Phairad, Ben. (^fSPETtTf, f^'alTf) Phiryad, Mar. payable to the government in kind, or at an under-
(ftS'^T^) Phiryadu, Tel. (^"O^giSo) Faryadi, or valuation, as part of the government dues.
Farayadi, Kam. (^tTBgD, ^6c6j~S>Qi) Piriyadu, Fabman, Fubman, vernacularly, Phaeman, corruptly,

Tam. (lj cflLUrrSl) Cry for help, complaint, accusation, FiBMAN, FiBMAND, PhIBMAUN, &C., H. &C. (jjU;*,
the entering of a law-suit, tjUHTT) a mandate, an order, a command, a patent.

Fariddi, Furyadee, H. (^^jlj^) also Phariyddi, Phairddi, Farmdn-harddr, H. (from P. ydji , who conforms to) A
Phiryddi, &c., as before, and corruptly, Feriaudy, A subject, an officer, one who obeys or executes a mandate.
complainant, a plaintiff. Farmdn-bidzi, H. (from (_/jLw) A command under the

Faryddiyava, Kam. (qOtTSgQoIX)^) A plaintiff, a com- royal signature or stamp.

plainant Fabod, H. ('Vr') lit.. Alighting, coming down ; a term used

Faridd-ras, H. (from P. ^j»j> who arrives) A defender, in the customs department to express the arrival and de-

a protector, one who listens or attends to a complaint. posit of goods within certain limits.

Fabib, or Fareb, H. (L_^j^) Fraud, deception, trick, Fabokht, Fubokht, vernacularly, PhabokhTi H. &c.

cheating. (ci-^i-jy, iirct^w) Sale, selling.

Fabigh, H. &c. (A. cjU) Pharik, or Pharikh, Mar. Farokht-hhat, H. (k»- lS-^jj^) Pharokt-khat, Mar.
(•RRfi^, -^) Pharag, Guz. (\^l^OL) Free, discharged, (ViO^ Tsns) A bill or deed of sale : also Farokht-ndma.
settled (as a debt, &c.), concluded (as a law-suit), &c. Farosk, H. (P. i^jj') Sale, selling. A seller, a dealer.

Fdrigh-hhatti, or -khuttee, A. (^Jai- ij^> from aXi, and Farosh-i-namak, corruptly, Feroosh-nemuck, H. (P.

ki-, a writing) changed, vernacularly, to Pkdrkhat, Ben. 1,1X40 lAji/J Sale of salt. Public sale of salt on account
(^i't^'t'^) Phdrkhat, or Pharikhat, Mar. (TRTt^K, of the government. The rpvenue derived from the mo-

TRfic^ir) Pdrikhattu, Tel. (53^8S0^) and written nopoly.

corruptly, Farikhut, Firagkkhuttee, and Farughuttee, Faesh, H. (a.

^J~/,
from j_^, spreading) A carpet, a

A written receipt and acquittance, a deed of release from mat, a floorcloth, a bed, any thing spread out.

all demands, a deed of dissolution of partnership or of Firdsh, H. A. i,!^]/) A bed, a couch. A female, a wife.

parcenership, a bill of divorcement. In law, a female slave taken to her master's bed.
Fdrighhhatdna, H. (dcJlias^lJ ) A fee for making out a Farrdsh, H. (A. i/^'j', it is commonly written with one

release or discharge. r, Fardsh) A servant whose business it is to spread and

Fdrkhati, or rather Phdrhhati, Ben. (adj. '5FlTr'9Mt) Set sweep the mats, carpets, &c.

free, acquitted, divorced. Fardsh-khdna, H. (P. iSali-, a house) A room in which

Farik, H. (A. jjj>;i, from ^^, separating) A troop, a carpets, &c., are kept.

party, a party in a law-suit. Murda-fardsh, H. ii/^]ji i^^^) A man of low caste,

Farik-drval, H. (from P. Jjl , first) The first party in a whose business it is to remove dead bodies when lying
suit. in the way.

156
 FAR PAS
Farsang, H. {iJJXm^j a Persian measure of distance Ism-farzi, H. (A. *miI, a name) A fictitious name ; any
the Parasang of the ancients —about four miles. thing done under a fictitious name.

Farz, H. (a. ijoji, from \joJ,\o command) A divine or Furuz, A. \fjot^, plur. of {joi, a portion) Shares, por-

positive command or ordinance, .a statute, an injunction tions, the proportions in which property is divided among
that is not to be disobeyed, a duty not to be neglected those entitled to inherit.

especially applied to the five indispensable obligations of Fakzand, H. (p. AJ^i, plur. ^;lAJi,J) Offspring, pro-

purification, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage, geny, a son or daughter, a child, children. In Mo-
in contradistinction to other acts which are optional or hammadan law, lineal descendants in the male line

meritorious only : also (as derivable from ijo^, to divide) females and their posterity are excluded from the order
a definite payment or portion, inheritance, share or por- of descent, except the person's own daughter. See Bd-
tion of inheritance due to an heir : also, a widow's jointure, farzanddn.
or her share of the succession to her husband's property. Fasad, a. (i>LJ) Vice, depravity, corruption. In law, any

Farz-din, A. (with ^jAc, special, essential) An absolute species of mental depravity not arising from defect of

obligation. See the preceding. understanding.

Farizat, A. (ci^-aJri) A divine positive statute. A de- Fdsid, A. (jv*«li) Base, vile, wicked. In law, one who,
finite share. according to some authorities, may be deprived of the

Fardiz, H. (A (j^}/t plur. of ijoi_^ The obligatory or management of his own afi&.irs, as unfit to be trusted

divine precepts or statutes of the Mohammadan religion, with them.

those which are not to be neglected. The law of in- Faskh, H. (a. ji"^) Breaking an agreement, dissolving a
heritance or partition of property. contract, breaking oflf" or dissolving a marriage.

Farzan, A. (l^^s, adv.) Specially, definitely : as applied Fasl, Fusl, corruptly, FassuL, H. (A. (J-^s, from the verb

to law, conformably to the special right of inheritance. (J^ai, to divide) A section, a chapter ; but in India more

Farzan-o-raddan, A. (from J^, bringing back) Conform- commonly a section of the year, a season ; thence also, a crop

ably to direct or special claim, and also to an indirect or harvest. There are two principal harvests in the year,

or reversionary claim, as coming back from failure of spring and autumn, to which a third is sometimes added

nearer heirs. they are

Farz-kifdiat, A. (fi-om (_^, and &}}s>S, sufficiency) The Fasl-i-rabii, commonly, Fusuli-rubhee, or simply, Mubbee,
sufficiency of a religious obligation, as fulfilled by one ^fil tJ"^') The spring harvest, which yields dry crops,

person of a party, association, or township, on behalf of as wheat, barley, different kinds of pulse and grain that

the whole. do not require irrigation or much water: the seed is

Farz-raMi, A. (iMj ijoi) Fixed rules of performing sown towards the close of the periodical rains, or in

prayer. September-October, and the crops are gathered about

Farzi, H. (A. ,cf/) Ben. Farji, (Vw ) By way of February and March.

proposition, supposititious, fictitious. It is applied espe- Fad-i-hharif, or -khureef, H. (A. i sUji- (J-ai) The
cially to a person who is either altogether an imagi- autumnal harvest, consisting chiefly of rice, or grains

nary party in a suit or purchase, or to one who, although requiring irrigation. The seed is sown at the commence-
the ostensible, is not the real principal, or to a suit or ment of the rainy season, and the crop is usually reaped

purchase conducted or effected under an assumed or fic- after their close, or about October-November.

titious name. Fad-Bhddonivi, H. {i_sjijii[^ J-ai) This is an inter-

Farzi-muddi, H. (^iVo ,<*;*) Pharji-h&di, Ben. (^F^T mediate harvest of occasional cultivation, consisting of

Tt^) A fictitious plaintiff or prosecutor, a. person put grains of quick growth, as millet and different sorts of

forward in that character. pulse which may be sown at the beginning of the rainy

Farzi-mMhaddama, H. (A. (tcJ.Lc, a law-suit) A fictitious season, and gathered in the month of Bhddra, or about
suit or prosecution ; one set on foot by other ostensible September : this is, however, commonly included in the

parties than those really interested. Kharif.

157 2 s
 FAS FAU
FaMna, H. {lut^) Relating to the harvest or the crop; Fad-hami, H. (from P. ^, less) Deficiency of harvest.

a fee or perquisite derived from it, &c. Deduction from the revenue on account of a scanty crop.
Fadi, Fuslee, corruptly, Fussily, Fusly, H. {Lei) Be- Fasli r&iyat, H. ("It^Cj ^X^i) A cultivator paying revenue
longing to the harvest, or season when cultivated, or lands according to the crops he raises.

productive of crops assessed according to the value of FItiha, corruptly, Fattaha, Fateheh, and Fateeah, H.
the crops, or frequency and abundance of the harvests. (A. Asr'li, from ^, to open) An opening, a commence-

The harvest year — a mode of computing time prevailing ment. The first Sura or chapter of the Koran, which,
throughout India, and one of the forms used in giving a being read for the benefit of dying Mohammadans, the

date to all public orders and regulations. The era word has come, in India, to signify prayers offered up
originated with the emperor Akbar, who, finding different for defiinct persons on different days afler their death,

eras current, thought to simplify the existing chronology accompanied by alms and distribution of food, as. Feu-

by introducing a new mode of computing time. In fact, tiha-chahdram, on the fourth day ; Fdtiha-bistam, on

however, he only aggravated the confusion, by adding to the twentieth, &c. ; also, oblations and offerings to saints,

the number ; the old eras still continuing to be current and a variety of prayers and ceremonies used at mar-

along with the new. According to Akbar's directions, riages and funerals, including one observed by women in

the year of the Samvat, corresponding with the Hijra commemoration of Fatima, the daughter of Mohammad,
year 963=A. D. 1555, and which was therefore Samvat called the Fdtiha-sahnah, from sahnak, a dish, sweet-

1612 (1555 +-57), was arbitrarily shorn of 649 years, meats in small vessels being distributed to the female

and called the Fadi year 963, the same as the Hijra. assistants.

Starting from this point, it has since gone on concur- Fdtiha-buzurgwdr, H. (firom P. '^jj>i great) Offerings

rently with the Samvat, or luni-solar year of the Hindus and prayers for the benefit of the souls of deceased an-

so that by adding 649 years to the Fadi year, we get the cestors.

Samvat year ; and by adding 592-93, the difference of the Fatwa, H. (Js^) a judicial sentence, a judgment ; but

Christian era (649 — 57=592), we obtain the Christian more usually applied to the written opinion of the Mo-
date. The Fadi year began on the 10th of the lunar hammadan law officer of a court.

month A^win, corresponding to the 10th September 1555 : Fatdwd, A. (plur. JjjlJ^) A collection or digest of ju-

if more than four months of the year have expired, the dicial decisions, several of which are current in Hin-

addition is 593. Thus, the date of Reg. i., 10th Fe- dustan, especially the Fatawa Alemgiri, compiled by order

bruary 1833, corresponds with the 1st of Phdlgun 1889 of Aurangzeb, printed by the Bengal government (to its

(1833-1-56) Samvat, and with the 1st of Phdlgun 1240 great credit) in six quarto volumes.

(1833 — 593) Fadi. In the Dakhin the Fasli year is rec- Fauj, Fouj, H. &c. (a. -y, ilfsT) An army, a multitude.

koned somewhat differently, being two years later than the Police jurisdiction.

same year in Hindustan, having been introduced by Shah Faujddr, H. &c. (;'j>=-y, ij^ll^^) An officer of the

Jehdn. The addition to the Fadi therefore, to convert Mogul government, who was invested with the charge of

it into the Christian year, is only 590 ; thus, the Bomb. the police, and jurisdiction in all criminal matters. A
Reg. dated Fadi 1239 is equivalent to A. D. (1239 + criminal judge, a magistrate. The chief of a body of

590) 1829. The Tamil year of Fadi, 1257-58, cor- troops.

responds with 1848 (=1258 + 590). The year is, or Faujddrdn, H. (P. plur. of Faujddr) Assignments of re-

ought to be, sidereal ; but the Madras government fixed venue for the maintenance and remuneration of Faujddrs.
its commencement to the 12th July. Its subdivisions are Faujddri, H. subst.. The office of a magistrate or head
little attended to, as its sole use is its application to revenue of police, or criminal judge, adj., Relating to the office

matters; and the year only is specified, not the months. of Faujddr; criminal, as opposed to civil; levied as a

Fasl-jdsti, Tel. (qJ^^eJ^^, from P. ziddati) An tax for the support of the police, &c.

extra crop, one more than usual: an extra cess imposed Faujddri-abwdb, H. Cesses or imposts levied for the sup-

on land bearing more than one annual crop. port of the Faujddrs, or in commutation of the charge
158
 FAU FIL
so incurred ; or upon the Faujdars, or commandants, or Fazuli-bid, H. (*^ lJ.J^) ^^^^ °^ another's property

military chiefs on the frontiers of Bengal. without his authority : the sale may be confirmed or an-

Faujdari Addlat, H. (from A. c:^lj>£, court of jus- nulled at pleasure by the owner.

tice) The chief criminal court, more usually called in Fazih, H. (a. Disgraceful, vile, infamous mis-
f^) :

Bengal the Nizamat Addlat, but this designation is managing an estate or property.

in use at Madras and Bombay —Mad. Reg. vii. 1802, Fazihat, H. (A. k^fXJii) Phajeii, Gaz. (^ei'rii) Dis-

Bom. Reg. xiii. 1827, and subsequent Regs. See also grace, infamy.

Adalat. Fj, H. (a ^J) A particle and prefix to nouns, signifying

Fauj-jaigir, or Fauj-sardnjdm, H. (jjXjU-».y, *lsc'l^_.y) in, with, by, with respect to; before Arabic nouns it is

Lands or revenue assigned for the support of troops or followed by the article Jl , the initial of which merges

of police. into the final of the prefix.

Fauj- or Phauj-saranj am. Mar. (iS»nri;'3n'T) Assignment FiUfaur, uyJl ^5*) Now, immediately, in brief.

of revenue for the support of troops and maintenance of Fi'l-hdl, H. (JW ^) Instantly, presently, actually, on
forts. the spot.

Fauj-sehbandi, or Fauj-sihhandi, H. (^liSj-^JUi, militia) Fi'l-hahikat, H. (c:,^«Jas'1 J) In truth, in fact.

The troops of the Faujddr, provincial troops or militia Fil-jumla, H. ((SLtcs" ^) Upon the whole.

employed in garrisoning forts, escorting treasure, and in Fil-mdkid, H. (jj'jil ^S) lu fact, certainly, in truth.

revenue and police duties. Fi-kasi, H. (p. (W./, some one, an individual) Tax per
Fara-faujddri, H. (from A. aj, a bough or branch of a individual, poll tax.

tree, met., produce) In Mohammadan finance, the produce Fi-sad, H. (from the P. S^, a hundred) Per cent.

of the Faujdari, or criminal court, arising from fines Fi-sabil-ullah, A. (iiSl J•:^^*' ^) ^^ 'he way of God, or
and confiscations carried to the credit of government. for his service : applied to alms given to persons to

Fauti, corruptly, Fovftee, H. (A. ^y, from Ui;>j9, death) enable them to equip themselves for a holy warfare, or

A person deceased, or one who is legally defunct, from for pilgrimage.

profligacy or any legal disqualification. The property FiDiAT, H. (a. iJJiii , from liii, ransom, sacrifice) In Mo-
of one who dies intestate and without legal heirs, which hammadan law, a redemption or redemptionary atonement

therefore reverts to the sovereign. for what would else be forfeited ; ransom or redemp-
Fauti-fardri, H. (^y, and {^j\^, disappearance) Dead, tionary fine paid by a master for his slave who has com-
and absconded. A list of cultivators who have died, or mitted some fault, which would make him the slave of
have deserted their homesteads. the injured party.

Fauti-ndma, H. (P. <lub') A document stating the death FiDWi, H. (a. (_jji>i, from Ji, devoted
I to) Servant, slave

of an incumbent, and the names of his heirs. but only used as a term of humility in speaking of one-

Fautiydsdmi-hdki, Kam. i^T^BdS3~c>KSciiO'^3~eib) Ba- self. Your slave, your humble servant.
lance due to government from a person deceased. FiHRisT, H. (p. t::,.*;^) Phirastu, Tel. (^^^) A list,

Fazil, H. (A J»iU) Phajil, Mar. (iBIirt^) Much more, a catalogue, an inventory.

abundant, excessive, a surplus, excess over an estimate, Fihrist-i-dihdt, H. A list of the villages of an estate or
receipt in excess of revenue, &c. district ; one of the accounts kept formerly by the Ka-
Fazil, H. (A. J»<5ls, plur. Las) A learned or pious man, nungos in Bengal.
one learned in the law. FiKH, H. (a. Xm) Knowledge of religion and law. Prac-
Fdzil-Tvasul, H. (A. J^j, collections) Extra or additional tical jurisprudence, in which there may be difierence of

collections. doctrine without involving any sectarial opinion.

FazMi, H. (from A. 4.^, redundance) In Mohammadan FiL, H. (A. (J^) ^'^^' action. In A. grammar. The verb.
law, an unaccredited agent, one who acts for another Fil-shanid, or Fial-i-shania, corruptly, Feeal-shuneea, H.
without authority, and whose transactions are invalid un- (a. ^JJi^ l)*') Ah abominable or unnatural offence.

less confirmed by the principal. Fil-zdmin, H. (A. j^^lJ Jjii) Phailjdmin, Mar. (%5f»Ilf5T«T)
159
 FIL GAD
Phiydl-ydmin, Uriya (5a|K5.ainff) A surety for good GAbdi, Gabti, or GAbid, Mar. (ilivft, TRift, m^) A
or peaceable conduct. fisherman.

Fil-zdmini, H. (a. ^JULi J«s) Security for conduct, GabhIn, Gubhan, (?) Land contiguous to a village.

surety for good and orderly behaviour. Gabhin, H. (^o^o> S. irfiihDft) A pregnant woman, or a
FfL, H. (a. J^) An elephant. cow with calf.

Fil-khdna, (.JyU- (Jji) Elephant stables. Gabrauta, H. '^tji) A large beetle, found in old cow-

FiSK, H. Jf«*i) Iniquity, villainy. dung and dunghills : also called Gobraura and Goba-
(
Fdsik, (A. Jfwjli) Wicked, abandoned, depraved ; one raunda. ,

unworthy of credit as a witness in a court of law. Gachh, Ben. ( fft^) A tree ; applied to any thing fibrous,

FiTR, H. (a. Jai) Breaking a fast. Eating at sun-set daily as, ^^ 'tt^ "S^, a rope of a single cord.

during the Ramazan. The ceremony of breaking the Gachchu, Kam. (^^^) Mortar, plaster.
fast at the end of the month. See U-ul-fitr. Gachchugdna, Kam. ( A^) A c)£3 ) A lime-miU.

Fitrat, H. (A. S^ki) Alms given at the Id-ul-fitr. Gachchhavat, Ben. (? from the S. iTSfTTiT , having gone,
FiTUR, H. (A.jjAs) PiiiTi^rR, Mar. (ftiin:) Treachery, de- passing) The compulsory sale of articles at a higher than

ceit, fraud. In India it is applied more especially to the market price. —2d Rep. 1772, p. 293.

traitorous or rebellious conduct; revolt, insurrection, GachhIgachhi, Ben. (Tf^'^tf^, from "t^, to deposit or

desertion. receive in deposit) Mutually deposited or intrusted, a

Fituri, H. &c. (^^jSi) A traitor, a rebel, an insurgent, mutual deposit.

a deserter, one who has changed sides. Gachhita, Ben. (ttf^) Deposited, a pledge.
Phitur-phdndd, Mar. (rHirtVhT^) Seditious risings and plots. Gachhi, H. ( ,4*-^ ) A pad for the back of a beast of

FoTAH, H. (p. iji=y) A bag, a bag of money, a purse. burden.

Tax, revenue, land-tax, annual rent of cultivated land. Gad, H. (lilO Sediment of dirty virater.

Fotaddr, H. (^tjiSLy) Potaddr, or Potddr, Ben. (i'tt^sTftl) Gad, Gup, H. (iw) A boundary mark (Dehli).
Mar. (ijnr^'IT) Podddr, whence the common term Podar, Gad, Gup, Mar. (ts) also Gadi and Gadhi, (iTTJ, ^it)

H. (.liJt>»j) A banker, a cash-keeper, a money-changer, GApi, Kam. (AC^) in Hindustani also Gadh or Garh,
an officer in public establishments for weighing money &c., q. V. (the cerebral d being pronounced something
and bullion, and examining and valuing coins. like r, and in Hindustani being always aspirated) A small

Fotaddri, or Potaddri, H. &c. The occupation or bu- fort, especially a hill fort.

siness of a Fotaddr. Gadkari, Mar. (*isoh*.l ) A soldier or peon serving in a

Fota-khdna, H. &c. A treasury, a banking-house, a money- hill fort.

changer's shop. Gadnis, Mar. ('is>il^) An officer who keeps the account

FuBNADAYAM, (?) (perhaps from purna, full, and ddyam, of the charges of a fort.

to be given) spelled corruptly Fournaydyem and Four- GIda, Mar. (irrai) A common cart for carrying loads.

nydiam. The money rent in commutation of the revenue See Gddi.

in kind in the south of India. — App., 5th Rep. 771. Gada, Kam. i^^) A ferry. A stipulated term for pay-

FuRSAT, H. (a. e:^«^) Leisure, opportunity, suspension ment of a debt or sum due.

of public business for a season. Kaigada, Kam. ('3£)'^0) A loan without interest.

Mungada, Kam. (^>30AC3) Advance of pay.

G Tengala-gada, Kam. (oOA^Xq) Monthly terra of pay-

Gabae, Gubub, incorrectly, Guebbe, H. (P. yi) An in- ment.

fidel in general, but commonly applied to a Pdrsi, or Varshada-gada, Kam. (SOoJXOXo) Annual payment, or

fire worshipper. payment at the end of a year.

Gabasan, Ben. (•^t'l^) A skinner, a currier, a tanner. Gadam, Gudum, Mar. (T^) Watery, moist (as land),

Gabbadu, Tel. (X'^&>) Gruff goods ; small articles, as receiving and retaining water (soil).

treacle, cocoa-nuts, spiceries, &c., sold by hucksters. GadamUjTcI. ("TT'cS^JO) Grass growing infields of dry grain.

•
160
 GAD GAD
Gadah, also Gaddar or Guddur, H. (jiilS) Half-ripe GIde, Tel. ("7r'"S) A barn.

fruit or corn. Gadi, Ben. ('^) Gadi, Mar. ("TT^) Gaddi, Guddee,
Gadah, Gadur, H. (;jl^, JTTTt) A sheep. H. ((_jiw) A cushion or any padded seat, or sheet, or

Gadarid, Guduria, H. (Vj'") »reft?n) Gadariyd, Ben. carpet on which a person sits. The seat of rank or

(•^i^arflMl) A shepherd, one by caste as well as occupation. royalty, a simple sheet, or mat, or carpet on the floor,

There are several subdivisions of the caste in the north- with a large cushion or pillow at the head, against which

west provinces, between whom no social intercourse sub- the great man reclines.

sists. Amongst the Gadarids the younger brother mar- Gaddi-nashin, H. (from P. ^jXiJ, who sits) A chief, a

ries the elder brother's widow : the elder brother has not principal, a prince, one who sits upon the gaddi : the

the same privilege. heir-apparent is sometimes so designated.

Gadda, Tel. (^§) Gabdb, Karn. (^9) A bulbous root. GADGARi, Hindi (n^tn) Abounding in moisture (soil,

Urla- or Urala-gadda or Gadde, A potatoe. &c.)

Gadda, Tel. (^g) A water-course (Ganjam). Gadgol, H. (J^^iii) Muddy water.

Gaddateru-indmu, (?) Rent-free grant for bringing waste Gadhan, Asamese ("^ttsR) Poll-tax.

land into cultivation (Madras). Gadhe-ka-hal, H. ( Ja ^ ^_^'^ ) -^ ^s's plough, one

GaddId, Guddad, (?) Broken uneven ground brought drawn by asses over the ruins of a captured fort, as a

into cultivation by the hand. A class of landholders mark of contempt.

in the ceded districts, holding their lands at a reduced Gadhe-par-charhdnd, H. ( Ula^^ ^JbiAi) To seat upon
rent, on account of their having levelled and brought an ass, a kind of punishment or disgracefiil public ex-

broken ground into cultivation. Ceded districts. — e5th posure ; sometimes the culprit was seated with his face

Rep. 794. to the tail, or had his face partly blackened.

Gadde, corruptly, Guddey, Karn. i ^) Wet or paddy Gadi, or Gari, Mar. (TTf) A person or individual of a

land ; land fit for rice cultivation, or on which rice is class or caste ; used in this sense in composition, as,

grown. An embankment, a bank or dike. Brdhman-gadi, an individual Brahman, &c.

Gadde-bedalu, Karn. (AOwOeu) Wet and dryland, or GAdi, Ben., Mar. (t^il, mft) Tel. and Karn. {'T^'&)

wet and dry cultivation. A carriage, a cart, especially for the carriage of persons.

Gadde-gada, Karn. (^Q^^) A ridge or bank dividing In Hindustani it is written as well as pronounced Gdri,

rice fields. q. V.

Gadde-hasi-huUu-hana, Kam. (X'^eb^JSoieu&SS) A tax Gdde-bagdr, Mar. (tt^ ^TT?) Swinging round a mast
formerly levied in Mysore on grass grown on the banks fixed in a cart which moves round the idol.

of the paddy fields, half of which was given by the cul- Gadi, or Gari, Gruz. (^ISl) A common labourer, a

tivators for the horses of the Raja. porter.

Gadde-kattu, Karn. ( ^9*^ ) A bank, a dike, an em- Gadi, Karn. (XQ) a district. It has a similar meaning
bankment. in the Rajmahal hills, or a small division of country

Gadde-madi, Kam. (Ag^Si) A paddy field. also in Karn., a boundary.

Gadde-niru-kuli, Karn. (AOS^OOaO^) A tax on water Gadi-kallu, Karn. (XSioeu) A stone set up to mark a

supplied by government reservoirs to rent-free or pagoda boundary.

lands. GiDi, Ben. (fttft) Mar. (m^) Gadi, Karn. (Xa) Half
Gadde-zamin, (?) Lands on which crops that depend upon a ream, or ten quires of paper.

the rains are grown. Gadi, Mar. (ti^) An exclusive right of sale, a monopoly.

Gaddemu, Tel. (a Q^JO) Force, compulsion. GadiAnun, Guz. (Ol^^lll^) A goldsmith's weight,

Gaddhhi, H. (i_?;S i) The unripe pod of the gram plant equal to 20 vals, 8 mdshas, or half a tola, or about 52

(Cicer arietinum). grains troy.

Gabdi, Tel. (X^) Grass,, straw. Gadiohat, or GuDEECHUT, H. (ei^K^.Jo ) A sort of grass

Gaddi-gdval, Tel. (Xa-^^^e;) Waste land (Salem). similar to Dub, but much larger, also used as fodder.

161 2t
 GAD GAJ
Gadi'pati, Ben. (Ttt^'tf^, from Gddi, a bench) The Gahlot, or Gahilot, H. (euji^i) A tribe of Bijputs, ex-

chief of a body of religious mendicants. tensively spread through the north-west provinces and

Gadka, Gudka, H. (|;ji) Unripe corn or fruit. Rajputana. The Raja of Udaypur is a member of one of

Gaduba, -bu, or Gaduva, Karn. (X(So8:), .ZX>^ X(5o^ ) their most celebrated branches, the Sisodya.
Gadutu, Tel. (X(So<^) A fixed term for payment, an GAHtJy, Mar. i^X^) Wheat. See Gehun.

instalment. GAHtJRi, H. ii^jyf) Demurrage.

Gadu-hundi, Karn. (X&)8cootS) A bill payable after a Gaini, also read Geni, and, corruptly, Guenie, or Gueny,
certain date, or by instalments. Karn. C^S^) Rent paid to the landlord or proprietor.

Gael, Thug. Treasure. (The Glossary, 5th Rep., explains it incorrectly. Tenant).

Gagara, Thug. A class of Thugs so called. The word itself is rather doubtful, and does not occur
Gaggari, or -RE, Karn. (XX6 .o) Pieces of loose iron in Reeve's Karnata Dictionary. It should possibly be

fastened to a stick to frighten animals and reptiles, com- Gehini, from Geha, S. and Karn., a house. Relating to

monly carried by post-runners. a house, house-rent, &c. Brown says it is the same as

Gagra, H. 0;So) a subdivison of the Bhangi,or sweeper caste. Kaini, (?F!!lft) A field.

GahAi, H. iij\^S) The custom of treading out the sheaves Gaini-chali, or Chali^gaini, corruptly, Guenie-chalie, or

of corn by bullocks. -chatty, Karn. ( A gSSar 9 ) A tenant-at-will, one whose

GIhak, H. (ilJjb^, from S. ^TT^cir) A purchaser. rent is resumable.

Gaham, Thug. Food. Gaini-kdr, Gaini^gdr, or Gaini-mdld, Karn. A tenant,

Gahan, Guhun, H. (i^, S. Tt^) An eclipse. a rent-payer.

Gahan, corruptly, Ghaan, Mar. (il^JSt, from S. ^ET^, Gaihi-nairmul, (?) Karn. A proprietor of land.
taking) Gahna. H. (La.|^) A pawn, a pledge or thing Gaini-shadmal, (?) Karn. A tenant at a fixed and per-

in pawn, a mortgage. Land held by mortgage tenure. petual rent.

Gahdnkhat, Mar. (from P. ki-, a writing) A mortgage- Gaini-chiti, corruptly, Gueny-chit, Kam. Agreement for

bond, a pawnbroker's ticket. payment of rent, receipt or acknowledgment of rent.

Gahdn-patra, corruptly, -putr. Mar. (JniTOft^) A deed of Mul-gaini-gdr, Kam. Original lessee or mortgagee.

mortgage. GairA, H. Oj^i , ^Tt) A sheaf of com, as much given at

Gahdntvat, Mar. (iT?TO^) In pledge, by way of pledge, harvest to the lower classes of a village as will yield a

pledged. ser and a quarter of grain.

Gahan, GIhtjn, H. ((JSo) A harrow with teeth for eradi- GairXdI, Tel. (lA'D^'n°) Waste, uncultivated.

cating grass from ploughed land. Gairddd-sthalaime, Tel. (from S. ^^, soU) Waste land.

Gahabi, H. (ijf^, JT^rt) Low swampy ground, fit for Gait A, Tel. (ai^^) Name of a barbarous tribe in the

rice cultivation. Rajamahendri district

Gaharwar, Guhurwar, corruptly, Gherwal, (j^jj^) Gaj, Guj, Ben., Mar., &c. ("JtSf, or iTST, a vernacular cor-

A tribe of Rajputs, extensively spread through the north- ruption of P. Guz,S) A measure of length. See Gaz.

west provinces : one of the thirty-six royal races, appa- Gaj-mojani, Mar. (JN*A»n!ft) Measuring fields by the

rently at an early period settled at Kanoj. gaj measuring rod.

Gahi, H. ((JblS) Five, a total or aggregate of five parts, GA.JA, H. (U>-o) First sowing of rice at the foot of the

a mode of reckoning ; counting by gdhis is counting by hiUs, which takes place in the month Saisdkh.
fives. GAjan, Ben. ("^ttSR ) A band or company of persons in-

Gahina, Hindi (U^^, if^HT) also read Gahan and GahAn, flicting tortures on themselves in honour of Siva, at the

(TT?^, *T^T^) a heavy plank or flat piece of wood on swing-festival. See Charak.

which a man stands whilst it is dragged by oxen over a Gajab, H. (^s^li) A carrot.

ploughed field, to level the ground. See Gahan. Gajgir, Ben. (t^'^) A plasterer, a terrace maker: a
Gahira, Ben., Uriya Ctft^, from S. JW^, deep) Land terrace.

lying low, or in a hollow. Gajjar, Gujjuh, H. (jsS ) Swampy ground.

162
 GAL GAN
GIl, H. ( Jl^) A kind of tobacco. Gkw, corruptly. Gaum, H. &c. (*(i, abbreviation of XTUT)

GalA, H. &c. (p. S^, JTT^t) a pod of cotton, or a ball of A village. See Gram.
carded cotton. Gdmagdnelekhkha, Karn. ("7rs'^"7r3i§^|J) Revenue
GAlI, Ben. ("itt^) Lac, sealing-wax. account of a district containing several villages.
Gala, Mar. (^135) A hook, a fish-hook, the hangman's hook, GAMBHfR, Hindi, also abridged, Gaihir and Gahari,
that by which those who swing are suspended. (Tfrfk, ^f?t, iT^rft, from the S. JWftXi, deep) Deep,
Gala, H. &c. (Jli, ti^) The throat, the neck. commonly applied to soil of a rich quality, descending to

Galdpkdnsa, Mar. (JIdblMilu) A halter, a noose for the neck. a more than usual depth before reaching the sub-soil

GalAmati, Hindi (TcSTTR^) Rich free mould ; from gala, most of the soil of Malwa is so termed.

rotted (Puraniya). GamallavAbu, Tel. (A^^oJ^cJO) A toddy drawer ; the

Galanta, Mar. (iggiT) A cypher placed after the first letter caste following that business, said to be derived from a

of a word, or the first word of a sentence, to denote the Sudra father and Kshatriya mother.
omission of the rest. Gamhi, Hindi (TPTCt) The corn when swelled out with the

Galay-dari, Ben. ('WTnffvS, from galay, on the neck.and ear not yet protruded.

dari, a rope) Hanging, strangulation. GAnA, Kam. ("TTSrS^) An oil-mill.

Galdyadariya, Ben. ('^=ii«jiTn»<)l) Deserving to be hanged. Gdnaterige, Karn. ( A dK)oo7\) A tax on oil-presses in

Galevu, Kam. (J^^^'^) A complete ploughing apparatus. Mysore.

GIli, H. &c. (Jl^) Abuse. Gana, S., adopted in most dialects, (lUff) A troop, a flock,

Gali, Tel. C7k°V) a heap of salt, equal to 15 garces. a multitude ; an assembly of families to decide upon a
Galia, H. (LJi^) A bullock that lies down in the midst of domestic difference or impropriety. In Mysore it is ap-

his work. plied apparently to the sect or society of Lingayats.

Galige, Kam. (^V"'^) A large basket for storing com. Gandchdr, Karn. (Ar3335TiO^ from S. 'i)HK, usage) A
GallI, Gulla, Mar., Tel., &c. (iIWT, ^^7^, vernacular fee formerly paid by the Lingayats to their priests at

corruption of the A. Ghala, <!cli) Grain of every kind their marriages ; subsequently included in the cesses pay-

also Ghalla, q. v. able to the government (in Mysore). Properly, the ob-

Galld-kharidi, Mar. (ilsJUslT^^) A cess levied on all servance or established usage of any associated body.

purchases of com by the village. Gandchdri, incorrectly, Gunnacharee, Karn. (AS23f~a6^

GaUd-tolapattJ, Mar. ( Jl^ltTlc^M^I) A cess levied on a from S. ITO, and ^^T^, a teacher) A censor, an in-

village, to cover any possible loss of weight in dividing spector of morals appointed originally by the government

the crop with the cultivator. of Bidnur, but continued under the Marathas in Karnata.

Gallekari, Mar. ('Igfoh^) A corn-chandler. His duty was especially to notice violations of caste, eat-

Galle-patti, Mar. (JI^M^D A tax imposed upon villages ing forbidden food, intercourse with impure castes, for-

under the Maratha government, in lieu of grain formerly nication and adultery, which he was empowered to punish
exacted for the public stables. An extra money cess by expulsion from the caste, and restoration to it could

charged on the amount of the crop, at so much per not be effected without his concurrence. He received fees

maund. on marriages and deaths, and fines for minor offences

Galli, Gullee, H. &c. (,e«j nwt) A lane, an alley. against caste, for which the office still subsists partially,

Gallu, Kam. (^^) Hanging, as of a culprit. although usually set up by the castes themselves ; the

Gallinahaga, Kam. (XS^rC^SbX) A halter. individual invested with the authority being one of them-

Galtans, H. (j^mIs) Dying without issue. (From the S. selves, recognised as a chief or head.

galita, if^nr, lost, and am, ^T[r> portion or inheritance). Ganadravya, Karn. (from S. '^^, thing) Common stock,

Galua, Hindi (5T35^) Soil excessively humid, in which common property.

the crops turn yellow and rot (Puraniya). GanagosUM, Ben. ('^'iSfttvl) A race, a family, family

Gam, pronounced Gom, Ben. ('W, abbreviation of S. ift^) lineage or genealogy.

Wheat. Ganakumdrika, Karn. (AraODoJ^SD) A tax on the

163
 GAN GAN
income (? the marriages of the daughters) of Llngayat Gandam, Gundum, H. (p. j,SJi) Wheat.

priests. GandapendIea, Karn. (XoiS-f:)0"S^e^) A badge of

Ganapati, S. (JWrfit) A name of Ganesa. . honour, a medal, &c.

Gandrddhana, Karn. (XrjJO dQrO) A feast given by a GandarwalA, Gundurwala, H. Ci]jjSJi) Part of a sugar-

Jangama priest to his followers. mill, the receptacle of the cane before it is cut.

Ganesa, S. ('TO^) A Hindu divinity, characterized by an GandAsA, Gandasi, Gundasa, Gundasee, H. (Lljji^,

elephant's head, who, in his character of remover of ob- ^-wljjii) A sickle in general, one used for cutting down
stacles, is worshipped especially at the commencement of sugar-cane, jamdr stalks, or thorny bushes. Also, in

an undertaking. This, and similar terms as the pre- Dehli, a tax formerly levied on the number of such im-
ceding, imply that he is lord or chief (^^t -Xlf(T, &c.) over plements in the hands of the Ryots.

various classes (ganas) of inferior divinities. Ganderi, H. {.ijyjiJi) Pieces of sugar-cane.

Ganesa-chat'drtM, S. A festival in honour of Ganesa on Gandha, S. &c. (it^O Smell, fragrance, any fragrant sub-

the 4th of the light half of Bhadra. stance, sandal-wood or other odorous matter pounded for

Ganikd, Hindi, &c. (S. JTftran) A prostitute. rubbing on the person or on the figures of the gods, &c.
Ganaka, S., adopted in most dialects, (JHUclit) An astro- In Karn. Ganda ot Gandha, (AOO, AOQ) means espe-

loger, a caster of nativities, a keeper of genealogies, and cially. Sandal wood.

negociator of marriages. G-andha-hanik, Ben. (from '^f'l^, a trader) A druggist, a

Ganana, S., and in many dialects, (j|iy>|) Computing, cal- perfumer.

culating. Gandha-biroza, H. (Xy^aJai) Frankincense, the resin of

Ganauei, H. (t^j^) A bulrush (Eastern Oudh). the Boswellia thurifera : also of a kind of pine (P. lon-

Ganda, Gunda, H. (xii^S) GandI, Ben. ("^1*91) A money of gifolia).

account, equivalent in reckoning to four kaunris or cowry Gandhasari-nellu, Karn. (XoQr6ac§«0) A sort of nee

shells, or the twentieth part of an ana. Twenty gandas make grovra in Mysore.

one pan. The value of the ganda in practice varies, Gandhel, H. (jJ.J.»iXii) A fragrant grass (Andropogon

and from four to six may be rated as a chhaddm, but calamus aromaticus), from the leaves, culms, and roots

as a mode of reckoning in general it invariably implies of which a sweet-smelling essential oil is distilled.

four. To count by gandas is to count by fours. GandMla, H. (JLwfciXiS) Fetid, bad smelling. The name
Ganddkiyd, Ben. ( ''l^l^nrl ) Method of counting by four, of a low and vagrant caste in the north-west provinces,

the most usual multiple in Bengal. who make mats, and exhibit feats of activity : they are

Ganda, (?) Lands situated nearest to the village. also thieves.

Ganda, H. U'^) Fetid, foul smelling. Gandhottama, Tel. (XoQ ^^, S. JT^, and T^H, best)

GInda, H. (liXJli, TTaCT) Sugar-cane, or a cane when ready Spirituous liquor, the fermented juice of the palm, tdri

for cutting. or toddy.

GandI, H. (liiw) A knotted string round a child's neck Gandha, Ben. (^°f) Relationship, connexion, friendship.

to protect it from evil eyes. Mar. (jiin) A string bound Gandharbba, S. (iT'y^:) A kind of inferior divinity, at-

round the wrist or ancle, as a charm or protection against tendant upon Indra and Kuvera, and distinguished for

evil influences. musical proficiency.

Gandagram, Ben. (^t^SaJN) A principal or respectable Gandharbba, S. (TT"!^) Relating to a Gandharbba, as

village. music, singing ; a form of marriage formerly recognised as

Gandada-pommu, Karn. (XoOO <^2/®&0) A fine, for- legal, depending solely upon the mutual consent of par-

merly levied from the cultivators of gardens for turning ties of the Kshetriya, or military order.

up sandal seedlings in ploughing (Mysore). Gandhu, H. A branch of the

( JjJJiS) Jat tribe.

Gandal or GIndar, Gandul, Ganduk, H. ( Jjoli,^i\il>) Gandi, Tel. ( XoQ ) A breach in th& bank of a tank made
Thatching grass, the root of which, or khashhas, is used by the water, a channel cut in it to let out the water

for Tattis (Andropogon muricatum). for irrigation: also a pass in the hills.

164
 GAN GAN
GakdriJpin, H. (ij>}j>^') A Hindu dancing-girl : (perhaps P. ji , and li.* I , or j\, bringing or coming) Alluvial land

an abridgement of S. Gandarhha-r'Apini). recovered from a river, especially from the Ganges.

GanqA, Gunga, S. (ii»TT) The river Ganges, the river Gangodaka, S. (from 3^, water) The water of the Ganges,
Godaveri, any river. (The word occurs in all the dialects, or any holy river.

but sometimes in composition with the final shortened or Gang-shikast, H. (from P. ^jA«*Ci, to break) Encroach-

elided). ments of the Ganges, or any other river.

Gangdla, H. (litll^S) Lands subject to inundations of the Gangthari, also Gangdtir, Mar. (jin^rt, Jimifk) The

Ganges. country along the banks of the Godaveri river. (From

Gang6rjal, Gunga-jul Ben. (Tt°''tt>^) The water of the S. ^JT^t, a place, or Tflt, a bank).

Ganges, sometimes applied to the water of any river re- Gangana, Tel. ( ~A'0"7C'5r° ) By villages, settlement of

puted holy. A kind of oath, swearing by the Ganges revenue by villages ; the same as Mauzawdr : (vernacular

water ; more correctly, Ganga-jal-sapatli, oath by the corruption of gaon, or grdma, repeated).

Ganges water, or Gangd-jal-sparsa, touching the water Gangutia-bandi, Uriya (€t^SS||0|Ql) An embankment,
of the Ganges, which forms part of the ceremony. a dike.

Gangdjali, Ben. (S. fl'^tt^Mt) Swearing by the water of Ganige, Tel. (^S) A) An oil-mill, one worked by oxen.

the Ganges. Ganigdr, Karn. (aS^'TT'O) An oil-maker or vendor.

Gangdjaliyd, Ben. (S. '^°'^«i»il<4i) A person who has ad- Ganime, Tel. (Ao)~^) A ridge of earth dividing two fields.

ministered, or who has taken an oath by the Ganges Ganita, S. (irftnw) Counted, computed; computation, arith-

used contemptuously. metic.

Gangdldbh, Ben. (S. ^"^TWa, from S. ^T>T, obtaining) Bija, or Vija-ganita, Algebra.

Being brought to the banks of the Ganges to die there. Ganj, GtJNj, corruptly, Gunje, H. &c. (P. jcii) A mart,

Committing a dead body to the river. Also Gangdprdpti, a market: in Bengal and Hindustan a village or town
(from S. JTlftf, obtaining) and Gangdydtrd, (from S. ITRT, which is an emporium for grain and other necessaries of
a going). life : in the designation of such a place the word is

Gangdputra, or Gungapootr, S. H. (from S. Tg, a son) commonly compounded with some other word, not un-

A tribe of inferior Brahmans, who pretend to be a branch frequently English, as, Isldm-ganj, Captain-ganj, Revel-

of the Kanoj Brahmans, and who call themselves sons of ganj, &c. In Maratha the word also signifies a heap or

Ganga, claiming a right to attend pilgrims and direct pile of grain, a rick, a stack, &c.

their ablutions at Benares, and other holy places on Ganji, Mar. (ii»ff) A small stack.

the banks of the Granges. At Benares, where they are Ganjikhdna, Mar. (P. <!o'ji-, a house) A yard with many
most numerous, they claim a hereditary right to the bank stacks of hay, &c. : a lumber-room.

between high and low-water mark. Some follow agri- Ganja, or Ganj HA, H. (-Wlf ) The hemp plant (Cannabis

culture. sativa), or, according to some authorities, a different species

Gangd-Rdm, Thug. Rama and Ganga, two divinities ; but, (Cannabis indica) : according to others, it is applicable

as used by the Thugs, a hint that danger is nigh. to the plant only whilst young. In the north-west pro-
Gangdsdgara, S. (from ^liR, the ocean) The place where vinces the term also designates an intoxicating liquor, an

the Bhagirathi branch of the Ganges debouches into the infusion of the young flowers and leaves in water. In
Bay of Bengal. Bengal the same are dried and pounded, and then used
Gangd-yamund, commonly, Gunga-jumna, (from VXn, and in smoking. The intoxicating property depends in either

^tfT, the river Yamuna, vulgo Jumna) A mode of ad- case upon the resinous exudation of the plant adhering to

justing an account of borrowed money, interest paid to the vegetable substance. See Bhang.

the creditor until the whole debt is discharged, and, on Gdnjdkhor, Ben. ('^°^ite''ltfr) A smoker of hemp, one
the other hand, interest allowed to the debtor on all the addicted to its use.

instalments he may pay. Gdnjarodld, H. (alj dCs^lS) A vendor of intoxicating pre-

Gang-bardr, or -bar-dmad, H. (j)jj,Oit or ly^ijXiJi, from parations of hemp.

165 2 u
 GAN GAO
Ganjah, H. (;s^'i) A kind of grass. Ganthio, Guz. (3l3[lo{L) A pickpocket, a swindler.

Ganjeli, H. (
ijjisr" ) A kind of coarse sacking or can- Gdn(i-kdtd, Benr (''tt'tfWm) A cutpurse, a pickpocket

vas made from the fibres of the hemp plant. the natives usually tie their money up in a corner of

Ganjifa, H. &c. (p. toJs-''^, nwtw) Cards; the game, or their upper garment in a knot, whence the expression.

the cards with which it is played. The pack consists Also, a plunderer or cutter open of packages.

of ninety-six cards, divided amongst eight suits. Gdnti-chhdrd, Ben. ('tt'f&^tSl ) Tying the bride and
Gankah, or GiKAH, H. (^IS, ^i'li) A kind of coarse bridegroom together, as part of the marriage ceremony
bread, made from inferior grains or pulse, and imper- a cloth, with fruit, &c., is placed upon their hands, and

fectly baked. one end is fastened to the borders of the dress of the

Ganna, Gunna, H. (Ui) Sugar-cane, a cane especially woman, the other to that of the man.
when ready for cutting. Ganti, Ben. (^tt"^) Insertion of an article among others.

&ankdta, H. (<KJi|^) A man whose business it is to cut Gdnti-jamd, Ben. ( ttt'^st^d )Including a small parcel of
the cane into lengths of about six inches for feeding land in the general rent.

the mill. Gantri, Ben. (S. 't'l^) A car or cart drawn by oxen.

Gannel, H. (Jj-x^) a species of long grass used for Gantu, Tel. Karn. (XoeSO) Stock, capital, principal as

thatching. opposed to interest: a debt

Ganni, commonly', GuNNY, H. (|<*^) A name given to the Ganu, Thug. One of the gang who on occasions shams

coarse bags made of a sort of sacking from the fibres of sickness.

the Pat (Corchorus capsularis) : the word is a corruption Ganua, Thug. Any fraud or trick of Thugs.

of that first given to the Pat by Rumphius, Gania, which Ganuoa, Tel. ("A^rODA) An oil or sugar press.

was no doubt the Maratha, or rather Sanskrit Gona or Ganw, always prpnounced, and sometimes written Gaon,

Goni, q. V. H. (y"i, Mar. "TT^) A village. A measure of distance,

Gano, Thug. A class of Thugs. four kos, varying from four to nine miles. (The word

Ganot, Gtiz. (OlUil*^) Ground -rent of land let by pro- is a vernacular corruption of Grdm, q. v. ; also see below

prietors to tenants or cultivators for the purpose of cul- Gaon.

tivating and improving it. Ganrcdr, H. {j\^i , abbreviation of Gdonmdr) Village,

Ganot-ndmun, or -n&on, Guz. (01^ 1^1 "11'^) A lease of rude, rustic ; a clown, a villager.

land given by the proprietor to cultivators, stating the Gaon, corruptly. Gong, H., Mar. (yjj^, the same as Ganw,
extent, name, and site, as well as the amount of rent. or ilt^, corruption of TX\M) A village. See Gram.
Ganotio, (OLuTlftl^l) A tenant, a leaseholder. Gdonbat, H. (i.:>.JJ.o) A division of a Taluk into se-

Ganth, Gantha, or Ganthi, H. (<Uili, l^Xio, ^ji^^j. S. parate villages, or of the several additional or subordinate

AlfrVf) A knot or tie ; fig., an engagement. In the villages attached to the one originally assessed. See

north-west it is applied to the refuse of straw, com- Gdtdhandi.

prising the knotted parts of the stalk and ear-ends, which Gdon-devatd, Mar. (tti^^'^iIT) The village idol.

are formed in a separate pile on the threshing-floor : the Gaondhe, or Gdondhegaon, Mar. ( ilt^^, iri«l"<S'ii=i) A
colder of English agriculture. small village, a hamlet.

Gantha, H. {\{xJ^) A fractional part, one twentieth of a

o
Gdonganna, Mar. (JTI^rpT^T) By villages; distributively,

jarib, equal to three gaz. In Guz. the Gantha (01§IL) as village assessments, &c.

is a measure of eight feet in length. Gaonkar, Gaonhur, Mar. (ni^Tcl!^) A villager : a Sudra

Ganthi^ddr, H. {j\o ^jy^^) An occupant of lands under appointed in a village where there are no Brahmans to

a landlord at a fixed rent and by heritable tenure. attend upon the village idol.

Gdnthi-jamd, A. (»-*>»- lAJ^^^) Hereditary under-tenancy Gdonkdr, Karn. CA^Oi^D^^) The head-man of a village

of land at a fixed and permanent rent. (Sonda).

Gdnti, or Gdnit, Ben. {fW'T^, ftt't^, S. Tlfsi) A knot, Gdonhharch, H. Mar. (—jfj^i, Tii^^'t) Village charges.

a tie, a parcel, a bale of goods. See Grdmakharch.

166
 GAO GAR
Gaonktisun, Mar. (»tH«!<^) The village wall or fence. Garao, H. (jlp) An instrument for cutting Jaroar stalks,

Gaonnemnuk, Mar. (nT^«1*IH«li) Expenses of village esta- &c., for fodder (Central and Lower Doab).
blishments. Garapa, Tel. (AOS3) Stony, gravelly (as soil).

Gdonsion, Mar. (Jllcj^fl'^) A general term for a village Garapa-hkumi, Tel. (X^S3^1t-^S«, from S. wfri, land)

or villages. Sandy or gravelly soil.

Gdonsai, Mar. (ttHM?^) Annual propitiation of the vil- Gahapagar, or -GARI, or -garya. Mar. (irH,i|JlH, -Tt -31T,

lage bhuts, or goblins, by oflferings of fruits and flowers. from Mar. VIT., a hailstone, and S. ^tJoirTT;, who drives

Gdonthan, corruptly, Gaoton, Mar. (iTT^TT, from WTTf, away) An individual supposed to have a power over hail-

place) Site of a village, whether in ruins or still stand- storms, and who is retained in some villages as part of

ing; also Gaonlhal (from S. Wq5, soil). the establishment, to prevent their injuring the crops.

Gaontd, H. (lIJjS) Village expenses. Garari, Guraree, H. (.i_Sj\/) The block over which the

Gaonti, H. Mar. (^jijjli ) Of or belonging to a village. rope of a well traverses.

Gaontid, H. (Loiiii) A small hamlet. Garasi, H. (|jJ^) An implement for cutting jawdr
Gaofikd, H. V^jZS) The head manager of a village, stalks, thorn-bushes, &c.

equivalent to a Muhaddam elsewhere (Sohagpur). (The Garata, Karn. (^OO^ vernacular form of S. J|^tV|

first term is an abbreviation of Gdon or Grdrn). q. V.) A householder.

Gum-gdon, Mar. ('JW(i=l, from P. *S, lost) A village, the GarawI, Hindi (^TO^t) A light and poor soil, in which
site of which is unknown. the crops never come to perfection (Puraniya).

Gapan, Ben. (''tt't^) Denial or concealment of facts, pre- Garbha, S. &c., vernacularly also, Gabh, (jJ^, TW) The
varication, self-contradiction. embryo, the fcetus ; sometimes, but less accurately, the

Gapsa, Gupsa, H. (L*ji) Hard soil, of a whitish appearance. womb. In Bengal the term is also applied to the whole
Gar, or Gahbhang, Thug. A share of spoil. space covered by the Ganges when at its utmost extent

GakI, Gura, H. \\^) A large sheaf; except in the Dehli in the height of the rainy season.

district, where it denotes a small one. Garbhddhdna, S. {^, the womb, and ^vn'^, holding)
Gardbatdi, H. ((.jlLo) Division of produce without A ceremony performed on the first indications of preg-

threshing, by stacking the sheaves in proportionate shares. nancy ; one of the Sanskaras, or essential rites of the
(Rohilkhand). Hindus.

Gara, Garuh, H. (SjlS) Low land on which water does Garhha-grika, or Garbha-sthala, S. (from ti)|, the womb,
not lie long (Upper Doab). and a house, or ^^J, a place) The interior of a
5J^,
Gara, H. («;li) A class of Mohammadan cultivators in dwelling, the inner apartments, the sanctuary of a temple,

Saharanpur. the adytum in which the idol stands.

Gahada, Mar. (i|<ldl) A body (of troops, &c.) forming a Garbhaja, S. (nA>l) Born of the mother, a son, whether

cordon or investment. begotten illegitimately or of a wife by another father

Garadi, Mar. (tRT^) A cart-rut: the groove in which the than the husband under special appointment, when the

wheel moves that bruises lime and prepares it for mortar. child is legitimate.

Garagabamu, Tel. (AOAiaSiD) Marks made with cow- Gardezi, H. (iJJI,L)ji) A class of Saiyids in Muzafferpur.

dung and water upon heaps of winnowed grain to pre- Gardi, (English Guard) Native soldiers disciplined after

vent depredation. the European mode to act as guards : (an obsolete

Garagesannanelu, Karn. (AO'ArOO£3c0eu) A sort of term.)

rice grown in Mysore. Gardi, Gurdee, Mar. (jt^ Dustiness, confusion, disorder,

Garakanattu, Tel. (AOSrCSe^) A tough and deep- tumult, rout of an army, state of public dismay and
rooted grass, growing in some fields, and weeded only distress.

by ploughing. Gardora, H. (\j^dS) A small pit.

GAra-kata-JAHib, Uriya (^IQQSICIQlQ) Measured by a Gaheran, H. ^ij/Jf) The receptacle for the sugar-cane

rod, exact measurement. before it is cut.

167
 GAR GAT
Gare, Karn. ( A dO) A. plaster or mortar of chunam or Garim, (?) Tel. An apparatus for raising water from a well.

burnt lime, used to coat the walls of apartments. Garisa, corruptly, Garce, Tel. (/CS^) Garasi, -se, Karn.

Gdrekdr, Karn. CTrd'0D~d6) A plasterer. (A03, .t) A measure of grain equal to 400 markdls,.
Vajragdre, Karn. (^ {^ A dO) A mixture of lime, plaster, or 185.2 cubic feet=9860 lb. avoirdupois. See Markdl.

and small stones, used for making floors : the Khoa of Garjantail, Ben. ("^fSw^s^) Wood oil, an oil that exudes

Bengal. from incisions in the bark of several species of Diptero-

Garg, H. (tLfp, from the S. JT^: , a celebrated Rishi, and carpus.

founder of the Garga family) One of ~the sixteen sub- Garjat, Uriya (S|^Q|Q) Estates in the hill country of

divisions of the Kanojia Brahmans. Orissa.

,

Gargbansi, H. (^»»j.ijO^) A tribe of Rajputs so called, GarkhI, Thug. The neck.

chiefly in Gorakhpur and Azimgarh. Garmattu, Karn. (^^^f"®^) Any kind of reed, grass,

GahgawA, H. OifS) A grass growing in low ground during or corn.

the rains, and sometimes injurious to the rice. Garri, Gurree, H. iiSS) A haystack, a rick (Lower

Garh, Guhh, H. (is) also Gadhi, or Garhi', (jJfcJsS, Doab). A large stack of wheat or barley, the produce

,_^yi 'rat) A fort, a hill fort, a mud fort, or one the of one field (Upper Doab). A large stack of kharif

walls of which are of very thick clay, strengthened produce (Rohilkhand).

by bastions. The word occurs also in this and other Gartha, Thug. The dead body of a victim.

dialects with the cerebral unaspirated d, as, Gad, Gud, Garusu, Garasu, Karn. (Xa)r6D, A0r6D) Gravel.
(jVS), but in either case the d is pronounced much the Garum-nela, Karn. (AO0f\X)coe)) A gravelly soil.

same as r. The word also occurs with an initial aspi- Garuvu, Tel. (X&.^) Gravelly soil.

rate, Ghar or Ghari, but this is incorrect. Garwa, Mar. (tH^) Ripening late ; applied to particular

GarhA) H. (Lfcfi, irai) A pit, a cave, a ravine. grains which are slow of coming to maturity.

Garhai, H. (^^y&ji) A small pond. Gasa, Karn. ("TTSrOj vernacular corruption of both S.

Garhal, Hindi iIt?T^) Land ( without moisture (Puraniya). grdsa, XITO, and H. ghdsa, TJW) Subsistence, salary, pay :

Garhapatya, S. (J(I^Mi<|) The sacred fire of the house- forage for cattle.

holder, (Grihapati,) of which this is a regular derivative. Gasht,H. (p. e:^) Gast, Mar. (irer) Tel. (X^) Gasti,
Garhiband, Gureeebund, H. (Jwij i^S) Tenure of land Karn. (XiO^) Watch, patrol going the rounds, the

in Bundelkhand, on payment of a quit-rent much below boundaries of a division of a town or village, a division
the usual amount, arising out of the successful resistance or ward of a town, that is, the range or beat of the patrol.

which the possessors of the Garhis, or forts, made to the Gashti, Gushtee, H. (^_jXi3, from P. jjXii , to turn round)

Maratha government, who were compelled to reduce their Presents to a revenue officer, on his making the tour of

demand to the lowest sum which the landholder would his district.

consent to pay. The holder of land on these reduced Gasht-mahdl, H. Jl^UI^viiii) A toll or transit duty
(
'
terms (Bundelkhand). levied in some Zamindaris upon bdiats passing.

Gari, Guree, Uriya (?|Ql, from Ben. tp5, a wave) Undu- Gasht-saldmi, H. (,^5L< ^Z-HS) A tax or fee levied by
lating ground. public officers under the native governments, when making
Gari, or Gadi, H. &c. ii^Ji, i^yiiu, TTSt) A carriage of either a revenue or judicial circuit.

any description, a carriage or a cart for the conveyance Gata, H. (<tJ'lS) Yoking bullocks together to tread out
of persons : see Gddi. grain (Dehli). A plot or piece of land, a part of a
Gdribdn, or Gdrimdn, H. &c. (^j^^u, (jj'ji;^) A coach- village.

man, the driver of a coach or car. Gdtdbandi, Gatdbundee, H. ((_fJJu <(S\^) Division of a
Gari, Gdli, Gruz. (^ll«ll) A cart-load, a corn measure village by parcels or plots of land, some of which may
of thirty maunds. be scattered among the fields of several other villages.
GARii, or Gadia, Uriya (^|QlSl|) A small tank or re- Also termed Gdtemdr ijl^u^).
servoir of water. Gata-awaji, Ben. (t^s'^R^, from S. trT, gone, and A.
168
 GAT GAU
dmaz, ijo^, exchange) Transfer of land or of revenue Gaudivya, Mar. ('ttf^'af) Form of oath, swearing while

payment from one Ryot to another. holding the tail of a cow.

Gata-khAmXh, Ben. (''1\s'«ft5rfa', from "SttSTt^, a threshing- Gdukhdna, H. (iXiU-.lO A cow stable or stalls.

floor) Lapse of a Ryot's holding into the possession of Gaukox, Mar. (TTolft^l) A land measure, the distance at

the Zamindar. which the lowing of a cow may be heard.

Gatha, H. (l^i) The twentieth part oi a Jarib. Also Gduli, Gaolee, i^Jj^) A cowherd; a caste living by

Oanthu. keeping cows and selling milk : different classes of them

Gathwansi, H. (j_j«Jl^^) The twentieth part of a Gatha. are knovm in the Dakhin, distinguished sufficiently by

Gathaund, H. (lii^^) A pledge or deposit tied up in a their appellations, as, Ahir-Gduli, a branch of the Ahirs;
bag. Konhani-Gduli, natives of the Konkan ; and TAngdyat-

Gathbandhan, H. (^^ajJU^, from Gdnth, a knot) Tying GduU, followers of the Jangam sect.

a knot, especially tying the clothes of the bride and bride- G dushumdri, Gaoshoomaree, H. ((_5^l<«««ijls) An enume-
groom together, as part of the marriage ceremony. See ration or census of cattle, a tax upon cattle.

Gdntichhdrd. GauchanI, GoucHUNi, H. (La»-^) Land sowed with

Gathi, H. (|j^) a pad put on the back of a beast of wheat and chana.
burthen. Gaud, pronounced Gaur, H. &c. (jS) S. Gauda, (ifra,

Gathia, H. (u^S) a pannier, a sack, a bundle. i'^l'f^) The ancient name of Central Bengal, and that of

Gathoni, Thug. A knot in a turban, or any piece of cloth the ruins of its former capital. A name applied to one

in which money or jewels may be concealed. of the two great divisions of the Brahmans, or the Five

Gathm, Guthree, H. &c. iijji^t, nz^) A bag: money Gauras, (see JBrdhmana) ; also to one of the five, the

brought in payment of revenue in a bag (Benares). A Brahmans of Bengal proper, who are distinguished

bundle, a package, a parcel. again as Varendriya, jRdrhiya, Sdtshati, and Vaidika

Gatkul, or Gatkuli, H., Mar., &c., corruptly, Ghutkool, Brahmans : the two first from their being settled in the

(irrr^oS, Til'^i^rt, from S. im, gone, and oF^S, a family) several portions of Gaura, called Varendra and Rdrh ;

Applied to property, lands, houses, &c., the proprietors of the third as descended from 700 Brahmanical families

which are extinct ; unclaimed inheritance ; lands of a who were settled in Bengal before the introduction of the
village uncultivated, or without owners, considered in some families from Kanoj, who are said to have been fugitives

respects as village property, so that they may be disposed from Orissa ; the fourth from their knowledge of the Vedas.
of, sold, or leased by the community, but when not so The Gaur Brahmans were also classed by Baldl Sen, a
disposed of they were often granted in Indm by the Rajaof Bengal about the eleventh century, in three divisions
Maratha government. 1. Kulinas, from hula, a family, the most respectable

Gatkul, Mar. (^TT^fi^) An emigrated or extinct family. members of the community ; 2. Srotriyas, those who had
Gattu, Tel. (A|a)) A bank, an embankment, a dam or passed through the established institutions, and had read

dyke. part of the Vedas ; and 3. Vamajas, merely born Brah-

Gattu-tumu, Tel. (XbjeSj-"^) One twentieth part of mans, possessing neither respectability nor learning.

the gross produce collected by Zamindars from each vil- There are other divisions of Bengal Brahmans of a still

lage for the repair of tanks and embankments. inferior' description, degraded by acting as priests for the

Gattu, Karn. ('^rV) A large trading town. mixed castes, or by some peculiarities of a fanciful and
Gatwara, Gutwara, or, more correctly, Ganthwara, fabulous character. The term Gaur is also applied to

H. {ij\^, X;lj«ii^) A tribe of Jats in the Doab. other castes or tribes, as specified by Mr. Elliot

Gkv, Gag, also in the uninflected form, especially in com- Gaur-Brdhman, H. i^j*^J. jf^ The Brahman of the

pounds, Go, also Gai, or Gay, S., but adopted in all Gaur tribe or caste, one of the five Gaurs, but located
the dialects, (ifl, ift, ^TTJ) A cow, an ox, a bull. in the upper provinces throughout the Subah of Dehli
Gduchardi, Gaochuraee, (iX'^j^) Grazing, grazing or to the hills. There are many subdivisions of these Gaur
pasture ground; a tax levied on pasture lands. Brahmans of Hindustan, who are apparently unknown in

169 2 X
 GAU GAU
Bengal, as, the Adh-Gaur, Kaithal-Gaur, Gujar-Gav/r, Gauda-mdnyam, Kam. The privilege land and fees of the

Sidh-Gaur, &c., amounting in all to forty-two. head man of a village.

Gaur-kdyatk, H. (ijol^ j^i) One of the twelve divisions Gauda-mirds, Karn. The hereditary privilege land of the

of the Kayastha tribe, or writer caste. Although pro- head of a village.

perly of Bengal, many are found in the upper provinces, Qauda-terige, Karn. (A°cSo6"A) A fee formerly paid

where they settled under the patronage of Nasir-ud-din, to the head man by the villagers, resumed by the govern-

son of Balban, about six centuries ago. ment of Mysore.

Gaur-Rdjput, H. (cu«as>-Ij ^»S) One of the thirty-six Gauda, or Gaura, corruptly, Gowka, (?) The head man
royal Rajput races whose origin is doubtful. They are of certain castes —of the potter, the shepherd, and the

numerous in the north-western provinces, divided into weaver ; also, in parts of the Sahyadri hills, of the cul-

three principal branches :

— the Bhat-Gaur, Bdhman- tivator and cowherd caste. (From the locality of its use

Gaur, and Chamar-Gaur ; names derived, Mr. Elliot this should be a Maratha term, but it is not found in

supposes, from some intercourse with Bhats, Brahmans, Molesworth).

and Chamars. Gaudalu, Karn. (A°OeA:)) A caste or tribe in Mysore

Gaur-tagd, H. {\i^
jf) An important tribe of Brahman- following agriculture as labourers, or sometimes small

ical descent in the north-west of India, extending through farmers under a lease from the landholder.

a great part of Rohilkhand, the Upper Doab, and ter- Gauhan, H. (jjjljtiji) A village made over by its pro-

ritory of Dehli. According to the fables current among prietors to any person, on a permanent revenue assess-

them, they were originally invited from Bengal by Raja ment, with all the privileges of a Zamindar (Eastern Oudh).
Janamejaya, king of Hastinapur, for the purpose of ex- Gauhani, H. ((jlsi^, 'niTtlft) Lands situated close round

terminating the Takshakas or snakes, in concert with the a village, and commonly left for pasturage : also, the

Raja. Mr. Elliot considers the Takshakas to have been entire lands of the village, or the village itself. "

Buddhist Scythians from the north, who invaded India Gauliga, Karn. (^^A) Name of a pastoral and migra-

about 500 years B. C. The Tagas are so termed, it is tory tribe in Mysore, who rear buffaloes, and sell their

said, from the S. tydga, abandoning, as they abandoned milk and ghee, and accompany camps ; also, a seller of

their Brahmanical character by accepting and cultivating buttermilk.

the lands granted to them by Janamejaya. Gauna, S., Ben., &c. (^TUB, from HTJ, quality, property)
Gaur-thdkur, H. {.Ji\^ jy>^ A tribe of Rajputs, settled in Secondary, supplementary, .special, or specific.

the Farakhabad district. Gauna-mdsa, S. (from HTW, a month) The lunar month,

Gaud, Gauh, or Gauda, also spelt Gavuda, corruptly, as reckoned from full moon to full moon.
Gowda, and Gowdoo, Kam. (J^'&, Xt^iS) The head Gauna-putra, S. (from trg, a son) A subsidiary or re-

man of a village in the Karnatic who superintends the presentative son, one by adoption, &c., or any form except

cultivation and the collection of the revenue, correspond- by birth.

ing with the Pdiil of the Maratha provinces : or one who Gaundi, Mar. (ntsft) The name of a caste, or individual of

farms the lands of a village, and lets them out to cul- it, by calling a mason or bricklayer. — Nagpore. Jenkins,
tivators, in which case he corresponds with the Zamin- 204. (It ought to be Maratha).

dar of Bengal. •
Gauni, Uriya (Sl^si) A measure of rice in the husk,
Huttu-gdra-gauda, Karn. (Sbj&X-TTS^K^C^) A head equal to twelve sers. A basket used for measuring grain.
man, who is also a native of the village. Gaunji, Hindi (ift»!»fi) Fresh shoots of rice put forth after

Phatie-gdra-gauda, Kam. (qO P'TTBOTTc'o ) A head man, the crop has been cut and cleared.

who is not a native of the village over which he GauhAj H. (Vy ) A tribe of Ahirs.

presides. GaubAhar, H. {j>>])f)

An obscure tribe of Rijputs on the

Gaud-dya, Karn. {K^aadS:)) Proportion of the crop borders of Badaon and Aligerh.

formerly set apart for the head man, resumed by the Gauho, corruptly, GowRO, (?) A person employed to esti-

Mysore government. mate the crop while standing.

170
 GAU GAZ
Gaukua, H. i^ijy) An inferior class of Rajputs in Agra Gaydlu, Tel. (Xaxr°^) Land unfit for cultivation.

and Mathura, and other districts west of the Jamuna. GayIl, also Gayari, H. ( JIj^, uJj^, from Gayd, gone)
Gautam-RAjpiJt, Goutum-RAjpoot, H. {cd^xsAj |^">^) A Land of deceased shareholders unclaimed, or coming un-

branch of the Chandravansi, or lunar family ; very nu- der the management of the Mdl-guzar upon its being

merous in the Lower Doab, and formerly very powerful. abandoned by the cultivator.

Oautamian, H. (^Lmj»S) A class of Rajputs in Azim- Gayatri, S. (iTlJ'3ft) A form of metre, and thence applied
garh and Gorakhpur, offshoots of the preceding, but of a to a verse in the Vedas, which is held to be of peculiar

spurious breed. sanctity, and is repeated inaudibly in the daily morning

Gauyara, or Gauyend, Hindi, ('^IRT, iff^?) also written worship of the Brahmans. The sense is, We meditate

Goyard, or Gmrd, and Ooyend, (jft^HiT, 'ft'l^) Land on that excellent light of the divine sun : may he en-

immediately next to a village. lighten our minds !

" Tat savitur-varenyam ihargo de-

Gavada, Karn. ( A dSO) A. measure of distance, the largest, vasya dhimahi : dhiyo yo nah praclwdaydt !

between eight and ten miles. Gayawal, or Gayali, corruptly, Gyal, H. (ihit^^S,

GavankIk, Tel. (XoJ^Q-S^J^) The head man of a village. T^^) Gayawal, Mar. (JIMI^Idb) A Brahman of a
Gavariga, Karn. (XaO^A) A basketmaker. class or tribe which claims the privilege of conducting

Gavya, Tel. (ASg) A kaunri shell, used as money. the ceremonies of the pilgrimage at Gaya, and receiving

Gawah, H. (p. !sIjS) a witness, an evidence. fees for the same. They also officiate as collectors and
Gatvdhdn-chashm-didah, H. P. (from *«*»-, the eye, and conductors of pilgrims to the city of Gaya.

XJ»j;J, having seen) Eye-witnesses. Gayra, or Gaira, Mar. (from iTni, a cow) A cowherd.

Gawdhdn-sqmdi, H. P. (from A. ^*m, hearing) Hearsay Gdyrdn, or Gairdn, Mar. (ttRTI^) Open pasture-ground, a
witnesses, persons speaking from what they have been common ; loosely applied to all lands unsuited for cultivation.

told. Gaz, Guz, vernacularly, Gaj, or GuJ, H. (P.JS ) A measure

GawdM, H. P. (^s'ji) Evidence, testimony. of length, a yard. In the reign of Akbar there pre-

Gwdhi, Mar. (t^I^) Evidence: a witness ; in the latter vailed a great number of measures of this denomination,

also Grvdhiddr. varying in length from 18 to 58 inches ; tO' correct

Gawali, Mar. (n^S^j The caste of cowherds, or an in- which disorder, they were all abrogated, and a standard
dividual of it. gaz established in their stead, termed the Ildhi-gaz. The
GawaJrvddd, Mar. (JNcb^ilST) The part of a town or vil- actual value of this measure was made the subject of
lage inhabited by the caste of cowherds. many inquiries and experiments upon the institution of
Gawandi, Gawandya, Mar. (iT^, n^35iT) A bricklayer. the great revenue survey of the western provinces, when
Gawat, or Gay AT, Mar. (n^it) Grass. it was found to be the basis of all the records of land

Gamatkattai, Mar. i'^V^T(, grass, and oF^^, cutting) A cess measurements in that part of India : as no standard
formerly imposed on villages in lieu of grass for the go- had been preserved, a fixed object of comparison could

vernment stables, or the grass so furnished ; the wages not be procured, and the different reports and measure-
of labourers employed in cutting grass for the public ments made it vary from 29 to 35 inches, and as the ma-
stables ;
grass-cutting in general. jority of actual measures of land made it 33 inches, that

Gawhala, Mar. (nS|35T, from "n^, wheat) Fitted for wheat was assumed as the fixed standard value, and it con-

(soil, &c.). stitutes the basis of the survey measurements. In trade,

Gamhdl, or Garvhdli, Mar. (Jl^lcb, -3^) Wheat grounds, a greater latitude prevails, and the cloth merchant, in

fields, &c., suited for wheat crops. particular, has a gaz of his own, equal to two hats, or

Gawi, Mar. (JT^'f) A combination among the villagers to cubits, or an English yard.
reject the government terms of the assessment, or to resist Gazar, H. (P. ijli) A washerman by caste as well as oc-

any orders of a public officer. cupation.

GayIl, Mar. (ip^T^) Neglected, left uncultivated, as land. Gdzar-mahdl, H. A tax formerly levied on washermen in

Emigrated, as cultivators. Bengal.

171
 GED GHA
Gedata, Karn. ("A?c33eo) Ploughing or tillage. called Ghadir-khum, a watering-place for caravans half

Gedara, Kam. ("???^3^) A ploughed field. way between Makka and Medina.
Gehun, Gehoon, H. (p. ^^y^^ Wheat, which is exten- Ghaeja, (?) Guz. The village barber and barber-surgeon.
sively cultivated in the upper provinces. Several kinds, Ghafil, H. (a. (Ji^) Careless, negligent.

but resolvable in native opinion, into two families, red Ghajlat, H. (A. ij>J>a*) Carelessness, negligence, in-

and white, are grown : there is also a beardless species attention.

similarly divisible. GhaI, or Ghye, H. (jJ.^s) Ground cleaned and raised, on

Geli, Tel. (~a3) a heap of salt. which to raise a stack of straw, or pile of grain.

Genja, Ben. (i''t°^) The tops of hemp, used to make an Ghaib, vernacularly Gaib, (the aspirate being rejected and

intoxicating beverage. See Gdnja. g substituted for the A. gh^ H. (A. (w-^, ^) Hidden,

Gentoo, (derived from the Portuguese Gentio, a Gentile or concealed, missing, lost.

heathen,) A Hindu, a native of India. Ghaibat, or Gaibatu, Tel. („ A£Je30) Lost, missing ; ex-

Genu, Kam. ("A^OJ) A span from the top of the thumb tra (as collections); distant (as an outstation).

to that of the little finger. Ghaibat-i-muni.atad, A. (jlaiixo u:,.wiac) In Moham-

Geru, H. (}jp) Soil of a red colour, red ochre, or ochreous madan law, remote distance. The absence of a husband

clay. at such a distance as renders the acts of his wife, with

Gerdmdti, Hindi (»T^WT3^) Loam of fine clay. regard to his property, valid.

Gekwa, Mar. (nt^l, from j^, red clay) Blight, turning the Ghains, Thug. Uproar, confusion.

crop of a brickdust red colour. (The word appears to be Ghair, when adopted in the Hindu dialects, Gair or Gar,
the same as the Hindustani Girwi, q. v., which is applied H. (A. jMi) Gairah, Hindi (ntl) Mar. (^t) Tel.

in the north-west provinces to the insect causing the disease (3.^) Ben. (ffS) Guz. (^^) Different, other, vrithout;

or blight). used as a particle to imply the absence or want of a

Gesta, Kam. (J^^'S^, from Grihastha) A householder. thing.

Ghabar, Mar. (tJ^'S) A lucky conjunction of the planets. 'Gar-dbdd, Ben. ('tStTtlf) Devoid of cultivation; land
Ghabdrmdp, Mar. (trt^ITi) A weight or measure rather cultivable, but neglected.

in excess of the market one. Gairddd, Tel. (2.°""") Uncultivated, waste.

Ghabn-i-fahish, a. (ji^ie^li j^yx) Shamefully fi-audulent Gairdddsthalamu, Tel. ('^6'TS°?6t)S:o) Waste land.

applied, in Mohammadan law especially, to the sale of Ghair-band-0-bast, H. (ci^^ujj j AJu^ji;) Unsettled; applied

property for a price grossly inadequate to its value ; also to lands not included in the revenue assessment
termed Nuksdn-i-fdhish. (From ^^Ji, fraud, or ^jtaaJ, Gair-dasta, or -dasti. Mar. (^^^, -^^) Exempt firom

loss, and |ii.»-ls, shameful). government imposts (fields, &c.).

Ghadi, or Ghari, Mar. ('mTt) A Sudra attendant in a Ghair-hdzir, H. (jj[=-jj^) Gair-hdjir, Mar. (ntltfsn)
village temple. Absent, not in attendance.

Ghadsi, or Gharsi, or Ghurseb, incorrectly, Gursee, Mar. Ghair-hdziri, H. Gair-hdjiri, Mar. Absence, being away

(mS+iI) a caste, or person belonging to it, by calling especially when called for, as in court.

vagrant or village pipers and drummers. They are said Garjabd, Ben. ("^fa^f^, for A. kj-a^c, ghair-zabt) Omitted,
to be descended from the aboriginal inhabitants of the excepted ; applied to lands in Sylhet not included in any

great forest of the south, the Dandakaranya. measurement, and consequently unassessed.

Ghadi R, A. (^,J»i) A festival observed by the Shias of Ghair-jamd, H. («>».*-^ac) Not paying revenue, rent-free.

India on the 18th of Zilhaja, when three images of dough Gairhi-kharch, Hindi (^T?'i''3'C^) Expenses of various
filled with honey are made to represent Abu-bakr, Omar, kinds incurred by a village, or on account of establish-
and Othman, which are stuck with knives, and the honey ments and collections.

is sipped, as typical of the blood of the usurping khalifs. Ghair-kabul, H. (Jyj^jfi) Gar-kabul, Ben. (ilsi<P^)
The festival is named from ghadir, a pool ; Mohammad, Denying, not admitting or confessing, not agreeing to.

it is said, having declared Ali his successor at a place Gair-kharck, Mar. (^T;^'t) Extra or miscellaneous expenses.
172
 GHA GHA
Ghair-khird), H. (-.l^»-.jji) Not paying tribute or revenue, GiiALLA, H. (a. ildi) Grain, corn ; it is sometimes used to

rent-free lands, &c. denote money.

Ghair-mahdi, H. {^jSyoJ^) A sect of Mohammadans Ghalla-farosh, H. A corn or grain seller.

who deny the re-appearance of the 12th Imam, or the Ghalla-mislat, A. (idjUidi) The proportion of the pro-

Imam Mahdi. duce of the labour of a licensed slave which has been

Gair-marang, Hindi (^IStT) Low river lands based on reserved for the master.

sand, and unable to support vegetation in the dry months Ghameta, (?) A subdivision of the Kurmi tribe in Bahar.

(Puraniya). Ghamus, a. (i^j^ytJ-) Mysterious: in law. Perjury.

Ghair-mankula, H. (/^jix^jXi.) Immoveable or real pro- Ghana, Ben. (^) Struck, as a rupee ; but applied only to

perty, property other than personal ;

{mankul) rupees of native coinage.

Ghair-mashruf, H. {IsjJL^fXi.) Unconditional ; applied Ghana, Mar. (ws) A sledge-hammer.

to grants of land, &c., without any stipulations of service, Ghana, Ghuna, H. (U^) A preserve for game.

or the like, being attached to them. Ghana, GhIni, H. (lil^, ti'^) A sugar-cane press. Mar.

Ghair-mauruxi, H. (^^jycjjJ:) Not holding by hereditary (^TJIIt) An oil-mill : (see the next).

descent; a tenant or farmer ; not inherited ; acquired. Ghana, GhIni, Mar. ('IIHUI, TTTJlft) The quantity of material

Gkair-mazrud, H. (A. ^lUj,j.«jAi) Uncultivated land. put into a mill at once, or of cane into the sugar-mill,

Gkair-mdzun, A. (^.i3Le,j-c) An absolute slave, one not rice into the mortar, or of any thing to be pounded or

allowed to do any work on his own account (Moham- triturated into the triturating machine. A heap of grain

madan law). which, at the Makara Sankrdnii, or sun's entrance into

Ghair-mumMn, H. (A. ^^^Ck^i) Barren, waste ; land not Capricorn, the mistress of a house places on a mortar to

capable of cultivation : (from ghair, not, and mumkin, be given to a Brahman.

possible). Ghanchi, Guz. (m*M,l) An oil maker, an oil dealer, one

Ghair-mustabin, A. (^J^^JuMJ^s) A totally irregular and who expresses it or sells it.

invalid deed (Mohammadan law). Ghancho, Guz. (£ll*Hl) A man of a caste whose occu-

Gair-panchdki, (?) Lands formerly held in Cuttack, which pation is mat-malcing.

vfere exempt from any taxes but those specified in the Grand, H. (iXi^) A branch of the Jat tribe.

deed of grant. Ghanghas, H. (, ».>^^p) A branch of the Jat tribe.

Ghair-sdl, H. (A. JLi^i) Of a different year ; applied Ghani, Ben. (^Ttf^) An oil mill.

to coins or currency, implying also their being base or Ghdni-gdchh, Ben. (^Ttf^ffff) The hollow trunk of a
adulterated. tree forming part of an oil mill which receives the seed,

Ghair-sanadi, corruptly, Ghir-sundee, H. (^SJlmijXc-j Extra, and having a hole through which the oil issues.

extraordinary, contingent, not included in the sanad or Ghani, A. (^^) A rich person: in law, one not poor

grant. enough to be entitled to alms.

Gkair-sarsari, HJ^^jmmjXc.) Regular or legal proceedings. Ghanta, S. &c., in some dialects, Ganta, i^Zy A bell,

Ghair-silsila, H. (A. AmImjSs.) Irregular, summary ; ap- a plate of metal on which the hours are struck ; an hour.
plied to judicial proceedings. Ghah, Ghuh, H., Ben., Mar., &c. (^jS, Tra, Tj^) A house,

Ghair-vekenni, or, -valdni, corruptly, Guire-vekenny, or a dwelling, a habitation : a family, the people of the house.

-valauny, (?) Resumption of an allowance of land given Gharbaitjid, Mar. (^^) Whilst staying at home; said

up to the Ryots, being the tenth of a higha. — Gl. 5th Rep. of work or business done at home ; without employment

(The first word is no doubt intended for ghair, the others or service abroad.

must be blunders). Ghar-bandi, H. &c. (^^iXJjj^) A slave born in the house.

Gair-wdkd, Mar. (^T^oBt) Misrepresentation, a false state- Gharbdr, H. (j^j^) Household concerns.
ment Gharhdri, H. {^_sj[>j(>) A householder, the head of a

Ghait, Ben. ('^it^**) Fault, crime, misdemeanor. house.

GhAh-pattutjI, Tel. (^J^SSjSoS) Winnowing. Ghar-bdri, Mar. (Tn;^T3^) Rent of houses without owners,

173 2 T
 GHA GHA
levied in some towns by the former govenment. Uriyai GhahAb, commonly Grab, A. ((-rjj;^) Gurab, Mar. (»TTn)
(QQQI^) a dwelling-house. See Gharwa/ri. A vessel of a peculiar build used on the Malabar coast

Ghar-bhdda, or -hhdrd, H. (Itil^^) Ghar-bhaden, Mar. and in the Arabian gulf.

(^ft^Tf^) House-rent. Gharami, Ben. (^HTHft, from ^TJT, a house) A man whose

Ghar-hharani, Mar. ('^T^TOift) Ceremonies observed on business it is to construct the mat houses of the poorer

talcing possession of a new house, house-warming. natives, or roof them with thatch. A thatcher.

Ghar-chdr, or Ghardchdr, Mar. (^^TT, ^tT^O The GHARANi, Mar. (iR^lft) Document kept by the Kulkami in

rules or customs of a household or family. account with the several families of a village.

Ghar-ddr, Mar. (*)<i;K) A family, a household. Ghabar, H. (;^) The dry Moth plant, given as fodder

Ghar-dene, Mar. (tsR^^) House tax. to cattle.

Ghar-dwdri, corruptly, Ghur-dewary, H. (t-^'j^^ j^) House Gharene, Guz. (&l^Ui) Mortgaged, pledged.

tax: also an illegal cess upon shopkeepers and house- Gharendun-khat, Guz. (fcl^Uil® "let) A mortgage-bond,

holders. a written acknowledgment of money borrowed, or pro-

Gharganti, Mar. (lH-'HUril) Enumeration of houses in a perty mortgaged or pledged.

town or village. Gharenid, incorrectly, Gerania, Guz. (^<^l^l) Lands

Ghar-jamd, (?) corruptly, Ghur-jummah, Mar, (xniSTin) held in mortgage or pledge.

House tax. Gharerii-d-naharid, Guz. (ein(.Un.a'll^%^''Hl) Private

Gharjdniai, Mar. (m.all=l|^) One who with his wife lives lands in mortgage.

in the house of his father-in-law, and

. manages his affairs. Gharenidsaldmid, Guz. (SU^U'la^ll^'Srll'^ft^^l) Mort-
Gharkari, Mar. (^^oir^) The master of a house, the head gaged lands paying a quit-rent

of the family. Ghari, Ghuree, inaccurately, Ghurree, H. (i^^) Ghari

Gharpatti, Mar. (tjttJ^) House tax; levy or collection or Ghati, Ben. (^T^, 't5*t) Ghari and Ghati, Mar.
per house, from which Brahman village officers were iriri. trfi) Ghadi or Ghalige, Karn. i^^, ^V"??)
exempted. Ghatika, Tel. (s^^S') A measure of time, a term of

Gharsabil, H. ((Jjawj^s) Advances to peasants to enable twenty-four minutes, being one sixtieth part of a day and

them to build their cottages. night: in common use it has also come to signify an

Gharsdrd, Mar. (TlT;itfRT) House tax. English hour. Any instrument for computing and an-

Gharti, or Ghartis, Mar. (TRTt, '^TTt^) Relating to nouncing time ; originally the Hindu clepsydra and the

each house severally, per house, as contributions, charges, brass plate or gong on which the hours were struck, but

taxes, &c. latterly the English watch or clock. The term, in its

Ghariip, Mar. ('^TTI'T) The numbering of the houses in signification of an hour of twenty-four minutes, was ap-

a village or town ; the list so taken. plied also, in the Delhi district, to one mode of dis-

Gkarrvan, Mar. (n<5i<u) House tax. tributing the assessment of a village : each cultivator

Gharredri, Mar. (tR^T^) An inclosure in which is a being charged one sixtieth of the whole for each ghari

dwelling-house. See Gharbdri. in the day during which he had drawn water for the

Ghah, Ghah, H. (j\4> orj\4, from H. ibji, S. ir#, a cavity) irrigation of his lands from the royal canal. It also de-

Clay soil in low situations where rain lies for a long time notes the subdivision of a village in the Dehli district,

land that has been worn away by running water ; a sub- ,

as, Khandigaon, which is divided into 144 langris, and

division of Matiar soil ; a name given in the north-west each langri into eight gharis. The vernacular terms are

provinces to strips of land lying along the banks of the derived from the S., in which ghati is the timepiece, and

Jamua, or, in the Agra districts, to the tract intermediate ghatikd the hour which it marks ; but in use both mean-
between that and the more northern portion. ings are commonly attached to the same word.
Ghab, H. (a. jlc ) A cave, a pit, a ravine. Gharidl, H. &c. ij\i^) Gharyal, Mar. (traiTc!) The
Qhaka, H. Oj^, S. Tit) An earthen water-pot or jar. plate or gong on which the hours are struck with a

Ghaea, Uriya (QQ) A column (in a book or account). wooden mallet.

174
 GHA GHA
Gharidld, or Ghariali, H. &c. (Ulj.^, jJ^Vj^^ Gharydl- Ghasidrd, H. (1,U*«,^) A grass-cutter. See Ghds-hdtd,

chi. Mar. (tran^^) The gong striker, the bellman. Ghds-kar, -kur, Ben. (^TtT^^) A tax on grass or

GhAki, GhIdi, Mar. (tn'a't) A Sudra attendant on a temple, forage.

corresponding with a Gnrav. Ghds-hdtd, corruptly, Gras-kut, H.,Ben. (tlilwl^, <iifl<*l&1)

Ghaeib, H. (a. t«^ji) Strange, foreign ; poor, distressed, A man whose business it is ta cut fresh grass daily for

helpless. the horses of his employer.

Gharib-parmar, or Gharih-namdz, H. (from P. .j^, who Ghds-kdtani, corruptly, Ghas-huttanee, Mar. (Tn*ic«i««ul)
protects, or ;l
J who
, is kind to) Cherlsher of the poor Cutting grass, a fee or tax for cutting grass on govern-

an expression commonly addressed to a superior, or to a ment land.

European functionary, by natives of inferior rank, espe- Ghdsud-bhum.i, Uriya (CI|Siei|Sl,fl) Pasture land.

cially if supplicants or suitors. Ghasb or Ghazab, Ghusb, Ghuzb, A. (^».^. tf , C-,^. ^ .)

Gharim, a. ((»;'>c) a debtor, so helpless as to be a proper Violence, oppression, seizing any thing by force. In

object of zikdt or alms. Moharamadan law, forcible or unauthorised possession and

Gharki, Ghuhkee, H. (A. iJjS.) Overflowed, inundated. use of property belonging to another.

Gharphant, also written Gurphant, (?) H. (ui^Ljjj^i) Ghat, corruptly. Ghaut, or Gaut, H. (liLjtgS) Ben. (^t&)

An arrangement made by the manager of an estate, or by Mar. (titT, from the S. TJj) which the Tel. and Karn. adhere
the shareholders themselves, for the payment of the govern- to (^|oS>3, ^eJW, ^^) A landing-place, steps

ment revenue by each village, when more than one is on the bank of a river, a quay, a wharf where customs

included in the lease (Kamaon). are commonly levied. A pass through the mountains : the

Gharsi, Mar. (niljl) A man of a particular caste, or the mountains themselves, especially applied to the eastern

caste itself: the members are musicians and singers. and western ranges of the south of India ; or, in the

Gharsu BHtjMl, (?) Tel. A strong red soil (Warangal). Maratha country, to the Sahyddri range, and to the Des,
Gharta, or Gharti, Mar. ('mZT, VWT) A large hand- or tract above.

mill. Ghdtdni, H. (<Jijl^) A toll levied on crossing rivers or

Gharti-bhar-sdrd, Mar. (?) A tax formerly levied by the hill passes.

Maratha government on millstones. Ghdt-bdri, H. ((jSjyjl^) Lands attached to a ferry. Duty

Gharti-khofi, Mar. (VT^f^lrTt) A contract or farm of or toll levied at landing-places upon the boats that come
the exclusive privilege of grinding corn. to at them.

Gharwa, Hindi ('^R^) Gleanings from the threshing-floor Ghd{-bandi,M.aT. (Mli«)''3[^) Blocking up a pass over a hill.

fallen amidst rubbish and dirt, the perquisite of the Toll or tax levied on passengers for keeping a pass or

lowest castes. landing-place in repair.

Ghas, Mar. ('^ra) Loss in trade, loss in drying, leakage, &c. Ghdti, or Ghdtid, Uriya, A watchman, a police or re-

Ghas, H. B. (i^^S' ^^) Ghans, Dakh. (^jj[p) also either venue officer, especially one in charge of passes or land-

Ghas, or Ghans, Mar. {^^1'^, '5TTr) Grass, meadow grass, ing-places. Mar. (^n^) Of or belonging to the country

hay, forage. In Mar. it also implies a mouthful, or a above the Sahyddri range (products) : when the people

quantity equivalent, (more correctly, Grds, q. v.) ; also the are meant, the term is Ghdt.nal (in7^35).

quantity of grain put into a mill at once, and the grain Ghdtiyd,Ghdtyd,ll. &c. (Uil«^, tnftilT, IIT^) A Brah-
which falls into the hollow and remains unground. man who attends where pilgrims bathe, as at Benares, to

Ghds-berd-mahdl, Ben. (5rf5T4<i«lv^t^) Land inclosed or take care of their clothes, and supply sandal, flowers, &c.,

set apart for pasturage, meadow lands. for certain fees, which he exacts as a right, denouncing
Ghds-ddnd, Mar. (llHlf^TTm) A military contribution ; grass imprecations on any who resist his exactions : these people

and grain for the horses, or a contribution in lieu of it sometimes repair to a distance to escort pilgrims to their

Ghds-gahdniya, Mar. (?) corruptly, Ghas-g'renia, A mort- places of ablution.

gage with possession, under which the produce of the Ghdtmdnjhi, H., Ben. ( js''UjI^) A ferryman ; applied

land is taken instead of interest See Gahdn- also to a man who regulates the hire of boats, supplies

175
 GHA GHE
boats, provides crews, and generally superintends, more UX^ , to abate) Deficiency, decrease, lightness in weight,

by usurpation than by authority, the details of a landing- fall in price or value.

place on the river. Ghat, H., Ben. (S. c:j\^, ^Tf^s) A blow, a wound, striking,

Ghdtmdrd, H., Ben. ( I^UJl^) Smuggling ; a smuggler, killing ; what is struck or hurt.

one who evades the tolls at landing-places. Ghdtaka, H., Ben. (^.^J^s, «iI«<f) A murderer, one who

Ghdf.pdndyd, Mar. ('9T3^iSp) An officer presiding over wounds or kills.

landing-places. Ghdta-chandra, Ghdta-tithi, Mar. (from "^5, the moon,

Ghdt-rakhwdli, Mar. (l|lil.<s(^5^) A guard at a pass in or frivfl, a lunar day) An inauspicious day.

the hills. Ghat A, Ben. (^Sl) A crowd, a procession.

Ghatti, Ben. (^§^ ) A private wharf or steps to the river. Ghataka, Ben., Mar. ('*l75|i) A person who negociates

Ghattighoshand, Ben. (^Sti^Tt^) Proclaiming news, marriages between families, especially in Bengal; also,

making any thing public. a manager, or leading man in general.

Ghdt-thikdddr, H. (jlt>Kj.^tr->l^) The farmer or con- Ghati, Ben. (W^) A clock. The native clock is a brass
tractor for a ferry. plate, or gong, on which the hour is struck with a

Ghdtmal, or Ghdtwdld, H. (J|yl^, Jl'yl^^) A ferryman, wooden mallet. See Ghari.

a person in charge of a landing-place, or a mountain pass. Ghatikd, Ben. (S. klPB*!) Ghatakd, Mar. (ttJcFT) An
A member of a class of landholders in Birbhum, holding hour, properly of 24 minutes : the little metal vessel, by

lands under a peculiar tenure : (see the next). It is also the sinking of which in water the hour is measured. See

read with the short vowel, Ghatwdr or Ghatwdl. Ghari.

Ghdtwdli, Ghdfmdli-mahdl, or Ghatmdli-zamin, H. (from Ghayi, or Ghai, Tel. {%^>3^0Xn>) An embankment to con-

J'jr«, places, or i^^^) land) Lands granted either rent- fine water, a reservoir.

free or at a low rate of assessment to public ferrymen, Ghazi, a. (ufjLc) A champion, a hero ; especially one who
or to officers guarding passes in the hills. In Birbhum fights against infidels.

the lands were granted at a fixed rate of assessment in Ghazi-midn, H. ( ^J^ lS)^ ) A saint held in high repute
perpetuity to the holders and their descendants, as long in Hindustan, in whose honour an annual festival is

as the revenue is paid, although apparently no longer celebrated in most large towns, but particularly at Barech,

connected with the performance of any particular duty. in the month of Jeth. It is commonly called the Shadi,

Reg. xxix. 1814. or marriage of the saint, in allusion, according to one

Ghatrvan, (?) Ben. A man of a low caste, frequently a tradition, to his having suffered martyrdom on the eve of
predial slave, in Ramgarh. his nuptials. The origin of the festival, which is equally

Ghat, Ghut, H., Ben., &c. (iJL^, from the S. Gi-iata, Tfz) popular vifith Hindus and Mohammadans, is, however,

A water-pot or jar, representing, on some occasions, the doubtful, and much uncertainty prevails regarding the

goddess Durga. person of the saint. The most particular accounts make
Ghatapujd, S. (lUTtRn) Worship of the water-jar as him a nephew of Mahmud of Ghazni, born at Ajmer,

Durga. See Ghatasthdpana. and killed in battle with the Hindus at Barech, after

Ghataspkota, Mar. (*li**jil4, from the S. Sphota, a Mahmud's death.

breaking) Ceremony of the ejection of a person from his GhegarA, or GheghahI, Ghequra, Gheghura, H.

caste, or of the repudiation of a wife ; typically expressed (j^A^, Sj^^j^) The unripe pod of gram. The unripe

by the actual breaking of a pitcher on the occasion. bole of cotton before it bursts.

Ghatasthdpana, S. (from WI'^'T, placing) The ceremony Ghelauni, H. ((jjSU^i) An addition to an article sold in

of placing a water pot as a type or receptacle of Durga, favour of the purchaser. An additional per centage of

who, after certain invocations, is supposed to be present an article counted, as, 110 hamhus, or 120 mangoes, rated

in it, and to receive the worship addressed to her. It as 100 only.

is one of the essential ceremonies of the Durgi-Puja. Ghenai, Thug. Fetters.

Ghat, Ghati, or Ghatti, H. (.^Jl^4, ^J^> from the v. Ghenedene, Mar. (^^5$, from ^, to take, and ^^,to
176
 GHE GHU
give) Borrowing and lending, dealing with, traffic, mer- Ghorcharha, H. (from Ghora andcharhnd, ^j»-, to mount)
cantile intercourse. Ghordchara, Ben. (i^t^c>«l) A rider, a horseman: a

Ghetddetd, Mar. (xnTI^WT) A regular customer, one who subdivision of the Kurmi or Kumbi tribe, which is exten-

punctually pays what he owes. sively spread throughout India, and follows principally

Ghetdndetdn, Mar. (^TTT^ilT) On the conclusion of a agricultural occupations.

bargain. Ghore-khdd, Mar. (tfli^T^) Grazing or pasturing of horses.

Ghepodepo, Mar. (Tftft^ilt) Money lending without in- Ghore-rdut, Ghore-srvdr, Mar. (i^d^T3iri, ^ft^^t) A trooper,
terest, unprofitable or troublesome lending and taking back. a horse-soldier.

Ohewddewa, or -wi, Mar. (^^t^^) Traffic, dealing with, Ghorevdt, Mar. ( iTl^tjTZ) A horse-path; especially a

borrowing and lending, &c. practicable path for horses over hilly ground.

Ghenti, H. ( JLaj.jS) The unripe pod of gram and other Ghosh, corruptly, Ghose, Ben. (i^Tt^, from S. "tra, to cry)

kinds of pulse. The name of a division of the writer caste, and com-
Gher, or GherI, H. &c. (;A^ from Gherna, , to surround) monly used as their family name, as, Chandra-ghose
Enclosing, surrounding ; an enclosure, a fence, a bound- also the name of a tribe of herdsmen in Bengal. A
hedge. station of cowherds.

Ghehua, (?) H. A mortgagee holding land in possession as Ghoshand, Ben. (S. 4=t||«l»(l) A proclamation.

security, and in payment of the interest. See Giro. Ghosi, Ghosee, H. (S. j*i»^) A herdsman, a milkman

Ghewari, Mar. (^^TTft) A retail dealer, a huckster; in also, in the north-west provinces, a class of milkmen, who,

some places limited to one who buys and retails garden although said to be descended from the Ahirs, are now
produce. mostly Mohammadans.
Ghi, Ghee, H. &c. (^, from S. '^h) Ben. Ghi, (f^) Ghotakhor, Hindi ( Vlilsfrt, from xhz, a gulp, and P. ^T,
Ghi, Mar. ('^) Clarified or oiled butter ; butter boiled who swallows) A diver : in some villages in the western

and then set to cool, when it remains in a semi-liquid Maratha states a diver forms one of the servants, and is

or oily state, and is used in cooking, or is drank by the employed in recovering articles dropped in tanks and wells.

natives : (the primitive Ghrita is also current in most Ghoti, H. (ti^j) Land which has been under a rice crop.

dialects). Ghugri, Mar. (^H^) Grain boiled in the husk. Grain

Ghi-guttd, corruptly, Gheecottah, or Gheegootah, Mar. presented to the head of the village, or the government

(^n^) The exclusive right of the renter of a village officers, on the ripening of the crop : a cess formerly im-
to the buying and selling of ghi in retail. posed in its stead.

GhisAri, Mar. (ftreT3?t) A low caste, or individual of it, GhulIm, in some dialects, GulXm, corrupted in pronoun-

whose occupation is manufacturing common iron utensils. cing to Gulap and Gulab, H. (A. aIc) Gulamu, Tel.

Ghoila, Thug. Copper coin, pice. (KdO~°o^X)) a youth, a servant, a slave.

Ghol, Ben. ((C^Tt^) Butter milk. Gh^mao, Ghoomao, H. (jUj^i, lit., a turning round, from

Ghol, Mar. ( 15*135) A ring, with bits of iron attached to it, Ul^p, to turn round) As much land as can be ploughed

at the end of a staff, to make a noise with to frighten in one day by a pair of bullocks.

reptiles, birds, &c. Gh0n, Ghoon, H. {^^) A weevil destructive of wood and
GHONTi, or Ghota, Mar. (xft^T, TflCT) An intoxicating grain.

potion, an infusion of the leaves of the hemp. Ghundi, H. (|_jJo4S) a herb that grows in rice fields after

Ghonghi, H. (^^^) Tying the end of a blanket in a the crop is cut : camels are fond of it, and it is u.sed in

knot, and placing it on the head, so as to keep off rain. medicine.

Wrapping oneself up in a blanket. Ghungchi, H. (,c=:^ ) The seed of the Abrus precatorius ;

Ghora, H. &c. (S. \j}P , Vt^) A horse. especially as a standard measure of weight : more usually
Ghoravira, (?) (from Ghoda, or Ghora, a horse) A tax Gunja, q. v.

paid by Rajput tribes to their chiefs in commutation of GHtJNGi, Ghoongee, H. (|_j^^) An insect destructive of

a gift of a horse. growing gram ; also Gindar.

177 2z
 GHU GIR
GnuNGHtJ, H. &c. {jjiij^, im'S) Small bells fastened round Gidddni, Kam. (^g9^) The 256th fraction of a fanam,

the ancles or wrists of women, sometimes worn on the or a rupee.

toes, especially of dancing girls. GippANGi, Tel. Karn (^§0^) A shop, a storehouse, a

GhiJnt, Ghoont, H. (u>Jj^) Rent from lands granted as granary, a jail.

, endowments of religious establishments (Kamaon). GiDiA, Geedeea, H. (bJ^J^) A class of vagrants and
Ghur, Ghooh, H. {j^, ^t;) The soil of the sandy ridge thieves in Upper India.

east of MuzafFarnagar. Gidna, Karn. i"^^^) A measure of grain, equal to four

Ghura, H. \\\^j Soil, manure. Solige, q. v.

Ghurab, Mar. (ti^T^, A. S-jj^i ) A kind of vessel, a sloop Gila, H. («1/) GillA, Mar. (fn^, both from the P. ^)
with long projecting bows, used on the Malabar coast. A complaint, a remonstrance, abuse, reproach.

Ghurat, Ghoorut, H. (ciJ;^) Cattle pens (Eastern Oudh).- GiLANDAZi, H. (.^j\sJ)S, from Ji, clay, earth, and ijfj^'J^',

Ghuh-barAr, Ghoor-burar, H. {.j^j>j^4) Dues levied on throwing) An embankment : charge for making and repair-

every sharer and under-tenant, in proportion to the ex- ing embankments, allowed formerly in the village accounts.
penses of the village for the year: from H. Ghijra, a GiM, Thug. Search after Thugs: also theft.

dunghill or sweepings, all miscellaneous charges being GiMWA, or GiMHWA, Mar. (DlHHr, Dl*^=)l. from ifN, or
heaped together (Bundelkhand). »ft»?, vernacular of S. xff^, the hot season) Grain raised
Ghurrah, or Ghurrat, incorrectly, Ghorra, A. (»;c) in the hot season by irrigation.

A fine of 500 dirms, being the value of a male or female Gimrvas, Mar. (fJWcjjj) A field prepared for the growth of

slave of that price, to whom also the term is applied grain in the hot season by irrigating; the grain so
(Mohammadan law). • raised.

Ghurrat, H. (A. 3^, whiteness, &c.) The first day of GiNDAR, H. (jAii) An insect very destructive of growing

the moon's age. pulse : also Ohungi.

Ghus, H. {^^y$) Ghush, Ben. (^^) A bribe. GiNDURi, H. ( ^jiiJi) A circular twist of straw or grass

Ghusl, H. &c. ((Jmjhc) Bathing, ablution; especially the to support a vessel with a round bottom.

ablutions of the Mohammadans. GiNNA, Karn. (^oe3) Cheese.

Gfhassdl, H. &c. ( JImj.*) A bather, an attendant on a bath ;
Gimiagadde, Karn. (^0£3Ag) A cheese.

but applied more especially to one who washes the dead. GiNTi, Karn. (^O^) Double-thread texture.

Ghusrand, H. (tSJK«»*^) A creeping grass with a yellow Gintadavalli, Karn. {"hot^O^V^) A single cotton cloth

flower, bearing a bitter fruit ; used as a condiment for woven with double threads.

horses, but considered poisonous to men. Gintaddbatte, Karn. (^06jO£De^) A double cloth woven

GiIrwan, Giarwi'n, Dakhini H. (^J'J^, ^j^jj^i for with double threads.

Igarah) Eleventh. The eleventh of Rabi-us-sani, a day GiNTi, H. ((_?A^, from S. T(ts, to count) Number, reckoning :

dedicated to the homage of Pir-i-Dastagir, a Moham- the first day of the month : a specimen, a muster.

madan saint in the south of India. GirI, Mar. (fW^T) A measure of length, a Tasu and a half,

GicHuvALi, Kam. (^^SirOS^) Farming, agriculture. or one-fourteenth or one-sixteenth of a gaz, q. v.

GiDA, Thug. Impure, unclean ; a man of a very low caste. GiRAKALU, Karn. (^oa~9ew) One-sixteenth of a rupee.

GiDAGAWAL, Tel. (^O A c)J£^) Taxes levied on forest Giran, H. (P ^J^i ) Dear : heavy.

produce. Girani, H. (^)^>) Dearness, dearth, scarcity : weight.

GiDARMAR, H. (lUjJ'W, lit., jackal-killer) A vagrant and GiRAsi, GiRASi, Mar. (flTI^t -IH^) A caste, or individual

thief in Upper India. of it, living by piracy &c.

GiDDA, GiDDE, Tel. (^P, ^^) The smallest measure of Gird, H. (P. J^) Round, surrounding, a wall, aninclosure,

capacity in use, varying in different places, but calculated a circle, a department.

by Captain Jervis at 900 grains ^5'837 cubic inches, the Girdwdr, or Girdawar, H. (j'j'^i j}'^?^ -A- patrol, a

fourth of a Sola. watch, a guard, a superintendant or inspector of police

GiDDANA, Karn. (^grO) The fourteenth part of a maund. or customs.

178
 GIR GO
Girddmari, H. (t^j'"^) Inspection, patrolling, going the Gdbar, Gobur, H. (^/) Gowar, Mar. (iftf^) Dried cow-
rounds : looking after smugglers or contraband goods : a dung, used as fuel, or for plastering floors.

circular order. Gohardt, Ben. (i'^i<sll5) The threshold of a door, from

GiRDA, Karn. i'^^&r-) The fourth of a fanam. its being made smooth with cow-dung effused in water,

Girdana, Karn. (^Of-£3) The fourth of a Solige, a dry forming a sort of plaster.

measure, Gobari, or Gobri, H. (i^J^) Gorvari, Mar. (jft^) A piece or

Girddsaga, Karn. (^G3e~iOA) The eighth of a fanam. cake of dried cow-dung ;
paste or plaster made with it.

Gikdi-nawayA, Mar. ( Ok^I'TTT'IT, from K. Nawah, en- Gochar, Gochard, Gochardi, H. &c, (^j^y^y^'fj 'b^]/v"T ^
virons) A surrounding tract, land round any particular spot Pasture land, land kept free from cultivation as the graz-
or fort. A tax levied on villages so situated, in lieu of sup- ing ground of the village.
plies to the garrison, &c. Gocharma, Mar. (S. >ftM»^) A cow's hide, a measure of

GiRHAiK, M^r. (fin?T|o|r, from S. Tn?«ir) A purchaser, a land as much as can be comprehended by a cow's hide.

bidder. Godandd, Uriya. (GStlQClQ|) Pasture land.

GiRiFT, H. (P. Ul^J^) Capture, apprehension. Goddna, ( S. 3Ti^T«T) The gift of a cow to a Brahman, to a

Giriftdr, H. CiLXii ) A prisoner, one seized or apprehended. bridegroom, or at religious ceremonies : it is also, among the
Giriftdri, H. (P. (_f)Ui,S) Apprehension, seizure, taking Marathas, a name of the Sanskdra of shaving : see CMdd.
up, arrest. Godhul, Mar. (n^VW) lit. cow dust : hence. Evening twilight

GiRiKE, GiHUKE, Karn. (^BD, ^OOO) An instrument (from the dust raised by the cows returning from pasture).

for separating cotton from the seed. A certain division of time, thirty palas before and thirty

Giro, or Gibau, H. (P. jj/) Gibavu, Tel. O^^-^) A after sunset : it is considered an auspicious hour for mar-

pawn, a pledge, a mortgage, a contract. (The term Gher- riages.

roas, holders of lands on mortgage, Ben. Reg. ii. 1796, Gogrdsam, Tel. (^^^53;r6o) Fodder of a cow.

is no doubt intended to represent some derivative from Gohdi, H. (4_jla«S) Treading out grain by bullocks.
this word). Gohar, Gohur,Yl. (/y) Abroad pathway for cattle, the pre-

Girvi, or Girmi, or, vernacularly, Girbi, H. (<_jj/) A servation of which is considered as obligatory as that of

pledge, a mortgage ; the thing pledged or mortgaged. a boundary.

Girwiddr, H. {j]i\>^^) The holder of a pledge or mort- Gohatyd, S. &c. (jft^Tin) Killing a cow —a heinous crime.

gage. Go-in, Goeen, H. (.^^iy) A pair of plough oxen, sometimes

Girrvindma, H. (xjjjji) A deed of mortgage. called Do-gawd, also Gora.

GiRWl, H. (P. lJ}^) An insect mischievous to standing corn Gohallu, Karn. (A oVS) Cow-stone, stones set up in
see Gerrvd. Kanara for cows to rub themselves against.
Go (ift, properly the crude form of the S. noun, nom. Gau, Gokhadd, Uriya (SS11§1Q|) Damage done by stray cattle

or Gao, Tft:, in which form it is most commonly used), to the crops of the cultivators, for which an allowance is

A cow : (the word Go is also used singly in the dialects for sometimes made.
any animal of the cow kind, but its more common ap- Gokhati, Uriya, (CSIlSIEl) Fine for stray cattle.

plication is in forming derivatives and compounds). Gokul, H. ( tXji )

A herd of cattle. The country about Brin-
Gdo, H. &c. (jl^) or Gdi, Gay, Mar. (rn^, tTTO) A cow, davan, where Krishna passed his boyhood.
a bull. Gomaya, Mar. (S. jHhai) Cow-dung.

Godld, pronounced like Gwdld, Ben. (^''tt^TW) A cow- Gomedh, S. (ift^Vt) Sacrifice of a cow.

herd, one whose business or caste it is to attend cattle Gonwald, or Gonwdld, Mar. ('ft^T,'fft%I^T) A cowherd.
and sell milk, (the word, orignally Gopdla, is modified Gop, H. i^^) Gopa, S. i^^X) A cowherd, a man who
vernacularly as Gonmdla, or Hindi, Gndla, &c. q. v.). by caste breeds and attends on horned cattle, and sells

Godld-pdrd, Ben, (C'^tl^STtTftft^) A village, or part of one, their milk, butter, &c. fem. Gopi, ('tW) a woman of the
or of a town, inhabited by cow-keepers. same caste ; also Gopikd.
Gohaidya, Ben. {C^dyH) A cow doctor, a quack. Gopa- or Gopi-chandana, S. &c. (ifW'^Tnl'ri') lit., cow-
179
 GO GOJ
herds' sandal, a sort of whitish and saponaceous clay furnishes also palankin-bearers and domestic servants to

found at Dwaraka, and valued as the most appropriate Europeans and natives in BengaL
pigment with which to mark the person with the sectarial Gmdlin, or6rwato«,H.(^^l^) A female of theeowherdcaste.

insignia of the Vaishnava sects ; also called Gopa-mdti, Go-lL, H. (J!/) Unclaimed land (Dehli).
cowherds' earth. GoBBA, Thug. A circular grave.

Gopdla, H. (S. ifttn^t ) A cowherd by caste and occupation. GoBRi, H. iijjiS) A tribe in Rohilkhand, now living just

Gopandhabhiimi, Tel. (^t^O'l^ipJ'^tXi) Pasture land, or under the hills.

place where cattle go : (see the next, Pandha being the God A, Tel. (^^) Any horned cattle.

same word as the S. Fanthd). GoDAGAHA,orGoDlRi-VADU,Tel. i^&7^<i^ /r°"ZS;°5oJ'&))

Gopanth, Ben. (S. iffT^) A road or path for cattle. A shoemaker, a worker in leather, sprung from a female

Gopdshtami, S. &c. (WtTrs'ft) The eighth day of the light of the barber caste by a potter.

half of the month Kartik (Oct.-Nov.), when cattle are GodArA, H. (Uo»>) a large subdivision of the Jat tribe

fed, and decorated with garlands, in commemoration of on the borders of Harlana.

Krishna's passing his youth among the cow-pastures of GoDABi, H. ii^jtiS) A circular twist of grass or twine

Brindavan. supporting the bottom of a round vessel.

Gopmahdh H. (Jlaff*;Jy) Pasture grounds. GoDHAB, H. (JfciJji) The weeds and grasses collected from

Goraksh, or Gorahshaka, vernacularly, Gorakh, H. &c. a ploughed field by a harrow.

(from S. X^, to preserve) A cowkeeper, a cowherd. GoDi, GoDE, Karn, C^^^, z^?^) Wheat.
Goras, Gorus, H. &c. (from S. tW, juice) Milk, curds, GoDiYABHUMi, Tel. (/r°aoSj-°^5j-^So ) Stony soil.

&c., the fluid produce of a cow. GoDNA, H. (L>i>jS) GoNDNE, Mar(ift^^) Tattooing, punctur-

Gorsi, more correctly, Gorasi, H. (.^^yi from S. jftT?t, ing the skin, and rubbing it with the leaves of plants,

milk) A milkpail. yielding a dark dye chiefly produced by women. Brand-

Goru, Goroo, also Mar. Guvu, Gooroo, q. v. H. ijjy ing as a criminal punishment, (abolished Act. ii. 1849).

from S. ift) A cow, an ox. GoDOWN, Ben. Gudam, ("W^) (from the Malay Gadang,
Gorud-dhukdn, H. (^Js.li>ii i^S) Twilight, time of bring- ci\S) An outhouse, a warehouse, a place where house-
ing home the cows. hold implements or goods are kept The black hole'

Gorudri-herd, H. (j^ '-SjSjt^ Evening, time of bring- was nothing else than a Godown.
ing home cattle. GoEND, GwEND, or GwENDA, H. (iXijjS, IJojS) a suburb,

Gorukhiyd, Uriya (G^|C^§1CI„|) Damage or destruction fields near a village, a homestead or neighbourhood.

by cattle. GoGA-PiH, H, (^jOjS) a saint held in much veneration by

Gosdld, H. (S. 5nc5T> a hall) A cowhouse. the agricultural population of Dehli and the Upper Doab,

Goshtha, S. &c. (»ft^:) A station of cowherds, a cowpen, who, in the month Bhadon, present offerings at his shrine

pasture, or the like ; a herd of cattle : also, vernacularly, which is at Dudiera, 200 miles south-west of Hisar,

as in Bengali, Goth, or Gotha (iiVls). GoHANi, Hindi (jft^H^) Land near a village, well manured
Goshtdshtami, H. S. The same as Gopdshthaml, q. v. land.

Gothdn, H. (.^^{^^, from S. WH, a place) Place of as- GoHABi, H. (tjf;b)jS) Rich highly-cultivated land (Sagar).
sembling the cattle of a village. GoiNDA, commonly, Goyinda or Goyenda, H. (ssJoby,

Govd, Hindi (ifl^T) Manure, cow-dung. from P. iji^, to speak) GoendA, Ben. (f^iil'Tfl) An
Gomdri, Mar. (jft^R^) A cowherd. informer, a spy.

Gowdri, H. (^J^) A dwelling-house, a family, a cow- GoJAi, GojYEE, also Goji, and Gojari, H. (^jj*-^) Wheat
house (Dehli). and barley sown in the same field.

Gwdl, or Gwdld, also read Gual, Gooal, but less cor- GojAEA H. (x^jS) Barley and chana, or chick-pea, sown
rectly and more barbarously, Gnaller, H. ( J'ji, ^1^, S. together.

iftTIcJ) A cowherd, one whose caste it is to tend cattle, GojhA, H. (l^ji) A species of thorny grass which springs
and sell milk, butter, &c. The caste of cowherds in Orissa up during the rains.

180
 GOK GON
GoKHA, Uriya. (©S1|S1|) A caste of fishermen, or a man hers of this caste at Puna act as astrologers, agents,

of that caste. money-changers, and are held as no better than Sudras.

GoKHRUi H. (j^jS ) A herb which springs up on hhur land, GoLKAH, Karn. (X/®^0~9o) Sons of female slaves or

bearing a fruit coverered with small prickles (Tribulus bondwomen.

lanuginosus) : in seasons of dearth the poor of JIariana GoLLA, Tel. Karn. i^ ^) A shepherd, a man of a caste

feed on the pounded seed : a large kind called Gokhru Da- whose duty it is to graze sheep or cattle, sometimes em-

khini bears a fruit of a triangular shape, with prickles at the ployed as confidential servants and assistants in public

angles, and hence the same name is given to the iron crows' treasuries. Also GoUddu, Gollavfidu, plur. Golla-

feet thrown on the ground to check the advance of cavalry. vdndlu, Karn Gollar, or Gollaru.

GoL, H. &c. { Jy) A ball, a circle, any thing round, a Golla-karamu, Tel. {/T^ vto'&X)) A tax on herdsmen

mass of people, an associated body or society, a crowd, and shepherds.

a troop, a brigade, a party from a different village sojourn- Golla-palli, Karn. i^^^^^) A village of cowherds or

ing with their cattle for pasture. shepherds.

Gold, Goli, H. OS, ijy, from Gol, round) A ball, a can- Gollar-mdnyam, Karn. (^ ^^t>T^t6^0) Taxes levied

non ball ; a mode of trial by ordeal, in which the accused from shepherds.

carried a heated ball of iron in his hand for a given GoLLi, Thug. Coral.
distance, and, if his hands were unscorched, was de- GoLYA, Mar (ifr^in) A rice pounder or pestle, a man who
clared innocent. gains a living by pounding rice.

Golanddz, H. (from the P. JliiJii who throws) A native GoMA, Thug. Omen from the flight of a shrike, considered

artilleryman. good on whichever side it is observed.

GoLA, H. 0^> from Gol, round) A granary, a storeroom, GoMAJl KAPASl, Mar. (iflHnft 'cJIT^t) A fictitious name;
a place in which grain or salt is kept for a season. In sometimes inserted in accounts as the name of a revenue

Bengal it is usually a circular structure of mats or clay, defaulter for arrears for which the head of the village, or

raised two or three feet from the ground upon short revenue officer, is responsible : (from Gomd, pretended

pillars of wood or stone, and covered by a thatch. A ignorance : hdpa^d or kdpsd appears to be merely an

grain or salt store or market ; a place where it is sold unmeaning adjunct).

wholesale. A salt or saltpetre manufactory (Agra). GoNA, or GoNi, Ben., Mar., &c. (S. C^^, nt^fft) A coarse

Goldddr, H. &c. (jb^/) Golddr, Ben. ((JTtl5nft3) A sack made from the fibres of the Pat. The coarse sort

wholesale grain merchant or salt dealer, one who keeps of canvas of which it is made is commonly called Gunny
a stora see Ganni.
Goldkhati, Uriya (GSt|R.|§lS ) Depot for salt after weighing. Gonapat, or Gonapdt, or Gonatdt, Mar. (sfrtDtiJ?, or -XtT7,

Goldpaharu, Uriya (GSIICllO^G^) A watchman over a or -mz) The coarse canvas or sackcloth made from the

salt store. fibres of the Pdt (Corchorus capsularis), of which sacks

GolA, H. (ilj>) Name of an inferior caste, who are em- or bags of various sizes are fabricated.

ployed as cleaners of rice ; or of one whose business is GoNA, Thug. The hand ; also, amongst the Dakhini Thugs,
the manufacture of salt. Fine.

Gold/purah, H. (t_^jj3^) An inferior tribe of Sunadh GonagAr-aya-jodi, Karn. ("^f^'TTBcJeO&S./aa) A tax

Brahmans, who cultivate lands in the Agra district. levied on those who cut betel-nuts for the village.

GoLAKA, S. &c. (srft^eli) A son born of a widow. Among the GoNAKALLU, read also Gonikal, (?) Karn. ( A/®£3Deu )

Marathas, the term Golak is considered to apply to a A rough stone ; stony or gravelly soil.

caste supposed to be descended from the illegitimate off- Gonakalluhddi, Karn. (7t®e3^e05oc)a ) A rough road.
spring of a woman of the Brahman caste ; distinguished GoNCHli Karn. ( Aysoar) A field, especially one rented

as the Kunda-golah, ( oR^^rftoy^) the adulterous pro- by different tenants.

geny of a woman who has a husband, and Randa-golah, Gonchigdr, Karn. (TOSOSr A do) A proprietor or occu-

(^^B'ftcSoli) the illegitimate son of a widow. The mem- pant of a field.

181 3 A
 GON GOR
GoncUpatta, Karn. (TWSoar&W) A lease of fields or GoNDHA, or GoNHA, H. ( IjJOj? , Ui^) A reservoir to which
lands held jointly by several co-occupants. water is thrown up from a pond or pool below. The
Gonchdlu, Karn. ('7US)08?7)$C)) ^man set to watch a field. straw or reeds which are placed to protect the side of the
GoND, H. &c. (P. lij^) Gum ; a solution of gum used to upper reservoir. (Central and lower Doab).

fasten' the envelopes of letters. GoNi, Thug. A shoe.

Oond-ddni, H. (P. jjlj, holding) The gum-stand. GoNiAYAT, Thug. A man who has lost his hand or nose : it

Gond-kast, H. (P. c;>mo, spreading) An instrument for is unlucky to murder him.

applying the gum to envelopes. GoNTii, H. (lui^) The head man of a village, a Patel.

GoNB, H. (iJJ^) A sort of rush used in making mats and In some places the term is restricted to a Brahman hold-

baskets. ing that office.

GoND, (?) Hindi. Land immediately adjacent to a village, GOPHNA, GOPHNI, or GOPHIA, H. (Ia^^> LS-^f, Lxfy,
and, being richly manured, cultivated for vegetables and "fhRift, jflMiVl) GoPHAN, Mar. (iftiB?!!) A sling, espe-

tobacco (Bundelkhand). cially one used by persons stationed on a platform in a

GoND, corruptly, Goanb, H. (S. Jo^) The half barbarous field of corn to drive away cattle, birds, &c.

inhabitants of the eastern branches of the Vindhya moun- Gopo, Uriya. (SS|1G£I| ) The whole household : lit., cows
tains, between Bundelkhand and Berar, and subject partly and children.
to the British government, and partly to that of Nagpore, GopuRA, Mar, &c. (S. Wtl^) A gate, a town gate, but

giving its appellation to the country of Gondwana. A more especially applied in the south to the elevated and

small portion of them is found in different tracts, bearing ornamented gateway or entrance tower of a Hindu temple.
the title of Rdj-gond, who are looked upon with respect GoPYA, S. (iftni. from iTT, to preserve) To be preserved or
by the other Gonds. taken care of, as a deposit.

GoNDA, H. (IjJji) A branch of the Ahir caste. Gopyddhi, S. (jft'nnfijt) A pledge or deposit to be pre-

GoNDAN^, GoNDALA, or GoNDLi, Karn. C^o6£3;^o6'^^ served, one that is not to be made any use of while in de-

^^O^) GONDHALA, or GONDHAL, Mar. (ntV^) A posit : also Gopyahandha, &c.

tumultuous festivity in honour of the goddess Devi, cele- GoRA, H. (1;^) Fair, white, a European ; but, when ap-
brated, even in Mysore, chiefly by Maratha Brahmans, it plied to cattle, red.

beinga Maratha festival, (from the Mar. Gondhala, tumult, GoRA, or GODA, Ben. (i*^^) A foundation, a source.

bustle,) consisting of music, and dancing, and recitation Goragori, Ben. (i''1t^1I'^ttfe) From the beginning, from

of mythological stories. The word in Kanarese, spelled the origin or foundation.

with a long o (TwS^OQv ) is said also to mean a cere- GoRABA, GoRAVA, Karn. (X^i^Si, /W®5'^) A shepherd's

mony performed for the sick, on the birth of a child, priest.

at marriages, &c., when the tutelary household divinity GoHAi, Hindi (ift^^) A clan of Rajputs in the Agra
is splendidly attired, and music and dancing are performed district.

by hired musicians in the outer court. It is probably GoRAi-ZAMiN, (? zamin is Persian, and gordi may come
the same thing as the Gondhal. from gord, fair, but the compound is not met with in any

Gondhali, incorrectly Gondali, and Gondii, or Gondlee, dictionary, nor is it confirmed by any local authority)

corru.'ptly Gonedullee, Mar. (ntv^) The name of a caste, Mixed soil of sand and fine red earth, the latter pre-

or individual of it, whose business it is to sing and dance, dominating, producing all kinds of grain except wheat

and perform the Gondhal: in some places the Gondh- and rice : on the best kind, sugar-cane, chilis, and tobacco

ali is the village drummer; sometimes he is a vagrant may be raised.

musician, dancer, and tumbler, or subsists by begging. GoRANT, (?) A light soil (Bundelkhand): (probably the

GonewAb, (?) Tel. An inferior division of the Kunbi or same as the next word).

agricultural tribe in the northern Sirkars. See Goriwdr. GoRAT, Guz. (3ll^l<^) A light sandy soil ; one of the

GoNGADi, GoNGARi, Karn. (X/SoXQ) A woollen cloth or two principal kinds found in Guzerat : also termed

blanket. See Kamhal. JKarwdi

182
 GOR GOS
GoRET, or GoRAi-iT, corruptly, Gorayt, Gorayat, or Gho- GoSHTA, Mar. (iVt's) A story, an affiiir, a circumstance.

RITE, H. (cL^j^>, »f(t7, 'illC^i) A watchman, a villag^e GosHTHf, Ben. (S. i'^fl^) Goshta or Goshtx, the unas-

watchman and messenger, one whose duty it is to guard the pirated letter being substituted for the original. Mar.

village and prevent depredations on the crops, also to carry (iftw, liVg't) An assembly, a meeting, especially one held

messages for the superior village officers : he is, in most for discussion or debate. Family connexions, relations,

places in Upper India, one of the municipal establish- kindred.

ment, and is especially employed under the Patmari to Goshti-srdddh, Mar. (from S. WIT, a funeral ceremony)

call the villagers to the public office when required. An obsequial ceremony performed in words only, when
GoRGARi, H. ii^jSj^t perhaps from P.
j^f,
a grave) A circumstances prevent its actual performance.

method of deciding village boundary disputes in Chota GoSHVrlRA, H. (P. X/lj-i/, ifl^RTtr) vernacularly modified

Nagpur: two holes are dug on a spot in the contested as GoSERA, or GosvsrlRA, Goshwara, corruptly Goosh-
limits, in which the watchmen of the two contending WARAH, Mar (jft^itT, jftigRT, ift^^TO) Gosbara, or Gos-
villages are severally buried up to the waist : whichever wiRl, Ben. (iTH^rrrnDGosHUPiRA, Tel.(/^SiOo3-»ir=)
holds out longest gains the cause. GoshuAhA, Uriya (G?||€IS1|Q|) An abstract statement,

GoRHA, H. (\4^ji) Fields near a village homestead. giving the substance of different documents^ the ab-

GoRHA, or GoRHONi, Thug. Bread. stract or sum of a village or Zamindari account, shevvT

GoRHNA, Thug. To strangle. ing the total quantity of land, and its distribution, as waste,

{^^f, ^jy ''Hd'll, 'ft^'Tr) A

Goi)NA, GoRNA, H. < sort of cultivated, fallow, productive, &c., made up from the

hoe used for digging up sugar-cane, and the like. Chitthds, q. V. An index, a summary.
GoHivirAR, (?) Tel. A division of the Kunbi, or agricul- Goshmdra-kabuUat, H. (A. ui^^i', agreement) Counter-
tural caste in the northern Sirkars : {war is the vulgar part or acceptance of an abstract account.

form of vddu, an individual). Goshwdra-kul, H. (from A. ^}i, all) A complete abstract

GoRRu, Tel. i"^^^) A land measure, equal to 125 huntaf, or summary of the whole.

or 45,375 square yards, or Z\ acres : also an instrument GoswAMi, S. (ifl, sense or passion &c., ^Tift, master, one

of husbandry, used as a sort of harrow, or as a drill-plough, who restrains his passions, modified vernacularly as Gosain,
or sometimes for weeding after the grain is in stalk. GoosAiN, GosAMi, or simply Sami or Swami, Gosai, Go-
GoSAiN, H. (jj>l«« jS) A religious mendicant : see Oosmdmi. SAVI, GosAYi &c.) , A religious mendicant in general. As a
Oosain tdhi, H. (^jiS i:jJ^y) ^ '^^^^ "^ ^ quarter ana special name it is applied to very different classes of per-

per rupee on the revenue, formerly granted by a Za- sons, identified only by their professing a religious and
mindar of Birbhum to establishments of Gosains in the mendicant life. The most respectable are the reputed de-

Zamindari, and collected by them from the Ryots : as scendants spiritually of Sankara Acharya, of whom there

many disputes arose out of the arrangement, the right to are ten chief branches, and who are thence also called
levy the tax was finally restricted to the Zamindar, and the Das-ndmi, or ten-named Gosains, attaching to the

the payment of the Gosain-tdki left to his own discretion. ordinary Hindu appellation one of the terms, Tirtha,

GosANQiVADU, Tel. (^r^oJ^oS^Oo) A shoemaker, a (shrine), Asrama, (an order), Vana and Arani/a, (a wood),

worker in leather ; a low caste, whose occupation is Sa/raswati, (the goddess of eloquence). Bhdrati, (the

working in skins and leather. goddess of speech), Puri, (a city), Giri and Parvata,
GosAVi, Mar. (jfl+INl) A religious mendicant : see Goswdmi. (a hill), or Sdgara, (the ocean), as, Ananda-giri
Gosdvi-patti, Mar. (iftOT=lTMfg) A cess self imposed for- Vidydranya,Puran-gir,B,ama-dsrama. These, although

merly by the villagers to raise a fund for paying Gosains. they are occasionally vagrants, are usually assembled in

GosHA-NASHijsr, H. (^jJjiJ iMt^) A Mohammadan ascetic maths, or conventual residences, under a superior : some
or recluse, one who professes to have withdrawn from the of their establishments are liberally endowed, and of great

world ; lit., one sitting in a corner : hence, also said of a reputed sanctity, particularly that of Sringeri, in the western

woman of rank or respectability, though the term for her Ghats, near the sources of the Tungahhadrd, said to have

is more properly Parda-nashin. been founded by Sankara himself. Individuals of the

183
 GOT GRA
three pure castes are admissible, and in. some cases Sudras GoTAf, Mar. (irTiTT^) Ceremonies observed by Sudras prior
also ; but as they profess celibacy, their numbers are in to the re-admission of a man who has forfeited his caste,

part recruited by the purchase or adoption of boys at an Gotpat, or -pdt. Mar. (»ftiTOT-ijnr) A caste or family col-

early age. The Das-ndmi Oosains worship preferentially lectively. Ceremonies of receiving back a man who has

Siva, of whom Sankara is said to have been an avatdra ;

lost caste among Sudras.

but many have been distinguished as advocates of the Goth, Guz. (^IL^) Four; a private number used by mer-
Vedanta doctrines. One division of them, termed Atits, chants, &c. Gofh-padi, fourteen.
differs firom the more rigii* Dandi-gosains, in following GotAmu, Tel. (f^^S^y^) A coarse canvas or ganni bag.

secular pursuits, as traders and ministraut priests of tem- GotIrI, Hindi (jftTTtT) The rich lands immediately ad-

ples : some of them even marry and settle, when they are jacent to the village (Puraniya).

termed Samyogis, or Gharbdris. These Gosains, al- GoTBASTi, Hindi (jflT^Wft) The chief or first assemblage

though met with in Upper India, are most numerous and of houses erected on the settlement of a village : those

influential in the south. In Hindustan the name is more subsequently built form the thola or patti.

correctly applied to two different classes, both worshippers GoTRA, S. &c. (ift^) Family, lineage, relationship by
of Vishnu, the Gosains of Gokul, who are descended descent from a common ancestor of the same name. A
from Vallabha Achdrya, and, although religious characters, family, a tribe, especially applied to races of Brihmans
are allowed to marry and follow secular pursuits, and the who profess to regard some celebrated saint as their pro-

Gosains of Bengal, who are the disciples of Chaitanya, genitor or their primitive spiritual head, and whose de-

a native of Bengal, who instituted a new form of Vaish- signation they bear ; as, the Bhdradmdja-gotra, Kds-
nava worship at the end of the fifteenth century. They yapa-gotra, Sdndilya-gotra, &c. The term, at least

also marry, and, like the Gohulastha, lead domestic and In its vernacular form Got, has come to signify a sub-

respectable lives. The term is also applied loosely to division of any common tribe or caste.

mere vagrants, some of whom wandered about formerly in Gotraja, S. (ift^»l) A kinsman of the same family and
armed gangs, and levied contributions forcibly on the vil- name, the 'gentile,' in opposition to the handhu or kins-
lages, plundered them, or now, coming singly, or in small man of a different family or cognate. Adoption is pre-

bodies, extort money by inflicting disgusting tortures upon ferably enjoined in the same gotra, while marriage is

themselves : these sometimes go naked. prohibited.

Gosdimi, Mar. (jftWI^'ft) A female Gosain ; one who, Gotrahatyd, S. (^iHT, killing) Striking or killing a person

on arriving at years of discretion, adopts a life of con- of the same gotra.

tinence and mendicancy. ^

Gotra-varanam, S. (from "^JM, choosing) Ceremony of
Dauri-Gosdvi, Mar. (^K^ jfttiinl ) A class of religious repeating the genealogy of the bride and bridegroom at

vagrants, said to be disciples of Gorakhnath ; in which a marriage : (it should probably be varnanam, describing,

case they are not properly Gosains, but Jogis : they sing relating). ^

hymns in honour of Bhalrava, playing on the daura ('^), Graha, S. (^, from TT?, to take) A planet.

or a small drum shaped like an hour-glass ; whence their Grahapatra, S. (from xi^, a leaf) A horoscope, a table

name, dauri, a player on the daura. indicating the positions and aspects of the planets at any

Got, H. &c. i'^^U^, abbreviated from ift^, q. v.) A family, particular moment, as at birth, marriage, &c.

a race ; a family of Brahmans, bearing the common name Grahapujd, S. (from VSfl, worship) Worship of the

of some Rishi, their supposed progenitor, or primitive planets, to render them propitious.
spiritual head, as, Sdndilya, Kdsyapa, Bhdradwaja, &c. Grahana, S., Ben., &c. (^?!l) An eclipse. Taking, ac-
Any branch or subdivision of a tribe or caste. A caste cepting, seizing, apprehending. In the dialects more
collectively. usually Gahan.
Got, Thug. A large city. Grahia, Urlya (^^ISll) A mortgage, chiefly of lands.
GoTA, Thug. Stones, especially from graves. Gram, English. The term current for varieties of pulse,

GoTA, Hindi (iflilT) The mustard-seed crop (Puraniya). especially for native chand, the chick-pea (Acer arietlnum).
184
 GRA GRA
The word is probably of Portuguese origin, from Grao, allotting the lands amongst them according to their shares,

grain. and apportioning and collecting the revenue ; no sale of

GuIm, or Grama, S. &c, (vJH), the term occurs in all the the land can be effected without his sanction. The second
dialects, sometimes in the primitive form, but usually great class of villages, in which the proprietary right is

modified, as, GAm, GAnw, or Gaon, corruptly Gaum, vested in a certain number of individuals, who are respon-

(mi, IT^, TI^'ji ^Is" varied according to inflexion, sible for the public revenue, is the most numerous class,

as, Gramamu, Tel. (^^A^SO^X)), or to alphabetical and may once have been universal : these coparcenary te-

peculiarities, as, KibImam, (so virritten though pro- nures present many peculiarities, which it is necessary to

nounced GrAmam), Tarn. (efllTrrLQLD), GrImam, Mai. become acquainted with for each in particular, in assess-

((__C/pO(2lo) A village, literally ; but, as specifying a mu- ing the public revenue, but they may be chiefly distin-

nicipal and fiscal division, a hamlet, a township, con- guished as of three kinds : 1. Those in which the whole

sisting not only of the residences of the inhabitants, land is held and managed in common; the rents paid by

but of a tract of land around them within determinate the cultivators, whether they be the proprietors themselves

boundaries, including arable and pasture lands, wood, or tenants under the proprietors, being thrown into a com-

waste, and water. The organization of such townships mon stock, with all other profits from the estate, and,

prevails, in principle, throughout India, but varies in prac- after deducting expenses, the balance is divided amongst

tice in different parts of the country : they are, however, the proprietors, according to old and established practice:

reducible, in the first instance, to two principal classes, these are called in Hindustan Zamindari villages, as the

one of which is so far the property of one individual that occupants are termed village Zamindars, to distinguish

a single person is responsible for the revenue, and collects them from the Zamindars of Bengal, or they are termed

it from the cultivators as if from his tenants, exercising JBhayachara, or brotherhood villages. In the south of

the right to distrain their goods, or eject them altogether, India they are called Pasung-karai and Pangu-vali, or by

on failure of their paying their stipulated or customary the S. terms Samudayam or Samohi. PanguvaU and
share of the government demand, and claiming also aright Samudayam are especially applied to coparcenary tenures,

to impose upon them occasionally cesses and charges, and, in which the allotments are liable to revision and re-

in some cases, to let the lands to temporary occupants at adjustment from time to time, on the agreement of the

a stipulated rent : in the second great class the govern- occupants. 2. The more general form of coparcenary vil-

ment revenue is paid direct by a number of individuals lages is that termed in the north-west provinces, Patfiddri,

claiming proprietary rights in the village lands, paying in which the lands are divided into Pattis, or shares, and
either severally, or through a head man, who is one of held in severalty by the different proprietors, or Pattiddrs,

their own community, representing them either by here- each person managing his own lands, and paying his

ditary descent or election. Modifications of both these de- fixed share of the government revenue ; the whole being

scriptions occur : thus, of the first, in Bengal generally, jointly responsible, in the event of any one sharer failing

and in the north-west provinces occasionally, the pro- to fulfil his engagements : in the south these tenures are

prietary right is vested in one individual, either by his known as Arudi-karai, Acharidrdrham, Bliattavritti or
having been in possession of such right from the earliest Bharttmrti, Palabhogam, q. v. 3. A third form is that

recorded period, or from having acquired it by purchase known in the north-west provinces as the imperfect Pafti-

when lands have been sold for arrears of revenue : these ddri village, in which part of the land is held in common
are known as Zamindari tenures. In the south of India, and part in severalty ; the profits of the land held in com-
in the Tamil provinces, an Ekabhogam (sole enjoyment), mon being first appropriated to the government revenue

oxjjam&n {yajamana, or householder) Ordmam is usually and the village expenses, and the overplus being distributed,

the property of a single individual, either in his own or the deficiency made good, according to a rate on the

person or as head of his family : sometimes, however, the several holdings, when the proprietors are said to pay
village is distributed amongst a .body of hereditary pro- their revenue by Dhdr-bdchh or Bighaddm, q. v. Vil-

prietors, over whom the Ijamdn has a controlling power, lages may also be denominated from the mode of the dis-

185 3 B
 GRA GRA
tribution of the lands, as the Bighati of the upper pro- man, or the collector of the revenue on government
vinces, where the division of the allotments usually held account.

in severalty is by highas, or their fractions : the VisabacU Grdmddhinan, Mai. ((^OQOColoOofi) A village carpenter.
of the Ceded districts, where the division is by visas, or Grdmddhipati, S. (from ^ftrafiT. master) Grdmddhipan,
sixteenths, which are usually held in common : the Nirwa Mai. ((J/JOQOaJIn-Jnrf)) The head of a village, commonly
or JBhdgmdr villages of Guzerat, in which the village is charged also by the government with the general con-
distributed into bhdgas, or portions according to the trol of it, and the collection of the revenue.
original number of sharers : these bhdgas are subdivided by Grdma-hissebu, Tel. {\^^^°^~^^ from the P.

anas, or sixteenths, amongst the heirs of a deceased pro- JSisdb, i_jli*k»-) The general account of the collection

prietor, according to their number and respective rights, and balance due delivered to the landlord at the time of

and these anas may be again subdivided into fractional six- settlement.

teenths, termed dnis and chdrvals : Bhdgwdr villages are Grdma^hanahan, Tam. (scSJSCrae&onT) S. ('UH'oh:) Ordma
usually held in severalty. In some parts of Hindustan karnam, Tel. The village accountant.

villages are primarily divided into a certain number of Grdma-kanthamu, Tel. (i^^&Sb^^) A spot of

nominal integral parts, usually twenty, which are called ground in a village for building huts upon.

bisrvas, and then again into fractions of twentieths, termed Grdm, or Gdon, Grdma kharck, H.
or (.^j^ (]/) Grdma
biswdnsis and karwdnsis : these portions are distributed kharchu, Tel. (^^^^a^Si^) The private expenses of

amongst the representatives of the original proprietor or a village ; the charges borne by it independently of the

proprietors, constituting the proprietary shares, termed payments on account of revenue.

Pattis, or sometimes Pens, q. v. : the Patti is divisible ac- Grdma-kdvel, Tam. (<E&rT5U60) The village watch.
cording to the number of the heirs of a Pattiddr, into Grdma-kharch-taksim, (3. and A.) Account shewing the
smaller portions, called thoks, tholas, or dheris, and these proportion of village charges to be borne by each Ryot.

may again be subdivided into smaller shares, termed behris. Ceded districts.

Thok is sometimes convertible into Patti : see these terms Grdma-kharch-zdbita, (S. and A.) Account of the village
severally, also the Tamil terms, Pangu and Karai. When disbursements. Ceded districts.

the proprietors of a village are of difiFerent classes or re- Grdmalu-mulu, Tel. An allowance given by villages to

ligions, it is primarily divided between them according to Brahmans of a quantity of rice in the husk at the time

their respective interests, and the portions in Hindustan of harvest. Ceded districts.

are termed tarafs ; so that there may be a Mohammadan Grdmd mdniam, Tam. (uHTOSflU-lLo) A certain extent of

and a Hindu taraf in one village, each being severally land enjoyed rent-free by a hereditary proprietor of part
divisible according to the prevailing usage. Every village of the village lands, as a personal privilege attached to

has an establishment of municipal officers and servants, such a share (Ellis).

more or less complete, according as its organization has Grdma-merai, Tam. ((SblCTrTUiGLQOrocr) Allowances of a
been more or less interfered with ; see under the word portion of the crop to the village officers and servants.

Baluta. Grdmamuhham, Mai. ( (,_C/J0£ai26l_Jo) A market town.

Grdmadevatd, H. (s. TTTR^^Wr) Grdmdebta, or -debtd, Grdmanattam, Tam. (<E£lDTTU2r5^SLQ) Ground set

Ben. and Uriya ( SlI^lSTf^vsl ) Ordmdeo, Mar. (tIW^?) apart, on which the houses of a village may be built.

The tutelary divinity of a village ; sometimes this is one Gramani, incorrectly, Gramni, S. &c. (TTWllft) Tam.
of the ordinary pantheon, but it is more usually local, and (iSblljrTLCxStsnfl) The head man of a village. It is also

is not uncommonly a rude block of stone ; the term is a title assumed in the Tamil countries by the drawers of
also applied to lands appropriated to the expense of the the Tdri juice. In several dialects, as, Bengali, Uriya,

village idol. Tel., Karn., and Mai., it denotes also the village barber.

Grdmddhikdri, vernacularly, Ordmadhikdr, incorrectly, Grdmanyan, Mai. ((^Odsv^n*) The head man of a

Grdmddikdr, S. (from ^fi^cRTTt, one who has a right) village.

The head of a village ; either the proprietor, the head Grdma-oUi-shettu, (?) The mortgage-deed of a village.

186
 GRA GRI
Grdma-purohitan, Tarn. (l_lGrTrr£flS(3!Jr, from S. Pu- Grantha, S. {tx^) a book in general. The book of
roJiHa) The village priest and astronomer. the Sikhs, a large collection of short moral poems by
Gramasamishti bhumi, Tel. ( l^X°y5jf0^o^W~°?^) Nanak and others in Panjabi and Hindi.
Land possessed by the villag'ers conjointly. Granthi, S. (ijfwi:) A knot, a tie, a tying together.

Grama terige, Karn. (\Ad/ ^S^S'K) A fine levied inMysore Granthi-mocUaka, S. (from >f(^'^, who loosens) A thief,

on Ryots who have left their own villages and settled in others. a cut-purse, or parcel pilferer.

Grdmattdn, also, corruptly, Graumutta and Graumtittan, GrIsa, or Gras, corruptly. Grass, or Guras, S., used in

(iSflcrrTLDSSrrCCT) The head man of a village (in the all the Hindu dialects, (TTra*. . from TX^, to swallow) Ghas,

Tamil countries). or Ghans, Mar. (tit^, ''tri^) and Garas, pronounced

Grdmattan-mdniam, A grant of rent-free land to the head Gflis, Guz. (^l^l^) A mouthful, or a quantity equi-

of a village, in addition to his own share of the com- valent to it. Fodder for cattle. A hereditary claim to a

mon property paying revenue : see Grdmamdniam. small portion (a mouthful) of the produce of a village or

Grdmattan-sutantram, (asr^smci) Fees and privileges villages by various Rajput chiefs, granted them by the
enjoyed by the head man of a village. local governments in remuneration of military service,

Grdmattdr, Tam., (£&l(7rTLQS^rTCr) sing. An inhabitant and commuted for a pecuniary payment out of the revenue

of a village, the inhabitant par excellence, the head man : paid by the villagers. A fixed payment made to military and
plur. The inhabitants of a village. predatory chiefs in Guzerat and Malvva, especially in lieu

Grdmhheti, Ben. (SfNZ^U^) A present or fee to a Za- of lands held by them, or in purchase of their refraining

mindar on the marriage of a tenants children. from plunder. Also lands held by Grasias in Guzerat.
Grdm, or Gdm-chdli, Mar. (illH'-^l^) Village usage or Grdsid, H. (XyJ\J, VXiihm) Gardsio, Guz. (Ol^L^ll^ytl)
custom. A military and predatory chief in Malwa, Rajputana,
Grdm-joshi, or Grama-jyotisM, Mar,, S., (^TWSn^, Guzerat, and Cutch, claiming a portion of the revenues of

'JIHaiTlfriMl) The village astronomer, who casts nativities certain villages, either as a grant originally from the

and calculates times and seasons. superior authority, in requital of military service, or as

Grdm-lekhaka, Mar ( S. ^^f ol? , a writer) The village ac- the price of forbearance from plunder. In Mewar the

countant. designation applies to military chiefs of mixed Rajput

Grdmopadhydya, S., Mar. (from S. '5'iTTitn^) A village and Bhil descent, holding jagirs in nominal vassalage to

priest or schoolmaster, if a Brahman. the Rana of Udayapur, and engaging to pay a stipulated
Grdm-saranjdmi,, H. (P. ^J^jm , effects) The requisite tribute. In Guzerat the term also designates a plun-
establishment or implements for the business of a village. derer or robber.

Grdmrvdr, or Grdmawdr, H. By villages, as a village Griha, S. &c. (it?) a house.

settlement. Grihaddha, S. &c. (from ^?, burning) Arson, house

Grdm-, or Gdm-nisbat-indmati, Mar. (tTTT-, iTIHftT'HTiT- burning.

?^WI*iit1) Rent-free lands granted to village officers or Grihadeva, or -devatd, S. &c. (from ^^, or ^^TIT, a di-
servants, on the part of, and by, the village community, vinity) The household deity, the tutelary deity of a house,

usually of its own free will, but occasionally under the rarely bearing any specific designation, and not unusually
orders of the government. represented by a water-pot ; a rude figure a Sdlagrdma
;

Grdmya, S. &c. (illJ-^) Village, rustic; any thing re- stone or Ammonite, or the Tulasi plant, or sacred Basil.
lating to or concerning a village, or to the practices and Grihajdta, S. (from »rTK, born) A description of slave,,
manners of the villagers. one born of a female slave in the house of her master.
Grdmyadebatd,Ben. (S. Sfl'TOfTai) A village or rustic deity, Grihapati, S. &c. (from nflT, a master) A householder.
often represented by a rude stone placed under a large tree. Grihapravesa, (from Tl^:,
S. &c. entrance) The cere-
Grdmydjak, or Grdmaydjaha, (S. ^tT3To|r:) The village monies observed upon taking possession of a new house,
priest, who conducts the ceremonies for any or all classes. or upon the first reception of a bride in her husband's
An attendant on an idol. dwellins:.

187
 GRI GUJ
Grihastha, S. &c., also vernacularly, but incorrectly, Gra- GiJdhaja, pronounced commonly, Gurhaja, S. &c. (13',

hasth, Girhast, Girhist, Girlsth, &c. (from T?, a house, secret, and »I, bom) The son of concealed birth, bom
and ^, who stays or dwells in) A householder; the privately of a woman whose husband is absent, the real

Hindu of the second order, who, after his course as a father being unknown : also Gudhotjianna, &c.
religious student, marries and keeps house ; a respectable GuDHAR, Mar. (»I5K) Flight of a whole people of a vil-

person ; a villager or cultivator, whence* Grahasthi, or, lage from an enemy.

vernacularly, Girhist'i, husbandry. GuDHi, GuRHi, Mar. (iR^) A pole erected on the first day

Grihayajna, S. (from itsf, worship) Domestic worship, of the year before the house door, and covered with cloth,

especially the oblation of oiled butter on the household mango-sprigs, &c. Flowers or grains of rice stuck on

fire, a fire perpetually preserved by some classes of Brah- an idol consulted as an oracle : the answer is inferred

man householders. from the order in which they fall off

Grihl, S. &c. (t^) a householder. GtJDi, Ben. ('<^) A sort of dry dock, a place made by the

Grihini, S. &c. (^jfllTsft) The mistress of a house, the side of a river for repairing and caulking boats.

wife of a householder. Gupi, Tel. Kam. (XdCS)A temple, a pagoda.

GrihitI, S., also Uriya, &c. (Sl^lEll, from S. X[^, to take, Gudikatle, Kam. (^^o SJ) Fixed allowance for a temple.
or seize) A creditor, a donor, one who claims or receives Gudikattn, Tel. (Xbag'^) The whole extent of land
CO .....
any thing. attached to a temple, or a statement exhibiting it.

Gua, Guya, Ben. ("J^STt, ^W, S. tt^ToU) Betel-nut; also Gudipdrupatya, Kam. (XbtStO dOOcOog) Superintendence
the tree that bears it (Areca catechu). of a temple.

GuDA, or GuHA, Tel. (X3~^cS) A basket for throwing up GudigIr, Karn. (XdQ a dO) A caste, or individual of it, at

water for irrigation. Nagar, in Mysore, carvers in sandal-wood, horn, and ivory.

GuUAKU, Kam. (X3"ST)&)) Prepared tobacco for smoking GuDlSARAKU, Kam. (XDtSfOODO) A term used for the or-

in a Mikha. dinary price of a pair of shoes at Nagar (Mysore).

GuDALU, Tel. (X3~°Qeu) A basket made of woven bambu G0DIVARAM, Tel. (XbSi^Sb) The Ryot's share of the crop.

strips for drawing up water. GuDRi, H. ((jlj'") A daily market.

GuDAM, Ben. ("yft^) A magazine, a storeroom, a ware- GuDU, GooDOO, (?) A money fee payable by landholders on
house : see Godown. the Nilghari hills to the Todas, or native hill-men.

GUDAB, or GuDAR-GHATA, Ben. ("JjliTlsKiliJi, vernacular corrup- GtJGARi, corruptly, GuGRi, Googree, Karn. (a3~^a8) Any
tion of P. j;lj>, GuzARAj crossing) A ferry, a landing-place. fee or perquisite of the head of a village.

GUDAST, Mar. (^W, vernacular corruption of P. ci^J^, Gugari-bil, Karn. (/v3~°a5S3^) Pasture ground granted

GuzASHT, past) Past, gone by. Sdl-mdast, last year. rent-free to a headman.

See Guzasht. GuGGAL, Mar. (?) Fees leviable on Lingayats by landholders

Gudast-bdM, Mar. (from A. yJ^ , remainder) Balance in the Dakhin.

remaining of a closed account. GuGLi, GooGLEE, (?) Said to denote a class of Brahmans
GuDAVU, Karn. (a5~°0((5) A small hamlet near a village. attached to the Vaishnava objects of pilgrimage in Kattiwar.

GuDDALI, Kam. (^Q^) A native spade or hoe. GuJAi, corruptly, Goojey, Hindi (^pl^) A mixed crop of
Guddali-pommu, Karn. ('^q^ i^2/®^iO) A cess levied barley and wheat in the north-west provinces.

on vegetable gardeners at so much per spade or hoe. GijJAR, H. {j».S, "TSIT;) The name of a numerous class in

GuDDE, Tel. (^ o) High ground for dry cultivation. the north-west provinces, chiefly engaged in agriculture,
Gudda, Karn. (^^Qf) A hill, a mountain. though formerly notorious for their martial and predatory
Guddada-koti, Kam. (Xb^5a®?63) A hill fort. character. They profess to descend from Rajput fathers
GuDEMU, Tel. (Xb~SSx>) A hamlet. by women of inferior castes. Mr. Elliot considers them
GiJdemu, Tel. (X3~°~S^X)) a small hamlet near a village. as having given their appellation to the principality of

GuDAGAVAL-GUTTA, Kam. (Xb^"7r5^e;Xb S^) Taxes on Guzerat, in the west of India, and the district of the same
the gatherers of wild fruits in Mysore. name in the Panjdb. In the Dakhin the term is con-

188
 GUJ GUN
sldered synonymous with Gujarati, and applied to any oyster or other shell) The best kind of ckunam or lime-

native of Guzerat, but more especially to the traders and plaster, made from burnt shells.

dealers from that country. In Bengal and Bahar one sub- GuLiJ, GooLoo, H. (^i) The pod of the Mahwa tree (Bas-

division of the Kurmi, or agricultural tribe, is called Gu- sia latifolia), which yields a useful oil, and is sometimes
jardti, having come perhaps originally from thence. eaten by the lower classes.

GujAR, also GujrAn, or GujXra, Mar. (iT*nC, 1»rtTO, GumAshta, vernacularly, Gomasta or Gumasta, incorrectly,

TSITTT, from P. Guzar,j]i, passing) Bare subsistence, GoMASTHA, H. (P. .OiUJ', jflHIw) An agent, a steward,

mere means of livelihood. a confidential factor, a representative ; an officer employed

GujARA, Ben. ('Wstl, vernacular corruption of P. ii>S) A by Zamindars to collect their rents, by bankers to receive

ferry. money, &c., by merchants to carry on their affairs in other

GujArat, Mar. (irwt^il ) Through the medium, or by the places than where they reside, and the like : at Madras it

hands of; (said of money paid ;) presence or act of witness- is also the designation of a native accountant in the re-

ing, though without responsibility (in money transactions). venue 'department.

Gujarati, Tel. (Xb83~^J^S) Possession. Gumashta-kdnungo, H. The agent or deputy of the Ka-
GujRl, Tel. {^^, from the H. i^jS) A market or mar- nungo, or village registrar and accountant.

ket-place; in Madras, the thieves' bazar. Mar. (JlSpft) GuMA, GooMA, H. (i!U«i) A medicinal' herb which grows

The morning or evening market. on high ground during the rains, and in fields sown with
GuKHl, Thug. A person carrying the bones of his relations the autumn crops (Pharnaceum mollugo).
to some sacred stream : he is never to be assailed. Gdman, H. &c. (p. yjLo) Opinion, imagination, suspicion; sus-

GuL, GooL, H. ( Jy) A channel cut to convey water to a picion of crime excited by the report of a common informer.

field. A road, a path (Sagar). A bunch of unripe Indian Gumbara, or GumbAra, Karn. (XboW^ XooHo^O, ver-

corn (Dehli). nacular corruption of Kumbhakdra) A potter.

GuL, Mar. (ir^y, from S. Jra) Coarse sugar, the juice of the GuMCHi, H. ( i5== ) A small weight, in apothecary's mea-

sugar-cane inspissated by boiling : see Gvr. sure about 1^ grains : it is also a name of the gunja

GuL, H. &c. ((Jj, TcS) A ball of charcoal ground to pow- seed, q. v.

der and cemented with starch, put, when lighted, into a GumkA, Hindi ( JIHchi) The operation of causing the green

huhka to cause the slow combustion of the tobacco ; also ears of corn to ferment slightly, so as to make the seeds

into the irons used for ironing linen. separate easily from the husk when threshed : it is done
GuLAL, H. &c. (J51^) The red powder thrown about at the by heaping up the ears as soon as cut, and covering them
Holi, generally the meal or flour of barley, rice, or Sin- with straw (Pnraniya).

ghdra, reddened with some vegetable dye, as that of the GuMMi, Karn. (ADOol)) A. large basket for storing grain.

Cesalpinia sappan, or red sanders-wood. GuMNAMA, H. &e. (<ulUi, from the P. Gum, p, lost, miss-

GuLAH, H. ( Jji) Cotton pods before bursting (Rohilkhand). ing) A document drawn up and duly attested, certifying

GuLENDA, H. (lAJuJi) The pod of the Mahwa tree; see the loss of any thing, as of a title-deed, &c.

Gulu. GuNA, S. &c. ("TOt) Merit, virtue; a quality, a property:

GtJLf, also KtJLi andGuNTA, (?) A measure of length; when metaphysically there are three Gunas, the Satya-guna,

identified with the gunta, the fortieth part of an acre, but or property of truth — the source of purity and wisdom
it varies in different parts of the south ; at Madras it is the Rajo-guna, or property of foulness — the source of
equal to a square of 33 feet each way, in Tanjore it is passion and error ; and the Tamo-guna, or property of
144 square feet, at Madura 25,030 square feet. darkness — the source of inertness and ignorance. Deity
GuLi-GuLi, Ben. ("JpT tf'T) Severally, individually; ap- abstractedly is Nirguna, or without any of the three pro-

portioned to each by share or lot. perties.

GuLiviNA-poMMU, Karn. (XD^tJrO o2/S>O^X)) Tax on the GuNAH, H. (P. xU^) GunhA, Mar. (^T»?T) Fault, offence, crime.

sock or iron of each plough (Mysore). Gwnagdr, H. {JiiM) Gunhegdr, Mar. (if^JIlT) An of-

GuLLASUNNAMU, Tel. (X^^^^:5^^^, from >00^^ an fender, a culprit, a criminal.

189 3o
 GUN GUR
Gunagdri, H. &c, i^_sJisji) Gunhegdri, Mar. ( JU^<»Ci ) GuNTH, GooNTH, H. (lUJj^) Lands assigned rent-free for

Offence, crime. Fine, punishment by fine. Revenue de- the support of a temple (Kamaon).
rived from judicial fines. Gupta, S. (TH) Hidden, concealed, preserved.
GunaM, Tel. (Xbfv$"S^) Fine. Guptdvadhuta, S. (JIHNgil) An ascetic of a particular
Gunneg&ri, Karn. (XbocS"A^6) A fine, especially for order, one who does not avow his profession of mendi-

stealing ears of corn. cancy, or who observes its practices in secret

GuNlBf, Karn. (XboJc)©^ Servant of the head merchant of a Gupt-ddn, H. (^Jiiij:^) lit, A hidden donation, as where
town. a person leaves property with a Brahman and never re-

GuNCHi-PATTA, (?) A lease taken out in the name of two claims it ; or presents him with a sealed bag ; or drop-
or more Ryots in partnership (Madras). ping a present in the bottom of a sacred pool of water at

GuND, Hindi (ihs) A furrow. Kurukshetra, at a solar eclipse, in which the pilgrim has
GuNDi, GooNDY, (?) Confederacy, association ; engagement bathed, leaving the officiating Brahmans to search for it.

entered into by individuals, to support and stand by each GuR, GooB, H. &c. iS.ji, ITS) GuDAMu, Tel. {Xd&^X>)
other to the extent of their whole property, and even of Molasses, treacle, raw sugar, the produce of the first in-

their lives, if necessary. spissation of the juice of the cane.

GUNJ, or GuNjl, H. &c. (^, !=^) S. GuNJi, (ngt) GuHAB, GooRUB, H. (t-rj/, from Gurdbna, ^./, to dig)

GuNJi, GuNJE, Karn. (Xbo^, Xbo^) A plant (the Ab- Deep weeding ; also, in the Upper Soab, ploughing
rus precatorius) ; also its seed, a small black-and-red seed, through a field of idjra or jawdr when the plant is about

forming the nominal unit of Indian weights : the average a foot high, to loosen the soil, but so as not to injure

weight of the seed has been stated at Ifj grains troy, but later the plants.

experiments make it a trifle more, or 1.934 grain. The GuBABi, GooRUBEE, H. ((_?^^) A twist of rope or straw,

jewellers' and goldsmiths' weight of the same denomina- to form a stand for a round-bottomed jar.

tion is about 2j^ grains. GuRARi-GHAR, Uriya (?^|QCIQ) Place where the salt in

GuNJAiSH, H. (P. ^_/ii^=^) GunjItashu, Tel. (Xbo83^- solution is condensed by boiling (Cuttack).

OMcs^) Profit, gain. In fiscal language it is applied to G0HAV, or GuBAVA, also pronounced Gubao, corruptly
the capabilities of a village, particularly with reference written GuROW, Mar. (iTC^) A caste, or individual of

to a proposed increase of revenue. Excess of the real over it, considered as a Sudra, but who is usually employed

the recorded area of a Zamindari. as the servant of the village temple, sweeping it, and
GunjdisM, H. (P. ^Jijj\sP) Profitable. decking the idol: he is also the village trumpeter. See

Gunjdim, Karn. (/v3o33~3CXX3f03 ) Outbidding another in Baluta.

a sale or contract Gurav-punja, Mar. (from gil, S., a heap) The share of the

GuNTA, Tel. (XsoU) A well or pond; a field, a pit. crop allotted to the Gurav for his remuneration.

GuNTA, Goonta, Tel. (^O^) A square land measure, equal GuEDA, Gooeda, H. {\iiS) A part of a sugar-mill, a scraper

to 121 square yards, or the fortieth part of an acre. A to prevent the sugar from resting at the bottom of the

measuring rod or chain, which, squared, constitutes the boiler.

measure also so named, forty of which make an acre. GtJEGUBi, H. &c. ((jf;S^j) A small pipe for smoking, with

The survey of the ceded districts directed the measure- a straight and inflexible tube.

ments to be made in acres, goontas, and anas (or six- Gurguria, or Gulgulia, Thug. A low murmuring sound,
teenths). —5th Rep. 787. like the bubbling of the pipe, made by a sort of owl

GuNTAKA, Tel. (XbobS) GuNTE, GuNTiKE, Kam. (Xbo d, an unlucky omen.

ADOeOD ) A sort of harrow or implement for levelling GuBHAUB, H. (j^S) Stacks of cow-dung (East Oudh).
ploughed ground. A sowing machine. GueikXb, Karn. ( XjSD do) The head man of a village.
GUNTH, GooNTH, Uriya ( S1S1 ) A land measure of sixteen A head man of armed peons.

hiswas. (The same word most probably as Gunta, though GuBiYA, Ben. (tIHsmI) a confectioner, a worker in treacle.

spelled with a final aspirate). GuekIti, (?) A tax or cess formerly levied on the salt-

190
 GUR GUT
makers in the Sunderbans by the officers of government, Guruialpaga, S. (WBI, a bed, and tt, who goes to) One
for the privilege of cutting firewood In the Jangal. who has a criminal intercourse with the wife of a Guru,
GuRKHAi, GooRKHYE, H. (,cH^) -^ ^™^ of mortgage in a most heinous offence.

Bundelkhand, in which the mortgager is responsible for GuriJn, (the n very obscurely sounded, and the word in com-
three-fourths of the government revenue on the mortgaged position shortened to Gur), Mar. (j'^) Any animal of
land. the Bos kind, a bull, a cow, a buffalo.

G6rtu, (?) A land measure=3'8 English acres (Nellur). Gurakhi, or Gurdkhi, Mar. (iR^, or iRT^, an abbre-

Guru, Gooroo, S., but adopted in all the dialects ; in com- viation of Gurun, and S. MakhsM, who preserves) A cow-
position often abridged to Gur, (T^O lit., Heavy, weighty, keeper, a grazier.

whence, metaphorically, a person of weight or respecta- Gurckaran, or Gurchardi, Ma.T. (nt^fST, ^Hf^TI^) Pas-
bility, as an elder or parent, and especially a spiritual turage for cattle. Price paid for its hire.

teacher or guide, one who, under the primitive system, in- GuRUTU, Karn. (XdOOQJ) A mark, as a signature, made

structed the youth of the three first classes in the Vedas, by a person who cannot write.

but in later times one who merely communicates to him, GurhIl, Gulhar, Mar. (^p^T^, Hdb^lO A sugar work, the
with greater or lesser solemnity, the peculiar prayer which place with the machinery for bruising the cane and ex-

is considered sufficient to initiate the disciple, and make tracting the juice.

him a member of any particular sect or tribe. GuRZMAH, H. (from P- i/, a club, and S. .1*, what strikes)

Ourudev, or -deva, S. Ben. (iT^^) A spiritual guide, a A Mohammadan Fakir, who carries a club armed with

parent or elder, one who is reverenced as a divinity. spikes, with which he wounds himself to extort alms.

Gurudakshind, S., vernacularly, Gurdachhind, H. (ir^^f^m. The order is said to have originated with a Pir named
Ij4»-4>^) Present made to a Guru by his disciple on Sayid Ahmad Kabir.

completing his education, or receiving his initiation. Rent- GutI, GuttI, or GuTKA, Mar. (JTilT, i^T, or Jlrfehl) An
free lands originally granted to a Guru. exclusive right of sale, or supply of any commodity, a

Gur-gdnth, Thug. The knot or tie which the Guru in- contract, a monopoly, farm, or rent, an income of variable
structs the novice to fasten. amount sold or let for a fixed sum.

Gurukul, S. &c. (from oir^, a family) The family of a Gutgi-patti, Mar. A deed of agreement, of contract, or farm.

spiritual teacher. GuTi, GuTi, Ben. ('ffw. "[JST) The cocoon of the silkworm.
Gurukkul, (?) The head priest amongst the Saivas of the Gutipokd, Ben. ('^Z'tW) A silkworm.

south of India. GuTTA, Tel. Karn. ( ^5j) ^ Farm, lease, rent : (see the Mar.
Gurumdtd, Panjabi, A convention of the chiefs of the Sikh Gutd : it is no doubt the same word which is also cur-

tribes, formerly held on all occasions of importance at rent in Sindh as Gutto).

Amritsar. Guttagddu, Tel. (XDO^-7r°<So) A renter, a farmer.

Gurumuhhi, Panjabi (S. il^l^'f) The modification of the Guttige, Karn. (.'^Q.o ^ Assessment, rental on land.

Devanagari alphabet devised by the Sikhs : it does not Guttig&'ddr, Karn. (from P. yii, who has) One who rents

differ in shape, but the powers of many of the letters are from government the lands of a village ; one who farms
interchanged. the revenue.

Gurupdddsraya, S. (from t(T^, foot, and ^n^HlJ, refuge) Guttigehola, Karn. (Xb§^"7?-&JSeJ) A rented field.

Profound reverence of the Guru. Phalagutige, Karn. (S. TR^y, fruit) Assessment paid in
Gurupujd, S. (^»n> worship) Veneration of a Guru, wor- kind.

ship offered to him ; also to the planet Jupiter, who is. Rohhhhada-guttige, Karn. (OJ5|3Q^a"A) Assessment paid
the Guru of the gods. in money.

Gurwputra, S. (xf^, a son) The son of a Guru, to be Guttinae, (?) Tuluva, The ancient term for the head of a

held also in profound respect. village or Patil.

Gurpinck, Thug. The strangler who has been duly in- Gutto-shardb, Sindhi (from A. '-r']/^' wine) Tax on dis-

structed by the Gu7-u. tillers and venders of spirituous liquors.

191
 GUT HAD
GuTTE, Karn. (^?^) A place where bodies are burnt A Grains, &c. ; but applied to cesses or imposts extra to the

pile and corpse when reduced to ashes. regular assessment: the terms seem to have been used
GuTTU, Karn. (^|^) Private or family affairs. indiscriminately with Ahmdh (Harrington's Analysis, iii.

GuzAH, GuziR, GuzIra, H. (jdS,J\^, X,lj^, these and si- 236, note), but they more correctly define exactions in
milar words are derived from the P. Guzanhtan, kind, of articles for the use of the Zamindar or of persons
^J)^^,
to pass, to pass by or over, and in other dialects occur in authority, as milk, eggs, sheep, oil, ghee, blankets, skins,

as Guddr, Gujdr, &c.) A ferry, a ferry station or boat, and the like : they were sometimes commuted for money.

a place of transit or toll. Habs, Hubs, H. (A. ^J^^)^) Imprisonment, confinement;

Guzar-hdn, H. (yjb.ii) An oflBcer appointed to take tolls a prison, a prisoner a reservoir, an embankment, that
:

both on the high roads and at ferries. in or by which water is confined.

Guzar-gdh, H. (P. ili^j.?) A ferry, a ferry station. Habshi, H. (A. jia»-) An African or Abyssinian slave

GuZAR, H. (jliis) One who transfers, hands over, or pays; under the native administration : Hdbsh being the Arabic

whence reading of Abyss-inia.

Mdl-guzdr, H. (P., from Mdl, wealth, revenue) The per- Hadd, Hudd, or with only one final. Had, plural HudiJd,

son who pays the government revenue, whether on his own H. (a. Ss^, plural tijJo-) Boundary, limit, term, whether

account, or as the representative of others. of place or time. In Mohammadan penal law, statutory

MIdl-guedri, H. P., Payment of the government revenue punishment for certain crimes, distinguished from Kisds

by an individual. or retaliation, as not being claimable by the aggrieved

Guzdrish, H. (/i^ljii) Payment, transfer. Representation, parties, and from Tdzir, as not being inflicted at the dis-

Guzdsht, also, vernacularly, Gbdast and GuJAST, cor- cretion of the judge, but defined by law.

ruptly, GosAusTH, H. (e:^^! jl, P. 'JtXilJl) Mar. (jr^) Had-bandi, Sud-bundee, also Sad-bast, Hud-bust, H.

H. (iprer) Tel. Karn. (>6a:J^) Past,, gone by, relin- ((_jiJjuJ»*-, !_!• i,..f.v~^> Settlement and demarcation of

quished : deduction allowed, payment remitted, or the like boundaries : as this is a constant subject of dispute, great

in the south it applies, as a revenue term, to the year pains have been taken in various parts of India, and par-

last past only. ticularly in the north-west provinces, to determine it by

Guzdrat, H. (uLij^di) Through the medium, by the hand survey and record-

of (payments, &c.) : see Gujdrai. Hadddd, A. (jlj*^) An obstruction, a doorkeeper, a black-

Gujastd-jamd, Gujastd-jamin, Hindi (Jj'^l^lril »RT -sIfffiT) smith. ,

Statements of the amount of revenue and land of the pre- Haddu-patrikd, Tel. (^&^^"r=) A statement of

ceding year, for comparison with the increase or decrease boundaries.

of the current year. Had-i-jawdb, H. (<_>1^ As-) The replication or rejoinder

GuzbAn, vernacularly, 6? it;V«w, H. i^J'j^) Living, livelihood, in a legal proceeding.

means or mode of subsisting. Hadmahadad, Hindi (?^1?^, vernacular corruption of

GozKi, H., vernacularly, Gvjri, (? i^^w) A market, espe- the A. 4>jJcr«, Mahdud, bounded) A term in leases or

cially one held by the road-side in the afternoon. farming-contracts which recognises the power of the farmer

Gyan, vernacular corruption oi Jndn, i'Sfm) Knowledge. over all the land and crops within the limits of his farm.

Gydn-krita-hadh, Ben. and Uriya. Wilful homicide. (Puraniya).

Hudud-arbd, H. (A. ^jld^Ss-) Boundaries of the four

H sides of an estate.

Ha, the letter _ , the initial of Huzur-navis, Secretary of Hada, or Hadana, Karn. (^^, J5bOr6) A moderate quan-
State, affixed to royal grants as a mark of attestation by tity of rain, so as to fit the soil for sowing. (In this

the officer whose duty it is to issue them. and other senses these words are no doubt the Arabic

Habb, Hubb, H. (a. t^e«-) A grain, a berry. Sad, limit).

Sabuh, Huhooh, also Hububdt or Huhodbat, H. ((—jy,*-, Hada-vddamare, Karn. (SSb^^TS^^O) A heavy fall

plural of l«-^»-, CL>Ujj^»-, plural irregular of »_jyi«-) of rain, such as to saturate the soil.

192
 HAD HAJ

Hadap, Hadaph, Guz. (t^SH, t^Sy) A deposit insecu- Hainic-pairu, Karn. (w^jrODoJ^^OO) Com standing in

rity of payment due for a toll or custom-duty. the heavy wet weather.

Hadapa, Karn. (&cS<0) A barber's case, a betel pouch. Hajj, usually written with one j, Haj, Huj, H. (A. ^)
Hadapiga, Karn. (J^cSS^X) A barber; a king's petty The pilgrimage to Mecca.

cash-keeper, whose duty it is to carry betel for the prince Hajj-ul-farz, H. (A. ijOjsi>\'^) The ordained or enjoined

and his visitors. pilgrimage, which should be performed once by every Mo-
HlpiA, or Haria, Guz. (t^lil^l) A tenure under which hammadan who has the means of performing it.

land is held in Guzerat S&ji, H. (A.^soU-) A Mohammadan who has performed

Hadis, H. (a. (.i^Ji*-) The traditional sayings and doings the pilgrimage.

of Mohammad, having for the most part the force of laws. Hi. J A, Ben. ('^1^) Destruction of crops by floods or heavy rain.

Hadiya, H. (a. *JiJA) a present, especially to a superior HajjAm, commonly, HajAm or Hujam, corruptly, Hejam
a present made to a teacher by the pupil who has read and Hudjam, H. &c. (A. A=^) A barber, a barber-

the Koran with him. surgeon, one who not only shaves but bleeds, cups, cleans

Hadki, corruptly, Hinkee, Mar. ('^IS'ehl, derivative of ^ra, the ears, pares the nails, &c. ; usually included among
a bone) lit., a little bone ; fig.. Land granted rent-fre^ to the village establishment.

the Mhar, or village sweeper, where he may deposit bones, Sajamat, H. (A. ij:^v«la:*-) The functions of a Hajam
offal, &c., but when not so used it is usually cultivated shaving, cupping, &c.

by the occupants. Hajdm-Ayajodi, Kam. (ebeSDoescjSi^b) Tax levied

Sddold, incorrectly, Sudolee, Mar. (^Idlc^l) Service land on the land assigned to the village barber (Mysore).

granted to the Mh&rs of a village, and assessed at a low Sajdm-hadapa, Karn. (^aS^OJ^OoJ) A tax on each

rate : the revenue from such land. razor-case (Mysore).

Ha DH, incorrectly, Hiddih, A. (;i\a) Unrequited, unavenged; Sajdm-kasah-vari, Karn. («)83^0O(O8Da8) Any cess

in law, said of blood that may be shed, or life taken away,> or tax imposed upon barbers in Mysore.

with impunity, as that of a criminal who dies in con- Hajat, H. (a. Li-^li*-) Need, want, necessity, any natural

sequence of punishment not intended to be fatal ; also, want. Confinement of persons charged with heinous of-

that of an apostate : no penalty or retaliation is ever to fences until their trial ;

place where they are confined.

be exacted in such cases, according to some authorities. Sdjat-i-naksha, (?) H. (iAli c:,^».U.) Necessity of com-

Hafiz, H. (A. lasW-, from Safz, lai»-, has preserved) A paring documents.

preserver, a guardian, a keeper. Hdjat-i-sidhd, (from P. labuM, an account) Ready for or

Hafiz-i-daftar, H. (yU43laiU>-) Keeper of the records; a requiring entry or account (money, &c.)

servant or officer who has charge of the books of an Hdjat-i-tajmiz, H. (from A. Jjjs', investigation) Requiring

office, &c. or awaiting inquiry or trial.

Hafta, H. (<Uaa, from P. e!.-""'; seven) A week: in the Hajib-nuksAn, a. (jj^LaftJ (,.^^s*) In Mohammadan law,
Hindu dialects Hapta, q. v. Partial exclusion with respect to inheritance, or substitu-

Haga, Karn. (cxsoA) A small coin in Mysore, a quarter tion of one share for another, as in the case of a wife,

gold fanam; also, a single silver fanam. who, where there are no children, has a fourth share, but
Hagada duddu, Kam. (5o3X(!5&&)) The value of a sil- where there are any, only an eighth.
ver fanam in copper, or 80 kds. Hajkul, Hindi (^W^f^S) To the whole extent cultivated;

Hage, Hageya, Hagevu, Karn. (Soe)"7?, J$b"7?0&, ^~R,^) (Puraniya).

A grain pit, a subterranean granary. Hajr, Hue, or Hajah, A. ijsr-) lit.. Hindrance, pro-

HaiIt, H. (A. Ul;U^) Life. hibition. In law, annulment, disqualification; the inva-

Hainu, Karn. (^g^i^^^) The period between May and Sep- lidity of acts done by a minor, an idiot, a slave, or the

tember — that of the heavy rains. like ; that is, by persons incompetent to act for themselves
HaivM-gadde, Karn. ("^£)<n^XQ) Wet lands, for sowing by virtue of immature years, defective intellect, or de-

rice during the monsoon. pendent situation.

193 3 u
 HAK HAK
Hakk., commonly, Hak, Huk, or HuQ, barbarously, HuG, (ij5jls^U»j) or Hak-thok-ddri, (^j.^Siyi^) Dues and fees

H. &c. (A. Jfjs- , ^oF) Truth, the true God. A true, just, paid by the villagers to officers bearing the designations

legal, or prescriptive right or claim ; the privilege, fee, oi Kamin, Sidna, and Thohddr, the managers of the vil-
perquisite, or grant claimable under established usage by lages under the authority of the government in Kamaon
the officers of government, village officers, &c., the power and Garhwal.
of abolishing vifhich by the government of Bombay was Hahk-haldl, Mar. (if^^H^) Rightly and lawfully due or

affirmed by the Supreme Government Act xx. 1839. The claimable.

word is used in various compounds, either with the Arabic Hak-krishdni, Ben. ( ^<s^t^) The right of the cultivator

article al, or the Persian sign of relation i ; as, Sdk-al- to his share of the crop.

tahsil, or Hak-i-tahdl, &c., or occasionally without either; Mak-mdlihdna, H. (AJl^U Jr>-) The right of the Malik,

and in Marathi it occurs with either a single or double the proprietor, or Zamindar, to a per-centage on the net

final, as, Sak, Hakk, (?c|i, ?^;) but the latter is con- revenue, or, when dispossessed of the Zamindari, to an
sidered more correct. allowance for his support.

Sakk-ullah, A. (xU)
Jf»-) The right of God ; or, in law, the Hak-i^milkiat, H. (u:^|OL«,J*-) The right or due of pro-
retributive chastisement which it is the duty of the ma- prietorship or mastership, the right of the Zamindar to

gistrate to inflict for crimes and offences, especially against Malikana.

morality and religion. Sak-i-mushdhara, H. (from A. xysli.^, monthly wages)
Sakk-ul-dbd, A. (45a*!tj;s>-) The right of the slave (of The right of receiving pay or allowances ; under the Ma-

God). In law, the right of an injured individual to de- ratha government the term was applied to the per-centage

mand redress and justice, levied upon the perquisites and allowances of the district

Sakk-un-nds, A. ( , .^USlj^a-) The right of men, that is, officers, the Desmukhs and Despandyas.
of the public, to demand justice for any offence against Sak-nd-hah, H. (^!>.Ujf»-) Hakknahahk, Sakkndhakk,
the laws of society. Hakkndk, Mar. (^^H^^, ^^•il^^> ^Ifi^HW) Right or

Hak-bhent, H. (u:^JL*^^»-) Presents made half-yearly, in wrong, justly or unjustly ; but it usually implies virong-

general by the landholders or payers of revenue, to the fuUy, unjustly, without regard to right or wrong, without

government officers. consideratioiji.

Sak-chauthdi, Mar. (^ch'4lvil^) A fourth part of the fees Hakhmdl, Mar. (^^HT^) A rightfiil claim or possession.

annually paid to village and district officers, levied from Sak-patwdri, H. (^//lyljjfs"-) The fees payable to the

them by the former government. village accountant.

JSak-ddr, Huq-dar, barbarously Hug-ddr, H. &c. {Jid, who Mak-i-rdaiya, H. (A. IjUj, peasantry) The right of the
holds) The holder of a right, a person vested with any cultivator, his right of occupation while paying the de-

property, perquisite, or privilege, the holder of a share mand of the government or Zamindar, and his right to

(of the revenue or the crops), a government or village the established share of the crop.

officer who claims prescriptive rights or fees, one who Sak-i-sarkar, H. {V.J^jm, government) The right of the

makes a claim or demands a right, a claimant. government to a share of the crop, or a money com-

Sak-ddri, H. &c. Holding any right or privilege, the right mutation.

of claim, privilege, or property. Hdh-i-sarhardh, H. (P. ^Af, management) The right of

Hak-i-hawdladdr, H. (jlj<i(Jlj»-Jf»-) A portion of grain management, as of the head of a village to conduct its

given to the officer of the Zamindar employed to collect affairs.

the revenue, usually at the rate of a seer-and-a-half per Sak-i-shufdk, or Sak-usshufdh (from Xadiii, pre-emption)

maund of forty seers. Right of pre-emption in a person whose possessions adjoin

Sakiat, H. (tl-^JJi*-) Right, claim, property. those for sale.

JIah-i-intifd, H. («fljol^»-) Revenue profits on payment Hak-i-tahdl, or Hak-ut-tahsil, (from. A. Jj-as:', collection)

of the government demand. The right or due of collection, the rate or fee of the officer

Hak-hamin-chdri, H. employed government revenue.

(^^J^^Ji^^J^) at Hak-sidn-chdri, to collect the

194
 HAK HAL
Hahsai, Guz. {t£'h'>W\S) Fee, perquisite, brokerage com- by officers of government or Zamindars : (from Hukdm,
mission. an officer or deputy).

JSakuk, H. (pi. of ij*-) Rights, fees, privileges, &c. Hukm, H. &c. (A. Xs-) Huhum, Mar. (ffH) Order,

Sak-us-sadi, H. (from A. mm , labour) Reward of labour command.

especially a present for good offices rendered by one in Hukm-ndma, H. (iiulj *^) A written order, a written

authority. award or judgment.

Sak-al-wdkidh, absurdly corrupted to Hughly-macca, H. Hukm-ndma-herij, H. (P. J.j) The standard assessment of

(a. *«sL11jp>., Record or statement of occurences. Mysore under Tipu.

Hakhtak, Mar. (^ski<*) The dues as paid in cash to a Hukm-mazd, H. (A. g^j *Cs»- ) Authorised deductions.

district or village officer. Hukumat, H. (plural of Hukm) Orders, rules, regulations.

Sak-i-zaminddr, or Hak-zaminddri, H. (firom P. j)ii^jJ^, Hak4maf, H. (A. h,^~>-) Hukmat, Mar. (gchHri) Sove-

landholder) The rights or dues of a Zamindar agreeably reignty, authority.

to the sanad by which he holds his lands or his engage- Hakumat-al-ddl, or Hakumat-i-ddl, A. (
Jii*!l c:^v«}^)
ments with the government. A just award, one in which the penalty is proportioned

Hakikat, or Haqeequt, corruptly Hackikut, H. &c. to the injury or offence, a decision by just arbitrement.

(a. c:,,ajji»., from ^»-) Hakikat, Mar. (^oRoliiT) Ben. Reg. iv. 1822.

Statement, account, representation of circumstances as they Hakeki, commonly Hackery, (?) A native cart drawn by
are. bullocks : (the word, although in common use, is neither

Sakikat-i-jamd, H. (f>>»- c:,Jijji>-) Particular accoimt Hindi nor Bengali : it may be a corruption of the Port

of the public revenue in all its branches : the accounts carro, or acarretai, to carry).

prepared of the revenues of Bengal and Bahar to the pe- Hakkalu, Karn. (&>oeX5) Gleanings of corn: rice culti-

riod of their assignment to the Company. vation carried on on high ground without the aid of re»

ffakikat-i-jamd-tumdri, H. (from »a»-, aggregate, and servoirs of water.

^\.«jlo, registered) Particular account of the public re- Hi.L, H. (A. JVr-) State, condition, present or actual state.

venue agreeably to the recorded rates. In revenue accounts the actual state of the collections.

Sahihat-ndma, H. (x«Utl,.»«jJi».) A written statement of In Marathi and Eamata the word commonly implies a
particulars. bad state, extremity, embarrassment, distress.

Hahikat-rozinah-ddri, H. (from P. .Ij ^hjt a daily pen- Hald, H. (i!l»-) An instalment of revenue, a present pay-

sioner) An account of payments made to daily pensioners, ment (Dehli).

formerly kept by the Kanungo. Hdl-dhddi, H. ((_j4>bl Jle>-) Under present cultivation

ITakikat-tahsil, H. (A. Jj-asr') The actual state of the (land), having formerly been waste.
revenue collections. Hdl-dhddi-zamin, H. (from P. Abdd, cultivation, and za-
Sahikat-zaminddri, The possession or condition of a min, land) Land under present cultivation.

Zamindar's estate and engagements. Hal-dkdr, H. (Ji\ (J.»-) Present or actual realization of
Hakam, a. if*^t from the r. *^, commanded) A judge, revenue.

an arbitrator. Hdlat, Halut, H. (A. e>Jl»-) Condition, state: the term was
Hakim, H. (A. *^l»-) Hakam, Hdkm,,M.aT, (^olW, ^Icfcln ) used also to denote a particular high duty on pepper, betel-
A ruler, a governor, the supreme administrative authority nut, cardamoms, cassia, and sandal in Belghi and Sunda
in a district ; ako, a judge. see Hdltd.
Hakim, Hukeem, H. (A. iJ^) A sage, a physician. Hdldt, H. (A tSjUU- , plural of oJU».) Circumstances,
Hdkimi, H. {^J*J[s>-) Belonging to the ruler or the govern- present states or conditions.
ment, as the government share of the crop, or the revenue Hdl-hdki, H. ( JiLuLs^) Current or present balance.
derived from it. Hdl-ba^did, H.(ulJLJU-) Presentdemand and former balance.
Hikmat, H. (A. <IU.C»-) Wisdom, knowledge, ingenuity, skill. Hdl-bhanjan, corruptly, Hal-bunjin, H. (from ^^jsMi,

Hukdmi, H. (^^Us*-) Applied to grants of land made breaking) Anticipation of the revenue of the ensuing year.
"
195
 HAL HAL
Mdl-chalani, H. (^^^iWU-) Present currency. Halas, Haras or lianas, Sulus, Hurus, Sunus, H.
Sal-ddr, H. A village officer next to the Patwari,
(jliijU>.) (jjla, {j^Jt>, (j^, ?5W) The beam or pole of a plough,

an assistant accountant A name borne by some Bengal the stick that passes obliquely between the oxen, and sup-

families of the trading castes, commonly Holdar. ports the yoke.

Hal-ddri, H. (tC;liXlU-) The office of Haldar: also, in for- Hal-bandi, Hul-hundee, H. (^fXi^ J») Assessment accord-

mer times, a tax upon marriages levied in Bengal. ing to ploughs ; also a tenure in Bareilly, in which a few

Sdl-hakikat, H. (c:,»Sj^l&-) Statement of the actual biffhds are assigned to each tenant who has a plough, for

condition of an estate, an account shewing the amount of the cultivation of cotton and Indian com, for which he
revenue to be paid by each cultivator to government or pays one rupee per Mghd : for all other land he pays in

the Zamindar, and the items of vrhich it consists. kind. In Kamaon the term implies the quantity of land

Sdl-hdsil, H. ((J^Wls>-) The actual produce or revenue under cultivation by any party.
of any tract of land. Hal-lardr, Hul-burdr, H. (jl^^) Assessment accosding
HdJ-hdsili, H.. ( J-^Wla.) Actually productive, land yield- to the number of ploughs ; collections at a certain sum
ing revenue varying with the crops grown upon it per plough.

Sdli, H.
(
JW-, what is present) lit., Present, actual, new ; Sal-ddr, H. (^Ijja) The possessor of a plough.
as applied to coin, current ; instalment, present payment Hal-ddri-jamd, H. (_5;'<i (J*) Revenue assessed at
(f>»>f-

of revenue, the government assessment (Dehli). In the a rate per plough.

west of India, a bondsman, one serving as a labourer in Sali, sometimes Sake, H. &c. i^^> ^_^^, ?c^) A plough-
payment of a debt, until the debt is discharged. man, a man employed in ploughing. In Surat, Sdli is

Sali-ddkhal, H. and Karn. (^oSS^53»e)) Increase of the the denomination of a class of agricultural bondsmen, per-

actual assessment (Mysore). sons who have sold their labour for an advance of money,
Sdl-jamA, H. (**2s)U-) The actual rent or revenue pay- and are bound to serve, chiefly in the field, until the money
able to government is repaid: the obligation extends to their posterity: they

Sdl-mdjhi, Ben. ('^^^Tm) An inferior village officer, who are usually Hindus of low caste. When not employed by

collects rents on the part of the Patwari, and performs their master they may work for themselves, and what they
menial service for the superior village and Zamindari earn is their own property. A Sdli cannot be transferred

officers (Rungpore). to another master against his will. In Kamaon a Sdli

Sdl-parid, Uriya (^|R.SI£^2||) Land at present lying fal- or Sdlia is a man of low caste, a Dom, who has been

low, recently thrown out of cultivation. bought as a slave, and is chiefly employed in the labours
Hdl-ipuchhirhisah, H. (from ,rf»-jJ , to ask) An abstract of the field, but who cuts wood, brings in grass, carries

of current accounts kept at hand, one produced on being burthens, &c., or performs domestic menial service.

asked for (Northern Circars). Salidg, H. (il/Ula, ^9>(|J|) The wages of ploughmen, espe-

Hdl-sdl, H. (P. JL), a year) The present or current year, cially when paid in kind : in some places it is said to be

or of this year. one-eighth of the crop.

Hdl-shahna, also, vernacularly, -sahna or -sdhana, H. (A. Salsdri, Sulsaree, H. ((^l»Jjb) Subdivision and assess-

Jiis*" Jl»-) An officer of the Zamindar, employed to keep ment of revenue on ploughs, assessment on each plough
the measurement of the land possessed by each cultivator, in a village.

and collect the rents when due. Saltaddi, Sultuddee, (t^joliib) A drill-plough.

Hal-taujih, H. (A. ^sH?yJl»-) An account of revenue Salvira, Sulveera, Mar. (from '^, a plough) A tax on

collections for the current period. ploughs.

Hal, Hul, also Har, Hue, q. v., H. (S. Ja, jfc, f^) Hal, Salwdhd,Sulwaha,Sarwdhd, H. (Iftljia, W^, ?^^T?t)
or Hal, Ben. (^, ^t^) A plough. A ploughman.
Halditd, Sulaeta, or, provincially, Hwretd, and Salotd, Salredhi, H. ( Jbljlft, ^^S^T^'t) Tillage, agriculture.

H. (UjJlfe, ?^T, ^^m) The first ploughing of the Hi.L, Hindi (^T^) Moisture (Puraniya).

season. Sdlgard, Hindi (^Itjl^KT) Land retaining moisture (.Ibid).

196
 HAL HAM
Hala, Kara, i^^) A weight equal to eight Mysore sers, Halligddu, Karn. (8bV"7^<So) A country village, or one

or an Indian ounce, thirteen of which make a pound. in a wood.

HalAk, or HalAkat, H. (A. C)h>, ci^ift) Death, destruc- Salligddmamru, Kara. (Sb^Trsar^^6j) Peasantry,

tion : in law, homicide, manslaughter. villagers.

HalIl, H. (A. JJlft) HalAl, Ben. (^t^TtSJ) Lawful, allowed, HalUkdr, Karn. (Sb^S^^) A tribe of Sudras in Mysore,

in contrast to Sardm, forbidden. following husbandry.

Saldlkhor, H. ijj=>- J!»-, from P. jjjii;j»-> to eat) A man HaltA, Karn. (5oBg~S) A duty levied in Belghi and Sunda

of the lowest caste, who performs the vilest class of func- on pepper, betel-nuts, cardamoms, sandal-wood, and cassia.

tions, as a sweeper, &c. : (so termed as if considering Halube, or -VE, Karn. (SbOJS, .3) A sort of rake or

every thing lawful food). harrow for levelling a field of com in the blade after

Haldi, Huldee, H. (^f jJa, S. ifcjr) Halda, Mar. (^35^) reaping.

Turmeric. The ceremony of anointing the persons of the HalwAi, H. ((_jtAs>.) HAlui, Ben. (?l5t^) A confectioner,
bride and bridegroom with turmeric between the betroth- a maker of Halwa, or sweetmeats. In the Lower Doab

ment and the actual marriage among the Mohammadans. it denotes a tribe or caste ; in most other places only the

There are two ceremonies so called — the Chor-haldi, the maker and vender.
private staining ; and Sdu-haldi, the public or open stain- HAlwakkal, Karn. (5oo)o5gO) A tribe of agricultural

ing, being performed in public, after which the married Sudras in Mysore.

pair sit together in state. Ham, Hum, H. (P. *a) Also, ever, like, same; much used
Halda, or Habda, Hulda, Huhda, H. (IjJa, 1j^) A sort to form compounds implying sameness or connexion ; as,

of mildew affecting the cerealia, in which the plant turns Ham-dam, H. (|«i3 *!b) An intimate friend or associate :

yellow and withers. (from Da7n, breath).

Halepaik, Karn. (SbySj^CXXDD) The term applied in Ham-jat, H. (ci;L>- *a) Of the same caste, of the same kind.
Mysore to the drawers of tari who speak the Tuluva Ham-jins, H. (^JM^Ja. jfi) Homogeneous, of the same kind
language. or sort.

Half, Hulf, in some dialects Halap, or Hulup, H. (A. JSamr-rdi, H. ii^ij **) An accomplice, a confederate; of

i_fil»-) An oath, a vow, an affidavit. one purpose.

Half-darughi, H. (from P. pjj>J, a falsehood) Perjury. Sam-sdia, H. (^Un Jb) A neighbour.

Half-nama, H. (<uU i—il*') A written solemn declaration Mamsdi-grdmamu, H. Tel. A neighbouring village.
by a person exempt by the Regulations from being sworn Hamshahri, H. ( t^j^ *») A fellow-townsman.
in the ordinary manner. Hamah, Humeh, H. (P. iUa) All, together ; used like the

Sdlif, H. (A. <_aiU.) One who takes an oath, or makes an preceding in compounds, and vernacularly confounded.

affidavit. Sama-bdbat, H. (ci^.^J &*») The grand total, the aggre-

Halimawali, Mar. (^ 1 g1n°l i g% plural, for A-^'^^ial) gate of the items.

High and low, rich and poor. Hama-jdt, Mar. (^tuiin) A promiscuous crowd, one of all

HalimAji, Mar. (iJI<^1hnT, from A. ^l»-, present, and castes.

^«oLc, past) Change of administration, removal of public Sama-kaum, H. (j,y XtJfc) AH the trites, all classes.

functionaries, and appointment of others. HamAl, H. (a. jUft) A porter, a carrier: in the South, a

Halka, Hulqa, H. (a. (Hal*-, lit. a ring) A village circuit, palankin-bearer.

a boundary line which includes all the lands and dwell- HAmAlkhun, Ben. (^Nt^I'Sf^, from A. Jv-«>»-, being preg-
ings of a village or hamlet, a circle or estate including nant, and joj^, blood) Causing abortion.
many villages. HamAmdasta, Mar. (fWH'^^l) HAmAndista, Ben. (^W^T-
Halla, Karn. (^Y ) A water-course, a river bed. f»F^), (both from the P. Sdwan, jjjl*, a mortar, and
Halli, Karn. (2feV) A small village or hamlet ; added fre- Dasta, iJMiii, a pestle) A mortar and pestle.

quently to other names, and commonly written hully, as, Hami, HAmi, (Mar. ^>rt, ^Tift, from tie A. ffdmi, jc«U-,
Harpan-hulli/, &c. a protector) Assurance, surety, confirmation of a contract
197 3 E
 HAM HAR
or engagement by a third party pledging himself for its Hanja, Mar. (?T»n) An unsettled business, an affair or trans-

execution. action in suspense.

Hamiddr, Sdmiddr, Mar. (^jft^lT, iwt^t) The person Hanja, Hindi (^H^n) A head of cattle.

who affords an assurance or pledge, a security. Hankal-terige, Karn. (SboS~9e;a5"A ) A tax on the

Samil, H. (A. (Jj^a*-) A surety. stubble on which the cattle of the Ryots were allowed to

Samipatra, Mar. ('^hTiI'sI) A security or assurance paper graze (Mysore).

or bond. Hansraj, H. (S. ~X i/*-a») a herb growing on brick walls

Hamisham, Tel. ( o3~*SXJ^O, corruption of S. Amam, ^^) in the rains, used medicinally : a kind of rice.

A possession, a portion. Hapab, H. C/iJ^) a nursery for sugar-cane.

Ham LA, H. (A. A*s~) Aggression, assault. HaptI, less correctly, Huptee, Mar. (?Tn, a corruption of

Hana, Karn. (J^£3) Money in general: the small coin P. JSafta, a week) Haphto, Guz. (tfyOl) A fixed

termed a fanam, whether of gold or silver. period at which a portion of revenue, or any sum due, is

Billi-hana, Karn. (23%i?^£3) A silver fanam. to be paid, ; also the portion so paid, an instalment : under

Sinnada-hana, (23rO>^OSb£3) A gold fanam. the former government there were four haptas in theDakhin,

Kantirdya-hana, Sultdni-hana, Doti~hana, Oiddahanti- or the months October, January, March, and May, when
rdya-hana, Gopdli-hana, JBakrada-hana, are different the revenue was expected to be paid.

kinds of gold fanams current in Mysore, each worth about Hapte-handi, Mar. (?^^) Settlement for payments by

four silver ones. instalments ;

payment of such instalments as they fall due.

Hanada-nota, Karn. (SbESOrOOs^cJ) Examining and ex- HIh, Ben. (S. '^tsf) A rate, a common rate: in revenue lan-

changing money : shroffing. guage, local rate of assessment; H. (iud) a subdivision or

Hanavadda, Karn. ({Sb£3aQ) A fanam-and-a-half. part of an estate. In the north-west provinces, usually the
Hanchike, or -GE, Karn. (J^oarD ."A) Sharing, dividing land most distant from the village it belongs to, beyond the
allotment. mdnjha, or middle portion, and extending to the boundary
Hanchiigolv, Karn. (S^OSrOA/S^) A wooden seal used or limits of the village lands or estate. In Sagar it means
by government officers in Mysore when the farmers di- the reverse, or the cultivated space immediately round a vil-

vide their corn on the threshing-floor. lage. In Bundelkhand it denotes a tract of land of which

Hanba, or Handa, H. &c. (Ijoa, IjJLii), '5^, ^TST) A cook- there may be several joint occupants : land which, from its

ing pot, whether of clay or metal. distance, had been abandoned by the Zamindar to the culti-

Sandi, or Sdndi, H. &c. ((_yiiJift, (_jjjla, If^, 5}^) A vators, and, after a long alienation, separately assessed : also,

small culinary vessel or pot. pasture land. Again, in the district of Agra it is applied to

Handa, Mar. (?T^T) The mutual assistance in labour, bul- all the different parts of a village where such divisions have

locks, &c., interchanged among husbandmen. been created in the course of village economy ; and in Etawa

Sdndehari, Mar. (^t<^<*0) A labourer or a bullock lent it denotes the upland, or land lying above the ravines.

by one cultivator to another. Sdrhdri, Ben. (^Ifl^lfll) Distribution, especially of assets

Hane, Karn. (2x3Qj A grain measure of eighty rupees weight. amongst claimants in whose favour a decree has been pro-

Hangam, H. &c. (p. J^J!t>) Time, season, period at which nounced, proportionate to their respective claims; also,

any thing or business is most abundant or prevalent. taking the whole together, a general average.

Ilangdm-sibandi, Mar. (itnwf^^) Militia or irregular Hdri, Ben., H. (^tSt, i^J^) Relating or belonging to the

troops enlisted for a time. boundary lands : occupying a part or hdr : subject to a

Hangdmi, H. ( -«LGa) Periodical, for a time; an extra local rate of assessment, &c.

cess imposed on the district of Jessore shortly before the Sdri-raiat, Ben. A cultivator who pays his revenue in

permanent settlement. money, according to the local rate.

Hangama, H. (p. &«l^) Tumult, disturbance. Hdr-haula, corruptly, Ser-kowla, H. (^y^U) Assessment

Hani, Ben. (S. ^IH^) Loss, diminution, deficiency, injury. fixed in money upon difiFerent portions of an estate, ac-

Hdnibd, Uriya (5)|§iQ|) Cutting and maiming. cording to the quality of the land (in the district of Benares).

198
 HAR HAR
Har, H. &c. (Jji, ^IX.) Har or Hari, Ben. (^, fifk) Harhdsali, Hindi, ( ^TI^B^) Lands bearing crops.

Loss, as at gaming, or of a suit at law, defeat, dis- Hari, Huree, H. ((_?;*) Compulsory contribution of assist-

comfiture. ance by Ryots in ploughing the fields of Zamindars ; also

Hdribdr, Uriya (^IQQIQ) The act of losing, or of being sometimes voluntary mutual assistance of cultivators among

beaten. one another.

Har, Huh, H. (P. Jfc) Every, any ; used in compounds. Hdri, Sindhi. A peasant, a cultivator (from har, a plough,

Sar-lab, Uriya (^QQ|Q, P. and A., every class) Applied or for hdli, q. v.).

to land capable of yielding any description of crops. Sarid, Huryd, H. (b^) A ploughman.

JIarbirah, Hindi ('^T^^^'?) Bearing the same rate of rent Hariar, Huriur, H. {j.J") End of the sowing season.

per bighd ; an estate. (Oudh).

Sar-do-hisM, H. (from jii,*, each two, and ILaa-, a share) Harori, Hindi, (?^tT!t) Money lent by a cultivator to a

Both shares of the crop — the government's and the cul- person to act as ploughman, bearing no interest as long

tivator's. as he serves.

Sar-hamesha, JTur-humesh, H. (j>^x»Jt^, from P. <t»iJ^ka, Harpuji, Hurpoojee, H. (i5*-^_y) The worship of the

always) Words inserted sometimes in a grant, to signify plough on the day which closes the season of ploughing

one made for perpetuity, for ever and ever. and sowing : sometimes it precedes the season, but less

Sar-jins, Jfftir-jins, H. (P. ji«jio-^) Grain of sorts, any usually : it generally occurs in Kartik, after the autumnal

thing of various or every kind. sowing, but in some places it is celebrated after the spring

JIarkdra, Hurharu, H. ( SilOk j from^yb, every jls, business) sowing also. The plough is cleaned and decorated with

A messenger, a courier, an emissary, a spy. garlands ; and to use or lend it after this day is considered

Har, Hur, substituted vernacularly sometimes for Hal, H. unlucky.

{jlb, S. f^) A plough. Harsajjd, H. (ls»«yt), S. ^^, and 4J^N«II, companionship)

Sardi, Saraee, H. ( ,_s\jb ) The portion of land in a field Reciprocal assistance in ploughing.

which is included within one circuit of a plough ; to com- Sarsot, Sarsotia, Hursot, Hursotea, H. (cuy«^ from

mence another iitenaeAIIarwi-phdndnd : beginning of the S. ^^, a plough, and 'H^. a line or thread) Ploughing

ploughing season. a furrow, the first ploughing of the season : afibrding mu-
Hardtar, Hindi, (ftlTH'c) Place where the ploughs are tual assistance in ploughing: bringing home the plough

working for the day. after a day's work on a bullock's back, or with the share

Sardti, Hindi, (^tTift) Belonging to a plough. inverted (Dehli).

Haridunu, Hureeaon, H. ( Jjb^) Division of a crop, in Harwdhd, incorrectly Surrva, H. (Ifti.^) A ploughman,

which the cultivator retains nine, and the Zamindar re- an agricultural bondsman, one who has sold his services

ceives seven parts (fi-om har, a plough). for an advance, and is bound, together with his descendants,

Sarauri, Hurouree, H. ((jfyj*) The occupation of plough- to serve until the advance is repaid (Allahabad).

ing, or place where ploughing is going on. In Benares, Harwal, Hurmul, H. (Jj;*) Advances, without interest,

an advance of about two rupees in money and two maunds to ploughmen (East Oudh and Benares).

of com given to a ploughman when first engaged. Hara, H. {\jW) a branch of the Chouhan Rajputs, after

Harautd, Hwouta, H. ('ojy) Beginning of the plough- whom the province of Hdrduti, including the principalities

ing season. of Kota and Bundi, is named.

Sareta, or Haretd, H. (<!UJ> Jb, '^^in) Commencement of Hara, H. (j^, ^ftir) Green, fresh, vegetable.

the ploughing season in the rains. Hardi, H (tsV*) Greenness, verdure.

Sarghasit, Murghuseet, H. (c:,/a*u.^i;a) The cultivated Sarkat, Surkut, H. (c>^) Cutting rice while it is

lands of a village (fi'om har, a plough, and ghasitna, to green and unripe (Rohilkhand) (from hard, green, and
draw) (Lower Doab). kdtnd, to cut).

Harhd, Surha, H. (Ls^) Unbroken and vicious bullocks, Harada, Karn. (J^oO) A large dealer, a wholesale or

plough bullocks, (Dehli). Stray oxen. maritime merchant ; a lender.

199
 HAR HAR
Saradavattige, Karn. (&oOa|5'A) Merchandise: lend- HaranbAri, Ben. ('^*)^tfs) A gaol, a house of confine-

ing' and borrowing. ment for criminals.

Haradari, Karn. (&0S36) A measure of extent, con- Harat, vernacular corruption of Arhat, q. v., H. (c:J;a)
taining' 2000 fathoms, or about two miles and a half, a A Persian water-wheel.
hos (Mysore). Haratkul, H. iJ^ClJ>/>, probably for Bharat-kul, of

Haraoalu, or Hahagolu, Karn. (8bSXeu^ SbJJX/S^eu) the race of Bharata) A branch of the Gaur Brahraans.

A ferry-boat, a circular boat made of bambus, and covered Harava, or Haruva, Karn. (Soc)0^, Soc)&)6) A Brah-

with leather, used for crossing rivers in Kanara. man : (a term especially used by the Lingayats),

Saragalvr-hada, Karn. (J^OAeuoa) The place of a ferry. HarIwal, corruptly, Harol and Harrewal, H. (Turk.

Haragol-gutti, Karn. (Sb^A/SoXoS^) A tax on ferry- Jj^ Jb) The advanced guard of an army, the officer com-
boats (Mysore). manding it : a police-officer in a town or village appears

HARAaE, Karn. (J^oA) Partnership. to be sometimes, though not very accurately, so termed.

Haraj, Huruj, H. (a. ^Jb) Tumult, disturbance, riot. Harbi, H. (a. from ^^'' ''^"1^) Martial, va-
^J>J=', ^J^'
Saraj-maraj, H. (?^j>««-^) Confusion. liant : in law, an infidel not subject to Mohammadan r^ile,

HarIj, H. (a. —Kfc) Auction, outcry: public proposals for although at peace, such a person being an incessant ob-
the farming of the revenues of sundry villages for a short tect of hostilities.

term of years (?). Harbong ka raj, H. (_^ ^iL^j{/>) Civil disorders, mal-

Harale-pattadi, Karn. (8boyS3|Ja, from Sarah, the administration : lit., the rule of Harbong, a Raja so named,

castor-oil seed) A commutation tax paid by dealers in lamp- said to have ruled at a place opposite to Allahabad, on

oil, in consideration of exemption from the visits of the the bank of the Ganges, thence termed Sarbong-ptir, and
ofiBcers of the Sair revenue (Mysore). of whose silliness and unfitness for government many tra-

Saralu-pattadi, Karn. (&iO euS3ejQ) Tax on oil-dealers ditional anecdotes and proverbial phrases bear record

see the preceding. (Elliot).

Haram, Hurum, H. (a. |*fS>-) Sacred, forbidden, closed to Harda, H. Oti/n) Mildew, smut in corn.

promiscuous access ; hence applied to a female connexion Hardaub, Hurdouh, H. (jj^i/) ) A name given to oblong

or relative ; also to the private or women's apartments, the mounds raised in villages in Upper India, and studded

Harem of European writers ; also to the sacred circuit with flags to avert epidemic diseases, and especially cho-
round the temple at Mecca. lera ; so named in honour of Hardaul Laid, a Bundel-

Hardin, Huram, H. &c. (A. (»]/>-) Unlawful, forbidden; khand chief, who, the natives of Hindustan believe, visited

applied to all things or acts which the law disallows or the camp of Lord Hastings with cholera, in punishment

condemns, as prohibited food or beverage, improper actions of the profanation committed by the Europeans in having

wicked, vicious ; sacred, once slaughtered cows in the grove where Hardaul's ashes

Uardmzdda, H. (A. » jlj<K»- ) Base-born ; a bastard, but repose.

used as a term of abuse generally, a scoundrel, a rascal. HardehA, H. (l^.'Jyo) A tribe of the Kdchchis.

Harim, H. (A. (*j'^) Prohibited, sacred; a sacred place HarduAs, Huhdooas, H. (^Ij4>;a>) A class of Rajputs, of

or sanctuary ; the inner apartments, or their female in- whom a few are settled in Azimgerh and Gorakhpur.

habitants ; the enclosure of the temple of Mecca. Hari, S., but adopted in all dialects, (?ft:) A name of

Hurmat, H. (A. Ci»v«;&-) Character, reputation, honour Vishnu.

the seclusion of a woman of respectability ; any thing held HArI, Ben. ('^tfB') A servant of the lowest class, a sweeper,

sacred or forbidden. ,
(from S. Hadda, a bone): ^soHaddaka or Harraha, and
Hurmat-musdkarat, A. (iLfcUa* {j:,'>-o^) In law, the pro- Hadika, Hariha formerly employed also as;
village watch-

hibition of marriage with different women on account of man.— Ben. Reg. xxii. 1793, s. 13. (la the Glossary of

their mutual affinity. the 5th Report we have Harees, derived from the A. Hdris,

HIrampattuta, Tel. (&r*^oX!)fi.iJd) ,Gatherinff ears of a defender, and explained, a petty officer of police,. a guard,

corn. a sentinel; but the original word is Harees, plural of

200
 HAR HAS
Haree, not Harees in the sin^lar, as, All pykes, cho- Hasb-ul-Jiukm, Husb-ool-lwokm, corruptly, Housbulhoohum,

kidars, nigahbans, Harees, and other descriptions of vil- H. (*^''t ^Ms>-) According to command. The initial

lage watchmen." — Fifth Rep. p. 614). words, and thence the title, of a document issued agree-

Hahi, (?) A third crop ; one of the poorer grains raised in ably to royal authority, by the Vazir or other high officer

the hot weather between the spring and autumn crops. of the government.

Hahia, (?) Land granted to the relations of persons killed Hasb-i-zdhita, H. (tidajLgCy xii>-») According to law, ac-

in an affray between two villages, by the authorities of cording to practice.

that village by whose members the homicide had been per- Sasb-ul-ir.^, A. {<ijji\ I.«^a«*s«-) According to inheritance,

petrated ; or similar land rent-free granted to the families the division of an estate according to the Mohammadan
of Bhats who had destroyed themselves on the violation laws of inheritance.

of engagements for which they had been sureties. Hasb-ul-waml, or -wasuli, H. (

J»-aJl l_^«fc>-) lit., Ac-
Harigolcj, Tel. (ttJ^OA^eu) a basket boat, such as is cording to collections or receipts; a term formerly used

used on the rivers of the Dakhin. in revenue accounts to designate items of an uncertain

Harisa, A. (<to,W) One of the ten kinds of wounds for value, of which no estimate can be computed, and which
which compensation is claimable, a slight scratch, such are entered only after their actual receipt : applied also

as not to draw blood. formerly to small villages in the Monghir district paying
Harkar, Hindi ( ^l,**,) A pen for cattle (Puraniya). revenue direct to government. — Fifth Rep. 240.

Harkat, H. &c. (A. u:,o^) Movement, motion, agitation, Hash-ul-waml-i-maroclia, corrupted to Hushulmoosoolee-
especially of an objectionable kind, as opposition, hin- marocha, H. (A. &^jj^ Jj-^j^'
li---v«»j»-) lit., Agreeably
drance, interruption, starting difficulties, giving trouble. to customary (?) realizations : an item of revenue in the
Harki, Mar. (^=11^, from S. Harsha, pronounced some- early Bengal accounts, levied especially in Dinajpur and
times Markka, joy) Money given by a successful litigant Rangpur, being an estimated amount of receipts from fees

to the Court, in token of his gratitude : money paid to on marriages. (The word marocha, also met with as ma-
one who has brought back a lost article, or presented to runcha, is of doubtful accuracy ; it may be a corruption

the family and dependants on any occasion of rejoicing. otmurmaja, &^myo, customary).
JTarki-vivdha, corruptly, Urkee-wiwaha, Mar. (S. ^cR^- Hashm, H. &c. (a. *A»-, '^^) Train, retinue, followers
f^T?) Presents claimed at marriages by the principal of a person of rank.

Brahmans. Hashm-navis, or -nis, or -pharnis, or -phamavis, Mar.

Hasale, corruptly, in the plural, Hussulleero, Karn. (^^T^Thj. -''I'hT , ^^RTBS^^, XfiS^TtTf) A public of-
(&jOy) One of the supposed aboriginal tribes of Mysore, ficer under the Peshwa's government, who kept a muster-
found in the hill districts of Nagar ;
properly woodmen, roll of the ordinary train of retainers attached to different

but serving as agricultural labourers. chiefs, of the garrisons, of the forts, and the irregular

Hasarani, Karn. (&(00 dO) A tax levied in Mysore on militia.

betel-leaf, plaintain-leaf, and other vegetable leaves. Hashia-gawah, H. (lil^^U-) A witness to the execution
JIdsaravdne, Karn. (cxaoiiOOcO dw) A tax levied from the of a deed (writing his name on the hdshia or margin).
peasants, in commutation of supplies of green leaves which Hashima, a. (<U^U) a fracture of the skull, infficted by
they were formerly obliged to furnish to the government violence, and requiring legal compensation.
officers. Hasho-miniiai, erroneously, Hashm-minhai, H. (i_jL^JUoj<iij>.)
Hasaru, Karn. (&)rOO0) Green, fresh, standing com or Deductions from the revenue entered
total on the credit
pasturage ; also Hasuru. side of the account with government. The term is there-

Hasb, H. (A. l._../vj*»»-) According to ; used chiefly in form- fore applied to rent-free and other assigned lands, also to
ing compounds, as, rent-free lands exempted from resumption : (from the A.
Sasb-ul-hdsil, or -hdsili, H. ( (J-«y (._-^«*=>-) According JMO-, deduction on the credit side of an account). See
produce land paying revenue according to the kind
to the ;
Bdriz and Min-ha, la ^, 'from it,' with s_j added to
and value of the crops. form a substantive.

201 3 F
 HAS HAT
Ilasho-mazd, H. {^^yLa-) Deduction from the total re- examination of the assets or resources of a country, made

venue credited in the government account. before the harvest, and sometimes after measurement of the
Hasia, or Hansia, H. (Lwt>, Uw^ia) A reaping-hook. lands : a detailed statement of any lands yielding revenue :

Hasike, or -GE, Karn. (JSbaD, ."A) Actual measurement the rent roll of a village signed yearly by the Patwari

of the crop after it is threshed, and before its partition be- the common form is an abstract of each Ryot's account,

tween the tenant and landlord. specifying his tenure, the amount of revenue payable by
Hasil, H. and most dialects, (A. (Jocla-) Hasil, HAsil, or him, the quantity of land in or out of cultivation, and the
Hasil, Mar. (?ipft^, ?T5ft^, or l^Ttft^) Hasalu, Tel. amount of revenue realized or in arrear.

Karn. o3~*(0 eu ) a revenue

( Produce, profit, especially, as Hast-o-hudi, H. (,^^li^_ ^ c>.«*2>) Designation of land which
term, the amount derived from the government share of has been assessed on the basis of a comparative valuation
the produce of the soil, and from any other source of of its produce.

taxation, or impost ; revenue, tax, duty. Sast-o-bud-jamd, H. («^»- J^ . (j>sjmS>) An account shew-
Hdsila, H. (<sLeU-) Cultivated or cropped land (Chittagong). ing the total amount of revenue under all heads of assess-

Sdsilat, Uriya. (^|CllQ.©) Assessed lands. ment to which any estate is liable.

Hadl-i^'bazdr, ox HasU-hdzdri, H. (jljlj Jv«U-, i^yj^.u^'^) Sastnd-bud, H. (Jy U c:.-«j*a>) A remission of revenue

Market dues, revenue from duties on markets. granted to Zamindars for the portion of land failing in

Hdsil-daftar, H. (^^J tJ-cl»-) Tax office, custom-house, produce (what is not as it was).

custom or revenue account. Has (JGE, Karn. (&fvX)'X) Dividing, sharing, as com, &c.
Hdxil-khdldri, Ben. (^ir>l»1'«ltHivb1) Produce of salt works, HAt, Ben. Mar. (^1«,l?TiT) Hath, or Hath, or Huth, H. (^1»,
an item in the public accounts, the profit derived from j.^) The hand, a cubit measured from the elbow to the

the duty and the original ground-rent of the land on which tip of the middle finger, 18 inches ; or, according to some

the works are erected. statements, 19^ : for timber, in Puraniya it was 22. (In

Hddl-i-namah, H., in Ben., Mar., &c., «maA,(tlX*Jt>oL&-) Mar. it occurs also with the short vowel Sat, Hut.
Duty or profit or revenue derived from salt. Hdtberi, Mar. (?lri«l'iT) Handcuff, manacle.

Hdsil-zamin, H. (P. fji^) Land in cultivation and pay- Hdtchencliai:, Ben. (^1\S4&°F^) A man who has money

ing revenue. in hand but will not pay his debts.

Hdsil-i-kaldm, H. (*K(J./tfls>-, from the A. JS, speech) Hdth-chitthi, H. (^j^ ^l», Mar. ^T-irf^rt) A letter

Briefly, shortly, lit., the produce or pith of speech. or note written or avouched (by the hand of ) : a letter

Hasta, S. but used also in various dialects, as well as the from a person of rank or station, either in his own
vernacular form. Hat, or HItii, q. v. (?^) The hand, hand, or signed by him, not bearing his seal only : a printed

a cubit from the elbow to the tip of the midle finger. form given to the head of a village in the opium districts

•
Hastdkshar, Mar. (S. figT, the hand, and ^^, a letter) by the deputy collector, specifying the persons who engage
Sign-manual, handwriting. to grow the poppy, and the conditions of the agreement.

Hastdntarakaran, Ben. (^«iafl<fsi*1, from S. ^^, hand, Hdter, Mar. (?TK^) Gratuitous labour which the Ryots of

^nin:, diflerent, and oBt^, making) Transfer of property, a village are bound to render in the fields to the Patil,

handing over any thing to another. revenue farmer, or other public officer.

Hasfdntara-haran-patra, Ben. (^^^^^fTltig) A deed of Hatheli, H. (^Jo^) The palm of the hand.

transfer. Hathiydr, H. (jU^ia, from ^Xa) Hatiydr, Ben. (^HsMfil)

Hasiahadi, (&i^o£>) Money in hand, ready money. A tool, an implement, arms, apparatus.
Hasten, Mar. (?^) By, from, or into the hand of; as Hdthjornd, H. (li^js- ^U) Hatjord, Ben. (^t«WW)
money paid by, or to, or through the hand of, any one. Joining the hands together, an attitude of supplica-

Hast-o-btJd, Host-o-bood, also sometimes vernacularly, but tion or humility; hence also, supplication, entreaty, re-

incorrectly ,Hastabud, H.(P. C^MJtijis, and 5jJ, was, with verence.

the conjunctive . , «J . c:,^MJti) A comparative account, Hdt-jdmmi, Mar. (^TiI»nf'T»ft) Security taken by the hand,

shewing the present and past produce of an estate : an an engagement taken, atfirst implying general responsibility.

202
 HAT HAW
which becomes void upon the completion of more re^lar about a foot high, and is used as fodder : a vernacular re-

formalities. presentation of the English word artichoke.

Hdt-kardt, Ben. ('^t^s^sTt^) A handsaw. Hathile, Hutheble, H. (^^^lo^) A reputed saint, one of

Sdt-Mri, Ben. (^|v»*lvS)) Hathkari, Hindi (^liigfTt) A five held in veneration by the lower orders in the north-

handcuff. west provinces : he is buried at Barech.

Hdtkdthi, Ben. (^l^^lfS) A stick a cubit long, for mea- HattA, Hutta, H. (ua) A large wooden shovel or spoon

suring with. used for throwing water into fields from aqueducts.

Hathhdvani, Mar. (^K^T^^jft) A small vegetable scraper, Hattalu, Tel. (^^e^J) A slave by birth.

one that may be held in the hand. Hatti, Karn. (<^2_o) Cotton in an undressed state.

Sdth-karadu, H., Karn. (?) A rough daily account of re- Hatti-kane, Karn. (&§^?o°) A cotton mill for clear-

ceipts and disbursements, an off-hand account. ing it from the seeds,

Sath-pher, H. (jJ^ Changing money by sleight of Kdda-hatti, Karn. (DD^SbS^) Wild cotton.
"i*^)

hand, changing good money for bad. Karehatti, Karn. (oo8b§^) Black cotton plant produ-

Hdto, Guz. (l^Lftl) The hand given to one with whom a cing very fine white cotton.

bargain is being made under a cloth, so that the terms Hatti-vari, Karn. (SbS^^B) A tax on cotton formerly

may be settled by the fingers of the parties unperceived levied in kind, since commuted for a money tax.

by others. Satti-mnka, Karn. (SbS^rioOD) A tax on cotton growers

Sathord, H. (j^j^a) A sledge hammer : Hathori, H. levied when the produce is sold.

(^jJiai) A small hammer. Hatti, Huttee, Mar. (^W^, S. f^) Hatiii, H. (j_j«j"l»)

Sdtargdrd, Mar. (^Wviisi) A small sugar-mill, one that An elephant.

may be worked by hand. RdtU-khdna, H. (iJiU-^la) An elephant stable.

Sdtrumdl, Mar. ('^Irl^fn^, lit., a handkerchief) A small IIdthihm,ngdm, H. {i^SJj^,^^) Remission for losses from

bag or budget of papers, accounts, &c. depredations by wild elephants : (from Hdthi, an elephant).

Hdt-usnd, Mar. (^rra^rtUT) Lent without any acknow- (Karnata).

ledgment (money), lent on hand, and for prompt payment. Hatti-mahal, Mar. ('^wtJt^^) An elephant stall or stable,

Hat, or Hath, corruptly Haut, H. &c. (cLjla, ^la, or fTZ', a place where he is kept.

517, S. Hatta, Igj) A market, a moveable market, one Hatti, Huttee, Karn. ( 8b|3 ) A fold for kine, a cowpen,

held only on certain days in a week, a fair. the residence of herdsmen, a temporary station of shepherds

Hdtario, Guz. (l^l^^Cl'^l) A banker, a shopkeeper. or graziers : it is also applied to a village or cluster of

Hdt- or Hatta-chor, Ben. (^-, ^§ZFt^) A thief who huts among the Bhils of Kandesh.
steals in markets or fairs. Hatya, S. &c. (^iin) Killing, murder : personal injury or violence.

Hdt-kd-chutki, Hindi (5IJ4l-<i<i°h^) A small portion of Hauda, or Haudaj, H. (A. XJyb, y-i^j*) A litter carried

each article brought to market taken by the renter of a by a camel or elephant, in which females are conveyed.

village where the market is held, or of the market itself: The former word Hauda, commonly written Homdah, is,

an item in the village accounts to shew the value of what in Hindustan, most usually applied to a kind of chair or

has been taken in the year. open seat on an elephant.

Hat-tdl, Hindi (^TincS) Shutting up or closing all the Haulan-haul, a. ( J^ 11)'"^*") Property of which the pro-

shops of a market as a passive resistance to exaction. prietor has been in possession for a year, and which then
Hatti, Hindi (?^) A petty market or fair. becomes liable to the payment of zihdt : (from Jj»-, or

Hdtu, Hindi (?T7) A market-man. JL=>-, lasted a year). In some parts of the Dakhin, pay-

Hatmd, H. ( lya, ^<m\) A man employed as a weighihan ment of revenue by the Ryots by an order on the village
and measurer at markets. grain-seller who has purchased their crops in advance,

Hata, H. (iOsio-) An inclosure, a court-yard, a compound, subject to the share of assessment due upon them.
(corruption of the Arabic Ihdta, i\o\s-\, an inclosure). Hauli, H. (^J)*) a liquor-shop.

Hathichak, H. ( c.x»-,_^l» ) Name of a grass which grows Hawala, corruptly, Howalla, H. &c. (<lilj»-,
f^T^) Charge,
203"
 HAW HAZ
care, custody, trust ; consignment of any property, duty, Idt, the vernacular form of Hawdla, Ben. (^5Hi«,)
or liability, to a trustworthy person ; charge to pay on ac- A thing given in trust, a loan for a short time, money
count of transfer of a debt or liability ; security, or goods advanced or deposited in another's hands. In treasury ac-

lodged for security : assignment for payments. A de- counts, inefficient balances, or debts, or dependencies, un-

scription of tenure in Eastern Bengal, an intermediate audited advances.

holding of a part of an estate, or of a farm under a Za- Sawdlat, H. (A. SII»s>-) Trust, charge, transfer, change. In

mindar or Talukdar, to whom a stipulated portion of the law, the transfer of a debt from the original debtor to one

rents collected from the Ryots is paid. « A farm. It is who becomes responsible for it to the creditor.

said also to be applicable to a portion of an estate pur- Hdwalhdt, Hindi (^"^cjS^li, probable vernacular error for
chased, and therefore transferable and hereditary, the go- Hawdlai) Balance of the village cash account in the

vernment dues being payable through the landlord; but Patwari's hands (Puraniya).
in case of a dispute with the latter the purchaser of the Hawali, H. (a. iJ')*-) Environs, parts adjacent, round
farm may make his payments through another Talukdar. about.

Taylor's Dacca, 155. Minor divisions of these holdings Hawdlishahar, H. (^.^ lJ'j*"^ "^^ suburbs or environs
are known by the name oi Nim^hawdlas, half farms. In of a city.

the Maratha country, an order or draft for money drawn Samili, or Savili, or Mdvali, corruptly, Savelli, or Sa-
by a Ryot on the banker or grain-dealer to whom he has rvalie. Hi (A. ,JLu*-) from the same root as Sarvdli, JU-,
sold his crop, or entrusted it for sale. or (J)s>-, whence Hawdl, a circle, a circuit) Hdvili, cor-

Sam&laddr, or Hawalddr, corrupted to Havilddr, H. ruptly, Savelie, Tel. (iCr*Sie)) A house, a habitation.

&c. (^bi)Jlj»., jliijl^s-, ^TT^Fc^k) One holding any office The tract of country adjacent to a capital town, and originally
or trust. In the east of Bengal, a sub-renter, the occu- annexed to it for the supply of the public establishments :

pant of a Hawala : a steward or agent for the management it afterwards came to signify, in the Madras provinces,
of a village : a native officer of the Indian army, subor- government lands, lands held khds, or under direct govern-
dinate to the Subahdar. Amongst the Marathas the term ment management. In Bengal the term was applied to the
was variously applied, but in all it conveyed the notion reverse, or lands held by a Zamindar for his own benefit.

of trust, deputation, or delegated authority ; as, the chief Hamili-grdmamulu, Tel. (plur. ^r°b£)^;;^&^a3)
of a company of guards, guides, or messengers ; a prin- Villages formerly retained under the management of the

cipal officer in a fort under the commandant, whose duty officers of the Nawab of the Carnatic.

it was to appoint the guards, patrols, &c. : sometimes, also, Hayagada, Karn. ((Soe)OaDACi) A ford, a place where a

the commandant himself: a subordinate revenue officer, river may be forded.

a kind of deputy of the Mamlatdar, who was charged with HAroBANS, HyoBUNS, H. (S. , i«ijjA») A tribe of Rajputs
the collection and remittance of the revenue of the district, in the province of Benares, once a dominant race on the

and empowered to administer justice in petty complaints banks of the Narmadd, where Mahesmari was founded
an assistant of the Patil, or head of the village, in the by Sahasrdrjuna, a Raja who makes a great figure in
collection of the jevenue, and in police matters. In the Hindu legendary tradition. The proper name of the tribe

Dakhin, and also at one time apparently in Hindustan, an is Saihaya, S. (%?^:).

officer appointed by the government, or the farmer of the HazAnat, incorrectly, HizInat, A. (i)La».) The care and

revenue, to prevent any abstraction of the crop, or its re- bringing up of infant children according to the provisions

moval from the public threshing-floor, until the revenue of Mohammadan law.

was paid. HazIri, H. (p. from iha, a thousand) A commander of a

Hamdlddri, corruptly, Han'ildarry, H. (j^IaIIj*-) The thousand, either actually or nominally ; in which latter

office or tenure of a Hawaldar ; also applied to a charge case it was an honorary military title at the Court of the
made to the villages for the expense of subordinate revenue Mogul, borne by civil as well as military functionaries.

officers sent to watch or to attach the crops. Hazdridn, H. (plur. of (jr;h») Regiments of one thousand
Haroaldt, or, more accurately, Jlauldt, corruptly, Sow- men each employed in the northern Circars.

204
 HAZ HUZ
Hazih, H. (a. jviU-) In the Hindu dialects j as usual is Hdjir-jdmin-ddr, Karn. (5oB^J^83^SX3rC5U3Jf) A surety
substituted for z, as, Hajih, Ben. (^tffe) HAji'h, Mar. or bail for a personal appearance.

(^ilV) the » is also sometimes changed to a, as, Hajaru, Hazrat, H. (A. \JUfCs^ Presence, dignity. A title given

Tel. (oT^SjOO) Present, forthcoming, in attendance, ready. to a prince or person of rank, equivalent to Your Majesty,
The actual state of any thing, an account shewing the Your Highness, Your Excellency.
assets of an estate, or tract of country. Huzur, Hoozoor, less correctly, Hazur, Huzoor, H. &c. (A.

Ghair-hdzir H. (A. ijl»-,Ji) Absent, not present. j^i=>-) Hujur, Mar. (^t) Hujdru, Tel. i^T^^^^)
Hdzir-o-ndzir, H. (j<olJj^l»-) Present and seeing. The presence, the royal presence, the presence of a su-

JSdzirdt, H. (A. djl^la-) lit.. Presences ; but applied in perior authority, as of a judge or collector of revenue, and,

Hindustan to a magical rite by which absent or invisible by metonymy, the person of the prince or functionary ; also

things or persons are supposed to be made visible to a the place where he presides, the hall of audience, the court
young boy or girl, who are directed to look in the flame also abstractly, the state, the government.

of a lamp, in a looking-glass, in a dish of water, or on Huzar, H. (A. plur oiyo^-) Attendants on the court.

certain magic squares, &c. Hujrd, Mar. (b»T^T) An attendant at court, a confidential

Sdzir-hdshi, H. (P. Ly*ib, being) Regular or constant servant, sometimes appointed to villages as a check upon
attendance. the Patil.

Sdjir-begdri, Mar. (?T»riT ^TITft) A pressed porter, but Hujardt, Mar. (?*ITnr) Troops under the immediate orders

one who carries his load only to the first village on the of the state, royal guards, peons attached to the station

road, where he is relieved ; in opposition to one pressed of the chief fiinctionaries.

for the whole of any given distance. Hujaryd, Mar. ( ? »PIT) A personal attendant, an attendant

Sdziri, corruptly, Sdzri, vernacularly, Hajari or Hdjiri, on court

H. (c:S;^W-, ^TiTCt) Presence : a muster-roll : an indi- Huzur-bdld, H. (P. 3U, above) The high or exalted pre-
vidual resident or present in a village. Breakfast : an offer- sence, title of superior authority.

ing of a breakfast, or of food, to certain Mohammadan saints, Huzuri, H. (,_?,. "^a-) Relating to the chief authority, to

which, after being so consecrated, is distributed among the local or general government, as an attendant on the
their votaries or the poor. court, &c. Under the Mohammadan government the term

Hdjiri-hahi, Ben. ('^If^rSW^) A muster-roll, a list of was sometimes applied to such lands as paid revenue to

persons who should be in attendance. the Diwan, or financial representative of the government,

Hdjiri-nau-abdd, Hindi (P. J, new, and jW, cultivation) in opposition to the Nizamat lands, which paid revenue
A resident cultivator who takes up new land for the first to the Nazim, or viceroy. Under the British authority it

year (Puraniya). applies to lands or cultivators paying revenue direct to

Hdjiri-sdbek, Hindi (^falO^IRsli, from the A. JfjL,, past) the chief collector, not through a native collector or land-

A resident cultivator'who has held lands more than one year. holder.

Hdjir-nis, Mar. (^ifhTft^) The muster master of the Huzuri-mdhgvzdr, H. (from P. lO Jl« , a payer of re-

troops and establishments, one who keeps a register or venue) A landholder or tenant paying revenue direct to
roll of the troops and militia in attendance, and furnishes government.
abstracts to the superior authorities. In Ben. Hdjirina- Huzuri-ndlish, H. (P. (>CHj) A complaint preferred di-
wis ('^IroSi^rfPT) means any one who keeps a list of rect to the supreme authority.

any persons in attendance engaged on any duty. Huzuri-t&luk, H. (i¥l*>, a dependence, an estate) A cer-

Hdzir-zdmin, H. ( j^j^U^-oU-) Hdjir-jdmin, Mar. ( ^M^C - tain district called a Tdluk, paying revenue direct to go-

»ilHl«^) Hdjir-jdmin, Ben. (^tf^uTSftf^) A surety for the vernment, usually known as an independent Tdluk, that
personal appearance of any one when required to attend. which is not held of any other proprietor or revenue payer.
Hdzir-zdmini, or Hdjir-jdmini, H. &c. (^^\^jAsJ) Se- Huzur-mahdl, H. (from Jls*) Estates paying revenue
curity, whether personal or pecuniary, for the appearance direct to government.

of a person charged with any debt or offence. Sujur-mdmld, Mar. (?^ 'TRcST, from the A. i^ix^) The
205 3g
 HUZ HEW
authority and jurisdiction of the state reserved over an estate is also used by certain castes as an affix to proper names,

or district, of which the revenues have been given in grant. to intimate respectability, corresponding with Sahib, or

Huzur-navis, H. (from P. ,b*^_ J, a writer) A secretary Mian, in Hindustan.

of state, one who registers all royal or viceregal grants and Euruba-heggade, Karn. (&)6oeD"&)^Q) A head or chief

orders. among shepherds.

JSujur-pdgd, Mar. (en^MiMi) A body of horse under the Hejib, Mar. (?) A deputy or agent appointed by the hereditary

immediate keeping and command of the state, the household officers of the Maratha government to act for them.

troops. Hbl, or Hela, Mar., Guz. (tcS) The business of carrying

Huj^T-sanadi, Mar. (F^^R^) Held under a grant or loads ; also the burthen, or the cost of conveyance.

diploma from the government, lands &c. Helharl, Mar. (^55«Iilft) A porter, a carrier of loads.

Huz'&r-tahsil, H. (A. ^yx-as?, collection of revenue) Col- Selpdti, Mar. (tcS^^^^) A porter, a hired labourer (from

lection of revenue by the chief fiscal officer of the govern- carrying a basket, pdti, on his head.)

ment, without the intervention of a third party. In the Hela, H. ( JUft) A man of a low caste, an inferior division

early days of British authority the term was applied to of the Bhangis, engaged in the lowest menial offices. The
land paying revenue to the chief authority in a province, Helas pride themselves on eating the leavings of Hindus

as distinguished from those paying it to the head of a Zil- only.

la, or subdivision of a province or collectorate, thence termed Hele, H. ( Joa) A subdivision of the Jat tribe.

Tahdl-zilA. Hellavar, Karn. (& t^o3~30) Lame beggars.

Suzur-tahsil-i-daftar, H. (Jisii, a register) An office in Hemanta, S., but used in most dialects, (^HtTO The cold

Calcutta before the permanent settlement, in which reve- season, the months of Agrahayana and Pausha —November-
nues paid direct to government were received. December.
Hujur-wdr-sasan, Mar. (from S. ^iitin, an order) A pen- Hemalamha, S. &c. (^>T^^) The thirty-first year of the

sion or annuity formerly paid direct from the Peshwa's cycle also Karn. Hemalambi.
;

treasury. Henda, Karn. (ooOcS) Spirituous liquor, tdri, the fer-

Suzur-sild, H. (A. «L« ) The districts which paid their reve- mented sap of different kinds of the palm.

nues direct to the general treasury at Murshedabad in Henga, H. (IXua) A harrow.

the early period of the British authority in Bengal. HennubIlu, Karn. C&OOJej o)^, from Hennv, a woman)

Hazl, H. (a (Jjft) lit.. Jesting, applied in Mohammadan law A woman's property or estate.

to a contract publicly executed, as if of full force and validity, Her, or Hed, Mar. ('^'3) A drove of cattle, a flock of sheep,

but which the parties are secretly engaged shall be of no a troop of horses, and the like, as taken about for sale.

effect : if afterwards one of them pretend that the trans- Jleryd, Hedyd, (^Sift) A drover or cattle-dealer.

action was bondjide, the assertion of the other to the con- Heh, Mar. (^) A spy or scout.

trary annuls the engagement. Heri, Heree, H. {^jJ^) a tribe of Mohammadan Rajputs,

Hebbaba, or Hebbaruva, Karn. C^g"®^, "&g^6o^) chiefly found in Jaspur, a Pargana of Moradabad.

A chief, a superior, the head man of the village. Heta, Uriya (G^0|) Land granted for service.

Hehldruvaru, Karn. (&)|r3&^&) A class of Brah- Hetkahi, Mar. (^ToRt;^, from ^7, het, signifying down, as

mans in Mysore. applied to country, down the coast, to the south) A native
Hechchu, Tel. Karn. ( oJ~°tA3j) Increase, excess, supe- of the country southwards from the Sdvitri river : a native

riority, increase of rent or taxes. of the southern Konkan serving in the Maratha infantry.

Hechchike, Karn. (."^^^zp) Increase, excess, any thing Hetu, vernacularly, Het, S. &c. ( fTi:) Cause, motive, reason,

increased. origin.

Hechhatla, Karn. C^S'^oSj) Extraordinary taxes. Hew, more correctly HiNVS^, Mar. (t^, fl^^, S. tf) Cold,

Hegalane, Karn. COOAOW) A coparcener. also crops that have suffered from frost.

Heggaue, Karn. {.'°°Cip>) The head man of a town or vil- Hemdld, more correctly, Hinwdla, Mar. (ftlTSET, T^=Ildbl»

lage, but especialy applied to one of the Jain religion. It from S. f^, cold, and sKTcJ, time) The cold season.

206
 HEW HIJ

Hemat-jamin, Mar. (?) Land ploughed up during the cold 13th, 16th, 19th, 21st, 24th, 27th, and 29th. To ascertain

season, and left to lie fallow during the rains ; also ap- if any given year be an intercalary year, it is to be divided

plied in the hill country to land brought into cultivation by 30, when one of the specified numbers will be the re-

after having been left uncultivated for some years. mainder; thus, A.H. 1137 divided by 30=37, leaving 27,

HiBA, or HiBAT, incorrectly, Hibba, H. (A. iiuis) A gift. and it will be therefore the 27th year of the cycle. The rule

In law, a perfect gift, one accompanied by delivery and given by Major Jervis, from Professor Carlysle, for finding

acceptance. A gift on a death-bed is considered a bequest. the corresponding years of the Hijra and the Christian era, is

Siba-bil-drvaz, H. (^^yi\J iiJ&, from (_/5yCi return, ex- only an approximation : Multiply the centuries of the year

change) A mutual gift ; one for which a return or con- by 3, and add to the product for the years over the cen-

sideration is exchanged, as when a man gives his pro- tury as many times as it may be divided by 33, deduct
perty to his wife in exchange for her claim of dower : it the total from the whole number, and add to the remainder

is considered analogous to a sale, and the transaction is 621 ;" thus. Required the year of our Lord correspond-

binding before actual possession of the stipulated return. ing to the year H. 1396 ; then 13 X 3=39, to which add 2,

Siba-hd-shart-ul-iwaz, H. (from A. Is^, an agreement) the quotient of 96 divided by 33, making 41 ; then 1396 —
A gift with stipulation for a return. In law, a gift on 41=1355 + 621=A. D. 1976." That this is not correct

promise or engagement to make a requital, when the in cases where the number in excess of the centuries, is

transaction is not complete until the reciprocal condition a trifle less than 33, or a trifle more than any of its mul-
is iiilfilled. tiples is evident from a comparison with the standard tables :

Hibaddi; H. (P. ilt>, who has) The receiver of a gift, the donee. for instance, the year 1132 should be, according to this

Hibamushad, A. (from clJLc , undistributed) Gift of unde- rule, A. D. 1720, but it begins 14th November 1719 accord-

fined or undivided property, which is not valid until the ing to the tables : so 1198 should be 1784, but in the

property has been separated, and transferred to the donee. table it begins 26th November 1783. The result, how-
JSibdndma, H. (<t«IJljJ6) A deed of gift. ever, is near enough for general purposes, requiring cor-

HiDAD, A. (jIAs"-) Mourning. Inlaw, the mourning of a rection only as to the period at which the year commences.
widow for her husband, total abstinence from the use of Another rule for the same is —Multiply the Hijra year by
ornaments, and of perfumes or unguents, except medicinally. 970203, cut off six decimals, add 622.54, and the sum
HiFZ, HiFAZAT, H. (A. laas>-, c:^U»-) Preserving, protect- will be the year of the Christian era, and decimal of the
ing, guarding, taking care of day following, in old style ; thus, A. H. 1215 X 970203=
HijRA, H. (A. >i/sr^) lit. Departure from one's country, 1178.796645, leaving 1178 -F 622.54=1800.54. The
separation of friends or lovers ; whence it gives name to Hijra year commences on the 25th May ; so that this again

the departure or flight of Mohammad from Mecca to Me- is only an approximation. A more simple form, and one
dina, which, in the Khalifat of Omar, was constituted the which also shews the day on or about which the concurrence

commencement of the Mohammadan era : this event took of the Mohammadan and Christian year commences, is the

place on the night of Thursday the 15th of July, A. D. following : Multiply the Hijra year by 2.977, the difference

622. The usual era therefore reckons from the dawn of between 100 solar and as many lunar Mohammadan years ;

the 16th of July. The Mohammadan year is strictly lu- divide the product by 100, and deduct the quotient from

nar, consisting of twelve months, each of which should the Hijra year; add to the result 621.569 (the decimal
count from the actual visibility of the new moon ; but chro- being the equivalent of the 15th July, plus 12 days for

nologically the months are completed at 30 and 29 days the change of the Kalendar) ; and the quotient will be the

alternately, making the year consist of 354 days ; but ele- Christian year from the date at which the Mohammadan
ven times in a cycle of thirty years one day is added to the year begins; thus, Hij. 1269x2.977=37778, which di-

year, which makes the average length of the Mohammedan vided by 100 = 37.778 and 1269 — 37.778 = 1231.222
lunar year 3543-3 days, or 354d. 8hrs. 48mln., and the ave- + 621.569=1852.791, or to 9 months and 15 days,
rage length of the months 29d. 12hrs. 44rain. The i. e. the 15th of October, which is the commencement
intercalary years of the cycle are the 2d, 5th, 8th, 10th, of the Hij. yeat 1269. The reverse formula for find-

207
 HIJ

ing the corresponding Hljra year to a given Christian

year is thus laid down: Subtract 622 from the current

year; multiply the result by 1.0307; cut off four de-

cimals, and add .46 ; the sum will be the year, which,

when it has a surplus decimal, requires the addition of 1

thus, 1852 - 622 = 1230 ; 1230 x 1.0307 = 1267.7610 +

.46 = 1268.22; add therefore 1, and we have the equiva-
lent Hijra year 1269. Comparative tables of the Christian
and Mohammadan years are to be found in L'Art de

verifier les dates," " Playfair's Chronology," " Prinsep's

Useful Tables," Calcutta, and " M'Cudden's Oriental Eras,"

Bombay, 1846 ; but they are not always quite correct.

The months of the Mohammadan year, and the number of

days in each, are the following :

1. Muharram . days

2. Safar . .

3. Rabia-ul-amal
4. HaMd-n.i-xdm
5. Jumadi-ul-areal
6. Jumadi-us-sdni
7. Rajab .

8. Shdbcm . .

9. Ramazdn
10. Shawdl . .

11. Zilkdda, or ZitlMda

12. Ziilhijja, or Zulhijja

except in the intercalary years, when this last month has

also 30 days. The Mohammadans in India commonly
employ the Persian names of the days of the week, which
are, for the first five only, the numerals prefixed to the word
Shamba, "a day;" or sometimes the Arabic names, which

are similarly composed with Yaum, '

a day," and the nu-

merals as far as five: the sixth and seventh have special

denominations ; as,

Sunday . Ek-shamba .... Yaum-ul-ahad,

Monday . Do-shamba .... — ul-imain,

Tuesday. Seh-shamba .... — us-mldsa,

y/edaiesAa.y,Chahdr-shamba ... — ul-arbdd,

Thursday Panj-shamba, or Jumd-rdt — uLkhamis,

Friday Jwrn^Cthe day of assembly or prayer) — ul-jumd,

Saturday. Shamba, or Jffafta, (the 7th) — us-sabdt,

(the Sabbath).

Hijri, H. (i_fy?*) Relating to the Hijra, or Mohammadan

era.

HijrA, Mar. (fijjfil) A hermaphrodite, a person either a

208
 HIN HIS

Hinhaul, Mar. (?) An engagement for letting out land at Account of disbursements, a particular revenue account,
a reduction on the current or village rates. also termed Ahhiri-hisdb-kharch, q. v.

HingAsu, Karn. (8oO AdOO) Latter, as applied to rain Sisdh-nains, H. (from P. i_j*>J;y. who writes) An ac-

or to crops. countant.

Hingdru-mnle, Karn. (5oo"7rS&&'f ) Latter rain. HissA, H. (A. IS^=>-) Hisa, Mar. (f?^) A share, a part,

Singdru-'pairu, Karn. (8oO A e)6o"i3^6o) The latter crop. a lot, a portion ; a share of revenue or rent.

HinjAra, Karn. (ooo83^6) A cotton beater or dresser. Hissaddr, H. (from P. .)i>, who has) Hiseddr, Mar.
HiNKKALU, Karn. ( Soogeo ) A small outlet for the passage (f^'S^rt) A shareholder, a sharer, a coparcener, one who pays
of water from one garden-bed to another. his share of the revenue either to a Zamindar or the state.

HlNSl, S. (f^W) Injury, especially personal, done to any Husaddri, H. (from P. ^1 J, having) Copartnership; ap-

man or animal, violence, killing. plied especially to a village in which a number of sharers
HioNTE, Hindi (f^^tl^) A rate in a lease for crops of rice have a joint proprietary right in the land.
sown on low land in February, March, and April, when Hissa-hdkimi, H. (from A. J\i^, a ruler) The share of
sown for a single crop in the year (Puraniya). the produce of the land or revenue to which the king or
HippALi, Karn. (oOojQ) Long pepper. the government is entitled : a fourth or a sixth is the

HiRA, Uriya (^^) Ridge or embankment round a field. proportion agreeably to the institutes of the Hindus ; a

HiRANA, Heerana, H. (Ul.Aa) Manuring a field by penning third was nominally taken by the Mohammadan govern-
a herd of cattle or flock of sheep in it for several hours. ments, but the proportion was very variable ; a third was

HiRAN-KHURi, HiRUN-KHOOREE, H. ((jf;^ (j/fi>) lit.. Ante- the prevailing rate adopted by the British government,

lopes' hoof, name of a creeping herb which grows in the .but in practice this is greatly modified, and the proportion

rainy season. is the subject of special determination, according to pre-

Hiranyagarhham, Mai. (aolrosvgjcoSo) The ceremony vious practice and the circumstances of the land.

of being born of, or passing through, a gold cow, performed Hissah-hdli, H. (.J^ i-Ss-) A ploughman's share or

by the Raja of Travancore : (from S. figtW, gold, and wages in kind, usually amounting, in the north-west pro-

IR, embryo). vinces, to about one-eighth of the produce.

HiRCHAL, Mar. (?) Dry land bordering on irrigated land. Smaif, H. (ci^J'Sas-) A shareholder.

Hirekottige-kandIyam, Karn. (So^Da^"7?DO'53oSJio) Suxa-hashi, or kushee, H. (,e^ i^as-) Distribution and

A tax on cowhouses built outside the cottages of the cul- apportionment of shares agreeably to hereditary succession.

tivators. Hissa-i-mdlih, H. (A. tlioU, a master) The share of the

HiRWA, Mar. (f^'^) Green, raw, unripe, immature ; used presumed owner or proprietor, his right to a part of the

much as hachcha in Hindustani. produce, or an allowance in lieu of it : see Mdlikdna.

Sirwen, Mar. (f?T;4) Green herbage, tender fodder. The share of the government.

HiRZ, A. (j .S".) Custody, safe keeping of goods or valuables Hise-rdsifOr-sijMar.if^^CtJ^, -Ttft) Making out a statement
it is of two kinds in law. of the several shares or portions of a number of claimants.

Hirz-bil-hajiz, A. (jwaJWb J^»-) Personal charge or keep- Hissa-rasad, H. (.Smj H-aa-) A proportionate share or part

ing of any thing. JEfqsa-rditi, H. (^Jux^ iXJos^) The proportion of the pro-

JSirz-Ml-makdm, A. ( A\JLt.]{i Jjs^) Custody in place, as in duce assigned to the Ryot.

a house, a shop, a warehouse : furtive abduction of
, any Hissdrat, Ben. (?) Portions of land formerly allowed to be
article so kept or deposed is punishable with the muti- held by the Zamindars of Dacca rent-free, on condition of
lation of a hand. personal service in the flotilla stationed on the Ganges, to

HiSAB, corruptly, Hissaub and Hissawb, H. ((-jLas-) guard against the incursious of the people of Arakan.
changed vernacularly to Hiseb, Mar. (f^^) Hissebu, Hissa-mdri, H. (t^'j nJ^) Applied to revenue settlements
Tel. ( <>J~°
J^^^ ) An account, a reckoning : arithmetic, founded on proportionate division, either between the cul-
computation, tivator and the government, or according to the shares of

JIisdb-i-kharc}i,corm^t\y, Hissawb-korcha,U. (_^t_>Lj.».) joint owners.

209 3 H
 HIT HOL
HithI, H. (IgXjjb) A person appointed to take care of stand- Holegekattu, Karn. C«3^ y"A o^) A dam, an embankment.
ing crops. HoLi, or HoLiKA, corruptly, Hooly, H. &c. i^J^t 1^^^
HiTTALU, Karn. (ooo^eo) \ back yard. ^Ifc^shT) A popular festival of the Hindus, the proper

Hittala-kanddyum, Karn. (Sog^o^oUSoSxJO) A tax on season of which is the ten days preceding the full moon
back yards (in Mysore). of Phalgun, but it is usually observed only for the last

HiTTiJ, Karn. ( oo|^ ) Flour or meal of ground grain in three or four days terminating with the full moon. The
general. chief observances are sprinkling one another with red or

Sittuhitti, Karn. (oocJJSSej) Feeding government peons yellow powder, addressing passers-by with coarse jokes,

when passing through a town or village, and aifbrding singing songs in praise of the juvenile Krishna, and light-

gratuitous services to the government in the conveyance ing a bonfire, which is kept up to the close of the cere-

of goods, &c. mony, when rude frolics are practised round the expiring

HiyAl, A. (plur.of <lJu»-, fraud, deceit) Legal quirks or devices. embers. The Soil is chiefly observed in Hindustan, but

HitIzat, a. (ci^Ijv*-) lit, Accumulation. In law, joint it answers to the Dola ydtra, or swinging festival of Ben-

acquisition by two or more persons of some article that gal, and is at the same period particularly celebrated by
has no owner. the cowherd and shepherd castes of Orissa, one class of

HoBALi, commonly, Hobli, Karn. ("^VP^ID^) A tract of the palankin-bearers of Calcutta. In Marathi the term
country or district comprising smaller subdivisions. In means also the pile prepared for 'the bonfire.

Malabar it is applied to a smaller tract or subdivision. Holi-chirpoU, Mar. (^^IxlTiTldbi) The privilege amongst

In the Kanara province there were formerly but three the inhabitants of a village of first placing a cake {poll)

Sdblis —Blangalur, Barkur, and Bhdgwadi. on the top of the pile which is kindled at the end of the

Sobali-shanahhog, Karn. The district accountant. Soli festival.

Sobalydar, Karn. A chief of armed peons. SoU-che-holhar, Mar. (plural ^^^?^oK^) lit., The
HoGE, Karn. C^a^"??) Tobacco. people that dance and sport at the Soli ; applied also to

Soge-manasu^ Karn. («vB7t'&)K)rvX)) A tax on Ryots, a crowd of disorderly fellows assembled on any occasion.

who formerly cultivated tobacco and chilis on corn lands, HoLiYA, or HoLEYANU, Kam. C§oJs£)dS:>, TSa/B^O^Drdo)
subject to division of the crop : also termed Hoge-soppu. A Pariah, an outcaste. Soleyaru, corruptly, Solleeroo or

Soge-soppina-pommu, Karn. (ooJQA (OJ®20rO gj/S&Xj) Soleyer, (plural '§oJQec6:>6o) Pariahs, men of low
Tobacco contract or monopoly. tribes employed in the lowest offices, and considered as

Soge-foppu, Karn. (&v9'A&/a^) The tobacco plant. slaves. See below.

HoJAT, Guz. (t£ls/Cl) An account settled annually between Soligeri, Karn. ("iSi^SA^O) A street of the houses of

a farmer and his tenants. Pariahs.

HoLA, Karn. (ooJSt)) A field in general, one in which any Soliya, Soleyanu, plural Soleyaru, Karn. («vs9oIi),
grain is grown except rice. &vB^C&)rCi), plural &^^C&i&) A low man, an
Holabu, Karn. C&vsejeaj) A field or ground fit for cul- outcaste, commonly an agricultural labourer (from Sola,
tivation : also, limit, boundary. a field) and a slave, being saleable by the owner of the

Holadabele, Karn. C&^eJiSd-f ) A field of standing corn, estate on which he is located, either with or without the

a crop. land. The plural form, in place of the singular, is com-

Holadasara, Karn. (^P°^^CirOO)j£0lagaddivyajya, Karn. monly employed by Europeans, who have made strange
C&JSejXg^oT^gaag) Disputes about boundaries. work with the name, and no little confusion with the

Holehola, Karn. (T&wS^-&/5e)) Dry land, land that can- description. The Holleeroo, Holayur, Holeyer, Hollieroo,

not be easily watered by . artificial means, and dependent is described as a predial slave, numerous in Kanara and
upon rain for water, unfit therefore for rice lands. Kurg : in the former he is said to be a subdivision of
HoLAR, Mar. (^^1^) A man of a low or outcaste tribe, by the Dher ; in the latter, one of three principal classes of

profession a musician. slaves called Holeyaroo, Yewaroo, and Paleroo. In both

Hole, Karn. ("&wEi-f ) a lake, a river. countries the Holeyaru are distinguished by various denomi-

210
 HOM HUN
nations prefixed, which are variously written, and the Hottuhana, Karn. C&VB^&O) A tax on the husk
meaning' of which is not explained, as Maury or Maree on the threshing-floor which is set apart for the cattle of

or Mare Holeyaroo ; Byr H. ; Murtha H. ; Balgi H. the Ryots.

Kembutta or Kimbutty H. ; Badaya H. ; Rookha H. HuDA (?) H. (liJift) Statement of estates to be sold by auction.

of these, the only peculiarities noted are, that the Kem- HuddA, Mar. (^^) Hudda, or Hudde, Karn. (^bo^,
batta, (?) H., is native in Kurg', the rest are natives of ^J^) Hoda, Tel. (-"Sr^SB) A public post or office:

Kamata. The Holeyaru generally are a more faithful (vernacular corruptions of A. Ahdah, q. v.).

class of slaves than others. Amongst the Mare H., the Huddeddr, Mar. (|1^) Hodadaru, Tel. ("^rS^TO^)
custom of succession through the female line to any pro- An officer, a fiinctionary, one holding any office : see

perty the man may have acquired prevails. Ahdahdar.

HoMA, S. ('f^;) Burnt offering, oblations of clarified butter HudigAr, Karn. (SooQ'T^^) The name of a low caste

poured on fire ; other articles may also be offered. The in Mysore, not much known.
rite is of high antiquity, and forms part of all domestic HuDUVU, Karn. (8o0OJ(^) Partnership, any joint concern ;

religious observances, as marriages, adoptions, &c. property, estate.

Honda, Karn. CocvsOQ) A public tank or pond in a village. Hulakyeri, Mar. (?) A kind of black soil in valleys, where
Hone, Karn. ("ixusra) Bond, bail, surety. it is less productive.

Honegar, Karn. ("oa/BrD a dO) A surety, a bondsman. HuLASWAR, Karn. (SbjOrsfe^O) A division of the Holeyar

HoNNu, Karn. CavSOrCx)) Gold, money, a coin, half a or Pariah tribe, often employed as peons or horsemen.

pagoda. HuLiDDAHANA, Karn. (8o-3~°V^^Sb£3, from Hulu, ^^V^,

HoR, HoL, Guz. {iii\, tfliH) A plough. to 'bury) Hidden treasure.

HoH, Hindi (^Vf) A wager, a bet, a bargain. HuLl-HANNU, Karn. (8cO'^&0£3J) A tax on tamarinds
HoRASAT-KAL, Karn. (?) Lease of waste land. gathered from the public trees (Mysore).

HoRASVCASTi, Karn. {coJSi^^^hj The private land held HuLLU, Karn, (^^l^) Grass, straw, hay.

by temples in Mysore as their own property, in distinction Ona-huUu, Karn. (8jK)oojeu ) JJ^y grass, hay or straw.

to assignments of produce, or in money, from lands re- Hullu-banni, Karn. (SoO^WSDoD) A tax on grass in the
tained in the possession of the donors. rice fields, levied from those who bring their flocks to graze
HoRE, Karn. ("avSO) A burthen, such as may be carried iij them.

on the head ; an allowance of grain to village servants ;

Hullu-banni huri-mdnyam, Karn. (009^>J^rOgo) An-
a load of grain : the quantity varies. nual tax on cowherds, and shepherds who graze their herds

Horehullu, Karn. ("i§a/So5bje«) a tax on cultivators and flocks on government lands in Mysore.
who pay in kind, in lieu of straw formerly contributed Sullicgavalu, Karn. (&)jeu a d^yJ) An assessment on
to the government. pasture lands.

Hottehore, C&vali-Sa/So) Living, livelihood. Hullukelasa, Karn (Sbj^DOrO) Dealing in grass or

HosAGAMA, Karn. (from "KvQrO^ hosa, new) Land recently straw : the business of treading out corn.

brought under cultivation. HuLVATi-MARA, Kam. (^oe^^S^S") The Rottleria tinc-

Hosahali-patta, Karn. C§oJ5Xb!£ot^^ti) ^ fine or tax toria, from the fruit of which a red dye is obtained.

formerly imposed upon the village servants for not re- Hun, Hoon, corruptly HouN, H. perhaps from the Karn.
( ^J;^J»,

covering a stray horse belonging to a head man or Honnu) A gold coin, current in the south of India, a
Paligar. pagoda, usually about 50 grains in weight, but of different
Hosahukam, Karn. (avSr6bbj&0) A new regulation. standard and value, according to the place where coined
HoTA, or HoTRi. S. (?Vff, nom. ^m) The priest who at the Hun, or star pagoda of the Company's currency, was
sacrifices with fire invokes the deity worshipped, and pours intrinsically worth Is. 5d. but was rated in the public
the butter on the altar. accounts at 8«.
HoTTU, Earn. C§OJ5>ti:>) chaff, husk, bran. HuNBATTi, (?) Karn. Interest on money lent from the funds of
Nellu-hottu, Karn. ('^e^"&^^) Chaff or husk of paddy. temples.
W
211
 HUN IBR
HundA, Tel. ( oJ~'0 07S°) Division of a province, a village, sore, formerly levied in kind, but since commuted for a

an estate (Ganjam). money tax.

HuNDA, Mar. (?Tr) Money given at marriages by the father HtJBYA, H. i^j^) A small clan of Somabansi Rajputs in

of the bride to the bridegroom, or by the relations of either some parts of the province of Benares.

of the contracting parties to those of the other ; a practice HuTA, S. (?h) Offered, offered with fire, presented as anoblation,

considered disreputable, being looked on as a purchase and Sutdmna, S. (?in^:) Fire, especially sacrificial fire,

sale of either ; also a monopoly : see the next. (whose food, Asana, is the oblation made).

HuNDAwA, less correctly HundwA, Mar. (^T^) A mono- Huidsani, most corruptly, ^oo^/iastewwee, Mar. (S.f in^PTt)
poly, an exclusive privilege of selling : farming for a fixed The pile collected for the bonfire at the Holi ; any cere-

sum any fluctuating value, as the revenue : a contract, an mony in which offerings are made with fire.

engagement. HuTTU-GARU-GAUDA, Kam. {^:>^~K'3i^7^&) The head

ffundd-bhdrd. Mar. (^'STVrrai) Contract for the transpor- man of a village, who is a native of it. (This and the

tation of goods, or the like, in which all duties and charges following are from the v. 2x3J|jJ,fo be bom, to spring or

are included. originate from).

Sundekari, Mar. (^gofcO) One who contracts for a fixed Huttumali, Kam. ( ^xOpJi)^ ) The produce of a gar-

sum to convey goods to a destined place clear of all den or field, or of any trade ; the amount of an assess-

charges and customs : a bridegroom who stipulates for ment ; rent, income, revenue.

money with his wife. Suttwvali-kami, Karn. (from P. ,c*>, deficiency) Re-
HuNDH, H. («Ja&) Mutual assistance in tillage. mission of assessment on account of deficient produce.

HuNDi, HooNDEE, corruptly, Hoondy, H. (i_Si3JA, Ben. HuwuN, Mar. (?) An indefinite land measure signifying a

f^, Mar. ?^, Tel. 6-^0^) A bill of exchange. whole.

Sundidn, H. (^^IjJJia) Exchange, rate or commission paid Hyum, (?) A term used in Coimbatore to designate rates paid

for a bill of exchange, the premium or discount on in money, either permanently fixed, or subject to small va-

a bill. riation. (G1. 5th Rep., a wrong interpretation of the original,

JSunddwan, H., Mar. (^^J\MJt, ?3T^ra) Price paid for a in which it means only fixed ;' and where it also is an
bill of exchange, rate of exchange, premium or discount error for Kdyam, Karn. (5^o3bo, from A. J^). The
on remittance by bill. term is correctly Kdyam-suvarndddya, Fixed rent.

Hundi-cMtfM, Mar. {?3tf%^) Hundichitu, Karn. Fifth Rep., p. 77l).

(JSbooQa^^Uj) A bill of exchange.

Hundi-darsani, H. i^J^ji^ i^A^) A bill payable at sight.

Hundi^maddi, H. (i_fjU.« {j^^) A bill payable after a IatikId, H. (a. OUIcO Confidence, trust : buying an estate.

stipulated interval. Ibadat, H. (A. isjUc) Religious worship.

IbAhat, H. (a. Giving permission. In Mohammadan
J)j t^Joa.) Hundi-wdld, Ben. (I'^tW) 'i.s>\i\ )
Sundi-wdl, H. (

An exchange or bill-broker. law, licence, authority, permission.

HUNDIGE-SUNKA, Karn. (ebjOtS"Ar6DOD) A tax paid by IbAk, a. ( j'U ) The flight of a slave from his master.

merchants on piece goods brought from the weavers, as Ibbala, Karn. C^IQ^) A measure equal to half a kolaga,

an equivalent for their being stamped. (Mysore).

HUPPUNA-KULQA-MANYAM, (?) Kam. ( &0^r6&)e)X- Ibn-us-sabil, a. ( (JjouJ^ jjjJ) ) a stranger ; one who has

o5»T0Ogo) Tax on people of the saltmakers' caste who come from a distance, and is without money or friends,

use bufialoes. and is entitled to alms, or zukdt : lit., a son (.ibn) of the

HuRLA, (?) Sindhi. A small water-wheel. road ial-sahil).

HursiJl, (?) Mar. The rate of assessment paid by strangers Ibea, H. (a. Afl) Remission, release, acquittance, relin-

resident in a village. quishment of claim.

HuRULi, Karn. (&>0&^) Horse gram (Glycine tomentosa). Ibrd-ndma, H. (<X^li jUI) A written acquittance or re-

Huruli-vari, Kam. (Sbj&^^8) A tax on gram in My- linquishment of claim.

212
 IBR IH§

Ibra-i-^imma, H. (&«J <_?y ^ Exemption from responsi- semble for occasional devotions, especially at the season of

bility, release of trust. the Ids or festivals : it is usually situated on the outskirts

Ibzaa, a. (cLaji) Entering into an engagement for the dis- of a town or village.

posal of goods upon commission ; sending a specimen of Idai, Tam. (^CTOL—) Weight in general, a weight of 100
any article for sale ; sorting goods for sale. Palams, equal to 2j vis, ox 12"f sers.

icBALu, Karn. (-§*2i^£U) A wild date tree. Idaiyan, Tarn.- (^(5C5L_1UOTT) Idam, Idayan, Mai.
Ichalunerv, Karn. (-SJareUcS^OD) The fermented juice of (^acQjnrt)) A shepherd, a cowherd.

the date or other palm, tdri. Idaichcheri,Tam. (^(TTJl—S'Si&cfl) A village of shepherds.

Id, or Aid, commonly Eid, or Eed, H. (A. iVJ^j:) A festival Idam, Idankai, Idakkai, Tam. (^l_t£i, ^l_rij(3DDS,
or holy observance among the Mohammadans; but the 6J1_S(3BD<5) Idagai, Karn. {'3(i~^^) The left side,

term is especially applicable to two such occasions, the the left-hand castes or divisions : see Edagai.
Idin or Eidein, which are enjoined by texts of the Ko- Iddat, corruptly Edit, A. (.iSit) The time of legal probation

ran, and are therefore yizra, or absolute : others are termed which a divorced woman or a widow must wait before

mnnat, or traditional. These two are — 1. Id-ul-fitr, she marries again, in order to determine whether she is

Id-us-saghir, or Ramazdn-hi-id (JasJl lijr, jAmJi iXac, pregnant.

Joe -f (^La«,) The festival of breaking the fast, the IpiGA, Eedigu, Karn. (-©SOA) A caste, or man of a caste

minor festival, or that of Ramazan, the occasion of which whose business it is to manufacture and sell the fermented

is the breaking of the fast observed throughout the month juice of the palm, or toddy, or other spirituous liquors :

oi Ramazan : the termination of the fast on the 1st of the he is also employed as a palankin-bearer.

mouth ensuing, or Shawdl, is observed as a festival, with Idiguttige, Karn. (-S2aX39^"A) A duty upon tdri in

prayers and rejoicings, and distribution of food or other Mysore. •

alms to the poor. 2. Id-uz-zahd, Id-ul-kurbdn, or Bahr- Ipu, Tel. (-9*<30) Pledge, pawn, mortgage, (it is also used

td, (Ur^' Jux, JoJ&\ Si\, C>JA Jo) The festival of in the same meaning amongst others in Tamil ; see the

the forenoon, of sacrifice, or the Bull-festival ; it is ob- next).

served in commemoration of Abraham's sacrifice of his Ipu, Tam. (rr-®) Quality, applied especially to land or soil.

son, who, according to the Mohammadans, was Ishmail, Kadaiyidu, (<B(3tDl_lU ®) Land of the lowest quality.

not Isaac: it begins on the evening of the 9th of the Talaiyidu, (©)3aiLlJ®) Land of the first quality.

12th month, Zulhijja, with prayers and offerings, and is Idumupairu, Tel. (?) Land which pays rent on a crop
continued on the morning of the 10th with public prayers, unconditionally.

after which a sheep, an ox, or a camel is slaughtered, and IflIs, a. ((^^Isl, lit., poverty) Becoming insolvent.

the meat of the sheep and oxen eaten by the offerers, or Ihide, Mar. (^f?^, A. J>»-!) One ; used only of the Moham-
distributed to their friends and the poor. madan year.

Id, Mar. (^) Besides the preceding sense, the term de- IhIta, H. (a. ias[!>-\) An enclosure, a court, a compound.

notes among the Marathas any Hindu festival occurring Ihkak a. (|J'la»-l) Restoring or determining any one's hak,

in the first year after a marriage, when the married or rights.

pair exchange presents of coarse sugar &c. ; the presents Ihlal, a. ( j1s»-i) Rendering any thing lawful, any act or

so made. formula by which a transaction is made legal (Mohammadan

Idi, JEedee, plural Ididn, H. i^J^^X^£') Relating to a festi- law).

val ; applied also to verses given by schoolmasters to their lHRi.M, A. (Jp-O Making or determining any thing to be un-
•pupils at the several festivals, for which presents are made lawful ; a mean dress worn by pilgrims on entering Mecca ;

to them : any holiday gift. putting on such a dress ; the period of pilgrimage at Mecca ;

Ididna, H. (ju\jS^£.) Any holiday gift, or any thing relating abstinence from sensual enjoyments during the month of
to a festival or Id. Muharram.
Id-gdh, H. (A. P. JilSjoc) A platform, sometimes screened IhsIn, a. (^L«&-I) In Mohammadan law, a person who is

or enclosed by a brick wall, where the Mohammadans as- a free sane adult of chaste reputation, and oftheMoham-
213 3 I
 IHT IJL

tnadan faith, and who is therefore entitled to demand pu- IjarI, corruptly, Ejara, Ejah, Ezara, Izaha, H. (A.
nishment for adultery committed with respect to him or her 1)U-1) Ijaba, Mar. (^>ITCt) Price, profit : especially em-
so pharacterized. ployed to denote a lease or farm of land held at a defined

Ihtikae, a. (J£xs-\) Laying up : in Mohammadan law, rent or revenue, whether from government direct, or from

monopoly, or the purchasing of grain and other necessaries an intermediate payer of the public revenue : a farm or

of life, and keeping them with a view to enhance the price. lease of the revenue of a village or district, also of cus-

Ihtimam, corruptly Eahtimam, Eahtiman, Etmaum, It- toms, or collections of any description, as of customary

mam, Yetmaum, and Yetmannee, H. (A. iUutol ) Care, fees or allowances ; any items of revenue : letting lands

superintendence, trust, responsibility : the trust or juris- on farm or lease ; the lands so let ; a contract ; a mo-

diction of a Zamindar over certain variable divisions of a nopoly.

province, under the Mohammadan government of Bengal, Ijdrdddr, corruptly, Ejarahdar, H. &c. {A. jWSJj^V) Ijdr-
equivalent to a Zamindari ; thus, Burdwan, Rajshahi, &c., ddr, Hindi and Mar. (3;»nt^TC) A farmer of any item

are in early financial reports designated as Eahtimams. In of public revenue, whether from land, customs, or any

Chittagong the term denotes a tenure similar, but subor- other source ; the renter of a village or estate at a stipu-

dinate to, a Taluk, and usually of small extent. lated rate.

Ihtimdm-bandi, corruptly Eahtimam, Etmaum-hundy, Yet- Ijdrdddri, or Ijdrddri, H. &c. ((^'»J];^^'> ^^TR^TCt)

maum-hundy, H. (t^AJu (»L»jUbl) Revenue settlement ac- Farming, contracting for rent or revenue ; an abwab or

cording to the Ihtimam. cess formerly levied on lands or districts let out in farm

Ihtimdm-ddr, corruptly Eahtimam, Eatihma-dar, or Et- for the benefit of the farmer or contractor.

maum-ddr, H. ( i W (»UJiftl ) The holder of a trust, the per- Ijdra-jaghrdt, Sindhi. Farm of milking cattle.

son charged with the realization of a stipulated revenue Ijdra-kaul, Tel. (from the A. Jy, an agreement) Rent-

for a certain district under the Mohammadan government, ing a village of government, and subletting it, the first

a Zamindar ; also an agent or deputy of the Zamindar, ap- leaseholder being responsible for the revenue. (Warangal).

pointed by him to realize the revenue of any portion of Ijdra-ndma, H. iinJj iXsJ) A lease, any document under

his Zamindari. which a lease or farm is held; also a conditional deed

Ihtimdm-kachhari, corruptly ^tmawm-CMicAen, H .(^e^^sr, of sale of a slave in Tirhut

an office) An office under the Mohammadan government Ijdra-patta, H. &c. iiL ij^\) A deed of lease on farm.

for receiving the revenues from the Ihtimdm estates. Ijdrddri-pattd, Hindi (^snT^rfi'TJt) A lease for a farm,

IhtasaBj corruptly Yetesab, H. (A. i—jUais-l ) Superinten- giving authority to the holder to occupy and cultivate, or

dence of police, supervision of weights and measures, &c., receive the rents of an estate.

in a market; see Muhtasif. Ijdrpat, Mar. d^sn^l?) The sanad or public document

Iktisdbi, Dekh. H. ( jLaAs-l) A supervisor or clerk of given to a farmer or contractor ; the paper given at the

the market ; the duty of a supervisor or of a superintendant annual settlement of the revenue in the Maratha provinces

of police. to the head Patil, setting forth the gross amount of re-

Ihzar, H. (a. (Lfl»-I, from Hdzir) A summons; citing to venue due for that year by his village, the sum remain-
appear. ing to be paid after deducting remissions, and the instal-

IjIb, corruptly Eejab, H. (A. <^l»-I) In Mohammadan ments by which the balance is to be paid.

law, the first proposal made by one of the contracting parties IjIzat, H. (a. t2JjL»-0 Giving leave or permission to de-

in negociating any arrangement, as a marriage-contract, part, dismissal, command, sanction, or permission.

sale, or the like. In Bhagalpur, balance due after settle- Ijdzat-ndma, H. (iJuIj i^^l ) Any written order or per-

ment of accounts. mission ; also commonly applied in Mohammadan diction

Ijdb-ma-kabul, H. (A. JjJJ'j«--»U-l) Proposal and accept- to the anumati patra of Hindu law, or the written per-

ance : in the case of a negociation of marriage, the offer mission of a husband to his wife to adopt a son after his

and assent must be declared before witnesses, and this decease.

is necessary to render the marriage valid, IjlIs, H. (a. ^J*lLBl.l) A sitting, especially of a court of

214
 IJL IKR
justice, sessions; under the Mohammadan government it Ikhraj, H. (a. ^J;»-0 Expulsion, turning out of possession

usually denoted an assembly of jurists or learned men expense.

for the decision of an intricate or important cause ; it is Ikhrd,jdt, H. (A. plural of r'lr*"'^ Expenses, disbursements :

also used at present for a meeting or sitting of the Su- assignments of revenue to public servants employed in its

preme Council, as, IjUs-i-kaunsil (J^ji'i^JU-l). management and collection.

Ijlds-kdmil, H. (from the A. <J^^, perfect) A full or com- Ikhrdjdt-i-aurang, H. Expenses of the aurang, or com-
plete court or session. mercial station. In accounts of the salt revenue the term

IjmIa, a. (cl«»-') An assemblage, a court a collection or sum.

: included the expenses incurred in the manufacture, storing,

IjmdA-i-sahdhat, The concurrent authority of the com- and transport of the salt.

panions of the prophet upon a point of Mohammadan law. iKHTii-K, commonly, but incorrectly, Ikhtiyah, H. (A.
Ijmal, H. (A. (jL»>e^l ) Abstract, summary ; also applied to .Ijjjli-i ) Choice, option : in Hindustan, more usually plea-
joint occupancy or possession. sure, will, authority, power. Ikhtidr-men-hond is to be

Ijmdli, H. (^Lfcs-l) Held in common (as an estate), un- in one's power, or dependent upon, as a district jurisdic-

divided, unpartitioned ; settled with in common with two tion ; also to be according to any one's discretion, pleasure,

or more parties. or will, as an order, a decision, a sentence: in Moham-

Ijmdii-mahal, H. (from A. (J.s^, an estate) An undivided madan law it implies an option of divorce granted by a

estate, one held in parcenership by the heirs of a common husband to his wife.

ancestor. Ihhtidr-ndma, H. A power of attorney.

Ijmdyali, Mar. (^sprra^, from the A. IjmaD Summary, Ikktidr-i-mlh, A. (from J^, agreement) An optional com-
superficial ; an account roughly prepared to answer im- promise (Mohammadan law).

mediate purposes. Ikhtidr-i-zabha, A. (from ^i, slaughter) Killing an

IjRA, H. (A. |;>-l) Giving currency or circulation to any animal for food according to the legal form —by cutting
thing, making known, carrying into effect ; issue, execution. its throat.

Ijrdi-dikri, H. E. ( ^jji^ i^j;?-! ) Execution of a decree Ikkeri-vabahA, or -hun, Karn. (SfDQSoooc)) A small

of court. gold coin struck at Ikkeri, in Mysore, equal to thirteen

IjtihAd, a. (i>l^l9-l) Carrying on war against infidels : also gold fanams, rather less than a quarter of a Calcutta mohur.
care, effort ; whence, in Mohammadan law, it implies the IkkAh, corruptly, Ikhhah, A. (js)/!) Compulsion : in law,

fundamental grounds or authorities in legal disquisitions, the constraint exercised by one person over another, to
which are Al-Utdb, the book or Koran ; /Swrawflsf, tradition, compel him to do an illegal act, or to act contrary to his

the sayings and doings of Mohammad, recorded by his suc- own will.

cessors and associates ; Ijmdd, the concurrent opinions of Ikhar, H. (A. .1^1) Fixing firmly, establishing, confirming ;

Mohammad's companions; saAKiyds, reasoning, the ratio- agreement, assent, ratification. In law, the acknowledg-
nale of a decision not provided for by either of the preceding. ment or admission of a right or claim, as of a debt ; also of

Ikala, a. (<ldlsi ) The cancelling or dissolution of a sale, relationship, involving inheritance, &c. ; also a confession

on condition of furnishing an equivalent for the original or acknowledgment of guilt.

price of the article ; breaking a contract or engagement. Ikrdr-irddmi corruptly, Ehrahaum, A. {jScj\ji\) A pub-
Ikbal, incorrectly, Ekbal, A. (JLw!) Acceptance (of a lic acknowledgment, declaration, or confession. A will,

bond, &c.). a testament.

Ikbdlddmd, incorrectly, Ehldl-dawee, H. (A. JLw), ad- Ikrdr-ddna-patra, H. (from S. ^^T?) A conditional deed

mission, and Ijcj, a suit) Confession of judgment. of gift, a deed of gift with some' reservation or declaration
iKH, Eekh, H. {ii}}) Ikhu, Ben. (^"g^) also Mar. (^T^) of right in the donor.
Ikshu, S. (^^:) Sugar-cane: also tfkh. Ikrdri, H. (t^Kil) One who assents, acknowledges, or

Ikhrdj, also Ukhrdj, H. (-.l^l) A name given in some confesses.

places in Upper India to the day on which the sugar- Ikrdri-asdmi, H. (from A. ,<<wl) A prisoner who con-
cane is planted, which is an occasion of festivity. fesses his guilt

215
 IKR IMA
Ihrdr-vdma, H. (P. <uU) A deed of assent or acknow- Ilam, H. (a. jXs-\, from At, to know) Announcing, pro-
ledgment in general. In the north-west provinces it ap- claiming, making known.
plies especially t6 the engagement entered into with go- Mdm-ndrna, H. (from <ub' ) A summons, a citation ; the

vernment by the Malguzar and coparceners of a village first process issued against a defendant in a civil suit.

it is to specify the mode of paying the revenue ; how the Ilambadi, Tam. (^eOlLuiTL:^) The name of the Banjara
shares are to be distributed ; the shares whether held in tribe in the south : also Lambddi.
common or in severalty; the number, functions, privi- Ilajv, or Ailan, (A. (j2lcl) Publishing; advertisement.

leges, &c., of the Lambarddrs ; the items of the Sayer iLANGApuTABiJU, Tam. (
^ffTTrSJSrTOSC^Si') Land left

rights of irrigation ; extent and appropriation of waste waste for ten years.

cultivable land ; and the number, duties, and pay of the Ilanjam, Tam. (^60(^<B'lii) A bribe.

village servants : it is to be signed by all the Lambardars Ilanji, Tam. ( ^60(^<B^ ) A tank, a large tank.

and as many Pattidars as possible, to be attested by the Ilat, H. (A. C^»l*) Cause, motive: in the language of the

Patwari and Kanungos, and finally confirmed by the sig- Courts, the grounds of a charge or accusation, the plea of

nature of the settlement officer, after being read out before arraignment.

him in open court in the presence of the subscribing parties. Ilaralu, Tel. (QSTS^TBew) The thatched roofs of bams
Ikrdr-ndma-mlafJ, H. (from A vi-JU, a third party) A or granaries.

deed of arbitration. IlhAk, corruptly, Ellaak, (?) H. (A. ^W ) Addition ; but

Iktaa, incorrectly, Akta, H. (A. cllait, lit., portions cut applied to fees formerly exacted from the parties to a suit,

off, from Katdi, Jai', to cut) Jagir lands, or lands granted or from the police peons: (perhaps some error from Al-

in feudal tenure to the nobles of the Moghal empire, when hak, a right or perquisite).

scattered in separate allotments through different provinces. Ilka-ha JAB, A. (jsr^ *lSJl ) lit., Throwing a stone, a prac-

IladIrawaka, Kam. (°)9 ^530oJ do) A mortgage of land tice prohibited by the Mohammadan law, which compelled

with possession, sometimes for a stipulated period, the a person who threw a stone at any article exposed for

rent taking place of all interest on the loan, as well as sale to purchase it.

providing for the government revenue ; the land to be Illakur, Mai. (^I^'feo) The private property of a

redeemable on payment of the debt. Malabar Raja ; which, on his accession to superior dignity,

Ilahi, H. (a. i^\ from Ilah, iSil , God) Divine ; the title he assigns in some respects to his heir.

of the era instituted by the Emperor Akbar, commencing IllarikAm, Tel. (CXXJ^Bso) Connexion of descent from a

with the first year of his reign, A. H. 963, A. D. 1556 common ancestor, which is marked by bearing the same
although found on the coins of Akbar and his immediate family name, commonly termed the house name, Intiperu,

successors, it never obtained currency, and is now obsolete. (gofe3~Sj&).

Ildhi-gaz, H. {^ ^\) The standard gaz, or yard, of 41 Illata, Karn. (®^^) A bride's father having no son, and

fingers, instituted by Akbar ; authoritatively fixed by the adopting his son-in-law.

British government at 33 inches: see Gaz. Illayam, Tel. (QO^oS^o) House tax.

Ilaka, corruptly, Ejlakeh, H. (A. .Sslc) Dependency, con- Ilm, H. (a. Ac) Wisdom, learning, knowledge.

nexion ; a property, an estate, a district, a jurisdiction. Iltimas, H. (a. ivwUJul) Beseeching; supplication: in

IlakhI, Mar. (^rax) Claim, right, title. Ilakha, some places, as in Cuttack, Iltimas, (QRElfll^) is used

or Ilakhe, Kam. (0-Og7~3S) A department, an office. for the plaint in a suit : it is also used to denote an

ilakhe-janaru, Kam. ( <XOO-5^^ftir6& ) The people humble or unpretending representation.

under the chief officer of a district, the people of the de- Imam, corruptly Emaum, H. (A. AJ) A head or chief in

pendency. religious matters, whether he be the head of all Moham-

Ildhaddr, H. (jb ijlc) The person who engages, either madans, as the Khaltf, or the priest of a mosque, or the

on his own account or as the representative of others, for leader in the prayers of a congregation. The Shias re-

the payment of the assessed revenue upon a district or cognise twelve Imams, or heads of the faith, in Ali and

village. his successors, of whom the last Imam, Mehdi, is believed

216
 IMA INA
to be still alive. The term Imam is sometimes, when ference to perpetuity or any specified conditions. The
used singly as the Imam, applied especially to Imam grants are also distinguishable by their origin from the

Shdfdi, one of the four lawyers who founded as many Schools. ruling authorities, or from the village communities, and

Imdm-bil-hak, A. ( Jfs'b aUi ) A rightful Imdm,, one who are again distinguishable by peculiar reservations, or by
posseses all the requisite qualifications. their being applicable to different objects. They are first

Imdmia, H. (A. <lU-oLol ) The Shia sect, from their recog- classed as Sanadi, and as Gdon-msbat-Indm.
nising the twelve Imams. 1. Sanadi-Indm is a grant emanating from the ruling

Imdm-bdra, or -bdri, corruptly Emaum-harry, H. (from the power of the time of the grant, free from all government

P. ij\i, or H. (_f;U, a house) A building in which the exactions, in perpetuity, and validified by Sanad, or of-

festival of the Moharram is celebrated, and service in com- ficii deed of grant : it usually comprises land included

memoration of the deaths of All, and his sons Hasan in the village area, but which is uncultivated, or has been

and Hasain is performed at that season; at other times abandoned ; and it is subject to the Saks, or dues of the
their Tazias or shrines are preserved in it: sometimes it village functionaries. It may be granted sometimes with

is used as the mausoleum for the family of the founder. a reservation of a half, a third, or a fourth of the govern-

Imdm-zdmini, H. (A. from ^i.«te, surety) Fastening a ment claim known as Indm-nimai, I. tijdi and J. chauthdi.
small coin round the left arm of a person undertaking a 2. Gdon-nisbat-Indm, (from the A. c><a..ju, a portion)

journey, for good luck, and to secure the protection of the Lands granted rent-free by the village out of its own lands
Imam : if in want he may spend it, not else. the loss or deduction thence accruing to the government

Imarat, H. (a. X;tcl) Authority, a government, the juris- assessment being made good by the village community.
diction of an Amir. Seven kinds of such grants are specified ; as, 1. The
ImArat, H. (a. S;U>c) Any public building, as a mosque, Indm of the Muhaddam, or officiating head of the village,

a college. termed Indm-passoree, (or, perhaps more correctly, I.

ImbisAt, A. ( JsUjJI ) Mutual liberty : in law, a mutual right pdseri, the latter meaning maintenance). This is saleable

of usufruct, the right of a coparcener in common property. or assignable in mortgage with or without the office of

Imlak, H. (A. ^iU!) Property, possession. Hindi (^*lQn«ir) Muhaddam ; it is liable to the dues payable to the vil-

Land held rent free, which has fallen to the Zamindar for lage servants on land of the like quality. 2. Land as-

want of an owner (Puraniya). signed to the Mhar, of two kinds ; see Ilinki and Sa-
Imldk-mankula, A. ((ri^AJu tli Lol ) Personal property. doli, or Mdrhi. 3. Devasthdn, free lands attached to

Imldk-ghair-mankMa, A. (<)i!»sJUi J-c ^L>U ) Real property. temples and mosques : it is not transferable in any way,

Immadi, Kam. (9^?^) lit., Double, a double, a deputy. either by the village, or the persons attending on the
Immanu, Kam. (°)^rCX), from ^^-j, twice) Lands yield- temples, whose duty it is to sell the produce, and apply the
ing two crops of rice in a year. money to the ordinary expenses of the temples. 4. Indm-wa-
Imtihan, H. (a. yjl:sl«I) Proof, examination. veyley, (? -mdwali) Lands granted to the village artificers

Imtinaa, H. (A. cUl«l ) Prohibition, . restraint. and servants, in place of dues upon the produce : this is more
Inaam, H. (a. |»Uil) vernacularly, Inam, corrupted to Enam, common in the Mdwal, or hill country, than in the Des,
or Enaum, Ben. (^^TN) Mar. (^w) Tel. (SS5-°^) or country above the Ghats : the lands may be mort-
A gift, a benefaction in general, a gift by a superior to gaged, but not sold, and are resumable by the donors.
an inferior. In India, and especially in the south, and 6. Dharmddaya, corruptly, Dhernmdom, Lands assigned
amongst the Marathas, the term was especially applied to in charity, saleable and assignable in mortgage. 6. De-
grants of land held rent-free, and in hereditary and per- va-teM, A parcel of land occasionally held by a Mu-
petual occupation : the tenure came in time to be qualified haddam or Mhar, in reward of his having established
by the reservation of a portion of the assessable revenue, by ordeal disputed territories : it may be sold or mort-

or by the exaction of all proceeds exceeding the intended gaged. 7. Pdl, or Sut, A small piece of land held rent-

value of the original assignment ; the term was also free in connexion with land bearing revenue, to compen-
vaguely applied to grants of rent-free land, without re- sate for some deficiency in the produce of the latter : it

217 3 K
 INA IND
cannot be sold or mortgaged separately, but remains an- Inadmat, H. (e;,v«Uil) Indmat, Mar. (^^TRcT) A gift,

nexed to the larger portion. a benefaction, an assignment of rent-free land.

Another classification of Maratha Inam lands arranges Indmati, Mar. (?[qiHirt) Of or belonging to an Indm
them under six heads, according to the objects of the do- grant ; land or revenue assigned either in favour or charity,

nation ; as, 1. Hindu Indms, which are subdivided into or compensation of the duties of hereditary officers.

seven classes, viz. (1) Rent-free lands assigned by the state, Inddmat-i-tafrik, H. (A. J^J/J ci^s^UJ' ) A tax levied on

or by the village, to Brahmans of reputed sanctity or farmers of Inddm lands.

learning, not engaged in secular affairs ; (2) to the Go- Inddm-i-altamgha, H. i&k^) Jjo\) A grant of rent-free

sdvi, or village Gosain, to enable him to keep up his math, land under royal seal.

or religious dwelling, and accommodate travelling men- Inddm-iAkrdm, H. &c. (^.l^I j«l*)l) A grant or gift in

dicants of a similar character, usually a village benefaction general, a grant of generosity.

(3) to individuals for military services, granted by the state, Inddm-i-kdnungo, H. (j^yii^ (»Ujl) An assignment of rent-

or Jagirdars and great officers ; (4) to Bhdts, or bards, free land to the village accountant.

granted both by the state and the villages ; (5) Gaocha- Indm-patra, Mar. (^iTnTxra) A deed of grant, a document

rani badal, revenue remitted on some of the village lands, conveying an assignment of rent-free land.
on the plea of their being appropriated to the grazing of Indm-patrak, Mar. (^WT^oir) An account of the lands

cattle belonging to religious persons ; (6) Jangam-indm, in a village held rent-free ; one of the accounts kept by
land granted by villages inhabited by lAngdits to their the kulkarani, or village accountant.

priests ; (7) Ydtrd-che-kdthi, lands granted by the village Indm-pafti, Mar. (^HIHIg'^) A tax upon the holders of

to persons for keeping up and conveying flags (from kdthi, Indm grants, either reserved as a quit-rent, or levied in

a flagstaff) to ydtrds, or fairs held in honour of some deity. times of emergency upon lands originally granted rent-free.

2. The second of the major or generic classes are Moham- Bediga, or Eattubadi Indmu, Tel. ("SsX, S'tX)eOG,

madan Indms, consisting of rent-free grants made by CXXioJOM^) An assignment of land at an assessment,

opulent Mohammadans to religious persons of their own which varies with the produce.
faith, and to a variety of vagrants, mendicants, tumblers, Bil-mahhta-indmu, Tel. (23oa33_caD?ra^) A grant

jugglers, &c. 3. Devasthdna Indms are lands assigned of land at a fixed assessment.

for the support of religious establishments, whether Hindu Sarva-dumbdld-indmv, Tel. (6 ^&OS~S€r^CUD;US^X)
or Mohammadan, and for the keeping up of temples, A grant of land wholly rent free.

shrines, mosques, &c. 4. Dharmaddya Indms are lands Gdon-nisbat-indm, Mar. (iT'Hf^^Mri^HW) A mortgage,

appropriated to religious persons, as an act of charity, by or grant of land made by the villagers to liquidate a debt

the heads of the government, and by the village commu- incurred by the village for public expenses : see also above.

nities : some of these are of considerable antiquity, and Srotriyadindmu,'K.a.x-a.. ("^X/d^^S/Ol^Q^rCreSx)) Grant

are frequently confirmed by Ddna-patras, grants inscribed of land at a fixed assessment.

on copper plates. 5. Dehangi Indms, numerous but Terige-illada-indmu, Karn. (Sai?O30y^6a?^cD^X)) An

limited assignments to a variety of village artificers and allotment of land rent-free.

servants, musicians, dancers, and the families of indi- Inarasi, Tel. (-^rC5"Cr°?i) Grain of an inferior quality sepa-

viduals who have lost their lives in the service of the rated from the good by winnowing.

state, or of the village. 6. Watanddri Indms, or assign- INAYAT, H. (A. c:^jiUc) Favour, kindness, bounty.
ments to the village officers and servants. Besides these Indyat-ndm,a, H., A deed of gift, a letter of recommenda-

classifications, which are especially applicable to the Ma- tion, a written order or patent from a superior.

ratha countries, a variety of terms occur in relation to Inch, Bench, H. ( JoI) Security (Dehli).

the designation of Indms, either of local or general ap- Indara, H. (S. \jidJ\) A large well of masonry.

plicability. Indi, Asamese (?) (^'^) A variety of silk, commonly

Inadmddr, or Indmddr, H. &c. (yliVoUil, ^TTR^TT;) The known as Eria silk, procured in Asam, soft and of strong
holder of a rent-free grant. fibre, but difficult to reel off the cocoon.

218
 IND IRU
Indakman, Thug. A woman. Irakkadan, Tam. (S. ^CTrTiSS^OOT) A giant, the Rak-
Indra-dwadasi, S. (^'fJ^'KV^) The twelfth day of Bhddra, shas of Hindu mythology; a kind of marriage, the Rak-

a festival in honour of Indra, the Hindu deity of the fir- shasa form or violence.

mament, and of Swarga. Irakkaranma, Mai. ( ^(OoeQOroO©f\a) Lands and tene-

INDRATADU, Tel. (-wO\Q;»J^C40) A tdri drawer, a caste, or ments held by a small acknowledgment of superiority to a

individual of it, employed to extract the juice of the palms : higher lord, fee-hold.

he is also sometimes employed as a palankin-bearer. Irakkdrdnmayola, Mai. {^(OS6)0(O0eri26\^0Bl) Title-

InduvIra, S. (^?5^TC) The day of the moon (Monday). deeds of land held fee-hold.

Infisal, H. &c. (a. JLaftjl) Decision, sentence, award, settle- fRAKKtrCHCHAMBA, Tam. ( rT-IT(S<fec^<5'ljDUrT) A Supe-

ment of an affair. rior kind of the rice, called Chambd, or Sambd, which
Ingar-tupva, Karn. (COOO A c)OoJ)o3) A tax on the tribe is sown in July and reaped in February : see Sambd.
called Talwdrs in Mysore, in lieu of a ram and a pot of Irapu, Kar. (."SoSy)) Surplus, balance, savings.

ghee annually contributed by them

. to the Paligars in Irasam, Tel. (^Or6o) A measure of 24 sirs.

former times. Irattu, Tam. (^CTlI®) Coarse cloth, sackcloth.

Inglis, H. ((w.jJL£!, for English) Invalid soldiers or sipahis, Irattuppai, Tam. ( ^ cril®LJetDLJ ) A sack of coarse

to whom allotments of land were assigned as pensions ;

canvas or cloth.

the lands so granted. (Mr. Elliot thinks the word cor- Iraval, Tam. (^(JSU^) A loan, any article lent.

rupted from invalid). Iravan, or fLAVAN, Mai. (o6loiPajnr6) A caste, or indi-

Inkisam, H. (a. |»l«*5jl) Division, partition. vidual of it, whose occupation is the extraction of tdri

Insaf, H. (a. u-jLaJI) Justice, decision of a cause, or toddy, from the palm trees.

Int, H. (iJU.»j1, ^, S. ^ftroKT) It, Ben. (^) Ittike, -ge, Ihavari, Mai. (^OOJrol) Royal revenue, assessment, tax,

Karn. ("3^^, -"7?) A brick. impost

CO
Int-gdri, H. ii^J^^ij\) Brickwork. Irjika, Mar. (:^<^1<*) The practice among cultivators of

Itmdld, Ben. (^i»<l«ii) A brickmaker. giving mutual assistance, both with men and cattle.

Ittigeyava, Karn. (9|o'AOa33) A brickmaker. Irkaru, Kam. (QOD doo) The early and latter crop, or

IntikhIb, H. (A. L_>ls^') Selection, abstract, extract of the two seasons of harvest
proceedings. Irs, H. (a. i±j)] ) Inheritance.

Intikal, H. (a. JIawO Conveyance or removal from one Irsal, H. &c. (a. JUmO Sending, despatch, a despatch of

place to another, from life to death, &c. any thing ; the sending of remittances from the villages

Intihdli, H. (A. ^Iftiii) A transfer of Zamindari or other to the Zamindar, or to the district treasury, and from
revenue property, from one person to another : the property thence to the exchequer.

so transferred. Irsdlr-ndma, H. (from iX«lJ) A statement of money or goods

Intikdli-lahi, H. (from ^^, an account) Register of trans- remitted, an invoice.

fers of property. Irsdl-pati, Mar. (^TWIc^R^) An invoice, a list of remit-

Intikdli-rasum, H. (A. from *j*«; ) Fees for making a trans- tances of cash specifying the coins of which they consist.

fer of property in the official register. Irsh, a. (^jijl) A mulct or fine for bloodshed or wounds

Intizam, H. (a. *llajUl) Administration, arrangement. not causing loss of life : a bribe, a douceur to the judge.
IpPAN ,Tam. (^LJI—IOOr) A shepherd, a ploughman, a trader Irtisha, H. (A. LiJyl) Bribery, corruption.
or merchant. Irtihan, H. (a. yj^J;') Receiving any article as a pledge.

fpATDAi, Hindi (^tni^T^) From the date of Iru, Tel., Tam. (3^, ^(Tj) Two, both.

Iradah, H. ( !St>U ) A division of the page of an account book. Irubhdgamu, Tel. (from ^S^, two, and ^X^X), s. mn,
Irai, Tam. (^Ctonj) Tax, tribute. a share) The two shares, i. e. of the crop, the one assignable

Iraippu, Tam. (^(30DjT)Ul_j) Payment of tax or tribute. to the government, the other to the cultivator : also read

Iraiyumavariyum, Tam. (^(TOnQU-j laSUCflLLjIil) Taxes Iru-bhogamv, or double possession, implying the same

and duty, assessment. thing.

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 IRU 1ST

Iruhu, or Iruhogam, Tatn. (^(Tjq, ^(TjGurTSlL) Two Ishtiydra-ndma, Tam. (from X<iU) A document granted
crops. by government to the purchasers of lands sold at auction

Irugoru, Tel. (a6o^6o) Both shares ; the entire crop for arrears of revenue, or under a decree of Court.
before the government portion is deducted. IshrAk, a. (tfjl/il) Rising of the sun.
/rMmflwa6<^r«,Tam.(^(r5LQ(5nnTUrTrf)Asoilofclayandsand. Ishrdh-namdz, A. P. Prayer at sunrise.
Irundli-pdtam, Mai. (^KSrooa-TlnJOSo) lit,, Two ndlis IshtirAk, H. (a. (.L> Uii!) Partnership ; entering into part-

out of four ; used to express an equal division of the crop nership.

between proprietor and tenant, made annually, and not IslAm, H. (a. a21m1 ) The Mohammadan religion.

very customary in Malabar. Ism, H. (a. mm I) A name, a noun.

Irw-pattu-ndladi-kol, Tam. ( ^(T^U^^ [5 rT601n.(5 -
Ism-farff,, or Ism-i-farzi, corruptly, Issum-furzy, H. (from
CarrK)) A measuring rod twenty-four feet in length. fdoi, fictitious) A fictitious name, or the substitution of
Iruvdra, Kam. (QOOoJ do) Both the government's and the name of one person in place of that of another, who
cultivator's shares of the crop. is the real but unavowed party in a transaction, such as
Iruvdyam, Tel. ('Sl60oJ^c6:}0) The whole crop before its the purchase of lands sold at auction, and the like.

partition between the state and the cultivator. Ism-naroisi, H. (from P. -»uJjj, a writing) A list or roll

Ikulan, Tam. (^(rRSTTOT) A man of a wild race living of names, as of Zamindars in a district, witnesses in a

in the woods: trom Jrul, (^(T^STT) blackness. suit, &c. ; making out such a list.

IsA, vernacularly, Ish, S. &c. (f^n, t^) The beam or pole Ism-rudr, H. (,j\ytMi\) Attending to name; entry in public

of a plough. documents according to the order of the names of the in-

ISANNE, Mar. (^'^, A. ^^llut) Two; applied only to the dividuals.

Mohammadan year in the Dakhin. Isamuvdru-patti, Kam. (QrO^XJtO o)00<063) An indi-

ISARA, or IsABA, Mar. (^WR, ^WTtl) Earnest money. vidual account.

IsHA, H. (A. Likc) The first watch of the night, or, accord- ISMAT, A. (iCt..^^) Protection: chastity: in law, the care

ing to some, from the time when the sun begins to set and defence of property by ^the owner, and the protection
till twilight : prayers to be said at that time. of person and property by the state or the law.
A
Ishd-namdz, or -saldt, H. (from the P. j\^ , or A. iiLo) ISTAD, Mar. (^^^, A. jltVaXiMl) Goods and chattels, moveable
Evening prayer. property.

IshIra, or IshArat, H. (A. js^lil) A hint, a sign ; in law, Istakbil-ta-gAyat, Mar. (^4H«h4lcldMimri, for the A.
indicating any thing in a definite manner, in opposition C^jLc t JUaJwi!) From a certain date to a certain date,

to simply naming it used chiefly with respect to notes.

IsHHAD, H. (A. Jlis^') Evidence, testimony. IstAvtA, Mar. (^^TRT, A. IstivtA, ^P>m\, tending towards
ISHTA DEVATA, H. (S. from ^, wished, and '^•AA\, a divinity) equality) The land-tax or rent levied at progressively in-

A person's favourite or tutelary deity. creasing rates, until it reaches the fiill sum imposable on
IshtihAr, H. (a. jL^I) adopted in various dialects, with" land brought into cultivation, or on villages let out to

some modifications, as, Istihar, Ben. (^"iHs^la ) Istahdr, farm, &c. ; the practice of so letting lands, &c.

Uriya (Qi,5IQ ) Istihdru, Tel. (Q^^rS^) Ishtiydra, Istdwdr-kaul, Tel. (from A. Jy, agreement) A lease or

Tam. (^6l2i^liJrTD") Proclamation, public announcement grant of waste lands at a rent progressively increasing for

or notice, advertisement, an advertisement in a public place a term of years, when it becomes fixed.

or a newspaper, notice by the collector of a sale of lands Istdwd-chi-patti, Mar. (^^HNmIm^I) An account kept by

for arrears of revenue ; also a paper afiixed to a Ryot's the village accountant of lands held on progressively in-

cottage requiring him to renew his lease within a given creasing rents.

term, under penalty of his being charged the highest rate IstibrA, a. OjXxmi) Waiting for the purification of a woman,

levied in the village or district. whether a slave or free, to determine whether she is preg-

Istiharu-ndma, Tel. (from <)Uili) A written notice or pro- nant before intercourse can lawfully take place.

clamation. IstidAA, a. (Uiiwwl) Supplication, petition.

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 1ST 1ST

ISTIDANAT, A. (AiliiXui) Borrowing, contracting a debt, IstikbjIl, less correctly, Istakbal, H. (A. J'aoLwl) Cere-

wishing to borrow, suing for a debt: in law, any trans- monious reception of a person of distinction, coming out
action which the manager in a partnership, where one of a town in procession to meet him.

finds the capital and the other the management, may un- IsTiKLAL, H. (A. JlaJUui) Absolute authority, confirmation
dertake, but for which, if not included in, or consonant of possession, perpetuity.

to, the terms of his contract with the proprietor of the ISTIKKAR, H. (A. j\jal^\) Confirmation.

share, he alone is responsible, and the profits of which he IsTlLA, A. (JLumiI) Victory, power, subjection to authority

alone is entitled to, unless his partner had given his pre- by conquest, which, according to Mohammadan law, con-

vious sanction. veys a right of making the captives slaves.

IsTiFA, corruptly, Isteyafah, H. (A. lij,!Lu\) Resigning an IsTiLAD, A. (JLUmjI, from jJj) Claim of offspring made by

appointment, relinquishing a charge or possession , a deed a man who has a child born to him of a female slave,

of abandonment : settling, satisfying, paying or receiving which he acknowledges as his own : the formal claim and
all that is due upon an account. acknowledgment are necessary to establish legally the pa-

Istaphd, Hindi (^SHBT) Istiphd, Tel. (EO^op^) A deed ternity of the child.

of relinquishment, such as is usually executed by Zamin- IsTlMA.4, H. (A. cUjLi!) Hearing: in law, hearsay evidence,

dars on giving up their lands. indirect testimony, receivable only in particular cases, and
Istifd-i-ad-zamin, H. ( ^^^j l)-^' laja*ul ) Relinquishment under certain restrictions.

of an estate held khds, or by the state. ISTIMRAH, or ISTAMHAB, COrruptly, ISTEMERAR, H. &C. (A.
IsTlFSAH, H. (A. jLuiJWiI) Inquiry, interrogation. j\y*jj\, ^^HTK) Istimiraru, Tel. ('a^S0"O'^&>)
Istifsdri, H. (.^jLuJ>l^\) The statement of a prosecutor, Continuance, perpetuity : a farm or lease granted in per-

subject to investigation. petuity by government or a Zamindar, at a stipulated rent,

ISTIFTA, H. (A. IXaJi^l) Consulting a Mohammadan lawyer, and exempt from abwabs ; such a lease granted in charily
calling for the fatrvd, or opinion of the Mohammadan law- at a quit-rent.

officer of a court. Istimrdri, in some dialects Jstamrdri, corruptly, Isteme-

IsTiGHASA, H. (A. i^MiJ\ ) Demanding justice, preferring a rary, H. (A. (_jr,j^4J(«jl ) Permanent, perpetual ; applied
complaint. especially to a permanent settlement of the revenue, and
IsTlHKAK, H. (A. ^•ISjL.I, from Demanding one's particularly to the settlement of the lower provinces made
^J»-)
right, demanding justice : in law, a claim set up to the by the government of Lord Cornwallls.
subject of a deed or contract by a person not a party to it. Istimrdr-ddr, (from P. jlo, who has) The holder of a per-
ISTIHLAF, H. (A. 1 i%s^') Causing to swear ; applied espe- petual farm or lease.

cially in law to cases in which the oath of a wife is neces- Istimrdri-dihdt, H. (from dihdt, villages) Villages held on

sary for the establishment of a fact relating to her marriage. a permanent or perpetual tenure.

ISTIHLAL, A, (JLsJ^b lit., Making lawfiil : in law, the Istimrdrir-jamd, H. (from fA=»-, revenue) Fixed or per-
cry of a new-born child, the occurrence of which is ne- petual assessment or rent.

cessary of proof in a peculiar case of inheritance, as if Istimrdri-jot, H. (from cLs»=>-, cultivation) A fixed or per-

a man die leaving a widow pregnant, and a brother ; then manent tenure.

if proof be given that the cry of the child was heard, and Istimirdr-kirdmam, Tarn. (^erO^LQlurTCTc^GrrTLQlli)
should it then die, the widow, as its mother, will inherit A village permanently settled.

if no cry has been heard, the brother is heir. Isthnrdri-mdlguzdri, H. (from P. i^^.dl«) Permanent or
IstihsIn, H. (a. ^jjLm=J^') Taking as a favour, approving : perpetual revenue.

in law, a favourable construction or interpretation of a Istimrdri-patfd, H. (from Lij, a lease) A lease or farm
point of law, deviating from the strict letter of the law granted at a permanent rent, a perpetual lease.
in kindness either to suitors or to the community. Istimrdri-pattaddr, H. (^biSL Holder
tJ?;V'»-'^l) of a
IsTiKALA, H. (A. ix!lftl»wl) Requiring any one to cancel an lease of lands at a perpetual rent.

agreement, or to give up a bargain. 3 L

221
 1ST IZA
IsTlBDAD, H. (A. ijL^*«l) Demanding or ordering resti- or store : it is also applied to public servants borne on
tution of any thing, whether given, pledged, or sold. one establishment and employed on another, or additional
Istirddd-i-nildm, H. (from Ajj, sale by auction) Reversal or extra servants added for a time to a public office.

of a public sale. Itldk-navis, H. (from P. i,>~J)J) The officer who keeps the
IsTiHSHAD, H. (A. lilA^l) Taking evidence, summoning account of the expense and fees on the issue of sum-
witnesses. monses : formerly an accountant attached to the revenue
IsTlSNAA, A. (cU-flliwl) Requisition to work; forced labour. collector, who wrote orders for the payment of revenue
ISTRi, H. &c. (^^3*^1, ^^, from S. ^, to spread) A smooth- and other purposes, and kept an account of the fees paid to

ing iron ; also the act of ironing linen. the peons, the surplus of which, above their wages, went

Istrimdld, H. &c. (!!li,_f_^»»jl) An ironing man, one who to the credit of government.
irons linen. Itldkh-nemnuh, Mar. (^ric^l^ «i*«uoft) A fixed annual pay-

IsTUTA, or IsTUVU, Tel. ('3^S ®^'^) Property, estate. ment from a public treasury or store.

IsuKABHtJMi, Tel. (a?&)S^j-^?X)) Sandy soil. IttihIm, H. (A, il^'l) Suspecting something bad: inlaw,
IswARA, S. &c (^^TC) A lord, a master : a name of Siva, a charge, an imputation.

especially in the form of a Linga, and used in composition IvEJiTU-GAlADU, Tam. (^GOJf^^orod&rT®) Statement

as Somegrvara, the Isrcara or Linga set up originally shewing the amount of the collections and balance in
by Soma : the eleventh year of the cycle. money and kind.

Itakuti, Itakutiyan, or Itakkohuvan, pronounced as if the IvuMANlYAM, Tam. (PT-6L|LQrT(3tTrUJLCi) A grant of a pro-

iwere d, Idakudi &c. Mai. (^SoesSl ,

^Soe3Slcs2J0nr6, portion or per-centage on any branch of land revenue
^S6)oe€10g>aJnrt)) An under tenant. which fluctuates with the improvement or deterioration of
Itakallu, Tel. (^«^^) The fermented juice of the date the produce.

tree, toddy. IwAZ, vernacularly, Iwaj, corruptly, Ebaj and Evtaj, H.

Iti, Mar. (|^fk) Ben. ('^f^) Mai. ( ofDofafl ) A common (A. (/J)*) Equivalent, exchange, requital.

term for seven national plagues or calamities —drought, Imaz-ndma, H. (P. iJuU ) A deed of exchange.

excessive rain, rats, locusts, parrots, legal oppression, foreign Itavan, Tam. (^LiJ5lJOT) An outeaste, a worker in

invasion. leather and skins, a drummer.

ItikIf, a. ((_iU5l) Restraining one's senses, applied espe- IzAFA, or Izafat, vernacularly, Ijapha or Ijaphat, cor-
cially to a practice of pious Mohammadans who spend a ruptly, EZAFA, EzAFUT, EZAPUT, H. &c. (A. 5iLfll ,

great part of the month Ramazan in a mosque engaged ?[3nxii7T) Increase, augmentation; any increase in the

in prayer and meditation. amount of revenue received from a country, whether from

ItlAa, H. (a. cJlLl) Ittela, Hindi (^^^t) Making known, improved or additional cultivation, or from an enhanced rate

information. of assessment ; increase of revenue from any additional

Itldd, or Itteld-ndma, H. (from <I:.«U) A notice, a sum- sources ;

grant of an entire village, granted rent-frefe as

mons, a citation : a notice served on cultivators when they an extra allowance to the chief hereditary village or dis-

fall in arrears, threatening them with an attachment if trict officer.

not paid by a given time. Izdfa-heshi, H. &c. (^!Ujo <)iLil) General increase in the

Itlak, H. (a. Jjlial, lit., liberating, setting free) In Hin- rate of assessment.

dustan, the office and records of summonses, and fees on Izafat-jamd, or, vernacularly, Ijdphai-jamd, Mar. (^HlWtl

their delivery. Under the Mohammadan government, fees Wn) Additional or extra receipts of various kinds, as

paid by suitors on the decision of their causes ; also, a from money realized by government from the sale of pre-

fee exacted from a defendant as wages for a peon stationed sents, or from the sequestration of estates and appropriation

over him as soon as a complaint was preferred against of the revenue ; also, money received into the treasury of

him. one district, and credited to another. Under the Peshwa's

Itldhh, for Itldh, Mar. ('i^ri'cjSI^) Issued from a public government, an assumption or appropriation of revenue

treasury, payment in money or kind from such a treasury by the Sirsubadars in the southern provinces in addition

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 IZA JAG
to the revenue they were to pay to the state. Under officer for the purpose of valuing them formed part of the

the Gaikwar's government, the additional annual revenue establishment.

raised from the net receipts of the districts, from arrears of Jdckanddri, Ben. (^gfiu'nl^) The office of an appraiser.

unpaid charges, and from loans. In Puraniya, an item in Jaddi, H. (a. i^<i^, from Jad, As-, an ancestor, a grand-

the Sastahud, the specification of the rent to be paid by father) Ancestral, paternal, ancestral or hereditary estate.

the Ryots for the current year. jAppiGAMU, Tel. (a^QA&O) A sowing machine.

Ijdphat-indm-gdon, Mar. (l^iTTiIifr ^^H iH) An entire Jadi, Karn. ( C3^£) ) Assessment of land, revenue, land tax.

village granted rent-free to Desmukhs and Despandyas, Jadid, H. (a. JO'i'^) New, modern: as applied to a Ryot,

as an additional remuneration. one newly settled in a village.

Ijdphd-jamin, Hindi ( ^inWli'l'l) Land relet or taken Jado, H. (.i)'v»-) One of the two castes in a village em-
into cultivation by the Ryots for the current year, an item ployed in menial offices : in some places it is equivalent to

in the Sastabud, or village rent-roll. Sudra.

IzHAR, H. &c. (A.jl(flil ) vernacularly Ijhar. Making mani- Jadon, H. (j;;j-*1j?-. from S. yddava, 11^^, a descendant of

fest, publishing: a deposition or declaration in court, an Yadu, IT?) A tribe of Rajputs who are found in conside-

affidavit, any statement made by the parties or witnesses in rable numbers about Agra and Mathura, in the central

a suit. Doab, and in eastern Malwa, as landholders and cultivators

IzJidri, H. {i_$^-^i) Relating to a deposition, issued upon the Raja of Karaoli is of this tribe : they profess to be

a deposition, (an order, &c) a deponent. descendants of Krishna : some of their subdivisions are held
Izhdr-navh, H. (P. j_^y) A writer of depositions, an in little esteem, and are termed Bagris by their neighbours

officer of the court who takes down depositions &e. but they are spirited farmers and rising in wealth and con-

I^hdr-saldmi, H. (from JLu, a compliment) A fee paid sideration.

by a person who makes a statement or deposition before a Jadu, Karn. ( 83^3j) Unripe ears of corn left to ripen after

subordinate officer of police, an unauthorised charge. the ripe ones are cut.

iZjsr, A. (j^jl) Leave, licence: in law, permission granted by Jadu, H. (P. jt^'-*-) Magic, conjuring, fortune-telling.

a master to a slave to engage in business or trade. Jddugar, H. (P. .ij jU- ) A magician, a conjuror, a fortune-

IzTlBARi-ZABH, A. {
^id ^j\JhJ>]) Slaughtering an animal teller.

irregularly or accidentally, or by a wound inflicted any- Jauya, Mar. (srSJl) A jeweller, a setter of gems.
where except the throat. Jadwal, Judwul, H. (a. Jj'i'^) Lines ruled in a book;
IzzAT, H. (A. dJJc ) Honour, credit, reputation, character. a board or card with threads fastened across it, to serve

Izzaf-axdr, A. ( i'jI CuJc ) lit., Honour to the traditions ;

as lines to write upon when the board is placed underneath

but used in some places, even by Hindus, as the heading the paper.

of an official paper, in any language, without their know- Jadrval-kashi, H. (P. ^'i*j) Drawing lines.

ing the meaning of the words. Jafaei, corruptly Jaffr'i, H. (A. (^jAxs-) Lattice-work,
a sort of screen of interwoven grass or reeds.

Jag, Mar. (^nn, S. HI'KJir, vigil) Riotous vigils, on the

Jab, or Jabi, H. (l-jU-, ^'s~) The muzzle of an ox. tenth night after the death of a Sadra dying suddenly, by

Jab, Ben. (^it^) A mixture of cut straw, oil-cake, and water, his family, to compel the spirit to enter the body of his

for feeding cattle ; earth wetted to construct a wall with. son, or some other person, and reveal any secret matter

JabAli, Ben. (^<liW) Rice growing, and not in ear. desired to be known : any bustle or stir in a house or

.Tabdi, H. (j_yiiJs>-) A sort of rice cultivated in Rohilkhand. village at festivals.

.Tabta, Mar. (aTT^TTT, from A. .sLuLi) A law, a regulation, Jaga, or Jaga, H. (l^is-, li=^) A division of the Bhat tribe,

a statute. also called Jdgdbhdt : see Bhdt.

Ja ch a, Ben. ( tSflFl ) Appraising, valuing, examining, (goods &c). Jaganbansi, H, (^^Mjjlt^) A tribe of Brahman Zamindars
Jdchanddr, Ber. ('5rll?'*tta') An appraiser, a valuer: in the in the Fattehpur Zilla.

time when factories for piece goods were maintained an JagalyI, Mar. (^ITTcITT) JAgi./., Guz. (jHT^T) A watch-

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 JAG JAG
man, a village watchman, a man of the Mhar or other was either for a stated term, or, more usually, for the life-

low tribe employed in that capacity. time of the holder, lapsing, on his death, to the state, al-

Jdgalyi, Mar. (^iTSn't) Ja^Zi, Guz. (inn^) The office of though not unusually renewed to his heir, on payment of a
watchman, the fees paid him. nazardna, or fine, and sometimes specified to be a hereditary

Jagat, H. (S. \JlJ^, 5TniT) The world. assignment ; without which specification it was held to be

Jagatkarttd, H. &c. (S. Ij^i^a^) The maker or creator a life-tenure only : Ben. Reg. xxxvii. 1793. cl. 15. A
of the world. Jagir was also liable to forfeiture on failure of perform-
Jaganndtha, vernacularly Jaganndth, corru-ptly Juggernaut, ance of the conditions on which it was granted, or on
H. &c. (S.»(J|7(TSI, the t of Jagat changed to n before the the holder's incurring the displeasure of the emperor. On
n of ndth, lord) Lord of the world, a name especially ap- the other hand, in the inability of the state to vindicate

plied to Krishna in the form in which he is worshipped at the its rights, a Jagir was sometimes converted into a per-
temple of Jaganndth at Puri in Orissa. petual and transferable estate ; and the same consequence
Jagat, Ben., Mar. (^"^j »tirni, vernacular corruption of has resulted from the recognition of sundry Jagirs as he-
the A. zakdt, iilij, alms) Custom, toll, duty, on goods, a reditary by the British government after the extinction of

contribution collected amongst the villagers for a religious the native governments by which they were originally
celebration. granted ; so that they have now come to be considered as

Jagdt-ddr, or Jagdtyd, Mar. (jIiTTil^n;, »nTTiIT) A custom- family properties, of which the holders could not be right-

house officer, a collector or farmer of custom : see Jakdt. fully dispossessed, and to which their legal heirs succeed,

Jagati, Kara. (83^X60) a gong, a circular plate of sono- as a matter of course, without fine or nazardna, such
rous bell-metal. having been silently dispensed with. This is particularly

Jdgati-ddsari, Karn. (SJg)A&3Z33^B) a sort of religious the case in the Maratha territories, in which, when first con-

mendicant in Mysore, who beats a gong as he parades the quered, Jagir grants were found to be numerous, reduci-

streets of a town. ble to three classes — 1. those held by descendants of the

Jaggery, Jagqree, Jaggory, Jagory, (a corruption of original ministers of the Rajas, as the Pratinidhi and the
the Kanarese Sharkare, ®OE~o^ from the S. Sarkard, Pradhdns, prior to the usurpation of the Peshwa, but con-

51^^, whence perhaps the English, Sugar) Sugar in its tinued, in some instances, under his rule; 2. those held

unrefined state, or the juice inspissated by boiling, and poured by military chiefs, on condition of service, some of whom
into moulds, where it is allowed to dry in the form of have held their fiefs from the time of the Mohammadan
pyramidal balls ; clayed or candied sugar : also an inferior monarchies ; and 3. those held under grants from the

sugar made from the inspissated juice of the date and va- Peshwas, generally Brahmans or Marathas of low family

rious kinds of palms. they were all allowed to retain their lands on the prin-

Jagie, also, allowably, Jaigih, corruptly, Jagheeb, Ja- ciple of securing their services on a moderate scale, pre-

GHIRE, JaEGHEEE, H. (p. jJS[s~, jJ^As-) Jagir, Jahgir, serving the sovereignty of the British government entire,

Jahagip, Mar. (siTirtT;, *n?»rk, "Sn^Pfk) Kam. and interference with the chiefs on extraordinary occasions
(25^9^500) lit.. Taking or occupying (gir) a place or only. With regard to the Jagir in general, the especial

position (.jd, or jdi). A tenure common under the Moham- object and character of the grant was commonly specified

madan government, in which the public revenues of a by the designation attached to it, as in the following ex-

given tract of land were made over to a servant of the amples : see also Ben. Regs, xxxvii. 1793. xlii. 1795.

state, together with the powers requisi^ to enable him to xxxvi. 1803. xiii. 1825. Bomb. Reg. xvii. 1827. x. cl.

collect and appropriate such revenue, and administer the 38. Reg. vi. 1833. The term is also in use, although

general government of the district. The assignment was with some license, to designate temporary grants, allow-

either conditional or unconditional ; in the former case, ances, or stipends, from the government to individuals.

some public service, as the levy and maintenance of troops, Jdgir-i-ahshdm, H. (from A. *LiN».\, q .v.) Lands granted
or other specified duty, was engaged for : the latter was for the maintenance of troops.

left to the entire disposal of the grantee. The assignment Jdhgir-amal, Mar. (»n?n'i?: ^TO^) The share of the re-

224
 JAG JAI

venue tlaimed by the Moghul government for the exchequer Jdgirddri, H. (P. (_S;''^' having) The possession or rights

on certain holders of Jagirs after deducting the Maratha of the holder of a Jagir.

Chauth, and another fourth, or 25 per cent., for theFaujddr. Jdgir- or Jdgir-ddri-sanad, H. (A. Sj^ ) The deed or pa-

Under the Peshvifa and the British government it denotes, tent under which a Jdgir was granted under the Moham-
in some districts, the right to the revenue which remains madan government.
after deducting the Sardes-mukhi and Chauth ; in others Jaglain, H. (j^Wls-) A tribe of Jats.

after deducting the MukhAsa portion of the Chauth only. Jahannam, H. (A. •i.^,=-) The Mohammadan hell, of which

Jdgir-i-bakhshi, H. (P. ^m»s^, q. v.) An assessment for seven divisions are enumerated, appropriated severally to

the support of the Paymaster General or Commander-in-chief wicked Mohammadans, to Christians, Jews, Sabaeans, Gebrs,
Jdgir-diroani, H. (P. ^'y.'^ , q. v.) The grant of the col- idolaters, and hypocrites.

lection of the revenues of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa to the Jahan-panAh, H. (P. XU; ijL(f»-) Asylum of the world ; a

Company. term of respectful address to a sovereign, or to a person

Jagir-hhidmati, H. (from ^.:^^^Si~, service) Assignment of rank.

of land to village servants and officers. Jahim, H. (A. (tJ^^) One of the seven Mohammadan hells,

Jagir-mahal, H. (P. JW«) A district assigned. that destined for idolaters.

Jagir-mashrut, or shartj, H. (A. \sjJL^ , or t^j^ , stipulated) Jahir, Mar. (tK^I^) Public, notorious, made public, pro-

A Jagir granted with conditions. claimed : see Zdhir.

Jdgir-ghair-mashrut, or iild-shart, H. (A. laj j5k.« .j.i,, Jahiz, Jahez, H. {P.Jj^y^) Woman's property, whatever

)ofji' 5b) An unconditional or absolute assignment. she takes with her to her husband's house, as vestments,

Jdgir-i-nawdrd, H. (H. Ijy , a barge) An assignment for jewellery, fiimiture, &c. ; dowry, marriage-portion. It

the expense of keeping up an establishment of boats by also occurs as an Arabic noun, Jahaz, or Jihaz ( ;L-»-).

the Nawab of Dacca in former times. Jahnu-saptami, S. (5lF'51"fl') The seventh of Vaisakh, when
Jdgir-saranjdmi, Mar. (P. >W^, materials, property) An a festival is observed in honour of Jahnu, the parent of

assignment for a specified purpose, as Fauj-saranjdml- Jahnavi, or the Ganges so called.

Jdgir, an assignment for the equipment of troops. Ja-i, Jye, H. (j_j=^) Oats, introduced by the English, but

Jdgir-irsar, or sir, H. (P. ^, M.jXm') Assignment for the name was before applied to a small species of barley

the support of an establishment. also, as Jayi, to shoots of barley reared artificially at the

Jdgir-dyur-ghdl, H. (P. J'-^ )^»") An assignment exempt 2)a«Aam festival : see Jay. In some parts of the north-west
from any conditions, or for charitable purposes. provinces oats are called Bdm-jdu — the barley of Mdma.
Jdgir-i'sarkdr, H. (P. j^j^> chief authority) The tract JliDAD, less correctly, Jabdad, corruptly, Jydaad, H. (P.
originally granted to the Company by the Nawab of the I^U-, place, position, and lilj, what gives) A place, em-
Camatic, as an assignment for the maintenance of their ployment : assets, funds, resources, an estate, property : the

troops. means or capabilities of any district in respect of revenue :

Jdgir-i-thdnajdt, H. (CjU-iKJI^, plural of ^l^) An assign- an assignment of the revenues of a tract of land tor the
ment for the support, of police stations or thanas, or for maintenance of an establishment, or of troops, granted for
that of a local militia. life, but very commonly with permitted succession to the

Jdgir-i-tan, H. (P. ^^, the body) An assignment for per- next-of-kin, sometimes with a rent reserved.

sonal support, usually unconditional, but sometimes requir- Jdiddd-ghair-mankula, H. (A. ii^aLtjjS) Immoveable pro-
ing personal service. perty.

Jdgir-i-zdt, H. (A. Ci^lj, person) Jdgir-jdti, or jdta, Jdiddd-istimrdri, H. { ^j,j\jXi*ii\ ,

perpetually) An assign-
Mar. (siTtl, for cul J ) An assignment for personal support ment of revenue in perpetuity, with a reservation of a
or sometimes requiring personal service. certain amount of rent, and of other government claims.
Jdgirddr, H. (P. j\ii, who holds) The holder of any as- Jdiddd-manhula, H. (A. (XlyLLo) Moveable property.
signment of revenue : for his powers in the Bombay Pre- Jdiddd-maurun, H. (A. ^J^jyo) Ancestral or hereditary
sidency, see Bomb. Reg. xiii. 1830, and Act xiii. 1842. property.

225 3 M
 JAI JAL
Jdiddd-zamin, H. (A. ^J-«j) Arable land. village, to which functionary the title is consequently also

Jaifa, a. (^jlsi-) A wound, a stab, one of the kinds pu- applied : see YajawAna.
nishable by fine. JakAt, Mar. (infTrl) JakAti, Jakayati, Kam. (aia~9o,
Jail, H. (J^V) Twice-ploughed land (Western Rohilkhand). EtJa dO&S) Customs, duties; land or transit duties espe-
Jaina, or Jain, S. (%tt) The name of a religion differing cially, as opposed to sea customs : see also Jagdt.

from Hinduism, the worship of certain deified mortals, Jakdtddr, Mar. (from P. .b ) Collector of customs, either

Jinas or Tirthanharas ; a follower of that religion, whether the government officer or a farmer.

clerical or secular. Jains are met with in considerable Jakdyati-guttige, Kam. (SiD^oS^S^S^"??) A contract

numbers, especially among the merchants and bankers in for custom-house duties.

Central and Western India : they are not uncommon in Jakeri, Jakiri, &c., Kam. (SjOO, aio^b) A store, a

Bengal, or in the Dakhin. hoard.

Jlfs, H. (|1«jI*-) a tribe of Rajputs of the solar branch, Jakeri-khane, Kam. (ajO6a5~3c0) A storehouse, a ware-

residing principally about Mathura. house.

Jaiti, Jytee, also Jaichi, Jtchee, H. (^-s:}^, ^Jy>»-) Jakere-dhanya, Kam. (aJOO'^SrOg) Name of an ad-

A species of Euphorbia which grows in the north-western ditional cess in Mysore, imposed in place of a payment
provinces, and yields an excellent oil. in grain.

JaiswIh, H. (j tj«*Jj?- ) A tribe of inferior Jddohansi Raj- Jala, Jal, Julu, or Jul, (adopted in all the dialects, from

puts in the Central Doab. the S. »IcJ) Water.

Jaiswara, corruptly, Jasawaha and Juswah, H. (Uj«*a».) Jala, H. (<ds^) A lake.

A name given to subdivisions of low-caste tribes, from Jaladivya, S. &c. (alQSf^a}) The oath or ordeal of water.

their having come originally from the town of Jaw, in Jalagadugu, Tel. (ajC^AOOAD) Washing sand or soil for

Oudh. diamond or gold dust.

Jaiwah, Hindi (^^TT) The head inhabitants of a village. Jalagdra, Kam. (Sit) A dO) A caste of persons who sweep the
(Puraniya). streets, or wash refuse, in search of lost money or valuables.

Jaiz, H. (A.'jAsS) Current, passing, legal, lawful, authorized: Jalagdra-gutta, Kam. (ajo A ciOAOo ^) A tax on persons

in law, the term is applied to such contracts as may be employed in searching or washing for money or valuables.

dissolved at the pleasure of either party. Jaldri, or Jaladdri, Karn. (aiO-35, 8ie)c338) A drain,
Jajman, Jujman, corruptly, Jijman, H. &c. C^^Usr?", S. a kennel, a gutter.

<4»t*ii«i;) A person who employs and fees Brahmans for Jaldsa, Julasv, (^mjUio-, from S. Asaya, 4II!^|JJ, receptacle)

the performance of any solemn or religious ceremony : as A pool, a reservoir, a tank.

it is not unusual for the relation between the employer Jalasanhalpa, ( »I^a«li^:) Ratification of an agreement or
and those employed to become hereditary, the latter come a promise by pouring water upon the hand of the per-

to regard the former as their pupils or clients, and claim son with whom the agreement is made, or to whom the

as their right or due the fees that are to be paid on such promise is given.

occasions, although they should not perform the ceremonies : Jalchar, Julchur, H. &c. (>sr?", from S. ^X, what moves)
from religious, the term passed to very miscellaneous re- Any aquatic animal.

lations, and barbers, washermen, and sweepers claim, in Jalchhatra, Ben. («i«i^isi) A temporary shed, where water

some parts of Hindustan, a prescriptive or hereditary right and other refreshments are supplied gratuitously to pas-

to be employed and paid by certain individuals, whom sengers in the hot weather.

they therefore style their Jajmdns ; and Ghdtids and Jalganda, Ben. (^i»Tft^) Land under water, a swamp, a
others, who conduct parties of pilgrims to Benares or marsh.

other sacred places, give the same name to all those to Jalhd, Hindi (jT^^) Inundation.

whom they act as guides. In the south of India, Yajmdn Jali, Ben. (M^) A kind of rice.

or Ijmdn commonly denotes a householder, especially one Jalhd, or Jelka, (?) Ben. A long narrow boat or canoe

of respectability, and who is often the head man of the used by river robbers.

226
 JAL JUM
Jalkar, Julkur, corruptly, Jelcora, H. ( .^Jl»-, from S. ITcS, Jdlan, Ben. («tl»i«i) Kindling, lighting, as a lamp or fire:

water, "^X, kara, tax or toll) Profits or rents derived from the Uriya, (C^|R.ff) Fuel.

water, lakes, ponds, or the like, upon a tract of country or an Jdlchaukid, Uriya, A watch or guard over land supplying

estate, with the right of fishing, and of cultivating the heds fuel for the manufacture of salt.

if dry. Jallt, Mar. (»I35tiT, corruption of Mar. and S. sff^nr, lit.,

Jalkhdyd, Hindi (»TcS^T^) Dried up, parched, (soil, &c.) ;

burned) Applied to money &c., extorted or lost, or not likely

lit., the moisture of which is eaten by the sun : also to be realized, as, to a fine imposed to counterbalance a gain
Jalgaiya, water-gone, &c. supposed to have been made fraudulently, to a loss incurred

Jalnidrg, Mar. (S. 'sr^Tt^) lit.. The water-way, sea customs. through mismanagement, or to an oppressive and extortionary

Jalmandir, Mar. (S. ll^JlfV^O A water-house, a summer- exaction ; also, more literally, to injury sufiered by fire, and
house in the midst of water ; or subterraneous apartments the head under which remissions of rent or revenue are

constructed on the bank of a river. charged on account of losses by fire.

Jalotsarg, H. (S. idJyuiX»~ , from Utsarga, letting go) The Jalit-hdki, Mar. (»I35'tn=l*«ii1, from ijib, remainder) Money
typical marriage of a newly-dug well or piece of water ; duC) especially from the Ryots, given up as irrecoverable.

the bridegroom being personated by a man holding the Jalit-khat, Mar. (aigg'^iI^'iT) A bond or note which has
salagram stone, and the bride by another holding an been cashed, also one the amount of which is given up as

image : see Banotsarga. never likely to be realized.

Jalpad, Julpud, H. (JoJl&-) Land recovered fi-om water or Jdlpdi, Uriya, (S^|R.O|Q) Fuel: lands assigned for the

sea, and brought into cultivation. salt-boilers: allowance made to Zamindars in Orissa for

Jalpde, Uriya (&Q.a|-6) A water vessel: a name given the fuel cut from their lands for salt-boilers.

in Cuttack to scattered patches of land subject to inun- JIla, (?) Beds in which rice is grown before it is trans-

dation. planted (Chittagong) : perhaps from Jdl, a net or lattice,

Jalpdn, Julpan, Ben. (S. ^Bi^'tl^, firom S. TJT;iT> drink- from the position of the beds.
ing) Drinking water, any slight or occasional refi-esh- Jalad, H. (A. tiSU-) Jallad, Ben. (SiMlTf) An executioner,

ment, breakfast, luncheon. a hangman.

Jaltarpan, Julturpun, H. &c. i^^jAs-, from S. Hvpn) Jalalia, JulIlea, H. (U!2U- ) A fine species of wheat with
Presentation of water to the gods and manes, part of a reddish ears (Sagar).

Hindu's daily devotions. JALiGUTTii, Karn. (SDQXoB^) \ tax on the cultivators

Jalthal, Julthul, H. {{j£ iJ.*-) Land and water, or land for the leaves of the Jali, or whitethorn tree, browsed on
partly under water. by the cattle (Mysore).
JalawATI, H. {^^la~) Emigration. Jalm, H. (*U-) Jalma, Karn. (^?ij) Birthright, right

Jal, H. &c. (S.JV) a net. in the soil (Sagar) : a vernacular corruption of Janm,
Jdli, H. (^l&-) A net or bag of twisted rope for holding q. V.

grass, straw, or fodder, and tied to the month of a bul- Jal6s, H. (a. i/~j)i^, from i»l»- , sitting) The accession
lock for his feeding while at work : a muzzle. of a sovereign to his throne, his sitting on the masnad.
Jdliya, Ben. («lini*li) A fisherman, a bird or beast catcher Jalusi, H. (jju-^i^-) The year or date reckoned from a
by nets. prince's accession.

Jal, H. (a. (J*?-) Forgery, counterfeit. JIm, H. &c. (p. As~) a cup, a goblet.
Jdlkdghaz, H. (from A. Jt!^, paper) A forged paper or docu- Jama, vernacularly, Jama, or Jame, corruptly, Jamma,
ment. JuMMA, H. (a. jas..) Mar. (wn) Ben.(!Sf^) TeL (&it^J-°)

Jdkdz, H. (from P-jU, making) A forger, a counterfeiter. Karn. (aJ^XTQ^ aiS>) Amount, aggregate, total in ge-

Jdlsdzi, H. (^LJtto.) Forging, counterfeiting. neral, but applied especially to the debit or receipt side

Jala, H. &c. (S. ill*-) A large water-jar. of an account, and to the rental of an estate ; also to the
JalA, Ben. (^BTtSfl, from S. SflcST) Burning, combustion, total amount of rent or revenue payable by a cultivator
flame. or a Zamindar, including all cesses, as well as land-tax:

227
 JAM JAM
latterly it is more especially applied to the revenue as- in a variety of relations to statements of revenue assess-

sessed upon the land alone : its special application is ment.

commonly defined by the term with which it is com- Jamd-bandi-khds, H. (from A. (jo\p^, select) Account of

pounded, as, Asal-jamA, Ain-jamd, Bazi-jdma, Istim- revenue assessment of lands in charge of an officer of the

rari-jamci, &c., q. v. : see also Beng. Regs. i. 1793. i. ii. government; one of the village accounts formerly kept
xxvii. 1795. xxiii. 1803. vli. 1822. &c. ; Acts i. 1841. iv. by the Kanungo.
1846. &c. ; Mad. Regs. xxv. 1802. ii. 1806. ; Bomb. Reg. Jamd-bandi-nakdi, H. (from A. iXaj) Assessment of re-

xvii. 1827. &c. venue of lands payable in money, not in produce.

Jamd-bandi, Jamdbandi, H. &c. (t^JJU*/t>»-, 3iHI°i(^1, from Jama-bandi-patti, Mar. (sfinoiijTuigT) A document formerly
Sand, a binding) Settlement of the amount of revenue furnished by the collector of a district to the PatU of a
assessed upon an estate, a village, or district ; a village village, on settling the amount of revenue to be paid by

or district rent-roll ; a register of the village holdings the village for the ensuing year, specifying the amount,

a statement exhibiting the particulars of the public revenue, and the consent of the villagers.

its amount, and how assessed ; annual settlement of re- Jamd-bandi-tirappu, Tam. (<g='lXirTUr5^^l7LJl-|) Par-
venue with cultivators, or Ryotwari settlement : an annual ticulars of a revenue settlement.

statement, modified according to the circumstances under Jamd-bandi, or -basti-tashkhis, H. (A. fjoJ^s^ ) Amount
which the revenue is paid, whether by individuals or com- of revenue assessed upon any tract agreeably to a fixed

munities, and whether to a Zamindar or to the govern- standard.

ment. In Bengal, the Jama-bandi shews the name of the Asami-mdr-jamdbandi, H. (from ^Iwl , a cultivator) Ac-

Ryot, his tenure, the quality of his land, its extent, the count of revenue assessment settled with each individual

rate per bigkd, and the total rent formerly, inclusive of cultivator : also, Itaia,t-wdr-jamabandi.

all extra cesses, paid to the Zamindar. In the north-west Jinsmdr-jamdbandi, H. (A. ^jfj^t an article) Account
provinces it is a document intended to regulate the trans- of revenue assessed at certain rates, according to the pro-

actions between the cultivators and Lambardars, and is duce or crops raised.
the basis of the Patwari's annual accounts ; being, in the Khetwdr-jamdbandi, H. (from Kjl.^s^, S. '^, a field)

first instance, drawn up and attested by the Patwari and Account of revenue assessed at a certain rate per field.

Kanungos, and then signed by the settlement officer : it is a Kismrvdr-jamdbandi, H. (A. *miJ", kind, sort) Statement

tabular statement specifying the number of the division of revenue assessed at certain rates, according to the kind

of the village, the name of the cultivator, the names of or quality of the soil.

his fields, their survey number, their extent by survey Jamd-herij, H. (P. ^ji, an account) Particular statement

and by village measurement, any lands not included in of a revenue assessment.

their area, those liable to assessment, the rate of assess- Jamd-chandina, H. (P. ^^^jii-te-, such, so many) Collections
ment per bighd, rate payable in cash or in kind, the or revenue fi'om miscellaneous sourcesi

total produce, the share of the cultivators, the share of Jamd-dehdti, H. (P. lit), a village) Settlement of the pro-

the landlord, the payment according to estimated value of portion of revenue to be paid by each village severally.

the crops, shewing the kind of crops, their estimated value, Jamdi, corruptly, Jummaee, H. tj***- ) Fiscal, financial

and the share of the government, the fees of the Patwari, liable or subject to revenue, as land, &c. ; a cultivator

in cash or in kind, the village charges and expenses, the paying a fixed jamA, either to the landlord or to the state,

total value of the produce in money or in kind, and a and who cannot be dispossessed as long as he pays it.

column for remarks. (The form is given in the original Jamd-i-hd^ll, H. ((J^l&-
f**-) The total of the revenue

in the Appendix to the Directions for Settlement Officers, collected.

issued by the Agra government in 1844, and its trans- Jamd-jharti, Ii. ((J^4»-j-*»-. from lij«>") to flow or pass
lation in the Settlement Misl, or Supplement to the Di- away) Receipts and disbursements of a village or estate

rections, Agra, 1847.) Although, however, in these in- periodical return of either cash or grain.

stances the term has a specific application, it is useable Jamd-kadim, or Kadimi-jamd, H. (.*i>^ t*^'
^''°™ ^-

228
 JAM JAM
>ji Jj, old) Total amount of revenue as fixed from an old ciencies, the amount of allowed deductions from the revenue

date. or account of public expenses borne by the Zamindars and

Jamd-kdmil, or -kamal, H. (A. i^^, Jtc, entire, per- tenants.

fect) Complete, final, or standard assessment. In Bengal Jamd-namis, H. (P. \j^,^>) An accountant.

the term usually denotes the settlement made by Akbar's Jamd-pddshdhi, or -bddshdhi, (P. jJtilwjU) Revenue levied

financial minister, Todar Mai, also known as the Jam&- under royal authority, or on account of the sovereign.

kdmil-fumdri : (see the next.) In the Madras provinces Jamd-panchautra, H. (H. »p>ysnj) Revenue levied as cus-

it was applied to the assessment of the revenue of the tomary, or at a custom-house ; an account kept of such revenue.

northern Sirkars made- about A. D. 1512-1570, or to one Jamd-pargandti, H. (P. HJ^ji , a district) The revenue as-

subsequently framed in the reign of Aalamgir, or about sessed upon a Pargana, and payable at the district treasury.

1684-1687, for the vifhole of the Dakhin, on the prin- Jania-rahmi, H. (A. Jij, writing) An estimated or com-

ciples of Todar Mai's assessment, and accordingly, in Kan- puted total, the total amount of revenue which an estate

desh it denotes the highest rate which any village had or district is estimated to yield.

been made to pay, although not unfrequently falling short Jamd-sadr, corruptly xudder, H. (A.jiJ^, chief) There-
of the estimated rental, or tanhhd, as calculated at an venue assessment settled with the government direct by

earlier date. In Cuttack, the Jamd-hamdl applied to a the proprietors or contractors, in opposition to the Jamd
revision of the same, which then became the standard mu,
assessment. Jamd-taksim, H. (A. *^«jjiji, division) The portions of 'the

Jamd-kdmil-fumdri, H. (A. lUyb, a roll, an account book) general rent or revenue roll belonging to different portions

The particulars of the settlement of Todar Mai, as mo- of territory.

dified in Bengal by Sultan SImjd in 1658, and Jaffir Jarnd-ivfmdri, also Jamd-twmdri-hdmil, or Jamd-tumdri-

Khan in 1722, the latter of which was carried into ope- tashhhis, H. (from il^^W , a roll, and |i*»j.=r^^ , ascertained)

ration by his successor Shujd Khan in 1729. The settlement of the revenue according to the rent-rolls

Jamd-kharch, H. (A. f-r^-) Receipts and disbursements : or assessments of Todar Mai, with the subsequent modi-

the debit and credit sides of an account fications made by different Subahdars of Bengal, forming
Patan iputtun ?) -jamd-kharch, A treasury account formerly the basis on which the first financial arrangements of the

kept, shewing the monthly receipts and disbursements. English government were founded anterior to the formation
Jamd-mahdl-badraka, H. (A. HJij'^ , an escort) Revenue, of the decennial and subsequent permanent settlement.
formerly levied as transit duties ; an account of the same Jamd-samin, H. (A. ij^, land) Land, of which the as-

kept by the Kanungo. sessment has been settled, or land paying revenue. As
Jamd-mahdl-niir-behri, H. (^.^^^J-*, harbour master) Port applied to an under-tenure, it means one in which the

duties, or an account of them. revenue has been settled at a fixed rate on the land, irre-

Terij-jamfb-hharch, An annual treasury account of receipts spective of cultivation (?).

and disbursements made up from the monthly statements. Jamd-zaminddri, H. (iljJy^, a landholder) Amount of a
Jamd-/tMZ,H.(A.(Ji,all) Total amount of revenue assessment. revenue settled to be paid by a Zamindar to the government.
Ja,md-mufasml, incorrectly, -mofussil, H. (A. (Jw.<ii«, a Jamd-wdsil, or-masul-bdM, H. (A.iJmc'j, collected, Jj^_j, col-

country) The gross revenue to be collected in all the lection, and^'l^, remainder) Kam.(2^^>^^'^'^>^^^S-^^)
villages of a Zamindari, as rated in the accounts, and to The amount of the collections and outstanding balances ;

be paid after deducting charges to the Zamindar. an account shewing the particulars of the revenue to be

Jamd-mukarrari, H. (A. iX*, fixed) A fixed or permanent paid, of the instalments discharged, and the arrears due
amount of revenue, an account formerly kept by the Ka- see AkMr-i-jamd-mdsil-bdM.
nungo of lands permanently assessed. Sadr-jamdiH. ( «-*»- jii^u) The collections or revenue of a

Jamd-mundsib, (A. («; .wjll«, proper) A fair or reasonable permanently settled estate, as recognised by the government.
amount of assessment. Siwdi-jamd, H. (A. ti'^, except) Revenue raised from
Jamd nakis, H. (A. (_/iiiU, defective) Sum total of defi- other sources than the land-tax.

229 3 N
 JAM JAN
Jamdddr, Jumaddr, corruptly, Jemiddr, less usually, but Jamnauta, or Jamnautia, Jumnouta, Jumnoutea, H
allowably, Jemdtddr, H. (j1i\*a»- ,^1i>c:,o»as>-) The chief (uJur»-, UjjLk*-) a certain consideration given to a

or leader of any number of persons ; in military language, zdmin or surety, generally about five per cent.

a native subaltern officer, second to the Subahdar ; an Jamog, Jumog, H. (tL?y«>?-) Transfer of liabilities by mu-
officer of police, customs, or excise, second to the DS,rogha tual consent, a conditional mortgage (Benares, &c.).

a head domestic servant, a sort of major-domo, but un- Jamogddr, H. (^Iji^**-) A person who lends a landed

connected with the table department : among the Ma- proprietor money, and recovers it from the Ryots.
rathas, an officer appointed to protect the crops from the Jamowa, H. (!»->»-) Indigo planted before the rains, and
depredations of an army and its followers. irrigated by artificial means (Central Doab).
Jdmd-masjid,corT\ipi\y,Jiimma-musjeed, H. (A. 4Xs*'*^».«U>-) Jamuat, H. (cljj'fc*-) Foundation of a well; the festival

The principal mosque or Moharamadan place of prayer held on its construction.

in a city. Janaloka, S. (5nT, a man, and ^oF, a world) One of the

Jamdti, Mar. (^IMIri*), A. CI^Uas*-, total) Additional im- seven regions of the universe ; that in which pious men
posts, completing the public revenue. or Mishis abide, after quitting the eatth.

Jamadi-ul-awal, H. (a. Jj^! t^iiU.^-) Jamddi the first, Janab, H. (a. i_->li»-) Majesty ; but used in Hindustan as

the first month so named, the fifth of the Mohammadan a respectful term of address to a person of rank and office,

year. whether native or European, Your excellency, or Your

Jamddi-al-dkhir, or -as-sdni, ij>-'i\ ^ft>U>»-, tjlSll) The worship, or, still more respectfully, Jandb-i-ddli, Your
last or second Jamddi, the sixth month of the Moham- high eminence.
madan year. Janai sadka, H. (i)uiiX*5i_jUa-) Alms given at the birth of

JamIi, Ben. {^tSTt^, S. =BtWI^) JAmat, Mar. (^TfniT) A a child.

son-in-law. Janajat, H. (ci;U»-U»-) Man by man, singly; applied to

Jamatu, TeL (Sj^XT^oJ) The place where each manu- leases granted to each individual Ryot

facturer manufactures salt. Janani, H. (S. 5T«T"fl') A mother, the actual mother of a

Jambagutta, Karn. (SiO&DXs^) A tax on the long child, in contradistinction to a step-mother.

grass called jamba, used in thatching huts and making Janaza, H. (A. ^U»-) A bier, a coffin, a funeral.

mats. Janch, H. (S. jj'U-) Trial, proof, assay.

Jambu dwipa, S. (liHglliU) The island or circular con- Jandaulia, Jundoulea, H. (UljiXis-) A small clan of

tinent of Jambu, including India. Rajputs in Banda.

JamdAr, Mar. (sIW^K) An officer in charge of the treasure, Jande, Jandevu, Tel. (aiO O, aio Ot^) The thread worn
jewels, &c., of the head of the state : (probably corruption by Brahmans : see Janeic.

of Jamdddr). Jandra, JuNDRU, H. (\jiilf; ai(^<0 A pitchfork ; also a kind

Jdmddr-hhdnd, Mar. ('»)IH<R<!<MT) The public treasury. of rake used in the north-west provinces to divide the fields

Jamed-alu, Karn. (&ii3jcJ3^) A predial slave in Kurg into small beds during irrigation.

(said to be from dlu, an individual, and jamd, lands pay- Janeo, or Janeit, H. ( v^i»-, from S. Yajnopavita) Janwez,

ing revenue. Mar. A cord or string of cotton worn over the left shoulder,
Bhumi-jamed-dlu, Karn. (from S. wf»I, earth) A slave crossing obliquely to the right hip : the use of it is pro-

attached to the soil, and only transferable with it. perly restricted to the three primitive castes — the Brah-

Okhalu-jamed-dlu, Karn. (from Okkalu, ^Jg^'^, a cul- man, Kshatriya, and Vaisya, of whom the first only re-

tivator) A slave attachecl to the person of a farmer or mains, and it should be therefore confined to the Brahmans ;

cultivator, and who may be either mortgaged or sold by him. but it is assumed by other castes, as by the Vaidyas, or
Jami, or Jamin, Ben. (Sff^, ^^^, from ^^i-*j) Land: medical caste, in Bengal, and by carpenters, blacksmiths,

see Zamin. goldsmiths, and others, in the Dakhln.

Jamin, Ben. (^Ift^, from ^j^lj) Jamin, Mar. (ifTT^'T) Jangal, Jungul, commonly. Jungle, H., and in most

Jamun, Mai. (KOgJnrt)) A surety: see Zdmin. dialects, ((J.^is>-, S. ipT^) A forest, a thicket; any tract

230
 JAN JAN
overrun with bushes or trees, or suffered to be overspread JanghIrA, JunghAra, H. (l^l^s-) A large and turbulent

with vegetation. tribe of Rajputs in Rohilkhand, a branch of the Tuar clan.

Jangal-huri, H. (P. ,jy^ , from jj J>Jrf ' *" '^^^^ Clearing JANGHtrLARU, Kam. (plural, ^02jSJ~^OCO Sudras speaking^

lands of jangal ; also applied to a sort of tenure under Telugu, and hawking drugs for sale.

under which waste or forest lands were granted in absolute JanghA, Hindi (ihTT, in S. a leg) The post or uprights on
property to the clearer, free of rent or revenue for a cer- each side of the mouth of a well.

tain time, at the expiration of which such part or parts JanghalA, Hindi (a^^I^T) A rate in a lease to include the

as were in cultivation were to be liable to a fixed rent inferior crops when sown (Puraniya).

and customary imposts. —Ben. Reg. viii. 1793. cl. 8. Jangi, Jungee, H. (p. i^J^, Jang, war, conflict) Warlike,

Jangal-buri-tdluh, H. (A. <itai>o, an estate) An estate or quarrelsome, turbulent.

tract of land overrun with jangal, held on easy terms for Jangi-kattubadi, H., Tel. (?f4^^^, a peon) Militiamen,

a given term, on condition of its being cleared. feudal retainers, obliged, when called upon, to appear

Jangld, or Jangli, H. (S. l£l»-, l^ia-) Wild, waste, in arms, in consideration of which they hold rent-free or

woody, savage, any thing characterized by thicket, or lightly-assessed lands.

living in or fit for forests. Jang-zargari, H. (P. i^Sjj i.L?Jl=»-) lit., A goldsmith's

JangaUmahdl, H. (A. jjls^, plural of (Jar<) Forest tracts quarrel, that is, a collusive dispute between two parties in

or estates ; applied especially to the districts on the west order to defraud a third.

of Bengal, between it and Berar and Cuttack. —Ben. Reg. Jangra, Jungra, H. (l^s-) The haulm of kharif or

V. 1800. xviii. 1805. autumnal crops.

Jangal-tari, or -turee, H. (P. ij/, moisture) Situated in Janguli, Kam. a^OAO^ ) The cattle of the whole village.
(

low forest land, applied to an estate so circumstanced Janguli-gdra, Kam. ( 3dO/0^ A dO ) One who has charge

as designating a tract of country it denotes the lands in of the village cattle.

the north of Puraniya and Tirhut lying imder the first Janibdar, H. ((._^l»-, a side, and_;iii, who has) A defender.

range of hills. Jdnibain, H. (A. ^j^l^i dual of t_>ljl>-) On both sides,

Jangali, JanguUhan, Mai. (^OoGOell, K0o^e_Ildft,nf6) on behalf of both parties to a suit.

A snake catcher ; one also who pretends to cure snake Ja-nishin, H. (p. ^jjj>«VJU-) A deputy, a substitute, a locum-

bites. tenens, the disciple appointed to succeed as principal of an

Jangal, Ben. (.^°'n]^,,^°Trt5I) Mai. (^°GO0&Jo) A limit, establishment of religious mendicants.

a boundary, a balk in rice fields to confine the water, a Janikarshak, Mar. (S. ifftT, birth, and cR^cfi, cultivator)

dam, a dike. An old resident cultivator. (It is given also Karshan, but

Jdngdlbandhd, Ben. (^°''11«T^°srl) An embankment. apparently incorrectly, Karshan meaning cultivating, not

Jangam, or Jangama, H. &c. (|*Xto-, S. SI^) Moveable, cultivator).

what has life and movement, transient, moveable (as pro- JANJiR,Ben., Mar. (^°#^, at^fti:, or afaflu , P.jJ^J) A chain.

perty). Janjir-jdmini, corruption of Zanjir-zdmini, H. &c.

JangAm, Tel. (aioXo) A tailor. ('5t»!T<»tlfl«1^) Chain security, mutual or collective surety

Jangama, S. (iI^R, but current in the dialects, especially or assurance.

of the south) The priest of the Lingayit sect, who, al- Janjird, Mar. ( ^1<T, A. ^jiji^-) A fortified rock, a fort

though not a Brahman, ofliciates at their religious rites surrounded by the sea.

where the population of a village consists in any large Jankah, less correctly Jakah, or Jakur, H. (^l»- ,S^)
proportion of his disciples he is a member of the establish- A pledge in deposit until goods which have been taken

ment, and holds rent-free or Inam lands, thence known as away are finally approved of.

Jangama Indm. He is sometimes domesticated in maths, Janma, Junmu, commonly pronounced Janam, or Junum.
or monasteries, and otherwise is a vagrant living on alms. or, indistinctly, Janm, Junm, vernacularly corrupted in

Jangak, Mar. (»ir»T^) Goods, especially cloths, taken from Malwa and Mysore to Jalm, or Jalma, corruptly Jenm,
a shop for inspection ; memorandum of goods so taken. JuMNUM, JuMMAM ; the more correct form,howeveT,evenin
231
 JAN JAN
Kamata, is Janma, S. but in most dialects H. ( |»^ , S. Janma, orJanm-panay-elluta, Mai. (o-isvoCOja mortgage)
iTW) Ben. (Wf) Mar. ('Siw) Tel. (ai^^X)) Karn. A deed of mortgage, on which an additional sum being
(air^, aJO^, ai^) (?) JANMAM,Tam. (e'OTLflll) Mai. raised, the proprietor engages never to transfer the land to
(KOao) Uriya, (Q^fffl) Birth, also in some places, especially any other purchaser without the consent of the mortgagee :

Malabar, birthright, the hereditary or proprietary occupancy he may redeem it himself on paying the principal and in-
of land, which may be sold or mortgaged in various ways, terest, the latter not to exceed twice the amount of the former.

the right to which passes by descent according to law, and Janma-patra, or -patrikd, S. &c. (XR, or Tif%^, a leaf)

it can be left to strangers by will only on failure of heirs: A horoscope, a paper prepared at the birth of a child,

if there be no heirs, nor disposal by bequest, it escheats to foretelling his fate according to the aspects of the planets.

the Raja : it cannot be sold without the concurrence of the Janmdsktami, S. (^HBhI, the eighth) The eighth lunation

heir at law. The term is applicable to other than to indi- oiJBhddra (Aug.-Sept), the anniversary of the nativity of

viduals, as there may be the Janm lands, i. e. hereditary Krishna, observed as a solemn festival by the Vaishnavas.
lands, of a college or temple. Janmalagna, S. ('irf»H(jjJii) The conjunction of the sun and
Janmabhumi, S. &c. ( »r^«fH:) Birth-place, country of one's a sign of the ecliptic at the moment of the birth of a child.

birth. Jant, H. (ci-j^»-) A wooden trough for raising water.

JanmddhikdraniMal. (S.^OaoUJlcftOroo, from S.^V^^, Janta, H. (IjuU-) Janten, Jaten, Mar. (»lftf, »lf(t) A
right) Birthright, any claim to property or privilege de- -handraill.

rived from birth. Jantli, Mar. (i)icl<i1) A small handmill.

Janmddhikdri, Mai. (S. ^O29Ujl<fe0(Dl) One who claims J ante, Karn. (SjOej) Partnership.
by right of birth. Jantebaduku, Karn. (3jO ejS»5ca3&3) A joint or partner-

Janmadina, S. ('3TiiTf^«i:) Birthday. ship concern.

Janma, or Jamn-dravyam, Mai. (S.

"J^, thing, substance) JantekaiMgadu, Karn. (ajO'L>D£)0~c)AOJ) A paper of

The price given for landed property. agreement between two persons.

Janmakdran, or Janmkdr, Mai. (S. &.C<Zi<B,omc(b) A land- Jante, or Jantra, H. {mj>-, S. xp^) A machine of any
holder, a proprietor of land. kind, a dial, a mystical diagram.

Janmakdvan, Mai. (^cadfcOOJnffc) A fee given to a head Jantra-m,antra, or Juntr-muntr, H. (S. ^P^T, and »T5?r, a

man among slaves for watching rice fields. charm) Conjuring, performing magical or mystical cere-

Janmakudiydn, Janmkudidn, Mai. (^OZicesSlcsZJOn*) monies, in which diagrams are drawn, and charms or
A tenant or temporary occupant of a Janm, one who has prayers are repeated.

acquired his property by purchase or mortgage in opposi- JantranA, Uriya (CI§|CI1) Torture.

tion to the old hereditary proprietor. Janthi, Juntree, H. &c. ii^jjj>»-, S. T^ift) An almanack.

Janma- or Janm-kolunavan, Mai. A purchaser of proprie- Jantri, or Juntree-bahi, or -kitdb, H. i^jH, a register, or

tary lands. C-jII>, a book) The almanack with civil and army lists

Janmi, Mai. (S. KOal) An owner of land, a proprietor, and directory, published in India, and in very general

the original owner or proprietor by hereditary right. circulation. The compilation is generally known as the

Janmidosam, Mai. (S. &Ci2\6\B0C/do) The claim of the Gentry book.

proprietor or landlord on mortgaged land. Janukuliabu, (?) Karn. A class of slaves in Kurg (the

Janmimdrdttam, Mai. (^n£^CiOOO§o) Dispute about word is in the plural).

lauded property. jANtJTURWA, H. (Ijjyj^) A small Rajput tribe in the

Janma, or Janm-pomajam, (?) Mai. A mortgage with district of Benares.

posession, on which an advance on the sum lent being made Janwar, Junwah, also Jinwar, H. (jlyis-) A small

the mortgager parts with any rights he might have originally tribe of Rajputs in Bundelkhand: (care must be taken
reserved. not to reverse the quantities of the vowels, as they would

Janmavdda, Mai. (S. ^oaoJOS) A dispute or suit about not like to be called Jdnmar or Janwur, a brute, an

landed property. animal).

232
 JAN JAR
Janwabia, H. (L;,yi».) A tribe of Ahirs. '
knots. In Sindh a jarib is a measure of 150 square feet.

JarIitA, H. (Uj1^=-) a division of the Tuar clan. In some dialects, as in Ben., Mar., and Tel., the term

JiRAJA, S. (jIKsT) a child of a woman by any other also imports land measurement or survey ; in the latter,

man than her husband. Jaribu (a^QSOJ) is applied to garden land or its produce-

Jaretha, H. (l^^) The name of one of the clans of the Jaribdna, H. (P. iXJlju,»-) An assessment on the cultivators

Kachhis, or cultivators so termed. for the expenses of measurement.

JarelI, H. (Jbys-) A sort of rice grown in Rohilkhand. Jaribi, ^laral, Jaribian, (ic^i/f^) -A- land measurer or sur-

Jarh, A. (^j-y?-) Inflicting a wound, a wound, an offence veyor ; any thing relating to measurement, as the cost of

against the person, in law. it, &c.

Jarhan, or Jadhan, Jurhun, Judhun, H. (.^sys^, ^^^s>-) Jarib-beshi, H. (P. ijmiJJ, excess) Increase of the land on

A large species of rice reaped at the end of the rainy the Jamd of the current year over the past.

season. Jarib-hami, H. (P. *^, less) Decrease in the year's mea-

Jari, corruptly, Jerhee, H. &c. (A. t^^) lit-j Flowing surement of the Ryots' land.

met., current, going on, set a-going, issued ; cultivated Jarib-karani, Mar. (5i<l=i<*<.<u1) An account of the mea-

for a second or subsequent crop, &c. Karn. (^o) Free surement of cultivated lands in a village.

from an attachment (land), exempt from revenue. Jarib-kash, H. (P. ^j^^, to draw) A land surveyor.

Jdri-amal, Mar. (^ICi-»ilH^) Items of revenue which were Jarib-kashi, H. (P. ^J^, drawing) Survey or measure-

once current, but are in the course of being alienated ment of land.

from the public revenue, as the Sardesmukhi and Chauth. Jarib-kharck, H. ( vrj=^ S-^>?"^ Expense of measuring
Jdri-bhumi, Tel. (33~^5W~°S)J) Land cultivated by the land, paid usually by the Ryot or tenant to the landholder.

Ryots of the state. Karn., Land, which had been seques- Jarib-maukufi, H. (A. <—vVo , delayed) Relinquishment or
trated, again let or sold, and put into paying cultivation. postponement of an intended survey. In Jessore, an abrodb

H. (?) Land which, after yielding one crop, is again put or cess paid by the landholders previous to the permanent

under tillage for another. settlement, as a consideration for the exemption of their

Jdri-chitu, Karn. (85^6^23-^fcjj) A written grant. lands from measurement.

Jdri-indmu, Tel., Karn. (S5^DCXOc5^5^ ) A grant of Janb-tambdku, Mar. An extra cess on the cultivation of

land or other endowment still in force, not resumed. tobacco.

Jdri-indmu-kdniki, Karn. (D dwo) A light or quit rent Jaribu, Tel. (a^DtX)) Small rents or farms, as of tobacco,

on grants still in force. &c.

Jdri-rupaid, H. (^jj i_f;W^) Current rupee, current coin. Jot-jaribi-kd-pattd, Hindi (»flrt'H0'^1<*T^) A kind of
Jarib, Juheeb, H. (a. t_.^o-) Mar., Tel. (sTC'^w) A lease, under which the cultivator pays rent only for the
measure : in its original use, a measure of capacity equal ground actually cultivated, the extent of which is deter-

to 4 kafiz, or 384 madd, about 768 pounds ; it then be- mined by measurement.
came applied to a land measure, or as much land as could Jarida, Jureedu, H. (A. *Jo^) A register, an account-
be sown with a jarib of seed corn ; and then appeafs to book.

have been loosely used as an equivalent to a bighd. Jarimana, Jureemana, corruptly, Jbrumana, H. &c.

In course of time it occurs as a measure of land of va- (IjUj^) Tel. Jalumana, (aiew±r-°c^) pine, penalty.
rious extent, and as the chain or rope for measuring. In Jarimah, H. (a. ^j=>; plural (»jjr^) A crime, an offence.

the north-west provinces the measurements were made by Jardim-kafifa, H. (A. v_ftAfli', light) Petty offences.

a chain, and the jarib is equal to 5 chains of 11 yards Jardim-sangin, H. {^^Cxm, heavy) Heinous offences.

each, or to 60 gaz, or 20 gathds or knots. A square of Jaripatka, Mar. (»lTfti^TcIiT, from P. ^jj, golden, and S.

one jarib is a bighd. Before the new system of survey '^j a cloth) The pennon of the Peshwa's standard, or
it was usual to measure lands paying revenue with a jarib his flag in general : a golden sash or girdle formerly pre-
of 18 knots only, two being coiled round the measurer sented by the Peshwa to general officers in his service.

rent-free lands were measured with the entire rope of 20 Jarita, Jureeta. H. (<)G(j^) Brushwood, brambles.
233 3o
 JAR JAT
Jarkul, Hindi (jR'^^) The whole extent (Puraniya). Jdt-jamdt, Mar. (S. A. lilclJIHTiT) A whole caste or tribe

Jar-mulIsik, H. (A.jU-, a neighbour, Ji*«Lo, contiguous) collectively.

A neighbour whose house is at the back of a property Jdtpdt, Mar. (wiil^ltl) Particulars of caste and descent
which is for sale, and of which he might therefore in some a caste collectively : dinner given to a caste by an ejected

cases claim a right of pre-emption. member upon his restoration.

Jarr, or Jarr, incorrectly, Jirh, H. (A.JI»-,jU-) lit.. Jdtrvdr, Mar. (sini^TC) According to caste.
Dragging ; but, in law, an authorised dragging forth of Jat, or Jata, H., and in most dialects, (from S. »nir, born,

an ofiender, and exposing him to public contumely. past part, of »I^, to be born) Born, engendered, pro-

JARWf, JURWEE, H. (t/j}?"' ^''°'" ^' i^f' ''^' ^ """"O '^^ duced, effected ; one born, a child, an individual ; birth,

small shoots of the rice plant when first springing up. production.

JasXwar, or Jasawat, H. (,^L**-) A tribe of Rajputs in Jdtaka, S., H., Mar. (»rnroir) Horoscope, calculation or
Mathura, not of much consideration. In Behar, a tribe of casting of nativities.

the Kurmi, or agricultural class ; a man of the tribe Jdt, or Jdta-karma, S. &c. (from o|r*^, act) A religious

who has sold himself, and has become classed amongst the ceremony performed at the birth of a child ; one of the

Dhanuks, q. v. Sanskaras, or essential purificatory rites of the Hindus.

Jashn-i-wazan, H. (p. (j-iiN*-. a royal ceremony, and A. Jdtasutahd, or Jatdsaucha, S. (winB, bringing forth, or

^JJj , weight) The ceremony of weighing a person of rank ^J^l^, impurity) The uncleanness contracted by the birth
against money and ornaments, which were afterwards given of a child of a near relation.

away in presents or in charity. Jdtavyavahdra, S. (sITfT, become, "ai^fTT;, business) A

Jasti, Tel., Kam. (83"^^ , vernacular corruption of tJjUj) youth who has attained majority, originally fifteen years,

Increase, addition; also, injustice, exaction. now fixed at eighteen ; one who is considered competent

Jdsti-patti, Tel.
(®3~^^°^P ) An extra cess, or additional to conduct his own affairs.

impost : the term, although not properly Marathi, was Jdt-muchalkd, Mar. (iIlri'H-«l<5ohl) A recognisance bond, a

known in Maratha finance in the same sense. pledge for an individual.

Jdsti^huttuvali, Kara. (G~QlS^GX)tXJ^Y) Increase of pro- Jdtsaranjdm, Mar. (amratWR) Personal pay or assign-

duce. ment for military service.

Jdsti-sdguvali, Karn. ( g5~e)'O„r0dA0Sy ) Increase of as- Jata, H. &c. (S. »I7t) The braided hair worn by some
sessment classes of ascetics, especially the followers of Siva.

Daulujdsti, Karn. (Qc^eijeg^^j^) Too high an estimate. JatAbaki, Karn. (a3^^H3~s6) Net revenue.

Wogunjdsti, Karn. (c^/5)A30S3~b><0^ ) An unjust increase Jati, H., and most other dialects, (tiU^, S. aUfir) Kind,

of assessment. sort, genus, species, caste, tribe, class.

J.isuD, Mar. (»rra^, corruption of ^y,yii\o-) A messenger, Jdtigegottugdra, Karn. ( S3^8"a'7W5iSj "TTSef) The chief

a courier, a runner, a letter-carrier. or head of a tribe or caste.

Jdsudi, Mar. (afl"^) The business or office of a messenger. Jdtisankara, Karn. (S. ?f«in;, mixture) Classes or castes

Jdsudpatti, Mar. (''l^. a tax) A tax on villages for the o'f mixed and impure origin, the Varnasankara of Bengal.

expense of public messengers. JIt, also written Jaut, and, corruptly. Jut and Jhut, H.

Jas^S, H. (a. (iy>,j««U-) A spy, an emissary, a messenger. &c. (cL>l*-) The name of a very numerous race of people

J AT, Jut, Hindi (»nT) As much as ; applied to the rates in the north-west and bordering provinces, also in the

of a lease (Puraniya). Panjab and Sindh, where they have become, in part at

Jat, H., and in most dialects ; corruptly, Jaut, (cuts-, iTRT, least, Sikhs and Mohammadans: they are in general in-

S. jfrfir) Caste, clan, tribe, occupation, kind, sort. dustrious and enterprising cultivators, and a brave and
Jdtbhdi, or -bhdu, H., Mar. (iTTTMT^ ->n^) A brother by hardy race. The Raja of Bharatpur is of the tribe, of

caste, one of the same caste or tribe. which there are numerous subdivisions separated into two
Jdtgot, Mar. (^nriTftif, from S. jft^) A comprehensive term grand sections, the Dhe, or Pachhade, and JSele, or Des-
for one's kindred and fellows by caste. The former immigrated not much more than a cen-

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 JAT JAW
tury since from the Panjab, but the whole refer to the during the past season with wheat and barley (Dehli).

far west and Ghazni as their original site. Although for- Land in which barley is sown without its having borne an

merly enumerated amongst the thirty-six royal tribes, they autumn crop, also termed Javrndr (Benares). Land on
are no longer regarded as Rajputs, nor intermarry with which any spring crops have been sown (Bundelkhand).

them, although connexions are occasionally formed. The Jaundr, or Jaundl, H. ^J^f>-< J-Jr^) Land which has
Jdts along the Jamund profess to descend from the Yadus, been ploughed and harrowed, and is ready for the first

which may be the case without prejudice to their affinity seed : (the same word no doubt as the preceding, but used

with the Getee and Yue-chi of antiquity. in a more general sense, perhaps inaccurately).

Jatae, Jutuh, H. (Js>-) Cultivated land (Upper Doab). Jaunchi, H. (^^^) A kind of smut in barley and wheat,
Jath, H. (iX^jIs-) The name of a post fixed in a tank, to in which the ears are empty.
denote that its water has been dedicated to a deity, or Jauhar, plural Jawahik, H. &c (A.^js.,jb]y^) Jawahib,
married to a grove : the revolving beam or axis of a sugar- Mar. (^IWT^'ft) A jewel.

mill. Jauhari, or Jauharid, H. &c. (,_j^j=>-, b^^s- ) A lapi-

Jatli, H. (^lii'ls-) A branch of the Gujar tribe. dary, a jeweller.

Jatka, H. &c. (yU-, Tn^) Jatra, or YatbI, Mar.

S. Jamdhir-khdna H. (P. ii[s-, a house) The treasury of gems

(»nn, tiI'ST) Jatara, Tel. (^~°So) A pilgrimage to a and precious things,

place of reputed sanctity : a religious festival : a place of Jauhar, corruptly Joar, H. (.ii^2«-) The practice of some

pilgrimage attended by a fair : in the south, a festival in classes of Hindus, especially Rajputs, of putting their wives

honour of a divinity, especially of the tutelary goddess of and children to death when unable to resist an enemy, and

a village. then sacrificing themselves.

Jdtri, H. &c. (t_j^U-, TVr^) A pilgrim, one travelling to JaunrA, H. (Li»»-) Payment of village servants in kind.

join a religious festival or fair. (East Oadh).

Jdtri-dabbi, Karn. (83^©^^) A toll levied upon per- Javali, corruptly, Jaulie, Tam. (S'SlJsrfl) Karn. (3j^^)
sons going in pilgrimage, or to a religious festival. Cloth, piece goods.

Jatkani, Jutranee, H. (^|/?-) A tribe of Jats in Ro- Javali-kdra, Karn. Tam. (aiS^D do) A cloth merchant.

hUkhand and Dehli. Javali-pendi, Karn. (ajS^oJOtS) A tax on the trade of

Jatti, Tel. (S^p) A contract for grain &c ; handsel, advance. pedlars, and travelling traders.

Jatti, or Jetti, Karn. (2^ P, ^^) A wrestler, a boxer. Jawab, H. (a. c_>^»=«-) vernacularly modified in some dia-

Jattl-hidata, Kam. (2^^Soi^§) Wrestling. lects, as, J ARAB, Ben. (^Sf^t^) Jabab, or Jab, or Jap,

Jatti-kdlaga, or Jaffi-kusti, (ai^O^^X, &|3a3&^) Mar. (»Tm^, »n^, »im) Karn. Jarbabu, (sd6wrdi:D)

A boxing or wrestling match or combat. An answer, a reply, whether spoken or written.

Jattimullu, Karn. (aj&J^JXD^) Spurs fixed on thelcnuckles Jawdb-i-uzr, or Jamdb-i-ddroi, H. (jjsC i_-Ji^=-, or ^^S)
of boxers. Defence, the reply to the accusation.

Jattiqe, Karn. (3jO_^7C) a. sowing machine. Jarvdb-ul-jamdb, H. (ujWil_>W) Rejoinder, the re-

Jatu, H. (yts>-) A Rajput tribe in the neighbourhood of Kar- futation of the reply.

nal, a branch of the Tuars, and chiefly Mohammadans. Rad-i-jawdb, H. (i—jI^J.) The refutation of, or reply

Jatu A, H. (1 JU-) One of the seven branches of the Chamar to, the rejoinder ; the last stage of the discussion ; or it

tribe, located chiefly in the upper Doab. may also signify the third stage or rejoinder. A bill of

Jau, Jao, or Jou, H. (^=-, S. t/a^ya, H'^;) Barley, a barley- exchange, the price of which is not discharged until notice

corn, which is the basis of long measure : eight, measured is received of its having been cashed.
across, are considered equal to a finger. Jawdbu-ddrudu, Tel. Jabdbu-ddru, Karn. {_^oJ~°ZX>~^.
Jauchani, Jauchunee, H.
(i<^-)?-)
A mixed crop of barley COCO^ aieo dSOO'DBco) a person able to answer, a re-

and Ghana. sponsible person.

Jaundl, jTounal, H. (Ju^) Land cultivated alternately for Jawdbi-hundi, Mar. (sI^^^Tt) Payment of money into

spring and autumn crops (Rohilkhand). Land cropped the hands of a banker, as a deposit for the value of a

235
 JAW J EL
bill, to be paid to the drawer on receiving advice that the working a well. Small shoots of rice which germinate
bill has been cashed. when steeped in water, and shoots of barley forced in
JaKab-i-m^jibat, or -majahdt, H. (from A. mujib, or wajah, earthen pots at the Dashara festival, and presented to friends
reason, appeal) An answer to a petition of appeal, or to and relations for good luck.
the arguments for an appeal to be filed by the respondent. JawIsa, Juwasa, H. (UjIjs-) a kind of shrubby grass, on
Jawdh-narois, H. i^j^,^ S-'^j?-) A person or clerk employed which cattle, and especially camels browse (Hedysarum
to write answer.s ; in some places an officer of the court alhagi).

whose duty it is to read out reports, petitions, &c., and Jawaz, Juv7AZ, H. (p. j!^*-) a sugar or oil-mill.

to draft the replies. Ji-Y, Ben. ('Sftti) An account.

Jamab-sawdl, H. (Jl^ '-r''^) Jawabsal, or Jdb-sdl, Jaybabi, Ben. (srf5nt€t) Balance of an account.
Mar. (»J=^H«|^, »n^^T^) Altercation, conversation, Jay, or Jay a, S. &c. (»niO Victory; used as an excla-
question and answer. mation, either singly or with the name or title of a per-
Jawdb-samdli, H. (^^jM\—Jy>.) Jawdbsdli, or Jdbsdli, son of distinction, or of a deity. Jay-, Jaya-Mahdrdja,
Mar. (ifcn^W^'f, »n«)«lc!jT) Reply, rejoinder, the answer Jay-Rdma, Jay-Sitd : also, gaining a cause at law.
to the question : one ready at a reply. Jayd, The name of the twenty-eighth year of the cycle.

Jamdbi-sarvdli, H. (^jllj* ti'j*-) An agent, an attorney, Jayd-patra, corruptly, Jee-fotr, S. &c. (iTS, a leaf) A
one ready at question and reply. paper of victory, a written and sealed decision in favour
Jdb-sdli-kdgad, Mar. (5n^KI<^1ohNI<^, from^U^) Business of either party.
papers, important documents and vouchers. Jayanti, S. (jUlql^) The eighth day of the dark half of

Jawali, Juwalee, corruptly, Javullee, H. (lJ'v?-) Gram Sravana, the anniversary of Krishna's nativity, held as a
mixed with barley as food for cattle, a mixture of barley festival.

and wheat. Jaya, S. ('SniT) A wife, a married woman.

Jawan, H. &c. (S. (j'%»-) Young ; a young man, an active Jayi, S. (wri') Blades of barley grown artificially, and pre-
or athletic young man, any smart and active man, a police sented to friends and relations at the Dashara festival.

or revenue officer, a soldier. JazaHj H. (a. .Ja^) Doubling a number (in arithmetic).

Jawdni, H. ((jl«=") A son-in-law, a daughter's husband. Jazia, Juzea, more correctly, Jizia, but most usually so

Javitan-puria, H. (Lij^^) A branch of the Kachhi tribe. written and pronounced in Hindustan, corruptly, Jazziah,
Jawab, corruptly, Jowab, Jowab, or Joae, H. (j'j»-) Jezia, JyzEYElH, H. (a. ^j'^) A capitation tax autho-

JawAhi, Mar. (»T^T1^) A species of millet which grows rised by the Mohammadan law of conquest to be imposed

to a height of eight to twelve feet on a reedy stem, the on all subjects not of the Mohammadan religion.

grain of which enters largely into the food of the pea- Jbcanu, Karn. (^(Ji^rdD) J:^ni)RA, Tel. (a^O^) A
santry in the western provinces (Holcus sorghum). There weaver, a class of weavers.

are many sorts, of which four are the most generally Jehar, H. (J.jJj=- ) A pile of water-pots placed one over the

known : the red or Joginia, the Baunia or dwarf, the other, in which manner they are usually carried by women
Piria or Saer, which is superior to the other two, and the on their heads : to take them off the head of a woman
Bdsmati or fragrant, which is less generally cultivated. who has separated from her husband is to imply consent

Jawar, Mar. (»I^T, A.jl^, neighbourhood) The villages to marry her : the custom prevails among the Jdts, Ahirs,

in the vicinity of a town. and Gujars, principally among the former.

JAV7AE, H. (^Ijs-) Juae, Ben. (f^STt^) Mar. Joh, (iftt) Jejal, Mar. (^^IT^) Jajali, Janjali, Karn. (ai8Je)e),

Flood-tide : the last applies especially to the spring and aj02JG)9) A small piece of ordnance mounted on a
neap tides. swivel ; commonly Ginjal. (Molesworth derives the word
.Jawara, or Jaw^ari, Juwabu, Juwaree, H. ^i^yfr - from H. Jijdl ( Jlsrf?"), but (?) : it is not in Shakespeare,

^Ij?-) As much land as can be ploughed by a pair of and it seems to be a Karnata term).
bullocks (Central Doab) ; as much as may be ploughed Jel, H. ((Jj,&.) The chain of buckets in a Persian wheel

in half a day (Dehli), also a yoke or pair of bullocks (English) A gaol, a prison.

236
 JEL JHA
J ELI, Hindi (sfg/^) A rake with wooden teeth pointing up- Jhddgal, Mar. (t^JTST^s) A tract abounding in trees or

wards, for turning over corn whilst being threshed. shrubs.

Jel-khAna, H. English (^li.(Jj.&-) A prison, a gaol. Jhddi, Jhdri, Mar. (HT^) Thick with underwood, trees,

Jenuguttige, Karn. (HS^rOiXiS^T^j from Jenu, honey) A or bushes, a thicket.

tax on honey in Mysore. JhAdan, Mar. ()iRT?T!l) also Jharan, H., q. v. Sweeping;
Jeonar, H. (jU^Jja.) Land that has yielded one crop, and also, fig., Clearing or settling accounts, making a clear-

is prepared for the sowing of a second : see Jaundr. ance of any thing (money, provisions, &c.).

Jeora, H. (ITjJ^) The perquisites of village servants. Jhddd, Mar. (WJ^) Tel. (23~''Z5°) A general clearance of

Jeori, H. (^jjJ,*.) The measure of land called a Jarib, accounts, taking a detailed or particular account, an ac-

or the cord or chain used to measure it. count particulars.

Jeth, H. &c. (<lOiJj»-, vernacular form of S. Jyeshtha, 5ilff) Jaminjhddd, Mar. ( 5T»ft«T*l»T3T) One of the chief village

Best, eldest, the eldest brother where there are several, a accounts, a statement shewing the extent, quality, cul-

husband's elder brother ; the name of a month, the second tivation, and produce in every field in a village, a village

month of the Hindu year. register, a rent-roll : see Zamin-jhdrd.

Jethd, Jethtdt, Ben. (S. Z^^, 4«i\at^) A father's eldest Jhddhdki, Mar. (>h,li'4To|ft) Complete clearance or sweeping

brother. oflp of a debt, &c., closing payment in discharge of a debt.

Jethdni, H. ((jl«ik^) The wife of a husband's elder brother. Jhddekari, Mar. (xRJdohi.!) A searcher (as one employed
Jethdns, H. (S. ^_^'^jiA».) The share or portion of the by the customs).
eldest bom. Jhddpatti, Mar. (vH,li'i|gT) Final demand of government

Jethi, Ben. (S. 2^^) The wife of a father's eldest brother. for house or land tax.

Jeth-raiat, Hindi (^^TrT, for S. a^T?) jyeshtha, best or Jhadti, Jhudtee, or Jharti, corruptly, Jhertee, Mar.
oldest, and A. c:,^A£i, a cultivator) The senior or prin- («R^) Jhadti, Jhaditi, Karn. (^^, oS^tsB) Jha-

cipal cultivator ; any respectable villager, but especially clatd, Tel. (o^OeS ) Examination of an account; final

one who is, either by election, descent, or the appointment reckoning, clearing off, or sweeping off (of money, food,

of a Zamindar, the manager of the aifairs of the village or the like). Taking an inventory of goods ; the account

community : if there be a distinct Mukaddam, the Jeth- or inventory so taken ; an annual statement of the receipts

raiat ranks below him, but they are often the same. and payments of a whole village ; the account of the vil-

Jethundd, Hindi (^3l) The share or right of the eldest lage with the revenue officers.

son. jHADir, Mar. (SRJ^) A sweeper, a man of the sweeper caste,

Jewa, Mar. ('ST^T) A feed, a meal; subsistence which the the Bhangi or Halalkhor : also a broom.

villagers were bound to provide for the subordinate ser- Jhagari, (?) Sowing broad-cast (Morang).
vants or Peons when sent to receive the collections. Jhajharka, or Jhajalka, H. {sSji^^) Early dawn, be-

Jewar, H. ijSyJj^) A respectable tribe of Rajputs in Bun- fore objects are clearly discernible.

delkhand. JhAkari, Jhakuree, H. (i,^^«f-) A milk pail.

Jhabar, Jhabur, H. iyi^) Low land on which water Jhalar, H. iJL^) A thicket, brushwood.
lies, and which is favourable for rice cultivation ; when JhAli, Beiu (^rfi^) An excavation at the end of a drain
the water dries up in the cold weather, spring crops are or water-course, for collecting water to be thrown up into

sometimes grown upon it i also Jhdroar, q. v. higher channels for irrigation.

Jhabra, Jhubha, H. (L»^) An epithet applied to the ears Jham, H. (*^^) A large kind of hoe for excavating earth

of animals when covered with long hair. in well-sinking.

J HAD, Ben., Mar. 1.(^(1^, *KJ3j usually pronounced as if end- JhamIka, H. (<xi^t».^»-) A heavy shower.

ing with a harsh r, and in H. so written, see Jhdr) A Jhamjham, or Jhamdjham, H. (

|«^!s*^ ) Heavy continued
tree, a shrub, a bush. rain.

Jhdda, or Jhdrd, H. (ijLj^, VRJ^) Land which remains Jhamarjhamar, (jA^j-*^) Light rain, raining drop by
under water during the rains, swampy or marshy ground. drop.

237 3 p
 JHA JHO
Jhamp, H. (iw^l^Si-) Ben. (^°'t) A coarse mat, used caste, whose business is to wash and sweep the ashes and

as a door or screen of a doorway. Mar. ( krIxj) Loppings dust of a melting-house or goldsmith's shop, ih&Nydria of
of thorny bushes used as a fence : a branch of a tree or Hindustan.

of the cocoa-nut palm, especially when matted to be used Jharti-parti, Uriya (^^Ell D^Ql) Sweepings of loose

in roofs. salt, scattered about and wasted during weighment.

Jhdmpd, Mar. (ifRJtlT) A matted or wattled door, as of a Jhdru, H. (j_JU?-) Ben. ('Wt^g^) A broom : a sweeper by

shed or fence. caste and occupation.

JhAmpAn, Ben. (^"'tt^) A stage on which snake catchers Jhabberi, Jhurbehee, H. (ijjXij^) A small prickly bush

and other juggling vagabonds exhibit : a kind of sedan used bearing a kind of plum like the jujube, which is eaten

by travellers in the Himalaya, written Jampaun (?). by the people in the north-west provinces ; the leaves are

JHANpA,or JhANDI, H.(lijJi^,t^ili^)jHENpA, Mar. (^t) used as fodder, the briars and thorns as fences for fields,

A flag or banner, a flag-staff, a flag used by surveyors. and for cattle-sheds and fuel : as the plant grows equally

Jhendd-patti, corruptly Jhunder-puttey, Mar. (^itiljl) well in dry weather it forms an important resource in time

A cess levied on the inhabitants of a village or town, and of dearth, both for the people and their cattle.

travellers and traders, to defray the expense of a new flag Jhari, H. (ufj^^) A pitcher with a long neck.

a tax on the use of flags. Jharota, H. (tj^^^) The close of a season.

jHANDtrLA, H. (IJjtXj^a.) A tree with thick foliage. Jharua, H. (Ijjrff-) A nutritious grass, the grain of which

Jhangi, H. (^^l^) Bramble and brushwood (East Oudh) resembles Panic, and is sometimes eaten or made into bread

Jhanjab, Mar. (sRJaff ) First glimmering of dawn. it ripens in the rains or the month Sawan, and is thence

Jhanjia, H. (Us^) A subdivision of the Mar soil (Lower called Sawan and Sawain.
Doab). JhatiIna, or Jhutianu, H. (UUJ^a-) A small clan of

Jhankhra, H. Oyfl^) A leafless tree; Rajputs in the Upper Doab.

JhAnsa, H. (^uJI^s-) An assessment formed without any Jhau, Jhaoo, H. (jl^) A common shrub in the upper pro-

specific ground, and only by general estimate. vinces (Tamarix dioeca), much used for thatching and

Jhar, Jhue, H. (".4»-) Heavy rain, also Jhari, (,_j^) hedging, and as fuel.

Continued rain, wet weather. Jhamd, Jhomd, H. (I^s-) A large open basket made of

Jhah, H.Cl^) Bushes, brambles, thicket, underwood ; Dakh. the twigs of the Jhdii.

A tree : see Jhad. JhIvu, Karn. (0^^33^) A watch of three hours.

Jhdri, H. (u?Jl«»-) Forest, thicket. Jhdvinagasti, Karn. (Cxyc)S>rOAR)^) A watchman.
Jhdrsihri, ( SRJ^f^ToR^) Rank weeds, old grass roots. JhIwar, H. (ylf»-) Flat or low land flooded in the rains :

Jhabaja, or Jhareja, Gruz. (kbjTst) The name of the prin- see Jhabar.
cipal military tribe in Cutch, the Rao of which is of the Jhentuyaniya, Ben. (J^°fe<lif^*)l, from W°^, a broom) A
race: they profess to trace their ongiuirovaJhdraorJharra, sweeper by caste and occupation.

a chief of the Mohammadan tribe of Summas of Sindh, Jhi, Ben. (Hf) A daughter.

whose infant son was driven from his home after his father's Jhil, or Jhil, H. &c. ((Ja^2>-, fsRJF) A shallow lake or morass.

death, and foimd refuge in Cutch, where he was brought Jhinjar, H. {jsM'f') A subdivision of the Gujar tribe.

up as a Hindu, and obtained distinction and power. The Jhiri, Jhiree, (i_f^^) Withered: blight.

Jhdrajas pretend to be Rajputs, but their own tradition Jhojha, H. (l^s^^^a-) The name of a Mohammadan tribe

shews them to be of spurious origin, and the name should converted from Hinduism, considered as of base origin,
most probably be Jdra-ja, the son of an adulterous wife. but good cultivators, found in parts of the Doab and
The Jharajas have acquired a disgraceful notoriety as Bundelkhand.
the murderers of their infant daughters. Jhokand, H. (jo^^^) The place from which the fuel is

JhAran, H. (from UTl^, to sweep, to sweep away, to brush supplied to the fire under the sugar-boiling pan.
&c.) Sweeping, clearing away. JholI, H. (^jf?-) A cold wind which dries up the ears of

Jhdrehari, and JAryd, Mar. ( Vl»,T^o|r7S, <R,T5r) A particular wheat.

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 JHO JIL

Jholi, Mar (*I»t3^) A four-mouth bag or wallet carried by Jhunt, Jhunti, Ben. (^°T?, ^°T>)) lit, A crest; the tuft

beggars. of hair left on the top of the head at tonsure.

JhoUband, Mar. (>h)db1'4<) A beggar. Jhunthah, Jhoonthuh, H. {j^^^) Fields yielding a

Jhompra, or Jhompri, H. (lyo^^, ,_j)Ai^4». ) , Jhompdi, double crop.

Mar. (*l^(i^) JhoprI, Ben. (Z^?t^) A cottage, a cabin, Jhupa, H. (\i^^) A pile of mangoes, or other fruit.
a hut. JHtJR, Mar. (*E^) A leak or porous place in an embank-
Jhonk- or Jhok-chitthi, Mar. (ifj^, 5R^toFf^3^, from ment through which the water oozes; the water that so

Y|^t«F, swaggering) A fraudulent note of hand or bill, oozes: (so in Ben., ^, to ooze or leak).

one not intended to be honoured. JHtJT, or Jhuth, Jhoot, Jhooth, H. &c. (S. iSJy^,
JnoNAiAt H. (IjJ^s-) a division of the Kurmi tribe. ^}^) Juthu, Guz. (SjO i) False, untrue ; falsehood, lie.

Jhonkia, less correctly, Jhokia, and Jhukwa, H. (U^j^s-) Jh'dtd, Jhuthd, Jootd, Joothd, H. &c. (l^j^^-, l«J^?-)

The man who keeps up the fire under the sugar-boiling pan. Uttering untruth, a liar ; also left, leavings, ofial.

JhopA, or Jhonpa, Mar. (iF^Tr, li^i) An apparatus of Jhuthd-garvdii, Ben. (TOt'^tTi^) A false witness.

leafy branches fastened together, to drag over and smooth Jh'Athd-half, Ben. (^l^H*)") A false oath, perjury.
a field : a hut, a shed. Jhuta-sanak, Mar. ( VKJ^HT^ ?) A dish of leavings a ; grant

Jhora, H. (I)j^) The haulms or stalks of leguminous of land without any service attached.

plants, need as fodder. JufJiusogan, Guz. (SjQi(Srllt)l<^) A false oath, perjury.

Jhuha, Jhooha, H. (1jw&-) A large stack of Bajra (Hol- Juthodastdw^, Guz. (5jQ iL'cH^LHsv') A forged docu-

cus sorghum): it usually contains from 10 to 20 hojh, ment, a forgery.

or loads. JhiJthan, H. {^^^^) Land yielding a double crop.

Jhula, H. &c. (^^^1 flJ^r) A swing, a swinging cot or Jhuthidil, H. {lJi^^y%^) Land yielding a double crop.

basket : a swinging or suspension bridge, common in the Jhutri, Mar. (>fejrt<l) A dry channel or furrow, a streamlet.

Himalaya, though of rude construction. Jf, Jee, H. &c. (,cI»-> '5ft) Life, soul, whence it has come

Jhulan, Ben. &c. (^fH^) Swinging. to be attached to names and titles as a mark of respect

Jhulan-ydtrd, Ben. (^•<M|iiil) A festival in honour of Krishna-ji, Sitd-ji, Sdhib-ji. It is also used singly as

Krishna in the month Bhadra, when images of him and a respectful term of assent or as interrogatory, as. Yes ;

Mddhd are swung in ornamented platforms. or. Your pleasure ?

JhiSli, H. ( iJ^??-) A cloth or sheet used as a fan for vrin- Jiat-bhum, Hindi (sftWBWr. for S. 5ft^, living, and RpT,
nowing grain when there is no wind (Dehli). earth) Soil that remains moist throughout the year : also

JntJND, H. ( jJj|»-) A crowd, a troop, an association, a gang called Jita-jamin.

of wandering mendicants. Jiddr, Hindi ('sfl'^) Crops in existence (Puraniya).

Jhundi, Jhoondee, H. ( ^^liJ^^) A lot or parcel of land JiuviYA, Hindi (fiTTf^t) Mature, come to maturity or

in a coparcenary village, of a determinate though varying vigour (Puraniya).

extent, both as to the number of bighas it contains, and JlD, A. [(\s»-) Pure money of the current or legal standard.

the size of the highd : it is usually from five to ten pakka JihAd, H. (liLjjjs-) Holy warfare, making war against infidels.

highds : a sharer may hold several jkundis. The amount JiHAT, H. (luI|^) Duties on manufactures.
of revenue assessed on each jhundi in a village, payable JijHOTil, H. ( Ujj^as?") A branch of the Kanauj Rajputs,
by the holder, whether he cultivate or not (Dehli). JilI, Ben. (fefl, for fLi) A province: see Zild.

Jhundi-hdchh, H. \,^\>) An apportionment of the revenue JiLAWATAN, H. (a. JsjlLs^) Leaving one's country, emi-
payment of a village coparcenership, according to their gration.

jhundi shares. Jildwatani, H. (A. Jibjis-) Banishment, expulsion.

Jhunga, Jhoonga, H. (LGj^s-) Bramble, brushwood; a JiLVA, sometimes also, Jalwa, H. (A. !i«is>-) Splendour,

bullock with projecting horns. pomp ; the first meeting of the bride and bridegroom after

Jhunjak, Ben. (^''Sf^f) Heaped measure, heaping up a marriage in the presence of relations, when various cere-

measure of dry goods till it contains no more. monies take place.

239
 JIM JIT

JiMMA, Mar. (ftjUTt) Charge, trust; see Zimma. Jinnaskhdnd, Mar. (ftRW^'Tl) A store, a warehouse, a

Jin, H. (a. (j^J An evil being, a genie, a goblin. Jina, cellar, a closet.

S. (ftrT) A teacher of the Jain doctrines, any one of the Jinsvaratala, (?) Jinsrvurtullah, evidently corrupt. Mar. (?)

twenty-four deified teachers of the system, called also a perhaps (fi-om vartd, q«,ni, over, above) The excess of a

Tirthankara : it was originally a synonym of a Bauddha quantity of inferior grains taken in place of a lesser quantity

saint, and is sometimes so used. of superior grain, when the revenue was realisable in kind.

JiNAYAT, A. (iSjU*-) In Mohammadan law, any offences or Jins-sdbti, or Jinnis-zabtee, H. (. ^Ja^J) ^JM^>-) Produce
crimes against person or property, but in practice it is or crops of a more valuable kind than ordinary, as cotton,

generally restricted to the former, attended with serious tobacco, or sugar, paying a money rent.

injury or death, and punishable by retaliation or by fine. JiHAHAT, A. (.is>-]jO~) A wound on any part of the body

JiNGAE, or JiNGAH, Mar. (ftpT'TC, »^»R, from P. ^vj) A except the head, punishable by fine according to its severity.

worker in leather, especially a saddler and harness-maker :

JiBASANNA-NELU, Kam. ( MtTffOOOt^ew ) A kind of rice
the Maratha Jingars also make little images of Ganesa grown in Mysore.

see Zingar, JibAit, or JiRAYAT, Mar. (fi(<||^ri, fifU'Jrf) A. Ziraat,

JiNHAB, H. (;ifji»-) A branch of the Grujar tribe. q. V. JiRAT, Hindi (jIVih) Arable land, land fit for cultiva-

JiNKU, (?) Tel. A base or counterfeit coin. tion not requiring artificial irrigation, also cultivated lands

Jinn AT, A. (ci»Jb>-) The Mohammadan paradise. and their produce, as distinguished from garden cultivation
JiNPAiRA, Mar. (fsPl^rr) A labourer whose services are see Bdgdyat ; also from Khachar, or rice cultivation.^,

borrowed firom a neighbour in agricultural operations, the Jirditi, Jirdyati, Mar. &c. (f^TtT^ift, fsT^TTiTl') Pertain-

like assistance being given when required. ing or relating to fields or their crops ; as tax, survey, pro-

JiNS, H., and in most dialects, slightly modified, (A. (i*a»-) duce, &c. : arable, as land : raised on arable land as opposed
JiNis, Ben. (fei^) JiNNAS, Mar. (f*ra^) Jinusu, Tel. to garden produce. Jirditi lands are sometimes considered
(tSnXlr60) JiNISU, JiNASI, JlNASU,Karn.(2§^i^,SrO§J, the same as taxable or assessable lands, in opposition to

^rOfvXD) Genus, species, kind, or sort ; but applied, espe- Indm, or rent-free lands : and frequently also the term is

cially in the dialects, to a thing, an article, a commodity, applied to land not artificially irrigated, in opposition to

goods, effects, &c., any objects of purchase and sale. Tari, wet, or rice lands.
Jins-i-adna, H. (A. JJi^' , inferior) Any article of inferior Jardyati-guttige, Karn. (&)0~5COJg/oa ^"A ) Assessment

quality or price ; especially inferior grain for culti- on cultivated land.

vation. JiTA, vernacularly Jit, (ftrif, past part, of f»I, to conquer)

Jins-i-aali, H. (A. ^Jlc , superior) Any article of superior Conquered, also one who has conquered or gained : often

description ;
grain of the best quality. compounded with words to form proper names ; as, Sunjit,
Jins-i-kdmil, H. (A. (J-«o, perfect) First-rate crops; the or Runjeet, properly Ranajit, the victorious {jit) in battle

best crop that a field can bear. irana).

Jins-rvdr, H. (j\y^J>a-) Jinnaswar, Mar. (ftl^^^t) Ac- Jitd-patr, H. (S. A.^ljUa-) A favourable decree.

cording to the article, according to the crop, as an ac- Jitdshtami, S. &c. (ftjtTrejft) The eighth (of victory) lu-

count, a settlement, &c. nation of the dark half of Aswin, part of the Navaratri

Jinswari-hisdh, H. (cuw>-, an account) Jinasiwara- festival, or Durga Puja.

lekhkha, Kam. (from ^|S, the same) A statement or JiTA, Jeeta, H. (from Iajj»-, to live, S. »ft^) Living, alive.

account of collections according to the articles or crops. JitA, J iTERA, Jeeta, Jeetera, also JittA, H. ( IjUs^, x^jjuo-,

Jinswar -khatduni, corruptly, Jimmar -khutiownee, H. Us«-) Mutual assistance m tillage ; also allowing the use

(jjjl^i) An account of the portions of an estate, in which of a plough and bullocks, instead of paying wages in money
the lands are classed together according to their crops. or kind.

Jinsi, or Jinsi-top-khdna,Yi., but peculiar to Marathas,(from Jita, Karn. (^?5) Wages, hire.

u-y, a gun, and khdnah, a house) An arsenal, ordnance, Jitagdra, Karn. (Slo Ac)0) A labourer, a person receiving

artillery. wages or hire for cultivating land.

240
 JIT JON
JiTHAV, Mar. (f»R^) Life-sustaining, applied especially to ve- Jodi- or Jori-indm, Tel. Karn. (aT^aSfsr^&O) A grant
getable produce, and the animals employed in its cultivation. of land to be held on payment of a quit-rent.

Jin- or Jin-jitrav, Mar. (f»r«T, or »ri«lftl^) Standing Jodige, Karn. (SjQ^Zi'^) Jodigai, Tam. (Gcg-nUj-OCDS)
crop of fields, growing vegetables of gardens, or fruits of A favourable or quit-rent.

plantations. JoDKA, or JoRKA, Mar. (iffSoRT) An earner, the active or

JiULl, Ben. (rstSHl) A fisherman. earning member of a family.

JivA, S. &C. vernacularly Jio, Jib, Jiv, (»1^^) Life, the Jodkdpiit, Mar. (from TI'iT, a son) An informer in the pay

vital principle, livelihood, means of living. of the native Maratha government, who furnished informa-

Jivad-vibhaga, S. (sfi^fipTPi:) Apportionment of an an- tion on which to found a pretext for levying money by fines.

cestral estate by the father whilst living amongst his sons JoDU, Tel., Karn. (Sd <-W) A pair, a couple, as of shoes,

(Hindu law). sandals, &c. : see Joda.

Jivagdr, Tam. The designation of Buddhist teachers and JoQ, H. &c. (lL/»»-, S. ift^:) lit., Union, junction. The prac-

ascetics, used in some parts of the south. tice of religious abstraction, by which it is supposed the

Jivaka, S. &c. vernacularly Jibaka, {'sfi'^'^) A servant, individual may be united with the universal soul, and ac-

a labourer, one who gets a livelihood. quire similar supernatural powers ; Hindu clairvoyance and
Jivdi, Jiwdi, H. (?) Land granted rent free by Talukdars mesmerism.
for services performed by them. Jogi, corruptly Jogee, Joghee, Jogie, H. &c. ^^y=^i S. 41' ll)

Jivikd, S. sometimes vernacularly Jibikd, and Jibhd, (iftf^^) A practiser of the Jog or Yog, a pretender to superhuman
Livelihood, means of living. In Chittagong, Jibhd is faculties ; in general, a religious mendicant, who assumes
applied to a portion of land excepted from assessment, be- various characters in difierent parts of India, as an ascetic,

ing considered especially appropriated to the maintenance a conjurer, and fortune teller, a musician: a caste of Hin-

of the Zamindar, or landholder, and his family. dus who are usually weavers.

Jiva-kothi, corruptly, Jemcotte, H. (from i^yt a house) Jb^ar'-»reaM2/ar/i, Karn. ("^AOoT^rOgO) A fee levied by
A house or hospital for living creatures, or animals and the Jogis of any one of their conventual dwellings in My-

reptiles, such as is maintained by the Jains at Surat. sore from the villagers, in a small quantity of rice and
Jivan-birt, H. (c:J^vJ>»-) A stipend allowed to the family a coin of little value fi-om each, on certain occasions : they

of an old servant deceased: see Sirt. were expected to transfer the collections to the state.

Jivani-tip, corruptly Jewunee-teep, Mar. (»iTi«iT, liveli- Jog, H. (ii/js>-) The name of the person upon whom a

hood, and Z\^, enumerating articles in order to tax them) draft or bill of exchange is drawn.

A fee in grain or money to the collectors employed to as- JoHAR, H. (^j*.) A large pond or lake (Dehli) ; any inun-
sess houses for taxation. dated land (Central Doab), but there pronounced Jhor.

Jivitam, Tam. (S. <^6iJ|^Lq) Subsistence, a grant of land JoHll, H. (La^s-) A Rajput tribe, once of importance, but,

rent-fi:ee for maintenance, or as a reward also. of whom few remain in the vicinity of Allahabad, and of
Jiwantsamddh, Mar. (>l14riWHI*l) Burying oneself alive. them one division is Mohammadan.
JiYYARU, Tel. (^o5:)§&) The head of the Vaishnava JoKH, H. (jaf>-) JoNKAN, Ben. (Z^°^) Weight, weighing ;

Brahmans in the south of India. Mar. (»fl^) A weight, measure, deteiwiinate size or quantity.
JiziA, see Jazia, H. (A. •tJ/f') Capitation tax. In Sagar Jokhdi, H. ((_fl^^o-) Weighment, weighing; the weigh-

ahouse-tax on the inhabitants oftowns not engaged in tillage. man's fee or perquisite.

JoBKAJ, Ben. (rol^^tSf, S. ^l^tlilT) The young Raja, the JoKHAM,or JoKHiM, H., Mar., Ben. (j^^yo-, ^Ht^(\^, Z^'^)
heir apparent of an estate or principality. JOKAM, Tel. (S^ SO) Risk, hazard, peril; the thing

Jopl, or JoRA, H. &c. ('jij?-i ^ftsn) A pair or couple of hazarded, loss, deficit.

things which usually go together, as a pair of shoes, a JoL, Ben. (t-sth) Low marshy ground, favourable for rice

married pair, and the like. plantations ; a ditch, a trench, a ravine : (also Joli).

Jopi, or JoRi, Tel., Karn. (8d/S?S) An easy or quit-rent, JonAngi, or ZoNANGi, also Jonagar and Jonakari, Tel.
a personal tax on district officers. (ai cS^OA) The name of a tribe on either coast of the

241 3 Q
 JON JUR
peninsula, also called Cholias or Labis, considered to be Joys, Jewellery of any kind ; used commonly by Europeans
descended from the Arabs, or, according to another tra- at Madras and Bombay, and borrowed from the Portuguese

dition, from compulsory converts to Mohammadanism made Jaya, a jewel.

by the first Mohammadan invaders. The name is sup- JuA, JooA, H. &c. (l»s~, S. ^snr) Gambling.
posed to be derived from the Tamil Shonahar, the name Juachor, Ben. (^•^ticotsT) A cheat, a swindler at play, a

of a country ;
perhaps Sennar or Arabia. blackleg.

JoNSfA, plural JoNNALu, Tel. (.^ ^'^, ^ '^^^ Jola, Judri, Jooaree, H. (c/y'^) A gambler.
Karn. (.&^Z^) Chonnal, Tam. (GSTTOTTOBT^) The JuA, H. O^s-) JuAL, Uriya (QSIIS).) The yoke of a plough.
grain termed great millet (Holcus saccharatus). JUAL, corruptly, JoAt., A. (J*?-) The hire or reward of
JoRA, H. (l,j=N.) lit., A joining; a fee levied upon a tenant labour, an extraordinary donation, extra pay or compen-

cultivator for each plough he works with, in addition to sation, a reward for bringing back a fugitive slave (Mo-

his rent (?). hammadan law).

.ToRi.WAK-BH6M, Hindi (from yjj

, strength) StiflF strong soil. JuGAD GAUR, H. ( j J* JOj»-) A branch of the Gaur Brahmans.
JoRi, H. (t_s;^) A small pond (Dehli). JuLA, JooriA, H. (<lJ«»-) A tract of land containing four
JoR^, H. (j)^) A wife. all, or sixteen bisis (Kamaon).

JOSHI, H. &c. (^'^j=-, S. aiflfriK't, Mar. aft^ft) An astro- JuGi, Asamese (Sf'H^) One of a caste whose vocation is tend-

nomer, an astrologer in general; also one of a caste pro- ing silkworms.

fessing astrology and fortune-telling, and employed in cast- JuLAHA, H. (P. ls>i&-) JoLA, Ben. (Z^t^) A weaver; in
ing nativities. In Upper India the name is applied to India forming a race or tribe of weavers, who are Mo-
an inferior order of Brahmans following this occupation ; hammadans.
in the Dakhin, to a caste of Siidras. The term, when JULI, or JuRl, Asamese ('fe'll, W^) A small hill stream.

restricted to a Brahman conversant with astronomical JuM, JooM, (?) A Mug village, or one belonging to a forest

science, implies considerable respectability, as is the case race on the east of Chittagong ; any hill or forest village

with the Joshis of Kamaon. in the east of Bengal.

Jot, corruptly, Jote, H. (S. cu»»-) Tillage, cultivation ;

Jumia, Joomia, (?) A race of people inhabiting the hills

tenure of a cultivator ; the rent or revenue paid by a on the east of Chittagong.

cultivator. In the Sikhim Morang, any tract of land or JuMAH, or JuMA, H. (A. AiUjs-) Friday, the day of public

estate cultivated and paying revenue to government, held prayer with the Mohammadans.
by Patta, and hereditary, but neither to be mortgaged or Jumd-rdt, H. (luI , , from S. nf^, night) Friday eve, »'.
e.

sold. Mar. ('iftlil, S. jflli) A yoke of oxen; a plough. Thursday.

Jot-jama, Hindi (»ilriilHl) The land cultivated, and assess- Jumdgi, H. (A. ^Csi*»-) Presents or allowances to a

ment paid by the cultivator. schoolboy, given him on Friday, and by him to his pre-

Jota, Hindi (iflin) The point of the beam of the plough ceptor on the same day. In Hindustan, an entertainment

on which the drag rests. repeated on five successive Fridays after marriage.

Jota, Jotan, Jotdr, Jotid, H. (Ijjs-, ^'j»-, jU^s-, Iw^) JuMLAT, H. (A. iX*A.) Sum total, aggregate assemblage.

A cultivator or peasant tilling his own ground. JuNA, or Jura, Joona, Joora, H. (lij*-, hy^) A rope of

Jot- or Jota-dar, (P. jlj, who has) A farmer or cul- twisted grass or twine, made to support a round-bottomed

tivator. jar.

Jotdl, Hindi (tfftincy) Land always in cultivation, never JuNNU, Tel., Karn. (a^^^^^) Cheese.

left fallow. Jura, H. Ojjs^, S. ^HT) The knot in which the Hindus tie

Joti, Hindi (»fhr')) The strap that goes round the neck of their hair on the top of the head.
the bullock to fasten the yoke. JuremAri, Jooremahee, H. i^JjtJ^j^) lit, Brought under
Jotyd, Mar. (iftwr) A ploughman. the yoke ; applied to land actually in possession, in dis-

JoWAL, Mar. ('sft^T^) Union of cultivators to burn and tinction to what a man is entitled to by descent from a
clear the ground before ploughing. common ancestor.

242
 JUR KAB
JuRi, JooHEE, H. {y_sj<^s-) A small bundle of sugar-cane, Juta-hhdu, Mar. (^JWT^r) A member of a proprietary

the tops of which are brought home on the 11th of Kar- family in a village or district.

tik, and are suspended from the roof of the house until Juthwdr, H. ( .l^^jr»-) Relating to common property, cor-

the Holi, and then burnt ; also a small necklace strung porate, joint, common, belonging to proprietary families

together from cakes of cow-dung, and cast into the Holi or brotherhoods; settled or assessed according to frater-

bonfire. nities.

Juz, H. (A.
J»-)
A part, a portion ; a part of a book, con- JuTHALi, or JuTHELi, H. (^l^'^, ^Ju^^) also JutIan,
sisting of eight leaves. ((jUUj*-) Land bearing two harvests in the year.

Juz-o-kul, corruptly, Joos-oo-kool, H. (A. (Jijla-) Totally, JtJTiAL, H. ( JUj^is-) A class of hereditary watchmen lo-

entirely, great and small. In Bengal, a revenue account cated in the tract under the Siwalik hills.

formerly kept, containing a variety of details arranged JwIlA-mukhi, S. (from '^55T, flame, and fm, mouth or

under six heads, whence it was also termed Shash-bdb-i- face) Any place where fire breaks from the ground, or

kaifiat, the six-section account. Section 1 exhibited the where sulphurous gas, which may be ignited, issues from

particulars of the survey, the extent and boundaries of the soil, considered to be indicative of the presence of a

the land ; 2, all that related to the assessment ; 3, all form of Durga, as at the town in the first range of hills

matters connected with the rights and interests of the pro- so called, a place of pilgrimage of the Hindus.

prietors ; 4, all that related to the rights of tenants and Jyarum, (?) A register of lands (Carnatic).

cultivators ; 5, whatever concerned the duties and privi- Jyeshtha, S. (airs) Eldest, best, &c. ; vernacularly, Jeth,
leges of the village officers ; and 6, what related to the q.v.

rights and interests of village inhabitants not engaged in Jyeshthdnsa, S. (airff, and ^#13, a portion) The right of

agriculture. primogeniture, or the right of the eldest son to a larger

J6t, Joot, Ben. (WS) The fibres of the bark of the Cor- portion of the patrimonial property than his brothers ; a
chorus olitorius, much used for making a coarse kind of right formerly recognised, but now obsolete, the partition

canvas, and the common ganni bags : it is also some- being equal.

times loosely applied to the plant. Jyeshtha, or Jyaishtha, S. ('aq^, a^) The month Jeth
JuTA, JuTi, H. &c. (Ij^, tij?~) A. shoe, a slipper. or Jait (May-June).

Jutajuti, Ben. &c. («t«i«^) Beating each other with Jyaishthi, S. ( a^sT') Day of full moon in the month Jait.
slippers. Jyotisha, S. (riftfire) Astronomy," astrology.

Juti-kdri, H. (from ,_sj^, doing) Beating with slippers, a JyotisM, S., vernacularly, Josi, Joshi, or Jotishi, ( aijVriHl)

disgracefiil punishment. An astronomer, an astrologer ; the village priest and as-

Juti-khor, H. (from P.^)*-, who eats) Beaten with slip- tronomer, who prepares the calendar, casts nativities, and

pers, disgraced, abject. announces the time propitious for any act ; any astrologer
Juti-mdr, H. (from ito, beating) Beating with slippers. or fortune-teller.

J6ta, H. (t*=-) The rope connecting the irrigating basket

with the handle.

K
Jt)th, Jooth, also Jatha, H. (^j»-, l4Ji»-, S. TI^) Jata, Kaba, a. {JUxS, from Kdb, t_»v«s, a cube or square) Any
or JuTA, corruptly, Jutha, Mar. (»!?, »^) A gang, a square building ; whence, especially, the temple at Mecca,
troop, a company, a coparcenary, a brotherhood, a family to which pilgrimage is made by the Mohammadans.
or corporation holding lands in common. In the Dakhin, Kaba, Mar. («m<4|) A description of people to the north

the collective designation of the members of a family, of the Maratha provinces, said to be a piratical tribe in

amongst whom the lands of a village were originally par- the gulf of Kach.
celled out ; the primary Thalkari, the Bhayachara of Kabad, Kabar, Kabad, or &c.. Mar. (ch^iu, oITRh)
Hindustan. It is also rather loosely applied to the land Karn. Kabada, (oHo^Q) A bullock load of wood,

belonging to such a family, whether cultivated by them- grass, &c. : Gruz. (^^lO A sort of pannier for horses.

selves or let to under-tenants. Kaiddi, or Kdbddi, Mar. (cR^TI^, oRT^nrt) Employed in

24.3
 KAB KAC
bringing loads, a bullock, &c. : Guz. One whose occu- KlBfN, (P. iji^o) Ratification of a marriage in presence

pation is breeding horses and other animals : one who of a Kazi ; a dower, a marriage-portion.
conveys articles in horse-panniers : also a wood-cutter. Kdbin-ndma, H. (P. <uU ^^^) A deed in which the dower

Kabddkhot, Mar. ( oRT^TS'B^) A monopolist of firewood. is stated, a marriage settlement

Kdbddkhoti, Mar. (<*i=(is«Wt) A contract or monopoly KIbirAj, Ben. (^tf^^l^) A physician.

of the supply of firewood. Kabiso, Guz. (A. %nl^ I) Intercalation, an intercalary year.
Kabddara, Karn. (a^E3T)C53^) Remission of a part of Kabita, Thug. A term for the strangler among the Ja-
the land-tax in favour of sugar cultivation, the deficiency maldehi and Lodaha clans of Mohammadan Thugs, re-

being made good by an impost upon the produce. siding chiefly on the borders of Oudh.

Kabala, also KiBALA, or Qibala, corruptly, Cibaleh, Kabh, corruptly, Cubbuh, H. (.k. jSi) A grave, a tomb.

KuBBALEH, Coballa, &c., H. and other dialects, (A. Kabr-saldmi, H. (from ..«L*i, a compliment) A fee to

*us) Any deed of conveyance or transfer of right or pro- the proprietor for permission to dig a grave on ground

perty, any contract of bargain or sale signed by a judge, belonging to him.

a bond, a bill of sale, title-deeds, and the like. In the Kab6l, H. &c. (A. Jv«) Consent; consented or agreed to.

northern Sarkars it is said to apply especially to deeds Kabuliyat, corruptly, Cabooleat, Kabooleat, Cubalot, H.
afiecting titles to houses and gardens. &c. (A. ti^!^) Kabuldt, or Kabuldyat, Mar. (^^HT,
Kahdla-ddr, H. (^b<iilljj) The holder of a bond, one en- ch°lc!S(i((T) A written agreement ; especially one signifying

titled to any right in consequence of forfeiture of a bond, assent, as the counterpart of a revenue lease, or the do-

or the like. cument in which a payer of revenue, whether to the go-

Kat-hdbdla, corruptly, Kote-cubhala, and Khut-hdbdla, H. vernment, the Zamindar, or the farmer, expresses his con-
(^Lwci^) Kat-koMld, Ben. (^St^WtTl) A conditional sent to pay the amount assessed upon his land.
engagement, a deed of conditional sale, as one stipulating Kabul-jawdb, H. (P. (__»!»=•-) An answer filed in a suit,

that if the purchase-price be not returned within a given acknowledging the demand.
period the sale is absolute ; a mortgage-deed with liability Kdbul-hardr, H., but current in Orissa, apparently in

of sale if not redeemed by a stipulated time. a peculiar sense, Uriya, (OQClQQIQ) Verbal engage-

Khush-kahdla, H. (<)aUi' f^^) Unconditional engagement, ment.

sale without stipulation : the opposite of the preceding. KabUl-katabd, or -katapd, vulgarly -fewf 6a, Mar. (fi-om'^H^,
KabIh, Ben. (^tTt^) The last day of the month. or
'
clu^ H l, a writing) The written assent of the Ryots to

Kdbdri, Ben. (*Uifll) Relating to the last day of the the assessment taken by the Pdtil, and handed over to the

month, due or payable on that day (wages, rent, &c.). Mdmalat-ddr, or district collector.

Kabab, Kabup, H. (ji^, oRT^T) Second description of the Kabula, Thug. A menial servant of Thugs, or a novice.
mar, or black soil of Bundelkhand: in the north-west Kabz, Kubz, Qubz, H. (A. j^^aJJ, lit., seizing) Kabaj,
provinces, a mixed soU of clay and sand, suitable to any Kubuj, Mar., Ben., &c. ( <*'«f ai , ^^^) A receipt, an ac-

crop except rice. knowledgment : in village accounts, the Patwdri's re-

Kabbu, Karn. (°&?^) Sugar-cane. ceipt given to the cultivator for his instalments of rent

Kdbhindrgdna, Karn. (ogf\73-77^ra) A sugar-mill. in Marathi it is also applied to seizure of property, or

KahbindAemane, Karn. (o|0oJ3e5aDc3) a sugar manu- sequestration of income for debt, or to the property or in-

factory. come so sequestrated.

KabUna-vdrada-kanddyai Karn. (o£3fC$aro)^6oo'S3ol3) ^abz-uUmasAl, Qubz-ool-musool, H. (A. Jj-^j, acquisition)

w
Sugar-cane lands taken under the direct cultivation by A receipt, an acknowledgment, a discharge, a document
the state, but subject to the land-tax formerly levied from acknowledging the receipt of money or other valuables.
the Ryots. Kdbiz, H. (A. ijoi}i ) A seizer, a sequestrator, an occupant,
Kabbinarasa, or -hdlu, Karn. (op.-56r6, .SoSeo) The a person in possession.
juice of the sugar-cane. Kacha, Thug. Unburied, or buried superficially (a body) : a

Kabil, a. (Jj-«) a surety, bail, bond (Mohammadan )iaw). Thug informer.

244
 KAC KAC
Kachahri, Kuchuhhee, corruptly, Cittchehry, H. &c. Kachchd-balani, also read -balanny, -lallunnij, and -he-

(i^j^ ) Kacheri, Mar. (oIT^rt) Kachhahari, or Kach- henny, (?) Resumption of one-tenth of the lands held by
hIri, Ben. (^^^, ^^tft) Kacheli, Tel. (^9) the Ryots in Dinajpur, an item of the revenue of Bahar
A court, a hall, an oiEce, the place where any public in 1762. (The second word is some inexplicable blunder —
business is transacted : also, in Mar., the business carried Fifth Rep. p. 222).

on there, or the people assembled. Kachchd-daulu, Kam. (og~ciQ de^J) A rough estimate
Kachani, Thug. One of seven principal clans. of the value of standard crops.

Kachar, Kachhar, H. ofc^K, cfc^H) Moist Kachchd-jamabandi, H. (from ^S)Jmaj>-, settlement) The
(.J^,j\^,
land, land lying low and arlong the banks of rivers, so as gross rent-roll of a village before setting off the charges

to admit easily of irrigation or being flooded ; also, al- and expenses, whether the balance be payable to a Za-

luvial formation or deposit. mindar or to the government.

Kachar A I, (?) H. Rent for pasturage : (probably an error Kachchd-khardu, Kam. (DgT)a:)S'&) A rough draft, a
for Gocharai). rough or sketch account, an account kept by the village
Kachcha, Mai. ("flj-^) Unbleached cloth; a waist belt; accountant of money received from the cultivators.

the end of a lower garment gathered up behind and tucked Kachchd-miti, H. (from Jl« , interest) Interest fi'om a day
into the part that girds the waist: (from the S. olTTj). preceding the loan, as opposed to Pakka-miti, from a day

Kachchakkanakka, Mai. (cfeii^c&glffriocegi) An account after, with reference to the practice of native bankers, who,

or bill of sale of cloth given to the purchaser. in their current account, charge interest on money ad-

Kachchavatam, Mai. («ft.^QJSo) Merchandise, trade, vanced from the day before, but on money received, from
especially in cloth. the day following the receipt.

Kachhavatakdran, Mai. (cflj^aJScaoronrt)) A merchant, Kachchi-hamdvisi, Mar. (oh^lcliHlf^^) A revenue office,

a trader, a cloth merchant. of which the person holding it has no interest in the col-

KachchA, Kuchcha, incorrectly, Kacha, or Kucha, and, lections.

corruptly, Cutcha, Kutcha, &c., H. &c. (li*, «ir^) Kan- Kdchimudat, G\xz. (%1*MI^'c<^) A bill of exchange not

CHA, Ben. (M'VO Kachi, KAcho, Guz. (%L»4, ^l^U) yet due.

Raw, unripe, immature, crude, lit. or fig. ; as, a Kachcha Kachchd-seru, Kam. (og^'Sa:)) An inferior ser, one of

house is one built of unbaked bricks or mud ; a Kachcha twenty-four rupees' weight (Mysore).

person is one inexperienced, unskilful, silly : as applied Kachchd-taksil, H. (A. (Jxas^, collection) Collection of the

to weights and measures it denotes inferiority ; a Kachcha revenue from the cultivators direct.

sir is one less than the standard ser : in revenue settle- Kachchdrupaj, H. (from S. '5H»T, produced) Gross collections.
ments it implies a direct assessment, one made with the Kachcherd, Mar. (cR^tr) A contractor formerly employed

Ryot, or Ryotwar, either where there is no recognised at Bombay to keep the market supplied with coarse rice

farmer or proprietor, or where his right of collection is during the rainy season.
suspended. In the Bombay Glossary it is also explained, Kachchha, S. &c. (w^O a shore, a coast, a site liable to

when applied to a statement of any kind, to signify one be flooded, whence the province of Cutch is so named.

minutely detailed (?). Kachchali, Kachchili, or Kachchalika, Karn. (o^^,

Kachchd-dmdani, H. (P. tJtX«l, income) Gross income or o^V. o^V'3) An honorary distinction, as a medal, for
receipts, without allowing for charges or deductions. eminent services (Mysore).
Kachchd-dml, Mar. ( oir^ 'iHHc^ , A. {^as.) An office or ap. Kachchi-katte, Karn. (o^D ei^) A sort of village hall

pointment, in the profits or loss of which the holder has where the respectable inhabitants assemble (Mysore).
no permanent interest : it is hence applied to villages and Kachhaura, H. («,j^s^) a small clan of Rajputs, of whom
items of revenue managed by government officers for the a few are settled in Gorakhpur.
state, in distinction to those which are farmed. Kachhi, Cachheb, H. (^=-K) Guz. (^li^) A tribe of

Kachchd-asdmi, H. (see Asdmi) A temporary cultivator, one cultivators found in most parts of Hindustan, of which they
having no permanent or hereditary right of occupation. are the gardeners especially, being employed in market
245 3r
 KAC KAD
and flower gardens, and raising vegetables and flowers in each division make a Kachchd bighd, or about j-^th of

for sale. In Behar they are the principal growers of the an acre.

poppy. Those of the north-west provinces, who are mostly Kadam- or Kudum-bosi, H. (A. *i3j, a foot, and P. ,^ji
industrious agriculturists, reckon seven branches, usually a kiss) Respectful salutation, paying one's respects, equi-

denominated Kanaujia, Hardiha, Singrauria, Jaman- valent to kissing the feet of a superior, although not always

puria, Bamhama or Maghya, Jaretha, and Kachhmdha, implying even prostration.

which do not eat together or intermarry. There are, how- Kadam-i-rasul, corruptly, Kuddum-russool, H.* (A. Jj^j,
ever, as noticed by Mr. Elliot, other distinctions, and in a prophet) An allowance or deduction from the revenue

the Maratha territory some of them are named from the granted by the native governments to the Zamindars to
countries whence they have come, as the Bundela and cover the charge of keeping up a temple in which a slab

Mdrwdri Kdchhis. with impressions of feet, supposed to be those of the pro-

Kachhidr, H. (?) Land enriched by alluvial deposit on the phet, was preserved as an object of veneration.
banks of the Chambul, commonly cultivated for market Kadam, Tam. (SFTSLQ, from A. *As', a foot or step) A
produce by Kdchhis, whence its name. measure of distance, as much as a man may walk in three

Kachhwdrd, H. (\j\j^) Any portion of ground cultivated hours : it varies in difiFerent places, but is never less than

by Kdchhis. Mr. Elliot derives the name of the province eight miles.

of Cach, corruptly Cutch, from this circumstance : it rather Kada MAI, Tam. (sU-OBSUd) Debt: a tax.

seems derivable from the Sanskrit Kachchha, any tract Kadan, Tam. (sI_ot) Mai. (cBsSo) Debt, obligation : tax.

of low or marshy ground near to a river or the sea. Kadanchittu, Tam. ((EB1_OT<#l1®) A bond.

Kachhwa, H. ('j«s- , «ra^) Low land. Kadankdran, Tam. (si—OTSIT CTOot) Kadakdran, Mai.
Kachhwaha, CucHHWAHA, H. ((Sai'^^^) A distinguished (cfcSdBfflOrofisb) A debtor, a creditor, a shopman.
tribe of Rajputs professing to descend from Kvsa or Kusha, Kadanhoduttavan, Tam. (<3l_(3CT0srT®S^6LIOTr) A
the son of Rama, and forming the ruling race in Amber creditor.

of Jaypur, the Raja of which is of the clan. Kadapa, Tel. (sOiOn>) The counter agreement executed by

Kachhwar, H. (j'^^ ) A subdivision of the Kurmi tribe. the tenant in exchange for his lease.

Kachisa, H. (Lijs^ ) A subdivision of the Kurmi tribe Kadappu, Tam. ( <5L_l_Jl_j ) A kind of rice that is reaped

found in Bahar. from September to November.

Kachw^Ansi, H. (
^ttJljs^ ) A minute division of land Kadarambam, Tam., Karn. (srri_rTUlLuUj, D dead.
measure, the twentieth of a Tiswdnsi, of which twenty go OO&30) Dry land, or land which depends entirely upon
to a Biswdnsi, q. v. : the term is now rarely used. rain for watering ; the cultivation of such land. (This is

Kada, Hindi (oITT^t) Mud, slime, alluvial deposit, mud and probably the correct form of the term Kadarnaibh-guddee,
vegetable matter left by the waters after inundation. which is said to mean land watered by rain. — Selections

Kddd-kartd, Hindi (o|imc(i<,H|) Preparing sofi or muddy iv. 780.)

soil for transplanting rice. Kadatam, Karn. (Si^So) Kaditamu, Tel. (Sa«^^X))
Kada, or Kada, Karn. (o<^, o"S^) A loan without in- Kaditam, Tam. (sU^^^Lo) A leaf of cloth blackened

terest. with a preparation of charcoal and gum, and used as a

Kada-chifu, Karn. (oOSo-^UJ) A bond, a promissory slate for writing on with chalk or steatite ; leaves of such

note. cloth, folded together, are commonly used as memorandum

Kadana- or Kadam-fatra, Karn. (oOrOSi^S;, DQOS3^8;) and account books in Kanara : the writing may be effaced

A note of hand, a promissory note. with a wet sponge or cloth.

Kadai, Tam. ( SiTOI— ) A shop, a market. Kadatta, Mai. (cBiSonri) Ferrying over, conveying across,

Kadai-kdran, Tam. (<S(3DDL_i3rTI7<3ST) A shopkeeper. accompanying travellers through a dangerous place.

Sdrdyakadai, Tam. (<g-rTCrrTLLl<Bl(EB(35Dl_) A spirit-shop. Kadattu-kadava, Mai. (a&sn^aBjSOJ ) A landing-place,

KadaMi H. (a. aJj ) A foot, a pace, also used as a measure ;

a ferry.

in some parts of the north-west provinces twenty kadams Kadattu-hdran, Mai. (<asn^<*Q0(O®b) A ferryman.

246
 KAD KAG
Kadegala, Kam.(p'a~K^V, fromoO.last) The latter season. Kadu, Tam., Karn. (SFT®, 0^&)) Thicket, forest ;
place

Kadegdlada-pairu, Karn. {Mr7retv63^6:>) The latter where dead bodies are burned: in Tamil it also means

crop. high and dry land, not capable of irrigation.

Kadehula, Karn. (oS&O) The lowest of the castes, as Kddpdp-mdnyam, Karn. (0~9cS;3^oi OJ^rOgO) A fee or

Pariah, &c. tax payable to a low caste of Sudras, who perform the

Kadhai Mar. ( cS'Rt) Grain stipulated to be received by way funeral obsequies (Mysore).

of interest or premium on money lent ; the practice of so Kafaat, a. (culfti) Resemblance; in law, similarity of

borrowing or lending. condition and circumstances, such as is required between

Kddhani, Mar. (cMd^u't) Removal of crops from a field. a man and woman to give legality to their marriage.

Kddhdodh, Mar. (^3rafe) Borrowing from every quarter. KafAlat, or KiFALAT, A. (c>Jlflj) Bail, security in general

Kadhua, Thug. The head peculiar to some classes. according to the Shias ; it is limited to personal bail by
;

Kadi, Tel. (Sfe) The yoke of a plough. the Sunnis.

Kadi, or Kari, Karn. (fe) Kari, Mai. (<a(Ol) A bit, a Kafdlat-Ml-dirk, A. (tl/iiiJu) Security against contin-

morsel, a chip, &c. ; boiled sour milk used with rice ; and gencies.

hence, perhaps, comes the English word Curry : the word, Kafdlat-bil-mdl, A. (
JUlb) Surety for property.

however, is apparently used similarly in Kamata and Ma- Kafdlat-bin-nafs, A. (|».i.A]b) Personal security.

labar, as in the compounds, Majjige-kadi, (^g"7voS) Kafdlat-ndma, H. (P. <CeU) A bail-bond, or written en-

A curry of rice, sour milk, spices, chilis, &c. gagement of security.

Hata-hadi, Karn. (cocjBoa) Ready money, money in hand. Kdfil, or Kafil, A. (J.ji^, (Jas^) A surety.

KADiaATTU, Tel. (saXtp) A land or boundary mark, a Makful, H. (A. J^flL<) Bailed, given or taken as surety for,

ridge or mound separating two fields. according to the construction of the phrase ; as Mahful-
Kadim, or Kadimi, H. &c. (A. *Jil>», lit., old, ancient) ha-hi, the claim for which surety is given ; Mahful-la-
An old inhabitant of a village, one holding by hereditary hu, the person demanding bail ; Makful-an-hu, the per-
descent ; and, as being usually chosen from this class, ap- son or thing for whom or which surety is given.

plied to the head man of a village in the west of Bengal, Kaffa, H. (A. <Xw ) A piece of cloth or rag steeped in the

and in some parts of the peninsula. juice of the poppy, and twisted into a bundle with others

Kadim-al-aydm,Yi.. (A. aIj^U days) From time immemorial. a sort of smuggling of opium.

Kadim-dihwdl, or Kadim-dihvartti, H. (firom H. dihwdl, Kafara, or Kaffarat, A. Vij\sS) Expiation, penitence;

Jlytii), or dih-vartti, (jjybj, a villager) A hereditary in law, expiation for a violated vow, or the commission

cultivator, one professing to descend from the first settlers of any sin, by mortification, almsgiving, &c.

(Asam). Kafila, H. (a. *Jjlii ) A caravan.

ICadimi-rdiyat, H. (from A. ijZ^J^C;) A cultivator of old, Kdfila-sdldr, (P. .5SU*) The chief of a caravan.

an occupant of land by old hereditary descent. Kafir, H. (A.^b) An infidel, one who does not believe in

Kadir, Tam. (<5^cr) An ear of corn. the mission of Mohammad.

Kadirmadangal, Tam. (s^CTLQI— FLJSeO) Close of the Kafiz, a. (Jwj) a Pleasure containing about 641bs., a

harvest. measure of space, a square of about 124 cubits.

Kadjan, Cadjan, a term used by Europeans for the leaves Kaflz-tahdn, A. (^W=^AflJ>) Employing a miller to grind
of the fan-palm, or cocoa-nut, on which the natives write com for the payment of a measure of flour ; illustrative

with aniron style: the letters are sometimes, but not always, of illegal contracts, in which the labourer is paid with

blackened with ink. The word is supposed to be of Por- part of the produce of his labour, and which is considered

tuguese origin, but this seems doubtful. as illegal.

Kadle, or Kadale, Karn. (*^, OOO) Bengal gram Kagar, or Cayqar, (?) A tribe of Charans supported by

(Cicer arietinum); in Karnatai as well as in most parts the Jharajas of Cutch (?).

of India, Kadali, S. (ci;?[^) signifies the plaintain (Musa Kagara, Thug. Croaking of a large kind of crow, an omen
sapientum). of good or bad luck, according to circumstances.

247
 KAG KAI
Kaghaz, Kaghiz, or Kaghid, H. (A. Si.^, iVcli) vernacu- Kai-guruttu, Karn. (OgjXsOOSj) Signature, handwriting,
larly changed to KXgaj, Ben. (^"^fK) KIgad, Mar. manuscript.

(grm^) KAKiTAMU,Tel. ("5-«§e^^) KIgaj, KAgada, Kai-hdgada, Karn. (D£)0 dXO) A. note-of-hand, a bond
Karn. {W~5X&i^ 5^Xo) Paper, a paper or document. signed by both borrower and lender, a written statement
Kdgada-patra, Karn. (°^'§j, S. TJ^, a leaf) A letter, a or handwriting. Under the later government of Mysore

voucher, a written document. the term Kai-kdgada, or Kai-hdghaz, was applied to a

Kaghaz-bahd, H. (from P. l^, price, expense) Office al- statement of the gross annual assessment of each col-

lowance for stationery. lectorate, furnished by the collector, and to a similar state-

Ka^haz-i-khdm, H. (from *!»-, rough) Rough draft of a ment required from each cultivator, shewing bis whole
document or account, account of gross produce. liability, without the deductions to which it was subject.

Kamdghaz-arM, H. (A. plural of Sl^, and ^j\, four) The Kai-kdmil, Karn. (D£)D^^e)) Full statement, that of the
four written documents on which the proceedings in a suit maximum revenue without deductions : see the preceding.

are grounded, or the written complaint, the answer, the Kai-kdnam, Mai. (ejeidftcfeOfinDo) Property in hand, per-
rejoinder and the reply. sonal property.
Kaghazi, H., also Kdgaji, Kdgadi, &c. (A. ^Ss:^) A Kai-hdnam-hdran, Mai. (6)6)cftcftOSOOocftO(Onr<)) A tenant

paper-maker or vender, a stationer, a letter-carrier, of or on an improving lease.

relating to paper or to writings. Kai-kdnam-pditam, Mai. (6i6)aftcfc96inooo_lO§o) Tenure

Kah, H. (p. !s1^) Grass, straw. by labour, or by an engagement to improve the property,
Kahan, or KahAn, corruptly, Cahan, Caoun, CAwn, on condition of holding it for a stipulated period.

Khahoon, H., Ben. (^^^, ^t^, ^Pt^, S. oUrtiTO) A Kai-kdran, Mai. (6l61dftcft0(0nr6) A handicraftsman, an ar-
measure of value equal to sixteen Panas oi Kauri shells, tificer ; also a person of property.

or 1280 Kauris, varying, therefore, in value with the mar- Kaikkilan, Kaihkilavan, corruptly, Kykullee, Tam.
ket price of the shells. (CSiSiSSlerTcJOT, 0SDiSiib(E§l61TSLlOTT) A weaver by
K.AHAH, H. ij^) A tribe of Sudras chiefly settled in Bahar, caste and occupation.
following agricultural pursuits, but employed in towns as Kai-kola, Tel. (H.5 O) The name of a caste, or indi-

palankin-bearers ; many of them in their own provinces vidual of it, usually occupied in weaving.

are slaves, and are considered impure. Kai-kuli, Karn. (O^O3~°0) Hire or pay at the time when
Kai, corruptly, CuY, Kay, Kayi, Kyb, Tel. ("3.) Karn. work is done : Mai. (eiSlAc^eJil) A fine paid by a lessee

(C5£)) Tam. ((TOs) Mai. ( 61 61 eft ) The hand: in the to the proprietor on the renewal of a lease.

Dakhini languages it is extensively used in forming com- Kai-ole, Karn. (C£)2^y) A writing on an oZa, or palm-

pound terms implying handiwork, &c. ; but especially leaf ; a statement of the total assessment so written : see

with reference to pecuniary and revenue transactions in Kai-hdgdda.

Karnata and Malayallm. Kai-padaru, plural, Karn. (?) A class of predial slaves in

Kai-badalu, Karn. (D£)&DOyj) x loan of money for a Kanara, a subdivision of the Dhers.

short time. Kai-pdda, Mai. (6)6)d93O_J0S) Kaippddu, Tam. ((SSDSU-

Kai-haraha, Karn. (D£)&DO&d) Signature, hand-writing, I—inr®) Handicraft, manual labour ; in Mai. also actual

manuscript. possession.

Kai-chchittu, Tam. ((3C5i5<&'<^L.®) A note of hand. Kaippanam, Mai. (6)6l<ftojOOo) Ready money, money in

Kai-dastu, Karn. (^£)"25) Possession: use of public hand.

money by government officers, accounted for as a debt to Kaippattunilam, Tam. (S0D(5Ul_Jjf)mjr^60Ul) Land in
the state under the former government of Mysore. one's own possession.

Kai-dha/rmam, Karn. (Og|)Q^e~o) Endowment payable Kaipporul, Mai. (6)6)<fi36)g_J0(3i6o) Possession of property,

in money to a temple by the granter direct ; any small property in hand^ whether personal or real.

sums given as alms. Kaimatal, MaL (6)Qda>Orm<3b) Personal property, money,

Kai-gada, Karn. (D£)AO) A loan without interest. jewels, &c. '

248
 KAI KAJ
ICaissdttu, Tarn. (<STiS>S-'3'n'&)^) An invoice, a list ; a Kaifiat-i-band-o-hast, H. (P. c:^«j.Jj tSJb, q. v.) Particular

mark in place of a signature. statement of revenue assessment, or any other settlement.

Kai-tappu, Karn. (C^Siis!)) A slip of the hand, a mistake Kaigadde, Karn. (D~c)o£OAg) Pulse, any sort of legu-

in writing or in counting money. minous vegetable.

Kai-vdda, Karn. (O^oJ cJO) Handicraft, manual labour. Kdiganu, Karn. (D~9o30Ar&) A seller of vegetables.

Kai-valiy Karn. (J^^y^^) A cess formerly paid in kind Kail, Kailu, or Kayalu, corruptly, Kyle, Tel. (T^SJ,

for betel gardens and rice fields.

"l_eu^ gb&eu^ from the A. Jji", measure) The actual

Kai-vdpya, Mai. ( 6l6^aB>rLJ0o-J)) Borrowing for a short measurement of the crop after it is threshed, and before

time, on a verbal promise to pay. its division between the cultivator and the government.
_C) ,

Kai-vasya, Karn. (^p)^'^§) Actual possession. > Kail-asdmimdri-dwarjd, Tel. (see Amdrija) A detailed state-
Kai-vidu- or Kai-vidu-oHi, corruptly, Ki/vedoothi, Mai. ment of the produce of each Ryot's land by measurement.

(6)6>da>cijl§, eieicfeOjlQeiOcTl) A kind of mortgage in Kaii-ddr, Kailuddru, &c. Tel. (P. jit), who has) A weighman
Malabar, by which, in consideration of a sum of money, or measurer, a superintendent of the measurement of the crop.

the proprietor of an estate transfers it to the lender to hold, Kaili, Mar. (%^) Relating to measure, by or of measure

without prejudice to his own proprietary right, but which as opposed to weight, and prefixed in that sense to names
precludes the mortgagee from disposing of the land to a of measures ; as, Kaili-man, a man or maund by mea-
third party for more than he paid, or on any other terms sure, not by weight.

than those on which he acquired the occupation : if he Kail-pechchn, Tel. ( ^^ eJ~g;^^) A portion of the grain in ex-
wish to dispose of it he is bound also to give the pro- cess of their share by measurement, granted to the cultivators.

prietor the option of redeeming it. Kaim, H. &c. (A. *j'j) Kayam, Tel. ("S^O&o) Firm,
Kai-vidu-otti-karanam, Mai. (from d&fOSinoo, deed) A lasting, erect.

deed of mortgage of the kind above described. Kdyam-gutta, Karn. (D cJCOJoaJS J The lease or farm of

Kaiyadai, Tam. (oCDSLUfitDL.) A bribe. a village at a fixed rent, with right of subletting the land.

Kaiyerpu, Tam. (ocdsSllj nQl_|) Allowance of grain given Kdim-makdm, corruptly, Kaimkan, or Caymacan, H. (A.

to village servants at harvest-time from the threshing-floor. aIsI* *j\J) A representative, a substitute, one in the place

Idankai, or Idangai, q. v. The left-hand, the left-hand of another, a deputy, a viceroy.

castes. Kdyam-sibbandi, Karn. (D^ol^O^goa) A fixed establish-

Valankai, or Valangai, q. v. The right-hand, the right-hand ment.

castes. Kaima-pen-kuru, Tam. (fiSDSLQGLJSCnrcgn—^) Portion due

Kaibaetta, Ben. (S. 6<p<^) A fisherman by caste and oc- to a widow from her husband s estate : (from Kaimaben, a

cupation ; he is sometimes a domestic or predial slave, widow).

having sold himself, or been sold as a child. Kaimal, Mai. (6^6)<fi3Qi!>o) A title of rank amongst the Nairs,

Kaid, H. (A. sSi) Confinement, bond, fetter. and used by the inferior classes when addressing them,
Kaidi, H. {^ji^J^) A prisoner, a convict. as, My lord, and the like.

Kaidkhdna, H. (<l6l=-4>.j,i') A jail, a prison. Kaini, sometimes written Kharni, H. (?) A cultivating

KiiDA, or Kaidat, plural Kawaid, H. &c. (A. JiXclJi, tenant, bound also to labour on the land retained by the
iXrlji') Kayda, Ben. (^NTft) A rule a regulation, a landlord in his own hands, and to serve him as a porter

law. (probably the same word as Gaini, q. v.).

Kaifiyat, Kyfeeyut, vernacularly, Kaiphiyat, corruptly, Kairi, ? Kaini, Tam. An irrigated field.

Kyphyut, H. &c. (H. iJAjS) Statement, description, re- Kaivertta, vernacularly, Kaivart, or Kaibart, S. (%g#)
port, account particulars. In the Jama-bandi north-west A fisherman by caste and occupation : see Kaibartta.

provincaS a column for remarks is so headed. In the south Kaj, Thug. A traveller, or any man not a Thug.

it is applied to any authenticated document or voucher, Kaji, Thug. A woman, not of a Thug tribe.

such as a written authority from a husband to a wife to Kajari, Mar. (cFTiIK't) A caste, or an individual of it,

adopt a son after his demise. whose chief occupation is making glass bracelets.

249 3 s
 KAJ KAL
Kajju, Tel. (s^, (?) error for S'W , Kabju, for Kabz, Kaldmant, H. (c:.^ji^) A professional musician and singer.
q. V.) A receipt. Kaldmantin, H. (^jiJjK) The female of the former, her-
KAkA, Ben. (^^) Kakka, Karn. (oo) A father's younger self a singer and dancer.

brother. Kala, Karn. (o?') Kalam, Tam. and Mai (sffTriL)

Kdki, Ben. (^tft) Kakhachchi, Karn. (^^^ ) A father's Kallamu, or Kallamu, Tel. {^^^ S^^) A
younger brother's wife. threshing-floor, a place where the grain is beaten or trod-

Kakambi, Karn. (D dooes) Refined sugar, the inspissated den out : see Khala.
juice of the cane. Kalamadi, Tam. ( cSerTLQ.^ ) Estimate ,of the grain on
KakApuri, Guz. (%WlJ^<L) A slave born in the house. the threshing-floor.

KakhiIli, H. (S. ^}\j^) Sheaves or bundles of corn given Kalanadai, Tam. ((S5rTr5(5roL_) Aheapofgrainunthreshed:
as the perquisite of the reapers and village servants. an account of the actual produce of a field, distinguish-

Kakpad, Mar. (oRToifTl^, lit., crow's-foot) A mark v or a indi- ing the shares of the government and cultivators, and the
cating where something interlined should be read, a caret. allowance to the village servants.

Kakini, Ben. (S. ^Pp»il) Five gandas or twenty kauris, Kalappadi, Tam. (affTTLJUU^) A portion of grain out

also a Kauri, q. v. of the produce of all taxable lands alloted to the labourers,

Kakvsti, Mar. ( oRToR^) The juice of the sugar-cane boiled whether slaves or hired servants.
to the consistence of honey. Kalappdt, Mai. (cft^oJOs) A barn, a threshing-floor.

Kal, Tam., Mai. (£6rT^) The leg, the foot ; in Malabar, any Kalappichchai, Tam. ( (56rTLJI_Jl(g'0SD(&) Grain from the

tree that serves as a standard for the pepper or betel-vine. threshing-floor given in charity.

KAla, vernacularly Kal, S. &c. ( Jl^, em^j:) Time in general KaUatiruva, Tel. (^^&6o'6) Fees on threshing grain.
or any particular time or season. Death, destiny ; also Kalattumedu, Tam. (ssTT^^Slq®) A threshing-floor.

adj.. Black : see Kdla, and Kali. Kalavadi, Tam. (asfTSUl^) Sweepings of a threshing-
Kalahrayam, S. (cRT^'gi'i) Market value, price of the day. floor.

Kdlakriydpatra, Karn. (from the S. f^T, act, and X(=(, Kalavdsam, incorrectly Kdlavdsam, and Kallavassum, Tam.
leaf) A deed of conveyance. ((SffTTSLlrTiB'LQ) Hire or fee given to labourers or slaves,

Kdlapilli, Tam. (arTeOULfsTTOTT) An estimate of pro- or inferior village servants, of a portion of grain from the

duce taken early at the time of reaping. threshing-floor, or from the field.

Kdldvadi, Tel., Karn. ("T^er^^a, from S. 'St^V, term) Kala, H. &c. (S. %, m•^^) Black.

The season of cultivation, the begining of it, when arrange- Kdldpdni, Ben. &c. (^t^Tttl^, from S. Tflq^) Black water,
ments are made with the Ryots : also, the close of the the sea, applied more especially to transportation beyond sea.
season, or of the year. Kala, Guz. (%L^l) Cotton in the pod, uncleaned cotton.

Kdldya, Mai. (e&oe-JOCCj) Land that has been reaped: the 'Kalai, H. &c. {j^) Tin, tinning of copper utensils.

same cultivated a second time in the same year. Kalaigar, H. (.Wj^Is) A tinman, a worker in tin.

Kdlayukti, S. &c. (SBToS^fs) The fifty-second year of the Kalai, Tam. (sstosTT) Grass or weeds growing amongst corn.

cycle. Kalakkab, Tam. (sfffTSSiCr) People of a low caste, the

Kdlikd or Kdlikd-vriddhi, S, (^T%^1T%) Periodical same as the Paleyar, hunters and fowlers.

interest. Kalal, also Kalar and Kalwab, incorrectly, Kallal, H.

KalI, S. &c. (tPoSl) An art, a craft, especially a fine art, &c. (
JK, Ji^, j\yt.i, gr^T^, oir^i;, cR^^k) a dis-

as music, painting ; also, a mechanical art, as carpentry tiller, a maker and vendor of spirituous liquors : (from

and the like : also, a part, a portion. the S. cKcET^cii*.)-

Kalddiha, Uriya (QS).|^^) Elevated land. Kaldli, Kaldri, Mar. &c. ( olT^^S^, cRqSIT.'^) A wineseller,

Kalds'&tri, Mar. (from S. ^R, a thread, the string that a vintner, a tavern-keeper ; any thing relating to spirituous

works a puppet) An exhibitor of puppet-shows ; also, a liquors, a tax upon them, excise.

rope-dancer and juggler, or an itinerant musician and Kaldljamd, H. &c. (j^t^ JK) Revenue from the excise or

dancer. duty on spirits.

250
 KAL KAL
Kaldlkhdna, corruptly, Kulalconna, Mar. &c. (from P. <)jU-, Kalasi, or Kalsi, Kulsbe, H. &c. (^^wjIT, S. elTcS^ft) A
a house) A liquor-shop, a place where spirituous liquors water-jar, usually of baked clay, an ornament or knob on

are sold, or where they are distilled ; a distillery ; a duty the top of a wall or a building.

paid by the venders. Kalanpujd, S. (ofr^5ft'J»rT) Placing a water -jar in a

Kalam, Qulum, corruptly, Cullum and Callum, H. &c. chamber as a type of, or receptacle of, Durga, or other
(a. Jj, oF^) a pen, or a reed (calamus) used as one; divinity, and worshipping it.

a brush ; also, sometimes, handwriting, a paragraph, an Kalasisthdpana, S. ('PlT'l'T, placing) Setting up a water-

item, an article, a column of an account. jar as an object of worship : part of the marriage cere-

Kalambandi, Mar. (cir^*r#^) A writing under distinct mony, in which offerings are made to the planets in dif-

heads, as, a code of instructions, articles of agreement ferent vessels.

enrolling, enlisting. In Guz. it is used to mean attach- Kalasi, Karn. (o£>a) A measure of grain, one third of a

ment, sequestration ; also, a document shewing the state mora : in Guzerat it has the same sense, but is equal to

and management of a district 16 maunds, or 640 sSrs or lbs.

Kalamdan, H. &c. (^^Ij^') A penholder, an inkstand, Kalavaea, Mai. (<Aie_loJO) A store, a granary.

an ornamented, varnished, oblong case for holding pens and Kalavara-hdran, Mai. (fie>e_lrUOce50(OfY6) A stesvard, a

ink, and worn in the girdle as the insignia of civil office. storekeeper, a treasurer.

Kalami, H. &c. (,_j*JJ') Relating to a pen, or to writing, Kalavi, Kalivi, Karn. (o^t), O'^t)) Counterfeit, forged.

authentic, official, written as opposed to verbal. Kalivi-hana, Karn. (O^S)bb£3) Counterfeit coin.

Kalamkdri, Tel. (seJOTPo) Chintz, or chintz-painting Kalavu, Karn. {0^<^) Theft, robbery.

or manufacture. KalIy, Ben. (^5lN) Pulse of various sorts.

KalamkuchardU Mar. (oirgsncR^T;!^) Bad or erroneous Kalaya, Mai. (cftiOeJOCOJ) Land that has been reaped and
writing, leaving out a letter, or the like ; also, fraudulent cultivated for a second crop.

omission of an item in an account. Kali, or Kali-yuga, vernacularly, sometimes. Kali- oi" Kal-
Kalam, corruptly, Cullum, Tam. (asOLa) A measure, JUG, corruptly, Caly-yoogum, Cal- or Kul-jogue, S.,

equal to twelve markdls, q. v. but in all the dialects, (oF%, oFf^TtT) The Kali age,

Kalama, Tel. (sosO) a hollow formed by water that the last and worst of the four ages that make up a great
escapes from the edge of a reservoir : Tel. and Karn., age : the present age of the world is the Kali, supposed

Rice that ripens in December. to have begun on Friday, the 18th of February, 3102

Kalama, Kalame, or Kalamige, Karn. (o?'^, O^&i^ years B.C., and it is to last altogether 432,000 years_, form-
oy So A ) A field of paddy, a crop of standing paddy. ing a period of progressive iniquity and deterioration, and

Kalangam, (?) Land paying no tax except when cultivated. ending in the general dissolution of existing forms.

KalIntah, Mar. (oFcSTcI^) Interest on money. Kali, Ben. (^tf^) The product of a sum in arithmetic : also,

Kalapati, Ben. (^t«7t11f^. Port. Calapata) Caulking a as derived from Kdld, black, ink.
ship or boat ; a caulker. Kdli, H. &c.
(
Jl^) Black.
Kalappai, Tam. (<S6DLJ<3?DLj) A ploughshare and handle. Kdli-bhumi, or -bhui, H. &c. (^-»j«J
^J^, ^/i«^' "^W^
Kalappu, Tam. (Si6m_IL_|) Levelling a field after re- »nft, from S. HJ^'i, eartli) Black soil, a rich, vegetable,
moving the grass. and dark-coloured mould: it forms the greater portion of
Kalah, H. (JS, oir^St) A soapy soil used by washermen, a the soil of western Guzerat, and spreads widely through
sort of fullers' earth. Malwa and the valleys of the Dakhin : although less pro-

Kalar, KALABl,corruptly,KALLAE,Tam. (a5TTCr,<55rrcfl) ductive than another kind of soil found in Guzerat, termed

Barren soil, waste ground. mdrwd, it is highly favourable to the growth of wheat and

Kalari, Mai. (cft^'Ol) Aschool where the use ofarmsis taught. cotton.

Kalarnilam, Tam. (ssTrcrr^SOLo) Barren or sandy soil. Kali, incorrectly, Kallee, Mar. (ohl^gl, it is no doubt
Kalarmedu, Tam. ( SsnuSLQ® ) High land, unprofitable the same word as the Hindustani Kali, thouo-h written
for cultivation. with a different I) Arable land in general, from its being
251
 KAL KAM
usually of a dark colour: black soil or mould, cultivable Kallasdkkhi, Karn. (o^r^O.) False witness.
land of a superior quality ; the underlying ground in the KallIdi, or Kallari, Mai. (A^^osl ) A class of pre-

Dang, receiving and retaining moisture during the cold dial slaves in Malabar : in some lists it appears, probably

season, and especially fit for wheat and other spring crops incorrectly, as part of a compound term, Kalladl-kanakan :

the term is applied also to the crops or produce of such it is no doubt connected with the Karn. Kalla.

soil. Kallayentu, Tel. (S^eJ^^x^ofe^) A client; being in fact

Kali-chd-paikd, or -nasul, Mar. ('ohlcfcTt'^T^olfT, -'^a^) Re- the English word.

venue from cultivated land ; land-tax or revenue. Kallu, Thug. A thief.

Kdli-chunkari, Mar. (cRTSS'i'^'noliTft) Black soil upon a Kallui, Thug. Theft.

substratum of lime, v?hich renders it very unproductive. Kalli, Karn. (o^) The Euphordia or milk hedge plant,
Kali-jamd ,Mar. (otiiab1»t*<i) Revenue derived from the soil. very common in Mysore.

Dunbi-kdli, or Dhas-kdli, (?) Mar. Cracked black soil: Kalli, (?) Guz. A system of assessment under which the

see Dunbi. crops are not allowed to be disposed of until the revenue

Kharhal-hdli, Mar. (^^cF^oRig^) Black soil containing is paid, or security given for its payment.

stones ; less rich than the usual black mould, but, as more Kallu, also Kalyamu, Tel. (^^, ^eJgSx)) Kalla, Mai.

retentive of moisture, and more easily worked, it is rarely (<fi>^^) Tdri, the fermented sap of different kinds of

left fallow, and is very productive. palm trees.

Kali, Karn. (D c)e)Q An ancient measure of weight in My- Kallu, Tel., Karn. (^^) Kal, plural Kallukal, Tam.
sore, equal to 40 hdnis of 80 rupees each, or to 3200 rupees. (O^, i5#)6!^<E&fffT) Kalla, Mai. (.<&^ A stone.

Kali, H. &c. (S. ^^, 'm'^) The name of a popular god- Kalldngutiu, Tam. (s^S&ITrSJg)^^) Hard stony

dess, the wife of Siva, so named from her black com- ground, not worth cultivating.

plexion ; the same as Dem or Durgd. Kallukutiga, Karn. (oew&eJA) A stonecutter, a mason.

Kdli-chakram, Tam. (iSrTerfl(e'(5££lcrLQ) A gold coin Kalluppu, Karn. (o|J^'^) Rock-salt.

having a figure of the goddess Kali, formerly current in Kalhachchan, Mai. (tftaJcSj^nrb) A stonecutter, a mason.

the south. Kallumatada-ayya, Karn. (^^^S^ &dS:>^) A Lin-

KalingaLj Tam. (S6(flr£j<560) An outlet or sluice for carry- gamite priest.

ing off the surplus water of a reservoir. Kalmah, or Kalimah, H. (A. IUm) A word, a speech;

KALING0, Tam. (<5i6lSlrLJ@) A dam, a stone bank or dyke, the Mohammadan confession of faith, There is but one

a sluice. god, and Mohammed is the apostle of God."

Kalit, (?)Mar. An estimate of standing corn, or of fruit Kalpa, S. &c. ( ohcMt) A very long period of time ; a day

before gathering. of Brahma, or 4320 millions of years : a ceremonial or

KalivIyanilam, Tam. (SSrflQJrTLUr^eOLQ) A clay soil. ritual precept ; the ritual of the Vedas.

Kalla, Karn., Mai. (o? <&>t.'k) False, chgating,

, deceptive. KALtj, Ben. (^^^ A maker and vender of oil by caste and

Kalla, Kallanu, Karn. (P^, O^rCi)) A thief, a plunderer ;

occupation : grinding or expressing oil from different seeds.

T^hxxai Kallaru,(P^^) Thieves, whence the Colleries Kalubu, Karn. (o^OeoJ) Weeds and grass in standing

of the peninsula in early English writers. corn.

Kallachcharakka, Mai. (dft,^^.^roc«ff)) Smuggled goods. Kalwa, Tel. (se^) A water course.

KallakkammiUam, Mai. (cB2g_^cee)GlQfl§o) Counterfeit coin. Kam, Kum, H. (P. j,i) Little, less, deficient: commonly
Kallakaranam, Mai. (cfo^^caroerTOo ) Forged or false used also in compounds, as Kam-bakkt, unfortunate, de-

title-deeds or documents. servedly so, a scoundrel : Kamydbi, rarity &c.

Kalian, Mai. (d9>§^g_rr6) A cheat, a rogue, a liar, a Kamdn, Ben. (<Fvt^) Lowering the price of any thing,

swindler : (no doubt connected with the Karn. term Kalla, diminishing the rent of land.

as above). Kamdar, Uriya (Q51QQ) Land of inferior quality.

.BTaMapa^Zi, Karn. (?^oSoQ) A false measure. Kamddr, or Kamdast, Mar. (from P. jU, having, or

Kallaruju, Karn. (0^003^) A forgery, a false signature. Cl.^*w J, the hand) Reduced rate of assessment.
252^
 KAM RAM
Kami, Kumee, corruptly Cummee, H. ( ^^aS ) Kammi, Tel. ploughing, sowing and reaping, also to mixing up ingre-

^ Littleness, deficiency, loss : deficiency in the weight dients to make a single mixture, and the like.
i^
or value of coins, loss in exchange, an allowance formerly Kamdishi, Kam&visM, Kam. (D^XT^O^li, fe)J^t)Lx)
made in the public accounts to cover such losses in the Kamdishu, Tel., Kam. (sSXJ~°CX>iaX>) Kamdvisi, Ka-
collections. mavisi, Kamdvis, Mar. ('^wrf^Hl' -^ft, ^HT'^t^, from

Kami-beshi-dar-fardi, H. (A. liji, a statement, q. v.) In S. e|iȤ, and vis, f^, to enter into, or engage in) Ma-
Bengal, an account formerly kept, shewing the diminution, nagement of affairs, whether on behalf of an individual or

(kami) and increase (ftes^O of the revenue, settled for at the estate, stewardship, superintendence: amongst the

the commencement of the year with each cultivator. Marathas it applies especially to the business of collecting

Kami-jamin, Hindi (oufJRPf'hT) Statement of the decrease the revenues, also to the collections, especially when of a
of land in cultivation (Puraniya). miscellaneous kind : also, advantage, gain, profit.

Kamin, corruptly Kumenee, H. (P. jj^^^i) Base, low, in- Ain-kamdvis, Mar. (^VToWTTt^) Fixed collections in kind
ferior : applied, in the north-west provinces, to the artificers on various sorts of garden produce, as sugar-cane, plan-

and servants of a village, who, besides allowances in grain, tains &c.

receive small allotments in land, and are therefore "minor' Jdsti-Itamdvis, Mar. (sirarftomNl+l) Miscellaneous or extra

or inferior cultivators : the term is also sometimes applied collections, as of a tax on trades and professions, a discount

to all the residents of a village, except religious mendicants, on different sorts of rupees &c.

who are not cultivators : in Kamaon the term designates Kamdvis-ddr, or Kamdisi, corruptly Komaveesdar, Coma-
the superintendant of the village management. « veesdar, Koviisdar, Komashdar, Mar., Guz. ( cli»?I=ft^^K,

Kamini-bachh, H. (^as-lj JU/O ) A tax levied by the pro- <*Hl5.5(l) The head revenue-officer of a district, entrusted

prietors of a village on every resident who is not engaged also with the police. In Kanara the Kamdishiddr, or
in agriculture : a sort of ground-rent for the non-cultiva- Kamavisi-ddr was also especially the collector, managing
tor's dwelling. lands that were permanently or temporarily occupied by
Kamkdsht, Hindi (oRl^stil^Iri) Decrease in the cultivation the state, the Amin of the upper provinces.

of an individual cultivlator, as compared with a preceding- Kamdvis-jam A, Mar. ( cRHT^^RTRT) Revenue from miscel-
period (Puraniya). laneous and irregular sources, as judicial fines &c.

Kamkholha, (?) H. Land of inferior quality, but let by the Kdmddr, H. &c. (jiA^b) A man of business, an agent, a

year. steward, a representative, especially in revenue matters.

Kamkism-zamin, H. (from A. *mJ>, sort and ^jJ^, land) Kdmddri, H. &c. ( ^jj\ iX«o ) The office or duty of a manager
Land of an inferior sort or quality., or man of business.

Kam-o-hesh, H. (P. iAMj (S) Less or more. Kamgdr, Mar. (oRTH'IT*;) A servant, a manager, a public

Kani-o-besM, corruptly Kvmi-a-besM, H. (P. -.ijjj jS) officer, a person employed on public works.

Less- or more-ness applied especially to disputes among Kdmgdri,MetT. (cfTTTTTTfl') Agency,deputation; also, repairs,

the coparcenery proprietors of a village regarding the public works.

proportions of their shares. Kdmhdj, H. &c. {JLX, cBTHoin»I, from S. oR*^ and cirrSt)

Kam, Tel. ( "S~°0 ) A revenue term implying private or own Work, business in general.

(it is no doubt a vernacular corruption of hham, q. v.). Kdmhdr, H. &c. (ohlHohlt) Business, affairs ; also, one
Kdmtekka, Tel. ('^0~VS_') \ private account usually who carries on work or business.
kept by the village accountant besides his public accounts. Kdmkdr-hhdr, Mar. (oinJToiiTTlWTt, from S. «TC, a burden)
Kam, H. &c. (J^, "W^^, from the S. Karmma, oR*^:) Work, Public affairs, the duties of a court or of a government.

business, affair, (in composition and derivation the vowel Kdmkari, Mar. (^WcRt!^, from S. ^T. who does) A work-
is not unfrequently made short). man, a hired labourer.
Kamdi, H. &c. (i^Lo , otiHl'^) Gain, profit, earnings : in KAmal or Kamil, corruptly, Kamul or Kaumil, H. &c.

Marathi it is also applied to any complete operation or (A. Jt*^, lUI^) Entire, perfect, complete : in revenue

set of operations, as, in agriculture, to manuring, raking, language, the whole sum raised by a village for the total of its

253 3 T
 RAM RAM
expenses, including the government demand ; also, the of the Dakhin, Kdmat lands are described as either those

largest amount of revenue realized from a village or district reserved by public officers for their own use, Jagir lands

also, in the south of India, the fixed or standard assessment, cultivated by their servants, or lands not expressly Inam,
as determined in different places by former governments. but appropriated or obtained in grant by public servants

Kamdl-akdr, Mar. (olHTr^'Icirn;) The total assessment of a or great men, and cultivated either by hired or compul-
village. sory labour.

Kamil-aidr, H. (A.jUc, touch) Of perfect standard, of Kamafagddu, Tel. (s'SoS'A^Qj) Kamatagdranu, Rarn.

pure touch or assay (coin, &c.). (o5Jo a c)6fU3) A person who cultivates lands belong-

Kamdl-herij, KamaLjamd, H. &c. (from •djJ^, ,

f^**?-,
&c., ing to another with the farming stock of the owner.

implying collections) The total collections or revenue of Ramathi, corruptly, Ramatee, Comptie, and Comptie-
a district. BANIA, Mar. (oRTTra'J) A caste of Sudras, or individual

Kamdl-dhdrd, incorrectly, Kumal-dhur, Mar. (sJi'HI^'VTtx) of it ; according to one statement, those in the Maratha

The standard assessment of some of the districts of the districts are distinguished as Tailanga and Rarnata Kd-
Dakhin, as established about a.d. 1769. mdthis, from their country : at Puna they are said to be

Kamardai, Tarn. (SLQCTOBDl—) The transfer of proprietary employed as rice-cleaners, grinders of com, and cutters

land by a proprietor, who is unable to cultivate it himself, of sticks, tent-pitchers, and artillerymen ; they also sell

to another person, to hold for a given term, on condition of snuff: in Telingana they are also petty retail dealers, or

allowing the owner a proportion of the produce, the occu- chandlers: in Mysore they are chiefly employed in road-

pant engaging not to dispose of the land to a third party. malang, and in repairing public works : in general they

Kamae-kushai, corruptly, Cummur-keshay and Kummur- seem to be common labourers, and are probably the same

KASHAN, H. (p. j_jLii^-«.^, fromy-tJ', the loins, and ,jiil^, as the Ganges water-carriers of Hindustan : see Kdmdrtlii.

to open or untie) Kamah-khulIi, Mar. (oET^^^^, from RAMATf, Ramatiganu, Ram. (a^^)J^y,O^^XT9&3Xt<i))
H. Kholnd, to open) Komar-kashIi, Ben. (J^^a<i?ol^) A bricklayer, Tel. ("S^^XJ~°63) A pioneer, a labourer,

lit., Undoing or opening the waistband ; a fee levied by one who works with a pickaxe or spade (no doubt the

a government peon, or inferior native officer, from a per- same word as the preceding Marathi term).
son over whom he is placed in charge, for permission to Rambala, vernacularly, Rambal or Rumbul, also ver-

perform any of the common functions of life. In Bengal nacularly modified, as Raml, Rambali, or Ramli, cor-

it is said to mean money given to a runner or messenger ruptly, Cumbly. Comli, Comely, &c., S., but in all the

on his setting out for any distance (but this is doubtful). dialects, (^!»^qF:, ^^^5, *HcST, iS^) {JaJ,
^_J^,
&c.)

KamAbthi, H. (S. ^j§\^) a person who carries the water of A coarse woollen wrapper or shawl, a blanket: Kamli,

the Ganges to distant places in vessels cased in basket-work. '

blanketed,' is also applied to a butcher's stall, which is

Kamat, Mar. (oBTHK) A distinction amongst the Senawis, usually covered with a woollen cloth.

q. v., usually added to the name, as Rdm-Kdmat. Rambalai, Tam. (SlLuSsO) A rice-field.

Kamatamu, or, omitting the final, KamAta or Kamatam, Rambar, Tel. (SoeOo ) Rope made from the fibre of the

corruptly, Kumenatam, Kambatam, and Comptum, Tel. cocoa-nut tree.

(S^esS^) The cultivation which a cultivator carries RambAri, Tel. (SO'E3^Q ) \ sub-tenant, an under-farmer.

on with his own stock, but by the labour of another : the Rambarlu, Tel. (plural Sb'Sr'yjF-) Cultivators of lands for

land which a Zamindar, Jagirdar, or Inamdar keeps in other persons (perhaps for Kamata-vdndlu) ; see Kamata.
his own hands, cultivating it by labourers, in distinction Rambattam, Tam. (.SUiUlll—lL) Coinage, fabrication of

to that which he lets out in farm. The word occurs ap- coin.

parently, although not very commonly, in Upper India, as Kambatta-kk'Adam, Tam. (<5LQLJI_L_S(5n_l_Ui) A mint.

Kdmat, (sKTTij), to signify lands held by a non-resident Rambattam, Rammattam, Tam. (a ixiU^^i^, QliiLDS-
tenant, who cultivates by a hired servant, or Kdmati, Sli) Husbandry on a large scale : grant of a village for
(oBTTift) ; also, an entry in the village accounts of the private disbursements.

land so rented, and by whom (Puraniya). In the Doab Kambu, Tel. (^O&X)) A sort of millet: see Bdjra.
254
 KAM KAN
Kamotsava, S. &c. ( =lvl»flrH^) A festival in honour of Kama, assess the land at a money rate, according to the computed

the deity of love, on the 13th and 14th of Chaitra, merged, amount of the sale price of the grain ; also an account of

in some places, into the Holi, and so lost sig^ht of such appraisement kept by the village accountant.

Kamera, H. Oji^) A hired agricultural labourer in the Kan, Kan am, Tarn. (S. SfTOT, SfTCOTiii) Kanana,
north-west provinces, sometimes located for successive gene- Karn. (0~3^.-5) A forest, a thicket.

rations on the same estate, although quite free to remove. Kdn-kuri, Karn. (U~q)ODDQ) A wild sheep.
Kami A, H. (l^^, S. oitfiSoF;) An agricultural labourer of Kdnsisht, Karn. (0~c)0?>^) A tax on forest produce.

some low caste : in South Bahar he is sometimes con- Kdnavar, Tam. (cgirT<3Br5lJI7) Hill men, shepherds, hunters.

sidered as a predial slave, either for a term or for ever Kana, vernacularly Kan, H. &c. (S. ssnir) A small particle

in the south-west provinces he is usually a bondsman or or grain of .any thing, a grain of corn.

bond-slave who has sold his services for life, and may be Kanaja, Kananja, Karn. (0-'3iJ, 0£3oai) A granary, a

transferred or sold himself; his children are free : one store for grain.

kind, the Baiidhak-kamid, (Bundhuk-kumeea,) is one who Kanga, Mar. (oFUm) A corn bin, a large basket, a safe

is a slave only until he can repay the money advanced to for grain, a granary.

him for his services : see Sevah. Kana, Karn. (Ot3) A threshing or treading-floor, where

Kamishnar-kurki, H. (^j» jJ^-tS) The English term the grain is trodden out.

Commissioner, applied to a native officer of the Collector Kanachi, Karn. (D dcSSaj-) A hereditary estate; see Kdni-
who is charged with the enforcement of distraint, and sale dtchi.

by auction of property distrained and not redeemed. Kanagat, H. (o.5ljk^, Kand, for Kanyd, S. a maiden, or

Kamp, Thug. A bribe for the escape of an apprehended Thug. the sign Virgo) The daily celebration of obsequial rites

Kamp, H. (L;^^, ofiftl) Mud thrown up and deposited by during the dark half ol Asmin, when the sun is in Vir-

water-courses or rivers. go (September-October).

Kampa, Tel. (SOoJ) Dried brambles or thorns. Kanakan, Kunnakan, (?) Mai. The name of a class of

Kampakotta, Tel. (sO^r^^J) A hedge of dry thorns and predial slaves in Malabar, also designated Kanaka-chama
bushes round a fort or village as a defence, a sort.of abattis. according to one account they are a subdivision of the

Kampu, Mar. (o|iHr , from the English 'Camp') An encamp- Palayar.

ment, but especially applied to the troops of an encamp- KanAkauri, Uriya (0|61G0l^) A cracked kauri shell;
ment, or a body of infantry disciplined in the European any thing of little or no value.

fashion in the service of native princes. Kanakku, Tam., Mai. (SOTOTSg)) Ciphering, arithmetic,

Ki.MYAKARMA, S. ( cKTI5l o|i»# , from oFTTll, agreeable, and accounts.

elTWf, act) Any religious or other observance undertaken Kanahhan, Tam., Mai. ( SSSCTSSCSOT ) An accountant, a

voluntarily in distinction to acts of necessity. village accountant.

Kdmyamaranam, S. (c|i|U(H<t!T) Voluntary death, suicide. Kanakka-mdniyam, Tam. (from LorTCBflLULQ) A portion

Kamyasr&ddha, S. ( oFIHT^TTS') Obsequial ceremonies per- of land rent-free granted to the village accountant.

formed at pleasure in addition to those which are obligatory. Kanakkamerai, Tam. (scSCCTSaSLDOSDIj) Fees in grain

Kan, Kun, H. (S. ^^) Appreciation, valuation, estimate, given to the village accountant.

especially of the value of crops on the ground. Kanakkappillai, corruptly, Conicopoly and Konicoply,
Kanhd H. (l^Jo) An officer employed to value standing crops. Tam. (scroTci&iE&LJLJerr&STT) An accountant, the vil-

Kanhdi, H. ((.j^Jij) Valuation of standing crops. lage accountant.

KanMt, Kunkoot, H. (CL^j^CiS, cFoTH'i from Kan, valuing, Kanakhurubam, corruptly, Kunuhuroopoo, Tam. (SSJSCra-
or Kan, for Karna, an ear (of corn) and Kut, appraise- @(r^LJlXi ) A written memorandum of an adjusted account.

ment) Estimated valuation of standing crops by measure- Kanakkussurunai, Tam. (<5(SSnrs@<?<Si((r5c555D5OTr) A

ment of the land and inspection of the corn, or, after measur- bundle of accounts on palm leaves kept by the village

ing the field, cutting a given portion of it, and weighing accountant.

the grain so reaped; the object of such estimate being to Kanam, incorrectly, Kanom, Mai. (eSsOffnoo) Mortgage, fee.

255
 KAN KAN
present, reward : it applies especially to an advance or original (oFlfjf), should be written with a short, not along

loan of money as the equivalent or consideration for a vowel, Kanam or Kunum, not Kdnam, Kanum ; the

mortgage or transfer of landed property, fields, and gar- apparent identity may therefore arise from the vernacular
dens, into the occupancy of the person advancing the money, disregard of the correct spelling).

without prejudice to the proprietor's vested rights, to whom, Kdnam-janm-marydda-aranyavar, Mai. Assessors by whom
also, the occupant is bound to pay all proceed^of the estate the value of an estate is determined, and the proportions

in excess of the interest of the money he has advanced : of the tenant and landlord adjusted.

the term is applied also to certain fees payable at the time Kdnam-hondavan, (? for Koruvan, 6^<aog'OJnf6) Mai. A
of executing such mortgage or transfer. tenant, a person who gives security by a deposit for pay-

Anandaravan-nadu-kdnam, Mai. (CSfO)Cn(yS)(0aJabm§- ment of rent.

cft06v~Oo) Fees paid to the proprietor's heir on sipping Kdnam-pdttam, Mai. (from o_i9§o, rent) Leasehold tenure

the water next noticed. of lands or gardens on payment of a rent, or proportion

Nir-kdnam, Mai. (Ool(0<jft>06iiTOo) lit.. Piece of water, a of produce equal usually to two-thirds, or the money value
few pieces of money put into a vessel of water from the of that proportion of the produce.

estate of the mortgager on executing the deeds. Kuli- or Kuri-kdnam, incorrectly, Koori-kanom, Mai.

Oppa-kdnam, Mai. jeia^t&oerDo) Fees on signing the (tfisSPldOOOsmoo) Money paid to a tenant on his relin-

deeds of transfer. quishing his lease, or to a mortgagee when a mortgage

Tushi-kdnam, Mai. ((OTcaildBjOSinoo) Fees paid to the per- is paid off, for any improvements they may have made,
son who draws up the deeds. especially for any fruitibearing trees, as cocoa-nuts, &c.,

Kdnakdran, Mai. (dBjOevTOdSjOrOflib) The mortgagee, the which they may have planted : on the other hand, if the

lender of money on security of occupancy and usufruct property has been depreciated by neglect, compensation is de-

of landed property. ducted from the original deposit or loan : this is also termed,

Kdnakota, Mai. (d&Ofiiroaa&Os) Amount of the mortgage according to Mr. Graeme, Nddi-kdnam (COO sl oSiO 6v-o o ).

money ; also, mortgage tenure. Kanama, Tel. (SroaD) A breach in the bank of a tank,
Kdnapalisa, Mai. (tfe06v^n_iaIlC/3) Interest on the money whether accidental or artificial ; a pass between two hills.

lent on mortgage. KanIt, H. (a. luIw) The walls of a tent, or an external

Kdnampanaya-pdUam, Mai. ((fi>06Tnoo<i_l6v-r)C12Jti_lO§o) screen of canvas surrounding a tent.

A deed of mortgage. Kanaujia, CanoujIa, incorrectly, Kanojiya, H. (.Xj^jM,

Kdnamvaram, Mai. (o&oevTOoOJfDo) A mortgagee. oir^T'»ft'*JI') A designation of various tribes in Hindustan,

Kdnappdttam, Mai. (oa>06v^Q_J9§o) Mortgage tenure of implying a notion of their having come originally from

lands ; interest on the money advanced on mortgage. Kanauj, or Kanyakubja : it is especially applied to a large

Kanam, Mai. (dft>06YTOo) An advance or deposit of money and influential tribe of Brahmans, one of the five classes

made to a proprietor of lands or gardens on receiving of Gauda Brahmans : five chief subdivisions of them' are

them from him at a stipulated rent, upon lease for a given reckoned, all numerous and well known Kanaujia proper,
term of years : the deposit bears interest, which the tenant Sarwaria, Sanaudha, Jijhotia, and Bhunhdr, who are

sets off against the rent : the principal is returned when again divided into sixteen classes, named either from their

the lease expires and the occupant does not renew it. This reputed founders, who were celebrated sages, as Oarga,
is therefore a somewhat different application of the same term Ootama, and others ; or from their former acquirements,

from a loan upon a mortgage where the lender holds the as Dobe, Tewari or Trivedi, Chaube, or as learned in two,

land as a security ; here the landlord holds the deposit three, or four Vedas, or from their having been teachers,

as a security for his rent. (Although spelt exactly in as Bhattachdrj and Upddhydya ; or from other circum-

the same manner, it is possible that the two words are stances, as JPdnde, Dikshit, Bdjpeyi, &c. The Ka-
not identical. In Walker's report on Malabar, he says this naujias proper are found principally in the central Doab,

kdnam is from the Sanscrit word, signifying a little,' an extending into Bundelkhand on the one hand, and on the

ear of corn,' &c. ; in which case the derivative, like the other into Oudh, and are divided into six or six and a
256
 KAN KAN
half families, thence termed Khat- (for shat, six) kul, KandIr, or KlNDAHi, Ben. (^'Qt^, from S. cir^VTrt) A
or, severally, Gates, (from the S. gotra; a race), as the steersman, a helmsman, a pilot.

Sandel-gote, Upamdn-gote, Bhdradrvdj-gote, Bharadwdj- KandAVA, Karn. (O dOcSS) A class of Brahmans.

gote, Kdtydyana- or Viswdmitra-gote, Kasyapa-gote, and Kandaya, or Kandayam, Tam. (C&r^SrTLLJLQ) Karn.
Sakrint-gote. These correspond in rank to the KuUn (^OGBoSb, SoUSO&O) Tax, tribute, duty, land-tax,
Brahmans of Bengal, and, although taking wives from ground-rent ; fixed portion of tax payable at a certain time.

the other tribes, allow their daughters to marry only into Kanderutta, Mai. (ca>6)6»T§^(5Yjri) Survey, mensuration ;

one of the Khat-kul. The Samaria class is also called measuring and estimating land.

Saryu- or Sarju-pdria, living beyond the Sarju or Gagra Kandhara, or KandharI, incorrectly, Kundra, Uriya
river, or chiefly in Gorakhpur. The Sanaudhas are met (OQGJ) The class of mountaineers called Khand, or

with principally in Rohllkhand and the upper and central an individual of it, employed sometimes as village watch-

Doab, extending westwards to Gwallor. The Jijhotias are men : see Khand.
settled to the south-west. The Bhoonhdrs are found with Kandhora, Guz. (i^'H^il) Hiring cattle for ploughing.

the Sarwarias in Oudh, and spread to the hills of Bun- Kandi, Tam., Mai. (<5<S?5CTUJ., d9)6»^) A measure of weight
delkhand. The term Kanaujia is applied, however, to commonly, Kandy, but more correctly, Khandi, q. v.

other than Brahmanlcal tribes, and we have Kanaujia Kandoi, Guz. (%«'tla ) A confectioner, a sugar-baker.

Kurmis, or agricultural castes, and even Kanaujia Thugs. KiNDOLi, KIndolen, Mar. (oUtdldbl , <3|iTj'^3t») A ridge of

Kanavattam, Tam. (srTOTnrsULll—LQ) A small quantity of earth in a field to detain water.

oil daily allowed by the oilmakers to the owner or head Kandra, or Khandra, (?) A class of slaves in Cuttack of

man of the village, and to the village officers and servants. an impure caste.

Kanchani, H. (S. ,c%^ ) A dancing girl, by caste as well Kandu, Tam. {s>si!S^®) A field of corn.

as profession. Kandu-mudal, Tam. (<S(5OTr®(tpS60) Actual produce of

Kanchari, Mar. ( 4r^^) Kanchkah, H. {J^^, from S. a field when reaped and threshed.

oRT^, or «hN, glass) A glassworker, a caste working in Kanduhrushi, Mai. (eft 6*t§ Refill) Government agriculture,
glass and crystal. '
cultivation on account of government.

Kanchar-katti, (? -pattt) Mar. A tax on the makers of Kandu, H. (S. jjJi^) A sugar-boiler.

glass bracelets. Kanduketta, Mai. ( <ft6v-ig6)cft§) Confiscation, sequestration.

Kanche, Tel. i^oTS) A hedge; waste or fallow land. Kanduli, Karn. (0005"°^) A fixed rate of assessment.

Kanchekotta, Tel. (SOU'S'^U) x thick hedge round a Kanduri, H. ii^j^^iS) A ceremony observed in honour of
fort oxitslde the ditch, as an additional defence. some holy person, at which prayers are offered for their

Kanchtt, Karn. (DOUO) Mixed metal, brass, bell metal. good, or food is prepared and distributed ; when celebrated
Kanchugdr, Karn. (DOaj-O A dO) A brazier, a worker in In honour of Fatima it is entrusted to women.
mixed metal. Kane, Karn. (Srj) A roller or cylinder of a mill, whether
Kand, H. (A. iJJu) Sugar, sugar-candy : see Khand. horizontal or perpendicular.

KaNDACHARADAVA, or KANDiCHARADAVjiLIKlRA, Karn. Kangal, H. (JlQi ) Poor, miserable, bankrupt, vagrant.

Bo'^?S^66'6^ §0^38F-ac5S5T^£)DT)5, from ^OUB- Kangdlam, Mai. A class of predial slaves in Malabar.
25^0j military) An armed peon, a kind of militia soldier, Kangarivero Guz. (%oOl3(pi':^l) A money-tax in com-
employed on civil duties, as well as serving in war. mutation of grain paid by the cultivators in some places
;

Kanddchdrada-batwedde, Karn. (fromJa<amcie, S^^JcO do, a duty on grain.

pay) The pay of militia. Kanqni, H. Kangoni, Karn. (O0X/®&)) a kind
(^J^)
Kanddchdravajd, Karn. (from vajd, ^^~e), deduction) of grain much eaten by the poorer classes in many parts
Lands set apart for the pay of the militia, and therefore of India, millet (Panicum italicum).
deducted from the revenue. Kangi, H. {^_^) A granary, a store of grain.
Kandam, or Kandu, Tam. (S(5dbri_LQ, aSCOT®) Sugar, KXni, corruptly, Cawney, Tel. ("S^&) Tam. (arTSSCfl)
sugar-candy. Karn. (S~3D) In numbers, an 80th firactlonal part, or
257 3 u
 KAG KAI
sometimes one 64th ; but the word is more generally known Kani bhagoa, Uriya (0|SSJ,1G?||S11 ) Labourers in Cuttack
as the denomination of a land measure at Madras, in the paid both in money and kind.

Camatif, and the south-eastern provinces of the peninsula: KAnike-kAnb, or Kanike-kappa, Karn. (OT)S)OD~9£S,
it varies in different places, but the standard is considered D dODDoO) A present from an inferior to a superior, a

to be equal to 24 Manais, or grounds ' of 2400 square subscription, a donation.

feet each, being equal, therefore, to 57,600 square feet. By KANfLi, Thug. Earrings; gold.

another computation it is made equal to the same number Kanina, S., and in most dialects, (o«i«i1'T0 The son of an
of square adis, or 57,600 native feet, each adi being equal unmarried woman.
to inches 10.47. By the latter measurement, the kam is KanjAh, H. {js^) Kanjaki, Mar. (oRsTT^) A low class

not quite an English acre ; by the former it is something of people, who live by making and selling strings of

more, or 1.322. In Cuttack a kdni (Qjgl) is only a hemp and cotton, also who catch and eat snakes.

hand's-breadth. Kanjariyu, Karn. (oOajOooX)) Class of ropemakers.

Kani, Tam. (e&rrsoofl) Property, possession, right of pos- KAnji, corruptly. Conjee, Conje, Kongy, H. (S. jsr'li)

session, hereditary right. Rice-water in general, although it properly denotes rice-

Kdni-haran, Tam. (siTiSnoflsrTD'OnT) A hereditary pro- water which has been converted into an acid beverage by

prietor, or a hereditary coparcener in village lands held in acetous fermentation.

common. Kankana, vernacularly also Kankan, and Kangan, or

Kdni-merai, Tam. (arrsCCflSLDOSDIT) A portion of grain Kungun, S. (oh'^'lU) A bracelet, a string, or riband

claimed by the Mirasidars of the Tamil countries as a tied round the wrist, especially at marriages, round the
perquisite from all taxable lands. right wrist of the bridegroom and the left of the bride

Kdni-peru, Tam. ((SrT(3OTfl©LJ(r^) The greatness or dig- the practice, originally Hindu, has been adopted by the
nity of holding landed property, a term used in con- Mohammadans in India, and the tying and untying of the
veyances of Mirasi rights. hangan are important parts of their marriage ceremonies.

Kdni-sutantaram, Tam. ist^nf^rjio, S. ^115^, indepen- KANKlNAMjTam. ((SCCnrsrrcnCTLQ) Watching, inspection ;

dence) Independent hereditary right or property : see the next. a fee paid for watching the crop between the field and
Kdniydtchi, vernacularly or corruptly, Canachi, Kandchi, the stack.

Cainatchy,&<i. Tam. (siTCOTflLUrTL-ffl, from Kdni, and Kankdni, Tam. (ssnCTSrTCnofl) An inspector of crops.

dtchi, power or dominion) That which is held in free and Kankae, Kunkuk, corruptly, Conkar, H. &c. ifJi, from
hereditary property ; hereditary right to lands, fees of office, S. oircr, a piece) Kankar, Ben. (^°^^) A coarse kind

or perquisites, held by members of village communities, or of limestone found in the soil in many parts of Hindustan,

by village officers, in the Tamil countries ; equivalent to underlying the alluvial soil in large tabular strata, or in-

the Arabic term Mirdsi, used likewise in that part of India. terspersed through the superficial mould in nodules of

Kdniydtchi-kdran, Tam. (S. smjOTT) A hereditary pro- various sizes, though usually small; also, gravel, hard

prietor of land or privileges. sand.

Kdniydtchi-mdniyam, Tam. (UHTSCnflLULQ) A portion of Kankaldt, Hindi ('#'<JE<5I3) Soil of a stiff sandy loam, as

land held by each hereditary proprietor free of assessment. hard as kankar (Puraniya).

Kdniydlan^ldim. (arrSJSCflU-irrefTOOT) An inheritor of land. Kankari, H. {i_sfli) Gravel.

KdndicU-gdr, Karn. (U~c)rJc)h-TrS)^) Proprietor of a Kankreld, Kankrili, H. (Ju^Lii, ^Jj^j^i, ^oR^QTi)
hereditary estate. Stony, gravelly (as soil).

Kdndtchi-grdma, Kam. (O^^raS^^TTB;^) A hereditary Kanki, or Kanaki, H. (jX*^. S. ohflUehl) Ground rice;

village. (This and the preceding, as well as KdndtcM, Tel. (SOS) Head or ear of corn.

hereditary property, are provincial modifications in Mysore Kanna, Kam. (oOrO) Kannam, Tam. (SOTcSOTLQ) A
of the Tamil Kdniydtchi^ pit, a hole, a breach in the wall of a house.

Kani, Kam. (0~3E)) a. piece of inferior land not included Kannagdr, Kannadakali, Karn. (OOr<5~Ao)^, DOrC$(5S^)
in that which is rented. A housebreaker, a burglar.

258
 KAN KAN
Kanna-vitti-mane,Ka.m. (OOrOSiej^co) A house broken KAnta, Thug. The braying of an ass as an omen : at set-

open. ting out on an expedition it should be heard on the right

Kanna-hdvulu, Tel. (?) Wells of stone masonry, where at halting, on the left : at any time in front it is unlucky.

the water is some way below the surface : see Bdoli. KAnta, Mar.'(clrfrr, from S. '^#^) Shavings from a turn-

Kannwdyakkdl,1am. (sSiroTOTOTSLirTLlJcE&arT^) A small ing lathe: edge, border, coast, boundary or suburb of a

water-course for irrigation. village.

Kannar, Tam. (SCITOTSSDrcr) Fields on the same level, so Kdntdri, Mar. (oh'lKlO ) A caste or a member of it, whose
as to be capable of irrigation from the same channel. business it is to work with a lathe in wood or ivory, a

Kannarru, Tam. (aczscrsccrmfflj) Water-course for the turner, a cabinet-maker.

supply of a rice field. Kanta, H. (UuI^, S. oKT^t) a pair of scales: a thorn, a

Kanni, Mai. (d&srnl) A plot of land from eight to fourteen fork.

feet long, and five to eight broad, set apart for evaporating Kdntd-muharrir, H. {K. jjsT^) A clerk employed to note

or manufacturing salt; a salt bed or pan. and register weighments.

KanphIta Jogi, H. (S. ^^^ IJt^V) A religious mendi- Kdntd, or Kdtd-mornamal, (?) Mar. A cess formerly levied

cant or Jogi, distinguished by wearing large metal ear- upon each house in a village, imposed, it is said, by a dis-

rings ; thence named Kdn-phdta, split-eared. trict collector v^hose feet had been wounded by thorns when
Kans, H. (S. ij«JK) Kansta, Ben. C^'Tfl) Kansamu, Tel. inspecting the village fields.

( "S^OrO ^X)) Mixed metal, bell or queen's metal ; brass, Kanta, KanthI, H. (?) Poor soil, near the Jumna.

whether white or yellow. Kanthi, KanthiA, Kunthi, Kunthee, Kuntheita, H.

Kajisdlavddu, or Kansdli, Tel. (^0,3^0 oJ^&:), -g-°o<0'S) (j^^Xvi, Ij-fOJ", from S. «ir7!3, the throat) A necklace, any

A gold or silversmith, a worker in the precious metals, ornament worn round the neck, a string of beads worn as
by caste as well as occupation, one of the five chief left- a necklace by the head of a religious establishment, as a
hand castes at Madras : the other four are the Kanchari mark of dignity ; also one made of difierent kinds of wood
or brazier ; Kammari, blacksmith ; Vadlangi, carpenter ;
or seeds, worn by mendicants and ascetics, and sometimes
and Kdsi, stonemason ; these intermarry and eat together, carried in the hand as a rosary.

and take the lead in all disputes with the right-hand castes : KAnthan, Thug. A knife.

the distinction of right and left-hand castes is peculiar to KantirAi-varaha, Karn. (DO^etTBcXU^SSoS ) A coin of
the south of India, and is of modern origin, having been account in Mysore, equal to ten gold fanams, called com-
introduced at Conjeveram as a piece of civil policy, in- monly Cantarai, or Cantaroy fanams, each weighing
tended to divide the people, and diminish their power. about six grains, and of inferior quality, and worth in

Kancharavita, Karn. (003j-oS)o) A mendicant belong- Madras silver currency, about Rs. 2 . 14.8.
ing to the five classes of artificers. Kantu, or Kantaka, Karn (ooo:), DOoo) A stipulated or

Kdnsdr, or Kdsdr, Mar. (oRi^n?;, oirreTT) Kdnsdri, Ben. fixed term of payment, an instalment.
(^°3rtft) Kanchari, Tel. (S'oa^S) Kdnchkdr, Karn. Kantdgu, Karn. (oOSoAO) A stipulated term for payment
(a dOarD do) A man of a caste whose occupation is to be made in part.

working in mixed metal, a brazier, a coppersmith (from Kantu-patra, Karn. (from S. iT^ , a leaf) A written agree-
the S. Kdnsya hard). ment to pay by instalments.
Kasbhara, Kusihura, H. Oj^y^J) The class or caste of Kantawan, Mar. (?) A tax on looms, a fee levied by the
workers in mixed metals, braziers, also melters and casters head village officers from the money-changers of the village.

in moulds : these people, of whom there are in Hindustan Kanuju, Tel. (^SSjai-') An artificial water course for

various divisions, have a conventional or slang dialect irrigation.

peculiar to themselves. KANtJN, Kanoon, plural KawAnin, H. (A. ^^ylj, j^ly)

Kdsdr-hangar, or -hongar, (?) Mar. A man of an inferior it is similarly written in most dialects, but in Maratha it

caste, whose occupation is working in brass, making pots occurs as Kanit, Kanoo, ('^^) A rule, a regulation, a
and pans, and armlets and anklets of mixed metal. law, a statute.

259
 KAN KAR
Kanubdh, Mar. ('SlilTT^^) A cess formerly levied by Za- Kanyd-varana, S. (from ^iS, selecting) Rehearsing the

mindars in the Maratha provinces. genealogy of the contracting parties at marriages.

Kdnu-jabta, Mar. (cFT|»n^rn, from A. I^lo, a rule) A Kdnyd-kubja, S. (from WaiToirai, the city of Kanauj) Be-
code, a compendium of the regulations established in any longing to, originating with, i&c, the city of Kanauj :

province. see Kanaujiya.

Kdnuribyatirihta, Uriya (from S. ^ifiTfT^t, opposed) Con- Kanz, H. (a. (jo'u) Treasure.

trary to law or rule, unlawful, illegal. Kap, Ben. (^'f) The name of a subdivision of the Va-

Kdnungo, Kanoongo, or Canoongo, corruptly, Canongoe, rendra Brahmans of Bengal, inferior to the Kulin tribe

H. (from P. ^, speaking, or who speaks) lit, An ex- of the same.

pounder of the laws, but applied in Hindustan especially to KIpadi, Guz. (%LHsl) A Hindu who has performed pil-

village and district revenue-officers, who, under the former grimages to Hinglaj ; Mar. (etims*)) A religious mendi-

governments, recorded all circumstances within their sphere cant carrying a red flag, and selling rosaries, the sacred

which concerned landed property and the realization of thread, holy water, &c.

the revenue, keeping registers of the value, tenure, extent, Kapale, Kapali, or Kapile, corruptly, Kumpli, Tel.,

and transfers of lands, assisting in the measurements and Kam. (SX])~Sj fe)S, fe^) A frame-work and pul-
survey of the lands, reporting deaths and successions of ley with a leathern bucket attached, fixed over a well, from

revenue-payers, and explaining, when required, local prac- which the water is drawn up in the bucket raised by oxen
tices and public regulations: they were paid by rent-free passing up and down an inclined plane from the mouth
lands and various allowances and perquisites. of the well ; used generally in Hindustan, as well as in

Kdnungo'i, corruptly, Canoongoey, H. (^^^yls) The office the Dakhin : the well from which the water is so raised.

of Kanungo : this was abolished in Bengal at the time of Kapnavvtal, Mar. (cBTJTR^, from Kdpne, c)rra^, to cut

the permanent settlement, but was preserved in Benares and or reap) The cost of reaping corn, hewing wood, or the like.

the Ceded and conquered provinces. Beng. Reg. iv. 1808. Kappa, or Kappam, Karn., Mai. (*^, <^g--Jo) Tribute,

Kdnungo'i-daftar, H. (from P. yid ) The record or office tax, offering.

of the Kanungo. Kappada-hana, Karn. (ooJObb£3) Tribute money.

Kdnungo-tdlukdar, H. (from A. P. i1J>SJ\jJ) A district re- Kappabagavaru, Karn. (So^oXSoj) An order of religious

venue officer in Cuttack, holding certain lands rent-free mendicants of the Lingamite sect.

in virtue of his office. Kapha, H. (S. V^) Kapar, Mar. (grrTs) Cloth, clothes.

Kanwa, H. (*yi) A measure of capacity, the sixteenth part KIpsi, Thug. Any kind of corn or vegetable in the ground
of a sir. before harvest.

Kanwai, Hindi (c|l';T=r^) Clayey soil in muddy hollows, which KIpu, Kapoo, Tel., Karn. {"^oS) Guarding, watching,

in the dry season is formed into detached nodules by the protection.

action of underground springs : it is generally unpro- Kdpari, Tel. (~S^oJ6) A watchman, a watcher.
ductive : (Puraniya). Kapu, Tel. ( "S^oe!) ) A cultivator, a husbandman, a Ryot
KanyA, S. &c. ( cF"aiT) A maid, a virgin, a girl of nine or it is also commonly applied in the Telinga provinces to

ten years of age. the principal cultivator or head man of a village.

Kanyd-ddna, vernacularly, Kanydddn, S. &c. (STT, a gift) Kar, Kub, or Kara, H. &c. (S.^, oRt) Tribute, toll, tax,

The presentation of the bride to the bridegroom by her the revenue of the state, settled allowance to village officers

parent or guardian, the giving of a girl in marriage, a and servants.

gifl to a girl upon her marriage, a dower. Karamorwa, Mai. (<fl>(06)Ci9SPlaj) Exemption from tax,

Kanyd-pdni-grahana, S. (from fdni, VnfJS, the hand, and granted by the sovereign.
grahana, '4|^i||, taking) The taking of the bride's hand Karachchunham, Mai. (ce>ro.^893o) Land customs, transit

by the bridegroom at the marriage ceremony. duty.

Kanyd-futra, or -suta, S. &c. ( ^ra, or TCJi, a son) The Karagrdhak, Ben. (^^2t1^) A collector of revenue, a tax

son of an unmarried girl. gatherer.

260
 KAR KAR
Kar-sthdpana, Mar. (from S. WT'l'T, Sthdpana, placing) or division, under the Mdmalatddr,. or district collector.

Imposing a cess or tax. Kdrkuni, Mar. (giTT.'^^t) The office or function of a Kdr-
Kar, Kue, Mar. (oR^) Used in composition with the name Mn, or his fees or perquisites: a cess levied on the Ryots

of a town or village, to signify an inhabitant of it, as, to pay the expense of maintaining a government Kdrhun
Solkar, an inhabitant, originally, of the village of an extra allowance for household expenses made to any

Hola. public functionary, any thing relating to him or his services.

Kah, Kur, Mai. Sort, quality ; (but ? if it is not rather Kdrkhdna, corruptly, Karconna, Karkanna, H. &c. (<)JU-,1^)

Katta (dftig ), pronounced like Kar, a lump of earth ; for An office or place where business is carried on ; but it is

no such meaning as that assigned to it in Walker's Re- in use more especially applied to places where mechanical

port appears in the Dictionary). work is performed ; a workshop, a manufactory, an arsenal,

Pasama-kar, Mai. (from aJC/3, fat) The best sort of soil, a also, fig., to any great fuss or bustle.

rich, greasy clay. Kdrkhdnaddr, H. &c. (P.jb) A keeper of a shop or

Masi-pasama, Mai. (? rasi or rdsi, a mixture of earth and factory, a superintendant of a manufactory.

sand) Middling or mixed soil. Kdrhhdndnis, Mar. (oBK^OT^'ftH) A clerk or record keeper

Masi-kar, Mai. A poor light soil. in a factory, a clerk of the works.

KXr, H. &c. (p. J^, S. Karya, SfH^, from ^, to do) Act, Kdrkird, Mar. ('SliTColf^t) Reign, administration, the du-

affair, work, business. ration of a reign.

Kdrhdr, H. {J^.J^,
from the P. j\>, a burden) Affair, bu- Kdranda, incorrectly, Kdrindah, H. (P. iSiJi) An agent,

siness, public business. a manager, an attorney, an officer.

Kdrhhdr, Mar., Kam. (cERvnt, D^^?5~SJiD, from the S. Kdrani, Mar. (cFlwt, from S. chK<U, cause) A manager,

Bhdra, HK, a burden) Affairs, business, especially affairs one who conducts affairs, a prime minister, a supercargo

of state, or the business of a mercantile concern, any af- of a ship, &c.

fairs of importance and responsibility : in Cuttack it means Kdrigar, Kareegur, H. &c. (j^J^) Ben. Kdrikar, (<pini<?fl)
merely trade. A workman. Mar. (ojnTfJjR) A good workman.
Kdrbdri, or Karbhdri, incorrectly, Carbarree, H., Mar. Kdrigari, H. i^ij^J^) Workmanship, art, the skill or

(^jbiO, chKHiO) A person conducting affairs, a minister, employment of a workman or artisan.

a public officer, a merchant, a manager, a shopkeeper. Kdrsdz, H. (P. jLi, making) A man of business, one skilled

Kdrbarddr, H. (P. j^i^ji, who bears) A man of business, in affairs ; whence also Kdrsdzi, Dexterity, adroitness,
a manager, a minister, &c., whence Kdrbarddri, Conduct cleverness in business.

of afiairs. Kdrsdzi, H. {.lSJ^J^j Management, conducting business,

Kdrchob, H. (from S-N^ « a stick) Embroidery ; an em- &c. ; Karsdji in Hindi also has the meaning of partner-
broiderer. ship ; and in Bengali, a plea or pretext, an act of fraud.

KdrchoM, H. Embroidered, embroidery. Kdru, Mar. (S. oET^) A workman, an artisan, a village

Kdrddr, Sindh (P. j^iiJC) An agent, especially of the go- artist or servant, any one of the Bara Balute.
vernment. Kdrubdri, or -bhdri, Kam. (D dOOeo dS) A manager, a
Kdrgdh, H. (P. xlS, a place) A workshop, a factory; a ruler, a superintendant.

weaver s loom, or weaving apparatus. Karuhdru, or -bhdru, Kam. (5~9o0ia tsoo, see above,

Kd/rgdhi, H. Any thing relating to a workshop ; an impost Karbdr) Rule, management, government; Kdruvdru,
formerly levied on weavers' looms, abolished by Reg. ii. Tam. (sit rejSLirT^) Authority of revenue officers over
1795, where the word is written Khergui. the cultivators.

Kdrhun, H. (from P. ^^, Kun, making or performing) Kdrya, S. (oRI'iS, what is to be done) modified in the dialects

KdrMn, Karkoon, Carcoon, Mar. (cji^^) A clerk, as Kdj, Kdrj, H. {^, >r-J^X aid so pronounced in Ben-
a writer, a registrar ; used also generally among the Ma- gali, although written correctly (^t^), Kariyamu, Tel.

rathas for an agent or manager in financial and revenue col- (i^dS:i^^\K&riya,K&rn.(^^<^)Kdriyam,QOTui-^t\y,

lections : an inferior revenue officer in charge of a taraf, Carram, Tarn. (SfTI^LJUUi) Affair, business, transaction,

261 3x
 KAR KAR
any necessary act, as the marriage or funeral ceremony, a Karada, or Karda, Mar. («ir^^) The proprietor of an

civil affair, a lawsuit, a subject of judicial investigation. estate by purchase, not by grant or inheritance.
Kariyakkaran, or Kariyakuranddran,Tam. (arTCflLUcS- Karada, Karn. (ooQ ) Dry grass gathered on the hills.

smjCST, SrrcflUJgjrjITSrTUflnT) A man of business, Karada-Utti, Karn. (S^^asfeS ) a tax in lieu of hill

a manager, an agent, a conductor of affairs, whether for grass formerly levied from the Ryots (Mysore).

himself or another ; the principal shareholder or Mirasi- Karadige, Karn. (ooOTK) A silver box for holding the

dar of a village deputed to act for his coparceners. phallus worn by the Lingaits.

Kdrji, Tel. {^^a3E^) Uriya (Q1Q§) A village officer, Kahadu, Tel., Karn. (sOiao) Rough, as an account, or
the head of a village, charged with revenue and judicial as the draft of an official document ; also, rough, coarse,

functions, or the accountant of a village, but sometimes as paper.

filling the office of head man or manager, collecting the Karaghattu, Tel. (so^pj) The dam of a river.

revenue from the villagers, and engaging for its payment Karagpattadi, Karn. (ooXoOUQ) A tax levied on
to the government, in Cuttack : lit., a man of business, or goods manufactured in towns, or imported into them for

one who does any thing that is to be done. sale.

Kdrj-kdri, Ben. (^t^^tSt) A man of business, an agent, Karahi, H. (S. ,e*^j^) A shallow iron pot or vessel for

a manager, any one who does what is to be done. cooking ; whence Kardhilend, lit,. To take the boiler, is

Kdryo/tiirnaya, S. ('PtT^> ascertainment) Investigation of a sort of ordeal in which the accused takes out a piece

an affair, judgment, decision. of gold which has been dropped into a vessel of boiling

Kdryarodha, S. (from ^V, impeding) Enforcing payment oil, ,and if he does so without being scalded he is acquitted.

of a debt by preventing the debtor from following his usual Karai, corruptly, Caray, Tam. (SOODfj) A portion of land,

occupations. especially a share in a Mirasi, or hereditary coparcenary

Kah, Tam. (arTO") The ploughing season in the months village, originally, in general, a determinate and entire

of August-September ; rice growing in the rainy season, share. (It is said sometimes to consist of four pangs
and reaped in the last months of the year ; the first or ipangus) shares or subdivisions of villages held by Brah-
lesser rice crop. mans rent-free, but this is perhaps incorrect. — Fifth Rep.

Kara, Mai. (d&ro) Kabe, Karn. (^^) Karai, Tam. p. 826.

(<5<335Cr) Bank, border, shore, edge or selvage of cloth ; JTaraJ-Aar-flsw, Tam. (SoOSDUSSITd'OTT) A proprietor of a

in Mai. also a small village or hamlet. determinate share in a coparcenary village.

Kardkdr, Mai. (dairoOAOfO) The principal inhabitants of -Sr«raJ-jpaM^M,Tam. (tEBCCDCTLJrSJQ) A share in the village

a village or neighbourhood. lands. (From pangu, a share, the word intended by pung
Karaikattu, Tam. (s<3BDrJi5SL_®) A prop or buttress for in the 5th Rep., and not representing •pum or hkum, land,

raising or strengthening a bank. as proposed in the Glossary).

Karehattavdru, Karn. (ooofejoj d)O0) Persons whose oc- Karai-ydlan, Tam. (firom ajjeTTOOT, a lord or master) The

cupation is working ornamental borders to blankets. proprietor of a hereditary share in a village.

Kara, Mai. (<fetPo) An opening in the embankment of a Karai-yidu, Tam. (QStniJLU®) An agreement amongst

field by which water may flow from one field into another. the coparceners of a village for a temporary change of

Kara, S. &c. («Ft:) The twenty-fifth year of the cycle. their respective shares.

Kara, Mar. (S. efiTCT) A prison : usually compounded with KIrak, Mar. ('^K^) Customs paid by merchants.

words signifying a house, as, Kdrdgdra, Kdrdgriha, &c. KarakIl, Karn. (O^C^D^e)) The- rainy season.

Kara, Kura, Mar. (?) A form of oath: a leaf of Tulasi Kdragadde, Karn. (D~9oa3) Cultivation in the wet season.

and a cup of Ganges water, placed upon some sacred book, Karakam, Mai. (cSaJPAo) Mean service in a temple.

are held by a person on his head whilst he gives evidence Karakasa, or KarkasA, Tel. (S'SSc3-°, p. tj^^^) Quarrel,

if no domestic affliction befalls him within a few days dispute, tumult.

his testimony is considered conclusive (perhaps from one Karakasd-bhumi, Tel. (S. «il'^, earth) Lands of which the
of the senses of Kara, oBT:, an unlucky day). boundaries are in dispute.

262
 KAR KAR
Karaka-terige, Karn. (oODS6"a) A tax formerly levied ferred in Malabar, of which four are particularized, as
on the import of goods into Chitaldrug. JTaranam-kayavidu-otti, Mai. The first deed executed in

KArAlan, Mai. (d9)0(O0^nr6) Possessor of freehold or private conveying landed property, by which two-thirds of the sum
property : the agent or manager of the lands of a temple to be lent or advanced to the owner are specified.

on the part of the founder or endower. Karanam-otti-kamparam, The second deed, in which a
KARAMBU,KARAMBAi,barbarously,CRAM:BO,Tam.(<3CrU2l_|, further sum of twenty per cent, on the sum specified in

iBrjLQ<3DDLj) Waste or uncultivated land, and which is of the preceding is engaged to be paid.

two kinds Sekal-harambu, which is capable of culti- Karanam-hudima-nir, or -nir-matal, The third deed, en-

vation, although neglected for some time ; and Anddi- gaging for a further advance of twenty per cent., con-

harambu, waste from time immemorial, and which cannot firmed by drinking water {nir) from the estate, presented

be cultivated with any prospect of advantage. to the proprietor.

Karambi, Tam. (arTrrrTLQLjl) A basket or other apparatus Karanam-atiipet-ola, The fourth deed, by which the pur-

for throwing up water. chaser engages to pay up any balance that may remain,

Karan, corruptly, Kerbun, H. (A. ^^^) Conjunction of and the Janmkar finally parts with all hold upon the pro-

the planets, an astrological period of any ten years, from perty. —Report on Tenures in Malabar.

10 to 120. Karanappira, Mai. (d9>(Oi5inonJl£p) A fine for executing

Karana, S. &c. (neuter «m,<!f) Doing, act, means, instru- documents or title-deeds on an unstamped ola or papers,
ment, an organ of sense : (masc. oIRJU:) A doer of any or contrary to regulation.

thing ; also, the name of a mixed caste, or an individual KIranam, S., and in all the dialects either as Kdran or

of it, said to have sprung from a Sudra mother and Vaisya Kdranam, (ysXtM) Cause, origin, motive.

father, or, according to some, from a degraded Kshatriya Kdranavan, commonly, Karnaven, Mai. (oa>3(06inoojnf6)
by a pure Kshatriya female ; his occupation is writing The head or origin of a family, a father, a forefather, an

and accounts: a scribe or writer, a clerk, and, in some ancestor, a lord or master.

places, a collector of revenue, a tax-gatherer : (the word Karancha, Mai. (i&i^srBxS) A weight of four kinds, as equal

is used in all the dialects, sometimes modified as to mean- to ten, twelve, thirteen, or twenty-one fanams.
ing, as in the following). Karanjachi-bij-gutta, Kam. (5^c^oaia?83arfXbS^) a
Karanamu, Karanam or Karnam, corruptly, Curnum, tax on gathering wild cocoa-nuts (Mysore).
Tel. (so£3^>D) Karanika, commonly, Kurnih Karn. KAElNTf, H. (^j/) Karati, Ben. (<i?sii\sl) A sawyer.

( DOw^O ) A village accountant, one of the chief officers KarIr, H. {K.j\ji) Fixedness, stability, confirmation : it

of a village: in the Telinga provinces he is usually a is loosely used for a written agreement or engagement.

Brahman, in the Tamil a Sudra, of the Pilli tribe. Kardr-i-jamd-dahsdla, H. (from P. iii, ten, and JL<, a
Karaniham, Tel. (soOso) The office of a scribe or ac- year) The decennial settlement ; the assessment of the re-

countant. venue of Bengal for ten years, preparatory to the perpetual

Karnika-mirdd, Tarn. The hereditary fees or perquisites settlement.

of the village accountant. Kardr-ndma, H. &c. (P. <C«U) A written contract or en-

Karanika-varttana, or Karnik-varitan, Karn. (S.S o^F~rO, gagement.

wages) A cess levied originally for the support of Kardr-saghadi, (?) Tel. Stipulated cultivation, as com-
the district accountant, but consolidated with the public pared with what has been actually executed.
revenue by Tipu. Kardr-vdk, Tel. (fi-om S. ^Toir, speech) Fixed estimate, verbal

Kardni, vulgarly. Cranny or Grannie, H. (jSlfi eRT^raft) agreement.

Kerdni, Ben. (4<Psliwi) A clerk, a scribe, a man who by Karab, (?) H. A class of agriculturists in the district of
caste and occupation is a writer or accountant. Mainpuri.
Karanam, Mai. (<&>(Qeroo, same as the S. 'SfJjt) A deed, Karau, Curao, H.
(jI^)
Marriage of a widow with the
a title-deed, a bond, any legal writing or document: it brother of a deceased husband, as practised amono- the Jats,

is especially applied to the deeds by which land is trans- Gujars, Ahirs, and other inferior tribes, in the north-west

26.3
 KAR KAR
provinces, although it is looked upon as disreputable : the Karjja, Ben. CF^) A loan, a debt : (vernacular corruption

term is also applied to concubinage. of Kar^, q. v.).

Kara VEPPU, Mai. (cfefOeoJo-J) Plantations on high grounds. Karjjaddr, Ben. (<i?«s|tTisi) A debtor.

Karawant, Mar. (elR^il) A particular tribe of Brahmans, Karka, (?) H. The tract that lies along the Jumna in

or a member of it some of the districts of the north-west provinces.

Karawo, (?) Sindhi, A man employed to watch the crops. Karkach, Kurkuch, Uriya (QQO) Salt obtained by solar

KArAtma, Mai. (AOfflOCm, probablyt he same as the Tam. evaporation.

Karai, q. V.) Freehold or private property. Karl, (?) Mar. Hard or gravelly black soil.

Kdrdyma-karan, Mai. (tfijOfOOCgcBjOiOnrf)) A proprietor of Karma, S., used in all the dialects, sometimes modified, as

freehold land. Kahm, Kabam, Kabamam, Karumam, Kamma, Kam,

Kdrdyma-tetiam, Mai. (AOfDOCWeifm^o) Private property ( oK»^) Act, action, work ; any act of piety or religion,

obtained by purchase. as sacrifice, marriage-ceremony, fiineral obsequies, duty or

Karba, Thug. Secure and complete burial (Dakh Thug). acts obligatory on tribe or caste ; fate, as the consequence

Karba, Karbi, Guz. (^S'^l. %Snl) Stalks or straw of of acts.

different grains. Karmachdri, corruptly, Kerimcharry, Ben. (S. ^M&ifll)

Karba-pafi, Guz. (^S^'lHiil) A tax on straw, originally Karamchdri, H. (uS;^=^^) In Bengal, an officer ap-

levied in kind, afterwards commuted for money. pointed by a Zamindar, or payer of revenue, to collect

KabdI, H. ( iJji ) Exchange, barter, balance of value be- the revenues, and arrange the affairs of a village ; a factor,

tween goods or coins. a steward.

Karda, Man (? corruption of KarthA) The denomination Karmahdra, S. ( oRT^cRR) Kdmdr, Ben. (^W^) Kam-
or heading under which the names of the actual culti- mari, Kammaravddu, Tel. (s^8, s^o<»jr°Qo) Xam-
vators or the fields are registered. mdra,Kammdravanu,Kani. (DO^XTSS", DO^XJSfi'jSrNX))

Karh, Thug. Search or inquiry after Thugs. Karmmakdran, Mai. (cejQClcejOronfb) An ironsmith, a
Karhu, Thug. A searcher afler, or disturber of. Thugs. blacksmith, one of the five chief castes of the left-hand

Kabhai, Thug. A feast. castes in the south.

KarhuI, H. ()ja,i) A loan, a debt, a premium on a loan, Kammdlan, Tam. (iSLQLQrTSfTOOT) An artificer, a handl-
a deduction from the sum lent. crafi;sman, especially one of five orders, stonemasons, car-

Kariah, H. (a. J!jJ>) a village. penters, blacksmiths, brasiers, and goldsmiths.

KARfB, H. (lw-o_yi, plural AkribA, \)Js\) lit Near, near to Kammavddu, Tel. (S&^oJr°QJ) a, caste of Telinga gudras,
also, near in relationship, a kinsman, a relative, a con- commonly called Kammavars ; they are numerous, and
nexion by birth or marriage, excepting the relation of chiefly engaged in agriculture.

parent and child. Kammarikamu, Tel. (S^6s^X)) The agricultural caste

Kardhat, or Kurbat, H. (A. Lli^j/i. \JL.^) Propinquity, called Kammavars.

relationship. Karamvero, Guz. (%^'H°l«(.D A poll-tax.

Ktirb-jamd/r, H. {j\y^^) Near neighbourhood. Kammittam, Mai. (sftCialgo) Coining, making money.

KArikA, or KIhika-vriddhIj S. (oinft«liT, c|rrft«in^fl[0 Kammittapura, Mai. {<&,CilS\Sp^(0) A mint

Stipulated interest ; also Kdritdvriddhi (ojrriTriHrd). Kabnavedha, S. &c. (eF^, the ear, and ^IV, piercing)

Kabimeyan, plural Kakimeyaru, (?) Karn. A class of Piercing the lobes of the ear of A child, a ceremony re-

slaves in Kanara, a division of the Dhers. quired to be observed previous to tonsure.

Kahimpattan, (?) A class of agricultural slaves in Malabar. KAROpi, Tel. (SO^"C) An overseer, an inspector or

Karinun H. (y;ji(_?;l^, for kdll, black) Black salt, an superintendant.

impure preparation of a medicinal salt, or muriate of Karpasa, or Karpasa, vernacularly, KapAs, corruptly,

soda. KeBPAS, KeRP, CoPAS, S., &C. (eE^Sar, oRl^^J, ^jJj^,

KARiz, H. (P.Ji^l^) A water-course, especially one con- "SRV^Tll) Cotton, the raw or undressed produce of the
structed for irrigation underneath the surface of the ground. Gossypium herbaceum; also, the plant

264
 KAR KAR
Karraima, (?) Mai. A verbal agreement, with a poorer Karttik, Mar. (»5Tf§c|r, perhaps from S. atTT, to cut) A very
tenant or cultivator. low caste, or member of it, whose business is that

Karbu, Tel. (S||>) KAru, Karn. (SD&) A ploughshare. of killing animals and selling the flesh ; the Hindu
KlRSAf, or KIrsAi, Mar. (cKK^t^, eRTT^Tt^ An impost in butcher.

kind, as com, straw, &c., from a village dependent or a Karu, Tel., Karn. ("S^&)) The wet season: the crop of
fort, for the use of the latter. rice sown in April, and reaped in June-July.
Karsal, Thug. The large male antelope : if he cross the Kdrubatta, Karn. (D dOJgJ 8J Rice growing in the hot
road from left to right it is a lucky omen ; if the reverse, season, and reaped in the rains.

unlucky. Kdrubele, Karn. (D dOOOy) The wet season crop,

Karsha, Karshapana, S. &c. ( out, oK^TRij) A v^eight of Kdrupanta, Tel. (SOOoJoeO) Rice sown in the wet
gold or silver equal to 16 mashas, or about 180 troy season, the chief crop of the Tamil countries: it is also

grains ; in Uriya, it is written Karisa, and means a brass applied to the lesser crop, or that which is sown in spring,

weight of four md/);has. and reaped in the rains.

Kahsha, S. &c. (cK^:) Ploughing, tillage. KAru, Tel., Karn. ("S-°&)) Karu, Tam. is>^) Black,
Karshaka, vernacularly, Karshah, and Krishak, S. &c. dark ; also, salt, saline, withered.

('«lit(«fc:) A ploughman, a cultivator. Kdrubhumi, Tel. (~S^6o^J-'t>j) Saline soD.

KartI, KarttA, S., but adopted in all the dialects, (oItSt) Edrukdya, Tel. {-^6o-^c6:>) Weak or blighted com.

KakttIva, Mai. (AfiiYZriOOJ) An agent, a maker, one who Karunkuruvai, Tam. (^(r^r^Q mj<S3D5u) A kind of
does any thing, a husband, a proprietor, an heir, one black rice of quick growth.

who has inchoate rights, the active or managing member Karunilam, Tam. (^(r^r^eDlIi) Black and barren soil.

of a family. Kdrupu, Tel. ("S-°c5o^) Naturally produced salt, saline

Karta, or Kabta, Mar. (chjril) An addition of IO5 sers efBorescenee.

to a palla, or 120 s6rs, on various articles of consump- Karuttakkadappu, Tam. {s>{r^B,B,e>S>L-LJl^) Black
tion ; this, with a further addition of 2 J sers, named paddy, or rice in the husk.

kdntd, makes up a pakka palla of 133 sers. KAru, Karn. (5^&) A blacksmith.

Karttani, or KatranI, H., Ben., &c., i^J>^, ^y^t from Karuman, Tam. {ea(rT^\iin(h)Karuvdn, Mai. (cBjCKfUOfrt)
S. eBiT, to cut) lit, Chippings, cuttings; applied also for- A blacksmith.

merly to unauthorised deductions from the revenue, under Karij, or Kabu, Mar. ( clf|) The offspring of a female slave,

various pretexts, from the payments by the revenue-payers or of a woman by a second marriage.

a cess imposed in some parts of Bengal before the per- Karu, Mai. (<ftg=) A stake with a sharp point, for im-
petual settlement, to compensate for such deductions. paling malefactors.

KIrti, (?) A division of the solar year, one twenty-seventh Karukuhun, (?) Tel. A gold pagoda, worth four rupees.

used for agricultural purposes, as the times of sowing, Karum, (?) Tam. The same as the markal, a measure of

reaping, &c. (Northern Circars). capacity holding about sixteen quarts.

KArttika, vernacularly, KArtik or KAtik, S. &c. (oRtfloir) KAruvAi, or KArwai, Tel. (~S^6:>cJ~°oX}) Estimated, as
The eighth month of the Hindu year (Oct.-Nov.), when produce.

the moon is fuU in Krittikd, or the Pleiades. Kdruvdi-daul, Tel. (from H. JjJ, mode) Demand on each
Kdrtikotsava, S. &c. (from TW^, a festival) A festival on Ryot's produce, according to the estimate.

the day of full moon, in the month Kdrtik. Karuvala, (?) Tel. The treasury or strong room of a temple.
Edrttika-phasal, Karn. (5r^_S,F-S^r6e)) The harvest of Karwa, Thug. A square or oblong grave for the bodies of

Kdrtik, the same as the Kharif crop of Hindustan, or the murdered.

that which is reaped between November and January. KarwAnsi, H. (^_5«Jl,y) The twentieth part of a Vhwdnsi;
Karttiksdli, Ben. (^^^*t1^) The rice crop of the a fractional portion of a joint-tenancy villaffe.

cold season, gathered after November : the principal har- KabwArA, H. (iijljj/, ^X^TU) The vessel or bucket fast-
vest in Bengal. ened to the rope of a lever employed to raise
water.
265 3 T
 KAR kAs
KaryAd, Mar. (<*5l^) A petty mahdl or district ; one com- Kasa, Tel. ("S^c3^) A son by a female slave.

prising ten or twelve villages, some belonging to one mahdl, KAsA, (?) Sindhi. A grain measure, j-^th part of a kharwar.

some to another. Kasab, H. &c. (a. t.^Mji) Trade, business, profession, art,

Kabz, H. (a. (^,epi) Kabj, Mar. (^) Ben. (^) Kaeaj. skill ; also, in Guz., gold and silver thread used in em-

Uriya, (QQ&) Kahju, Tel. (SaJ^F" ) Debt : in Moham- broidery.

madan law, besides the general sense, it implies a loan Kasdb-vero, Guz. (%^^n^l) Tax on occupations and
to be repaid by something dissimilar, but of equal value, crafts.

in distinction to Ariyat, the return of the identical thing Kasab, Kasai, H. &e. (<-_;Lo5, i^^) A butcher.

borrowed : a money loan, money lent at interest for an Kasdi duhdn gutta, Karn. (Dk)BCO:>&5re)rv$Xb_S^) A tax
indefinite time. in Mysore on butchers' stalls or shops.

Karjadaya, Ben. (^^tTftT) Paying a debt. Kas/Id, H. (a. Ci\mS) Want of currency or demand, a flat or

Karj-amdan, Mar. (oF^WI^tT, from the P. yj^Vol , to come) dull market.

The heading of that side of an account in which are to Kasam, Kasm, Kusum, Kusm, H. &c. (A. *«*») An oath.

be entered future receipts, in discharge of loans. Kasam-ndma, H. (P. <Juli) An affidavit.

Karjau, Mar. (^^T^) Money lent or borrowed at interest. Kasdmat, corruptly, Ktssimit, H. Administration of an oath,

Karz- or Karj-dar, corruptly, Kerzdar, H. &c. (jliX«e^', Kasab, Kusub, H. &c. (A. j-aS) Defect, deficiency, diminu-

«R»1^k) a debtor, a borrower. tion. In Mar. Kasar (oB^ar), as applied to accounts,

Karj-dddan, Mar. (oR^^^.T, from P. jjjJiii , to give) signifies departure from a correct or perfect balance,

The heading of the side of an account in which are whether through excess or deficiency, or the sum to be
entered payments of debts to be made. added to, or subtracted from, the totals on either side, to

Karzi or Karji, H. &c. (,='*;*) «li»ff) A debtor, a bor- make them agree.

rower ; any thing relating to a loan or debt. Kasaru, Karn. (OiOOO) Profit or loss on the exchange of

Karjhari, Mar. (ciT^oRX'^) A borrower, a lender ; an officer coins. (It seems likely that the Hindu dialects have

or servant employed to dun a debtor. made some confusion between the Arabic words, Kasar
Karjkhat, Mar. (oir^'3'iT) A note of acknowledgment of a ij^), deficiency, and Kasar, or Kaihar (yS), excess,

debt: also, Karj-ndma, anA Karj-rokha. and have blended the two meanings under one term.)
Karzhhndh, H. (jsl^s^y) A creditor, a dun. Kasar, Kasrdt, H. (jM, ei^l^) Profit and loss, a head of

Xirdz, A. {(_^1^') Repaying, borrowing, a debt : in law, an account so named.

a kind of partnership in which one party advances the Kasarpatti, Mar. (oRH^Mj^) Excess in distributing the

capital, the other the labour or skill, and the profits are undivided assessment ; a cess or tax imposed to make up
divided in stipulated proportions. for any deficit in the collections.

Kirdzi-kachheri, (^j^^^^iji) An office for the collection Kasarvarttdld, Mar. (op^^'^^iggT) Allowance for loss or

of outstanding revenue balances. gain upon the quantity of grain brought into and received

Kabji-kai, Karn. (0^E~0~SCXX5) A cess levied in back from the public storehouses by the farmers.

Mysore on the heads of the Lingamite establishments in Kasrat, corruptly, Kesraut, H. (CJ^jtt ) Difference, properly,

lieu of sweet cakes which they had been at one time in excess, between the land measure established by Beng.

compelled to supply the Paligars with at the festival of Reg. xi. 1796, and that of preceding years.

Ganesa. Kasur, or Kusur, H. (A. jj-ai) Fault, offence, crime : de-

Karaya, (?) H. A hired or bond ploughman who is paid ficiency, defect: allowance for difference in the value of

by a proportion of the nett produce of the fields he has coins, a cess formerly levied upon the cultivators to cover

ploughed. any difference that might occur between the value of the
Kasa, vernacularly, KAs, incorrectly, Kans, S. &c. (oRl^) coins paid by them and the standard currency.

A tall grass, growing luxuriantly in many places, espe- Kasba, H. (a. <U-fls), Kasuba, Tel. (S'.&SP) A small
cially on neglected and sandy soils, sometimes 12 or 15 town or large village, the chief or market-town of a district.

feet high. (Saccharum spontaneum.) Kasht, Casht, H. &c. (ci^l^, from to sow, as seed)
^J<^^,
266
 KAS KAT
Cultivation, agriculture, tillage ; a tenure by which the as, Ponakdsu, gold coin ; Vennikdsu, silver coin ; Pettalai-

revenue is assessed according to the value of the crop. kdsu, copper coin : it formerly denoted a coin of a certain

K&sht-har, H. il^d^lS ) A cultivator, a farmer. value, supposed by Mr. Ellis to have been the same as the

Kdsht-hdr-jadid, H. (from iSO'^ • "^'^^ -^ cultivator newly- S. karsha, and equal to the double silver fanam of Madras.

settled in a village. KAt, Mai. (c&>OS, no doubt from the S. clfl'?) A wood, a

Kdsht-kdr-kadim, (from >JiX5 , old) A cultivator long esta- jangal.

blished in a village, a hereditary cultivator. Kdtwdram, Mai. (.<&OSa-iO(Oo) A tax on lands bordering

Kdsht-i-mdlikdn, H. (from (lLUU, a master) Cultivation by on waste or wilderness in lieu of any assessment on tracts

the proprietors of the lands themselves. that may be cultivated within it.

Khud-kdsht, H. (from the P. t5«»-, self) A resident cul- Kat, Beng. ( w) A fixed term, a stipulated period ; a bond.

tivator, one cultivating his own hereditary lands, either Katlmna, Uriya (OSQSl) An engagement, an agreement,

under a Zamindar or as a coparcener in a village. In a bargain.

Bengal, one class of them, holding their lands at fixed rates Kat-hohdld, commonly, Kut-kdbdla, or Kut-coballa, Beng.

by hereditary right, sometimes sub-let them, except the part (<tS(;<tl<l|5rt, vernacular corruption of the A. <K!bui, an

about their dwelling, in which they continue to reside, engagement) A conditional engagement, a deed of con-

and although ceasing to cultivate, and, engaged in trade or ditional sale, stipulating that if the purchase price, or money

business, they retain their designation of khud-kdsht. The advanced, be not repaid within a given term, the sale shall

term is also applied in the north-western provinces to lands become absolute.

which the proprietor, or the payer of the Government KIt, H. &c. (cul^, from Lwl^, to cut, S. karttana cS^TI,

revenue, cultivates himself. cutting) Cutting, a cut, a wound, &c. ; also, fig., cutting

Pdhl-hdsht or Pdikdsht, H. (li^l^j^jaU) A non-resident off, retrenching, &c.

cultivator, one who cultivates lands in a village in which Kdtan, H. &c. (.^J>Y>) Cutting ; lit. or fig., cutting off, re-

he is not a settled or permanent resident ; see Pdhi, &c. trenchment.

Kashta, vernacularly, Kasht, S. (oR?) Hard, painful, dis- Kdtkahul, Beng. (^5<l?<l«l , from J)J^, consent) Obstinate

tressingly high, as an assessment ; severe, as a punishment refusal to confess or acknowledge a charge.

KAsHTH, or Kath, incorrectly, Kast, Mar. Beng. ( oin?, ^W, Kdt-kut, Beng. (^tS^) Stoppage of wages, cutting

^td, from the S. Wfs) Wood, timber. off or retrenching allowances, reducing the demand of a
Kdthgara, Kdthrd, Beng. (^a''1^, ^tST^) An inclosnre creditor by a counter claim. Uriya (Q|SCrfS) Altera-

of timber to receive offerings made at funerals and the tion or falsification of deeds. H. (cuy c:jK) Chippings,

persons who accept them ; a palisade, a stockade. cuttings, scraps.

Kathiara, Guz. (%il'^l^l) A wood-cutter. Katni, H. (i_5iii ) Season for cutting grain, harvest-time.

Kathuya, or Kdthuriyd, Ben. (^a^, Wrara^) A wood- Kata, H. (a. jiai) A cutting or breaking off; a section:

cutter and seller. maiming, wounding.

KisiD, corruptly, CossiD, H. (A. iVoU') A courier, a running Kaiu-at-tdrik, A. (^j .ly! ^laj) A highway-robber.

footman or messenger, a postman. Katai, Mar. ( cK?^) A caste, or individual of it, workers in

Kasoti, Hindi (cB^ift) An account of the revenue due by leather.

each cultivator. Kataiya, H. (Uli', ojrt^) Coarse grass growing on fields

Kassi, Kussee, Thug. The pickaxe used in digging graves left fallow.

previously consecrated by peculiar ceremonies ; to swear KAtal, Mar. (cTtHoB) Rock stone.

by it is the most solemn form of oath amongst the Thugs. Kdtalwat, Mar. (cBTi?^^) Rocky, stony ground.
Klsu, corruptly, Cash, Tel. Karn. ("S^rOO) A small copper Ki.TAM, Mai. (<feOf5)o) A Malabar league, consisting of four
coin, current at Madras, made equal, in 1832, to the ndrigds, or between 5 and 6 miles English.

Calcutta and Madras paisa and rated at 64 to the rupee Katan, Beng. ( ^JI) Spinning.

it was formerly rated at 80 to a fanam, a small silver coin : Kdtani, corruptly, Eateenee, Beng. ('Ftfe^) A female

it also means, in Tamil {Styrsi), coin, money in general spinner: the wages of spinning.
267
 KAT KAT
Kdtaniyd, Beng. (^tu^t^) A man whose business is that all smell is prevented and the bodies will not be

spinning thread or cotton. thereby discovered.

KatAn, H. (a. ^JJi) Linen cloth ; also, linseed. Kati, Kam. ( 0~9cj ) An obsolete grain measure in Mysore
KatbA, Mar. (oRRT, from t_>Ui', a book or writing), Ka- containing 40 hdnis of 80 rupees weight, or 3200 rupees
TAPE, or K AT ABE, Kam. (oS"ij, 000) Penalty bond, also, a land measure used in Kanara for betel-nut gardens,

recognisance, paper of agreement : a writing given to a containing 484 square feet.

Panchayat by the parties appealing to it asserting the truth KAti, commonly. Catty, Malay {^_^) A weight in general

of their statements, and agreeing to acknowledge their guilt use throughout the Archipelago, and extending to China
if pronounced in the wrong. 100 kdtis are equal to one pikal of 133 2 lb. avoirdupois

Katgab, Thug. A scout or spy. and each is therefore equal to 21 g- ounces or l^lb. ; it con-

Katguta, commonly, Kutgootta, Mar. (?) Tenure of land tains 16 Tel, or, commonly. Tale : it varies in value in

held at a fixed rate of revenue, usually lower than the or- some of the islands.

dinary rate : the term seems to be properly Tamil ; see Katika, or KItikai, less correctly, Katkai, Kam.
Kattuguttagai. (Wc)kSS, O^^a^CXO) Plundering, pillage, marauding.

KATHi., Beng. (^t3l) A measure of land, varying in dif- Kdtikanu, Karn. (D dejOrCx)) A plunderer, a marauder,

ferent places, but usually a square of four cubits, or six a fowler.

feet long ; see Kattlia, Katkhuda, Kadkhuda, H. (P. lii=r^, \M-dS) Head of a

Kdthdbdri, Beng. (•*lil<ll>£1) A staff or pole about six feet, a family ; sometimes applied to the headman of a village.

used in measuring land. Katkina, or Katakina, H. &c. {iXjfjS, oRjftjrrn) A farm

JCdthdkdli, Beng. (*lil<p|«il) Working a sum in sur- or lease of revenue, an under farm or lease held of a Za-
veying, giving the result in Kdthds. mindar or other proprietor; in Bengal, letting land at

Katha, Kutha, H. &c. (S. L|^, cRtn) A story, a fable. A a rack rent.

favourite entertainment amongst the Marhattas, or the Katkinaddr, H. (jb<)tu^) An under farmer or renter
public recitation of a narrative, insterspersed with music holding under the revenue payer, or Zamindar. In Ben-
and singing, of the actions of the gods, or of individuals, gali, the person who lets the land at a rack rent.

with allusions to passing events or persons ; thence, old Kathindddri, Beng. (^6I*»(|It15^) Letting land to under
manuscript Kathas are sometimes produced in evidence of tenants at a rack rent ; holding land under another.

claims to hereditary rights or property which they have Katkola, Thug. A carpenter.

alluded to. Katl, H. (a. Jjiii), Katal, Beng. (^\s3T), Kattal, Mar.
Kathaku-katha, Uriya(02)|Qp2ll) Verbatim evidence, &c. (^IW^) Killing, slaughter, murder. In Mohammadan law
Katha E, Thug. One of the clans of the Thugs. five kinds are distinguished.

Kathi, Guz. (i6l<il) The name of a tribe the inhabitants Katl-dmd, A. (J^k* J!u ) Wilful murder by an adult and

of Cattiwdr. sane person.

Kdthipdl, Guz. (%lilHL^ ) A tax levied from the people Katlshahah-dmd, A. (Xt>c<Ul) Manslaughter, the death

by the Kathis. of a person caused by an injury unlikely to have caused

Kathi, corruptly. Cutty, Mar. (<*m1) A measure of land : death : lit., the semblance of murder.

as formerly used it was found to vary from five to to ten Katl-khaid, ( Uai- ijl)) Killing by mistake or misadventure,

cubits : the average for the survey was taken at the valu- as killing one man for another, or a man for an animal.
175
ation of five cubits and five closed fists or feet 9 . lljoob inches, Katl-idim-makdm bd khatd, A. ( Iki- b *lL« *jU" Jai') Kill-

making the Bigha equal to 4383 square yards : the term ing a pej-son by injuring him unintentionally, or through

also designates the measure, the rod or pole. Beng. (^UH) misadventure.

A measure of capacity, varying in different places, but Katl-ba-sahdb, A. ((--'xAauj JiJ) Killing unintentionally

usually about 10 sers. by an intermediate cause, as where a person has dug a

Kathav^a, Thug. The man who cuts up the bodies of the well and not guarded against accident, and some one falls

murdered before burying them, by which it is supposed into it and perishes.

268
 KAT KAT
Katl-maidh, A. (^U^ (Jju) Justifiable homicide: this might KattAtam, Tam, ( Slli_rTLLJlL) Force, compulsion.

be added to the preceding, but it is only incidentally Kattiyam,Tam. (eBL-L^LUUi) A royal edict or proclamation.
noticed in Mohammadan law. Katte, Karn. ^ A bank, a dam, a reservoir.

Katli, or Katle, Kam. (*^, °^) An order, a rule: a especially one which becomes dry in the hot weather : in

weight. composition, a place where business is transacted ; as,

Eatlekallu or -gallu, Karn.^S'dSa^ .X«0) Stones used AraU-katte, Karn. (po^^b d) A place where contracts

as weights. for cotton are made.

Katlai, or Kattal, Tam. (?) A single field or parcel of RachcM-katte, Karn. (^^(?5^ei) The place where the

land amidst those of a village. Tanjore. Fifth Rep. 774. respectable men of a village assemble.

Katmati, Hindi (ohiHli^) Clayey land which soon dries up Sunkada-katte, Karn. A custom station, a toll-house.

on the surface. Kerekatte, Kam. (P'^^oSJ) A bank or dam of masonry.

Katnibandi, Hindi (o|iT3f«T'4?ft) Reaping the harvest. Kattha, Kuttha, corruptly, Cottah, H. (l^ji^) A measure
Puraniya. of land, the twentieth part of the Bengal Bigha of 1600

KATNAM:u,Tel.(sW^S>D) Presents made to superiors ; anazar: square yards, containing 80 square yards, or 720 square
presents by relations to each other at the time of marriage. feet. In Hindustan the term is applied also to a grain

Katoei, Thug. Place selected for the murder, lit., a cup, measure of five sers : see Katha ; it may be doubted i

but used in a phrase, Jdo hatori manjh lao, Go and clean these are not the same words, although differently written

the cup, which implies, go and select a convenient spot for and explained).

the perpetration of the murder. Katti, also written Catty or Cattie, but apparently both

Katra, (?) The small irregular rice-fields in waste tracts, are incorrect, as the word occurs in the original characters
which are never irrigated. KAthi, Guz. (%lil) The name of a ruling tribe settled in,

Katra, Kutra, H. (x/i) A market-place, a suburb, a mar- and giving its name to, the province of Kattiwar, who, ac-

ket-town belonging to a fort. cording to one tradition, immigrated thither firom the banks

Katri, H. (i^yS, oIijO ) Land recovered from, or left by, of the Indus some time in the eighth century ; but, accord-

large rivers. ing to another, came originally from the Jamuna, and did
Katta, Mai. (&§) A clod of earth. not reach their present site till the fourteenth. They are

Eatta A stiff loam. Northern Cirkars.

regar, (?) divided into three principal families named Wala, or Wara,
Katte sauda, (?) A black soil. Northern Cirkars. Khachar, and Khuman, of each of which there are other sub-
Katta-kAnam, Mai. (cftgAOPOo) A complimentary present divisions. The Kattis are a tall, robust race, sometimes

made by a tenant or leaseholder to the proprietor of an estate. having light hair and blue eyes, and, until of late years, were
Katta, Tel. (seJ) A bank, a shore, a dam, an embankment: distinguished for their turbulence and fierceness, and aver-

a custom-house station. sion to the pursuits of a peaceable life : latterly they have

KattabhattA, Karn. (°?4^.Ed) Parcels of grain formerly subsided into more orderly habits, and follow agriculture.

given to the village accountants by the cultivators, but after- Kdthipdl, Guz. (9SliLHl<H, from the S. pdla, "V^, pro-
wards appropriated by the state. tection) Black mail paid either to the Kattis for forbear-

Kattada, Tel. C^H'-^) An order, a rule, a regulation. ance, or to some chief for protection.

Kattadaka, Kam. (oWoD) A written agreement. Katti, Tel. (° "„) A measure of land containing about
Kattal, Tam. (SirTSS^) Protection, preserving, watching. fourteen acres.

Kdttavarayan, Tam. (<srTAa6UI7rTUJOT) A watchman, Katti, Tel., Karn., and Mai. (^®^) A sword or knife,

a guard. especially that used by the drawers of the tdri.

Kattalai, Tam. (aill— ^ffTr), Katle, Karn. (o^) An Kattikdran, Mai. (caro^cfeoroat) A tdri or toddy
order, a command. Settled rate or price. drawer.

KattIlai, Tam. (<E&i§srTSai) Rice growing on high ground. Kattippanam, Mai. (cftfi5YB>1o_jffrr)o) Tax on tdri drawing.

KATTANi.RA, Mai. (<ft (5^000(0) The Syrian or Syro-Roman Kattimadive, Karn. (D_Q^^o3) The representation of
priest in Malabar. a king at his marriage by a sword as his proxy.

269 3 z
 KAT KAU
Kattilsthanam, Mai. ((feglfisbcAiDOOOo) Property given by of barren or fallow lands for a fixed annual sum, not

a Nair to his wife and children. liable to increase ; also, the land so held.

Kattu, Tel. and Karn. (^^, from ^^, to bind) A Katuppattan, Mai. (cai§o_l§nf6) A low tribe of Nairs.

binding, a bond, a law, a rule, an arrangement : a bunch Kaul, Koul or Qoul, Kowl, H., but used in most dialects,

of straw in which some of the grain is preserved for next corruptly, CowL or Cowle, (A.
J^) Kaul, Beng. and

season's sowing. Mar. {ck^^, cfrcS). Kavitlu, Tel. {^<^^), Kavulu,

Kattuhadi, Tel., Karn., Tam. (^^»a, from hattu,a.hon&, Kaulu, Karn. (a^£«, ^"^ewXKAVUL, Tam. (<56L|^)
and padi, having fallen into, the initial changed) A re- Lit., A word, a promise, an agreement or contract : the

venue term usually applied to a fixed, invariable, and term is used in various deeds granted by superiors to in-

favourable or quit-rent, which has been assessed on lands feriors, in which the engagement implies an act of grace

granted to public servants. or favour : a promise of pardon or of safe conduct to a

Kattuladi-agrah&ramu, Tel. (from agraharam, q. v.) A rebel or offender to induce him to give himself up. In
village assessed at a quit rent. revenue transactions a Kaul usually means the document

Kattubadi-bantrotulu, corruptly, Kutpuddee Peon. Tel. granted by the collector, proprietor, or receiver of the

(from aDOVu_^«30£U^ q. v.) Peons or militia paid for revenue to the subordinate payer of the revenue, or the

their services by grants of land at a quit-rent actual cultivator, stating the terms of the agreement and

Kattubadirinamu, Tel. (see Inam) A grant of land paying the amount to be paid, and securing him against further
a small or favourable rent. demands : it frequently implies, also, that the contract

Kattubadi-j ana, Karn. (.S.jana ifTf, people) Public servants or lease is granted on favourable conditions, as in the

holding lands at a low assessment, and who, when occasion case of the cultivation of waste lands, for which a remis-
requires, perform the duty of soldiers. sion of rent is granted for a given period by a Kaul.
KaUubadi-khandrika, Tel. (see Khandrika) A portion of Kauldchdra, Karn. (§^SrS^^<^) A quit-rent on land.
land granted at a low rate of assessment. Kaulawan, Mar. (oTt^T^ll) The cost or fees of procuring

Kattubadi-muhasa, Tel. (See Muhhdsa) A village granted a kauL

for services at a low or quit-rent. Kaul-bira, H. (lijjjjy) lit.. The betel of contract : the

Kattubadiyinam, Tam. (slI®!—IL^LlJ1«S5)Lq) Land held ceremony of giving betel to the nearest male relative of a

at quit-rent. girl at the time of betrothment, to obtain his consent,

Kattudale, Karn. (oci)O0) Agreement, settlement, rate practised by the Mohammadans of Hindustan.
of assessment. Kaul-kardr, Mar. ( ofit^oBTT^, from the A. J^' and^iyi) A
Kattuguttagai, corruptly, Kuttgoota, Kutgoot, Kuttgootee, term in written engagements, as leases, &c., to denote

anACuttoogootaga,Ta.\n. ((E5l_.®@SS<3CD(5) Laud held in agreeing to the terms proposed.

farm at a permanently fixed money-rent, which is usually light. Kaul-ndma, H. (P. XsU) The written voucher granted to

Kattukdlwe, Karn. (ot4^0~99*J) A large channel for the revenue-payers specifying the terms of their payments

irrigating the land and supplying reservoirs. and amount : any written contract or engagement.

Kattukidai, Tam. (<5I— ©<5<^<3SDI_) Any thing detained Kaul-patrah, Mar. (eh)<^'M-4«h) One of the village accounts,

till it is damaged. that of lands cultivated on a reduced assessment.

Kattukuli, Karn. iS^oy-°d) Regulated hire. Kauli, H. (|J^5, adj. of Kaul) Relating to an engage-

Kattumara, Karn. (oeiJ^O) A cess levied in Mysore ment: land held under a kaul or stipulated tenure. In
upon the owners of Areca-tree groves. Benares and the north-western provinces it was applied
Kattutara, Karn. (o|4^SO) A paper of settlement between to lands in which the government made its settlement

two disputants. directly with the cultivators, without the intervention of a

Kattuttara, Karn. (0^y°o„0) Remission of revenue on third party : it was also applied to lands of which the
account of keeping up dams and embankments. Mysore. assessment was fixed in money not in kind. Mar. (^b!^^)
Kattuttogai, Tam. (<EEiLl®S0^rT(3DD(Si) Grand total. as before : also, waste land brought into cultivation under
KatubIn, Mar. ('^^nu) A grant or tenure in perpetuity a haul from the state.

270
 KAU KAV
Kaulvaram, Tarn. (ssi^^GLirrULQ) A share or portion Kavalaithalam, Tam. ((5rT6U3sCS60LQ) A prison, a jail.

of land granted by Kaul in additioh to his regular share, Kdval-des, Tam. {(oB)B-, from S. ^^T, country) Watching or
to induce the holder to cultivate. protection of the district : a cess levied on the cultivators

Kaul, Thug. A village. to pay the expense of guarding the roads.

Kaula, or Kaulia, H. (ilX ^^, from Kauli, an armful) Kdval-grdmam, Tam. (sSlcrrTLDLQ, from S. ^ITR, a village)

A bundle or sheaf of corn given at harvest time as a Guarding or protecting the village, a cess levied for the

perquisite to reapers and village servants. purpose.

Kaulki, Thug. Liquor. Kdvalkdr, or Kdvalgdr, or Kdvdlkdran, Tam., Mai.

Kaum, Koum, H. (a. aS) Race, tribe, people. (srTSLIeOSSbrTIjenr) A protector, a guardian, a watch-

Kaurga, Thug. Silver. man : the village watchman, who also commonly acts

Kauhi, Kouhee, corruptly, Cowrie, and Cowry, H. ((_?m^) as a messenger and guide for travellers.

Kari, Beng. (^t^) Kori, Guz. (%lS.) A small shell Grdma-hdvalkdr, Tam. The village watchman.
used as coin in the lower provinces (Cyprsea moneta). Des- or Men-kdvalkdr, Tam. i<oS)<3- , GlqcSot) A powerftil

In account, four Kauris are equal to one Oanda, and chief, a Palayakar (Poligar) or protector, (from S. pdla,

80 Kauris to one Pan. protecting): the guardian or officer charged with the

Kaurihhdgid, Uriya (Q®^SJ.|S12il) A village accountant, superintendence of a district.

charged, also, vvith the office of collecting the rents. Kdval-andj, Karn. (O c)5e;e^r^J^a;) a cess on the cul-
Kardniyd, Beng. ( <i?\»in<<j| ) Keeping accounts in Kauris. tivators in kind, formerly levied in Mysore for the cost of

Kaulige, Karn. (O <^^7\ ) A registrar or accountant watching.

attached to the petty Paligars for the districts under their Kdvali, the Tel. form of Kdval (~S^S£)) A watch or

control, corresponding to the Karanam or Karnika of guard, custody.

the districts under the government. Kdvalikdra, Tel. (~S^S9"S^O) A watchman, a village

Kadsik, H. (cJ.*«y , oftfttoff) A tribe of Rajputs, in consi- watchman.

derable numbers in Ghazipur, Azimgerh, and Gorakhpur, Kdvali^vddu, Tel. CS^^VJ^QJ) A watchman, a village
claiming descent from Kusika, the father of Gadhi, the watchman.
founder of Gadhi- or Ghazi-pur. Kdval-merai, Tam. (snSLIQXSLQOSiU) Portion of grain

Kavadi, Tel., Tam., Mai. C^'^^, cESITOJI^, cftOaJSl) A given to the village watchman.

pole for carrying burthens, resting on the shoulder, and Kdvali-rasum, Tel. (from A. aj^j) Fees or perquisites of
having a string at each extremity by which the articles the village watchman.
to be conveyed are slung ; the Bhangi of the upper pro- Kdvalr-jmlam, Mai. (d830nj«sbn_!e_lo) Fee or tax paid for

vinces. watching or protection.

Kdvadi-kdran, Tam. (srTSUL^caiSrTUOOT) A carrier of Kdoal-talam, or Talam-kaval, Tam. (sSDlL, from S. ^zi^,
baggage by a Kavadi, commonly accompanying a pa- a place) Watch or protection of any place ; fees for watch-
lanquin on a journey. ing levied formerly by the petty Palayakars.

Kavabam, Tam. (c&rreiJaLQ) A league, a distance of Kdval-thalam, Mai. (dfeOCUP inP lo) Share of grain o-iven
from eight to ten miles. See Kddam. to the watchman from the threshing-floor or the field.

Kaval, Mar. (°h<=ldb) Loppings of bushes to be spread over See the last.

and burnt on a field. Kavara, Mai. ((fefUO) A tribe in north Malabar, who make
Kaval, corruptly, Cawel, and Cawelly, Tam. (srTSLJffl), and sell bambu mats, baskets, &c.

Mai. (oftjOouinSo) Guarding, protecting: confinement, im- Kavile, Tel. (st> v') An account-book of slips of palm
prisonment : the duty of the village district watch. leaves, such as is used by the village accountants in the
Kdvalan, Tam. (arreUSDODT) A protector, a defender, a Northern Cirkars and Tamil country, whence it is often
king, a husband, a guard, a watch. used for the accounts themselves.
Kdvaldli, Mai., Tam. ( ca.3oje_19^ ) A watchman, a guard, a Kavilekattu, Tel. (St)~Ss^) Xhe village account kept
village watchman. In Tinnevelly,a prisoner, one in custody. on palm leaves.

271
 KAY KEM
KAya, KIy, or Kai, or, corruptly, Kov, Tel., Karn., Tam., Kayyibippa, Mai. (d&^jJIroloJ) Treasure or balance in hand
Mai. CS^O&>^ SrTLLl) Young or unripe fruit of plants see Edi.
or trees ; a pod or legume. Kazf, A. (i SiW) Accusing, charging, especially falsely, of

Kdyanga, Mai. (dBjOCQJoC/)) The areca-nut tree. unnatural crimes or adultery.

Kdyadhdnyamu, Tel. ("S-°0^"^.-C5gSx), from S. VI^, Kdzif, A. (i_itili) A false accuser, a slanderer.
grain) Pulse, all sorts of seeds contained in pods or Klzi, Qazee, corruptly, Cazi, Cauzy, Cauzee, Kazy,
legumes. (A. (^li), in the Hindu diajects Kaji, Beng., Mar., &c.
Kdyatiruva, Tel. ("S^o3oS&^) Duty on fruits and (^1^ , 'SFTSr^) A Mohammadan judge, an officer formerly

legumes. appointed by the government to administer both civil and

Kayal, incorrectly, Koyal, H. (A. JU^),Kayal, Beng. (^tW) criminal law, chiefly in towns, according to the principles
,

A weigher, a measurer of grain, the weighman or measurer of the Koran : tinder the British authorities the judicial

of the village, who weighed out the respective shares of functions of the Kazis in that capacity ceased, and, with

the crop when the revenue was paid in kind. the exception of their employment as the legal advisers of

Kaydli, incorrectly, Koyali, H. &c. (^Jui) Belonging or the courts in cases of Mohammadan law, the duties of those

relating to the weighman, as his office or duty ; fees or stationed in the cities or districts were confined to the pre-
perquisites paid to the weighman, continued in some parts paration and attestation of deeds of conveyance and other

of Bengal as aiaAbwab, or cess, after the revenue had ceased legal instruments, and the general superintendence and
to be paid in kind, and the office of village weighman had legalization of the ceremonies of marriage, funerals, and
been abolished. other domestic occurrences among the Mohammadans.
Kayal, Tam. (SfTUJ^) A salt-pan. Beng. Reg. xxxix. 1793.
Kayalpatam, Mai. (<ft3CQ)a_J0So) Wet land. Kdzi-askar, H. (from A. jWc , an army) A military judge
KAYARU,orKAYiK,u,Tam.(SLlJ^, SUJI^) Rope, whence or a Kazi attached to a military station.
the term Coir, though that is usually applied to rope made Kdzi-ul-Kusdt, corruptly, Cauzy-ul-Cauzat or ul-Coozat,
of the fibres of the cocoa-nut alone. H. (A. plur. of hazi, uuLoi) The principal Kazi under
Kayastha, S. also, in the dialects, Kayasth, Kayath or the British government, the head Moham,madan legal officer

Kait, Kayat, corruptly, Koit (oBTtl^), also, Kait, of the Sadr Adalats, or Courts of Appeal.

Beng. (<pi^^s ) A caste so termed, or a member of it, Kazd, H. (A. LiJ) Judgment, administration of justice, (he

sprung from a Kshetriya father and a Vaisya mother, the office of the Kazi.

occupation of which is that of the writer or accountant Kazia, H. (a. XJ^Ja) Kajja, Mar. (oh^l) A quarrel, a

it is one of the most respectable of the mixed classes. dispute, a lawsuit.

Among the Marathas the KdyastJia is said to be dis- KAZZAK,or KazAK,H. ( iLaJ) A robber,a freebooter; one who

tinguished from the Kdyat by locality, the latter being robs in a gang, and who sometimes plunders on horseback.

peculiar to the north. Kebra, (?) A cess levied upon the town of Salsette to cover

Kayat, (?) A servile caste in the countries east of Bengal, loss upon the rice crop collected and deposited in the town

less impure than the Chandala. until disposed of.

Kayika, or Kayika-vriddhi, S. (gnrfiraiT, ^iftl^T^fe, from Kedu, Tam. (Gs®), Mai. (6)c6>§) Term, condition, sti-

kdya oRTO, the body) Lit., Bodily interest, or interest drawn pulated time of payment, &c.

from the use made of the bodies of animals given in pledge, Keduvalam, Mai. (SidBigOJ^o) A bad soil.

as of the milk of a cow ; also, according to some, interest Kela, Uriya (GORll) A gipsy, a vagrant class of people

not affecting the body or principal of a loan. living by catching snakes, making mats, &c.

Kayittalavu, Tam. (orTlijljpnfjCTTQ^) Measurement by Kelisebava, Karn. (C£) tO^oS) A barber, a hairdresser.

a rope of a heap of corn or grain in stacks. Kenda, Uriya ( GOOl ) Tdri, the juice of the palm.

Kayyala, Mai. (dft>(m;afi-l) A threshing-floor ; a place where Kelasa, Karn. (DOrO) Work, business, employment; as,

com is collected before threshing. Kallu-kelasa, stonemasons' work.

KayyAra, Mai. (cfefBJjOO) A water-course, a channel. Kembutta, Karn. (DO&X)8 ) a kind of rice.

272
 KEN KHA
Kene, Mar. (^^) An article of merchandise, a piece of Kettiveppa, Mai. (6iAil6ia-,inj) Paying down money :

goodS) a commodity, any thing with reference to traffic : laying up in store.

some confine it to grain, fruit, vegetables, &c. Kettuhetta, Mai. (6ldfti|6l6e3§) A storekeeper, a steward,

Ker, Keha, or Keri, Mar. (%t:, %tt) Rubbish, refuse. a butler.

Kerpatti, Mar. (^<M^1) A tax for maintaining public Kettuvaramba, Mai. (e^cej^nJfDOQj) A large bank round

sweepers and scavengers. paddy fields to confine the water.

Keram, Mai. (eicfijfDo) A cocoa-nut tree, a cocoa-nut. Ketu, S. &c. (iiirr) The descending node personified as the

Kerb, Karn. C^o) An artificial lake or reservoir, a tank. tail of the dragon, supposed to cause eclipses by seizing

Kere handi, Karn. (OoSDoS^) A person employed to keep the moon.

the embankment of a tank in repair : the employment. Ke&t, Uriya (GQ^S) A fisherman, or the caste so employed.

Kerehandi-aya-jodi, Karn. (Oo^SoS esoSD ^S) A tax Kbvala dattaka, or Keval a dattA putha, S. (from %^^,
on the holders of small grants of land paid to the persons sole, and "^W^, or ^^U-M, a son given) A son absolutely

charged with the repairs of reservoirs. adopted, in Hindu law.

Kere-kdluve, Karn. (Doa~9yj^) A channel for leading Kewal, (?) A black loamy soil.

off the water of a tank. Kewaldas, (?) Mar. Black soil.

Kere-hodi, Karn. (OoCVSQ ) The outlet for the superfluous Kewati, Mar. (^Tt) A huckster, a retail dealer.

water of a tank. Kewi, Mar. (^T^t) A cultivator residing and cultivating lands
Kere-yere, Karn. (OOC^o) The bank of a reservoir. in a village to which he does not belong.
Kerijulu, Tel. (~16a;^'£U) Grain fees in general. Khabar, Khubur, H. (a. jJ^ News, information : care,

Kesara, Mar. Guz. (S. '^^tO Saffron. protection.

Kesard, Mar. Guz. (oR^tt) A yellow or saffron-dyed gar- Khabar-gir, H. (P. jjSjS^^ An informer, a news writer :

ment put on by a Rajput warrior when resolved to die a guardian, a protector.

or conquer. Khabha, Thug. A hamlet, a village.

Kesari,oT Kesarid, corruptly, Kessiriya, Mar. Guz. (cB^T^, Kni-BRf, Beng. ('tt^fll) A large hemispherical vessel to

oF^KVai) Clothed in yellow, as indicating desperate valour. receive the expressed juice of the sugar-cane or other

Kesaead-bhum, Hindi {%^t^l) A soil kept always moist vegetable extract

by natural springs near it. Khachah (or (?) more correctly, Khanchar), Mar. Rice
Ke'su, Karn. (D^rOD) Farming, agriculture. lands.

KetI, Thug. Ardent spirits. Khachua, Thug. A pickpocket.

Kettiadakam, Mai. {6)<&^(!S<0)BOS}o) Seizure of land Khad, Mar. (^T^, S. ?s(l<^H, eating) Food, &c. : peculation,

mortgaged for a sum of money on failure of payment of extortion ; articles or money extorted.

the stipulated interest. Khad, H. (jI^, 131^) The expense incurred by the Ryots

Xettidddkanavan,Ma\.(.6)<A^ CS^SOofcroaJn*) The person in preparing, their ploughing apparatus.

who takes possession of a mortgaged estate on failure of Khad, H. (jl^) A hole or pit, one in which grain is kept.

payment of interest on the mortgage loan. Khada, Beng. ( 'ItJfl ) A large land measure, said to be

Kettisakshi, Karn. (^|§'^2j' ^^°^ ketti, wicked, and equal in some places to 27,000 square yards : east of

S. sdkshya, evidence) False witness. Jessore to 24 Bighas.

Ketta, Mai. (6^tfe§) Rule, regulation, bond, tie: a bank, Khada-hundi, Beng. (^tt^t^*^) A bill of exchange pay-

a dam. able at sight.

Kettaruppa, Mai. (6)cfi)§ronJ) Inheritance in the paternal Khadaka, S.(j3T^) Lit., an eater; inlaw, a borrower, a user.

line (lit., cutting a knot, i.e. not following the order of Khadar, incorrectly, Khadir, H. iji^^, ^T^ Low or al-

succession by the female line, as Is usual in Malabar). luvial lands, of easy irrigation, and especially fit for rice

Ketfiyirippa, Mai. (6lcfi3§lCQ[JlrDln_j) Money in hand, pro- cultivation : rice beds, or patches of ground surrounded
perty in store. by low banks so as to confine the water and moisten the
Ketiivarava, Mai. (6icfi>§lajronj) Receipt in cash. ground for rice cultivation ; also moist alluvial ground
273 4 a
 KHA KHA
on which, with or without irrigation, barley and wheat Khdktuda, H. (P. ii^^iS\»-) A mark or butt of earth for

are grown in some places. shooting at.

KhAdi, H. (i_jijly^) A kind of coarse cloth. Khal, or Khali, H. (S. J,j^, ^X^) Oil-cake, the sediment

Khaekar, H. (?) A cultivating tenant after extracting the oil by the mill.

Khafif, H. (a. I aji.»-) Light, unimportant. Khal, H. (J'>i-) A maternal uncle, a mother's brother.

Khafifa duzdi, H. (from P. ^yOjj) Petty theft. Khdld, (i!l»-) A maternal aunt, a mother's sister.

Khafifa jardim, H. (from A. *j|/f-) Petty offences. KhAl, H. ( Jt^) An inlet of the sea or of a large river, a

Khafifa mukaddama, (from A. A<iJ>iLe) A trivial suit or creek.

case. Khala, H. (<ltL»-) A written document signed by a judge.

Khag, H. (lL/1^) The horn of a rhinoceros, applied to Khala, Beng. (S. "Stsi), Khala, Uriya (§1SJ.|), KhallI,
a pillar or mound marking the boundary of a village. H. (JU-), Khalen, Mar. (^35), Khali, or Khalwad,
Khagha, Thug. A hamlet, a village. Guz.('^&{l,'^frlHOA threshing-floor, a place either in the
Khai, H. (t^l^, ^T^) A ditch, especially as a boundary. field or in a shed where the grain is trodden out of the husk:

Khair, H. (A. jJjs-) Good, well, best. see Kala ; also, a place where the grain of any individual

Khairdt, Khyrat, corruptly, Kheryaut, H. (A. cu|;Jj»-) of the village is piled up or stacked, or where it was kept
Mar. (^^Tif) Alms, charity ; lands given as charitable so stacked until its value had been estimated by the col-

endowments : (the term is more especially applicable to lector, and security for the revenue due on it given.

grants or alms given by, or to, Mohammadans.) Khalentalaven, Mar. (^dbHrtT^) The grain that is swept

Khairdt-zamin, H. (P. ijJ^) Land given in charity. up after the removal of the sheaves from the spot where

Khair-khwdh, H. (P. slj*-) A well-wisher, a common sig- they had been piled, or from the threshing-floor after

nature to an anonymous petition or address. threshing.

Khair, Hindi (53^, S. ^^) A sort of resin, also com- Khalorjpunji, coTTwptly, K'all-poonzee,MsiT. (^g^qjlt) Small

monly called Khat: Catechu. heaps of grain taken from each larger pile at the time of

Khair-sdl, H. Tax on collecting catechu resin. Garwhal. measurement, and, under the Maratha government, con-

KhIjaw, Mar, (wrsni) A salt-marsh or meadow land lying

; sidered as the perquisite of the state.

along the shore of the sea or of inlets, and exposed to be Khalavdri, Mar. (iSoB^Tt^^) An inclosed place outside a

flooded; ground recovered by embankment from the sea. village, containing the bundles of grain to be threshed and

KaAitR, H. &c. Cj^^, S. 5[^tT:), KHAJtjR, Beng. (;<^\m) the threshing-floors of several independent cultivators.

A date tree (Phranix dactylifera) : its fruit. The wild date Khalidn, also, Khalihdn, H. (ij-*}^, ^jI^jI^) A granary,

tree (Phoenix sylvestris). a bam, a threshing-floor.

Khdjurgur, Beng. (from '^ , molasses) Treacle or mo- Khala, A. (fi»-) lit.. Putting or turning out. In Moham-
lasses made from the juice of the wild date. madan law, a contract for the dissolution of a marriage

Khdjur-ras, Beng. (from S. W, juice) Juice extracted from the repudiation of a wife at her own desire, when she

the wild date by incisions in its bark, used to make forfeits her dower : also, disinheriting a son, turning him

sugar or to leaven bread. out of doors.

Khak, H. (p. ui)l=-) Earth, dust, ashes. KhAlAbi, corruptly, Callary, Collerie, Collurie, Khal-
Khdki, H. (l5^1»-)
Relating to dust or ashes : a Hindu LARY, &c. Beng. ("9tt5rt^) A place where salt is manu-
mendicant who smears his body with the ashes of burnt factured : a salt-bed or pan ; a mound of earth hollowed at

cowdung : soil or land that cannot be irrigated, and de- the top, in which straw and other materials are placed

pends wholly on rain. to serve as a filter for the salt water poured upon it, and

Khdkrob, H. (P. t—Jj^U-) A sweeper, a menial servant which, when freed firom dirt and sand, becomes brine for

of the lowest class ; also, the sweeper of a village, acting boiling.

at times as a watchman, a guide, or a police spy; one of Khalas, H. (^_^li>), KhIlas, Beng. (''tt'TtT) Liberation,

the village establishment. freedom, release ; liberated, enlarged, set free.

Khdkistar, H. (P. JxMi\s~) Ashes, also calx of metals. Khuldsa, H. (A. i^'ii-) Essence, abridgement, abstract.

274
 KHA KHA
Khaldsi, corruptly, Classie, H. (^-eli-) A sailor, a tent- nation of lands which, under the Mohammadan govern-

pitcher, a matross : a Mohammadan labourer of a superior ment, were considered as permanently paying revenue to

order, employed chiefly about ships or in the army. the state.

Khdldspatra, Beng. (S. tf^, a leaf) An order of discharge, Khdlisa sharifa, H. (from A. i_aj,<i, noble) The royal

a deed of release. exchequer.

Khalati, KhalIthi, Mar. (^^T3^, Z\) Low rice grounds KhAlpA, erroneously, Kalpa, Guz. ('*'ll'H''iL) from S. ^^,
about a village. skin) A low caste, or member of it, whose business is

KhIlAti, Mar. (JST^Tj)) The low country on the upper dressing skins and preparing leather : he is sometimes
part of the Malabar coast, descending from the Sahyadrl enumerated amongst the inferior village servants.
mountains to the sea. KhAlsi, (?) Guz. A measure of grain equal to fourteen

KhAlihath, H. (from khali i}^, empty, and hath ^jilfli' Guzerati maunds.

the hand) lit, Empty-handed, poor, destitute. In Mysore, KhAm, corruptly, Khadm, or Kaum, H. (P. A^) Raw,
a class of inferior public labourers employed as messengers, unripe, crude ; gross : as a revenue term it implies the

or in mending roads, carrying palankins, &c. gross as distinguished from the nett revenue of a village,

Khalf, H. (a. I ali-) A son, an heir, a successor. or a settlement made with the cultivators direct, without

Khalifa, commonly. Caliph, H. (A. (Jajli-) The successor the intervention of a third person as a farmer or Zamin-
to sovereign power, especially applied to the successors of dar, the estate being managed, or, as is more usual, mis?

Mohammad, who united the characters of head of the state managed, by the officers of government ; see Khds.
and of the Mohammadan religion. In India the terra com- Khdm-dmdani,coTtn]^tly,Kamamdauni/, H.(from P. (JJi^T)
monly designates a tailor, sometimes a cook, also the Gross receipts or revenue.
head boy or monitor of a class. Khdmhhogattd, Tel. (Sp~°023^X4j-°) The gross account

Khilafat, commonly. Caliphate, H. (A. d^ii-) Sovereignty, of a village.

the office of Khalif. Khdm-chithd, H. (l^ls-iti.) A rough statement or account.

Khal-khosia, Thug. A barber. Khdm-hisahu, Tel. (from A. i_jL*!»-) A general account.
Khalli, Thug. A Thug who hides himself from fear of Khdm-jamdhandi, H. see Jamdbandi. Gross assessment
creditors. before making deductions for charges : assessment or settle-

Khalita. Thug. A village. ment with the cultivators direct.

Khalisa but usually pronounced KhAlsa, H. &c. (<Lfl!li-, Khdm-lekka, Tel. (^T-°0~g^, from S. ^^) A rough
from khdlis ijai\o-, pure, sincere) KhAlsA, or KhAlisA, statement or account.

Mar. (WcJ^JI, ^f^Wr) The exchequer, the office of go- Khdm-navis, H. (from P.
^J**iy) A revenue accountant
vernment under the Mohammadan administration in which under the Mohammadan government.
the business of the revenue department was transacted, and Khdm-tahdl, H. (from A. J^X^') Collection of the re-
which was continued during the early period of British venue in gross from the cultivators direct by the revenue
rule ; as applied to lands, it means those of which the officers of government, usually by native officers under the

revenue remains the property of government, not being authority of the collector.

made over in Jdgir or Inam to any other parties. Lands Khdm-tad&rak, H. (from A. J];' Jo) Imperfect inquiry or
or villages held immediately of government, and of which investigation.

the state is the manager or holder. It is termed in some Khdm-wasul, corruptly, wossool, also, wdsil, H. •
(from
official papers the rent-roll of the government, meaning A. 0^)j, or Gross revenue,
J^j) total collections, the
the revenue receivable from government or Khdlsa lands. gross revenue of a village or an estate before the
allowed
The term has been of late familiar as the collective de- charges are deducted ; a record or account of the oross
nomination of the Sikh government and people. revenue.

EMlsa-hachahri, H. (see Kachahri) The office of the KHAMlH,corruptly,KHUMAR,CAMAR,CoMAB. Beng.( "«tttrtw)

royal exchequer. KhamAh, or Khumar, Uriya (S1911Q) A threshing-floor,
Khdlisa muharrari, H. (from k.jJLv, fixed) The desig- the general threshing-ground of a village, to which all the
275
 KHA KHA
crops are brought to be cleaned, and from which they or twenty per cent levied on the owners of lands in which
cannot be removed till the landlord's claim is settled. Land there are mines of metal : the fifth of booty taken in

of which the revenue was paid in kind, or of which the war with infidels, and set apart for orphans, the poor, and

produce was divided in determinate shares between the travellers.

cultivator and the revenue payer or Zamindar ; applied Khan, H. (P. ^J^) A title borne by Mohammadan nobles,
also to lands originally waste, but which, having been especially when of Persian or Pathan descent it is also :

brought into cultivation, were retained by the Zamindars a common adjunct to Afghan or Pathdn names.
in their own hands, or were let out at a grain rent : at Kkdn-khdndn, H. (P. ^jliU^jjU-) Lord of lords, a title

the decennial settlement these lands, previously unassessed, borne by several nobles of the court of Dehli under the

were declared subject to assessment. Moghul government.

Kltamdrhhumi, Uriya (from S. wfil, land) Cultivated land. Khdnam, H. (P. Jli-) The title of a lady of rank, or of

Land cultivated by strangers — not resident or hereditary the wife of a Khan.

cultivators. Khana, H. &c. (p. <ols-), Khana, Beng. and Mai. («IW,

Khamdrchash, Uriya (from gg, husbandry) Cultivating 5STtlT) A house, a dwelling, a place.

land on one s own account. Khdnabdri, corruptly, Khanabarry, H. (P. idI»-, a house,

Khamdr-clihutti, Hindi (jjlHK^Jgl) Releasing the grain from and Ben. from S. Tt«( , also a house) A house, with the
the threshing-ground when the rent is settled for, either grounds and outhouses attached to it : the dwelling of

in kind or money. a Zamindar, and the ground about it, which was held free

Khamdrghar, Uriya (from S. T^, a house) A farm-yard, of revenue : exemption of revenue upon certain lands be-

a barn, a store-house. longing to a Zamindar as a means of providing him with

Khamdri, or Khamdroi, Uriya (§I51|Q1, ?ia|GQ|Q) A a suitable residence ; a small patch of garden ground
bailiflF, a steward. attached to a Ryot's hut, in which he grows vegetables

Khamdr riyat, H. (A. e:-o>c,) A cultivator who pays for his own use, and for which he is usually exempt from

his rent in kind, or in a certain share of the produce. rent by the Zamindar : the house, and ground about it,

Khamarsal, H. (from S. '^TI^T, a hall or room ; the first of certain classes in some parts of Cuttack, as Paiks, Surs,

word may be used as implying some analogy to a threshing- and Khushbash Ryots, exempt from rent-charge.
floor) A place where iron is fused after having been Khdnagi, H. (^^^li-) Any thing relating to a house or

smelted from the ore. household: in Kuch Bahar, the lands managed by the

Khamavishi, or Khamasi, Karn. (a3^XT3t)S:x, SO^XTQgj) Raja, or officers appointed by him.

Land cultivated under the immediate superintendence of Khdnajangi, H. (^_j£te-iXiU-) Riot, disturbance, affray:

government. the making of disturbances : a turbulent or quarrelsome

jBrAaOT«i;MMda?-,Karn.(a3oJ^?itJ^Q30) A person charged disposition.

with the superintendence of government land. Khdngi, or Khdnagi, H. {^\~>), Khdnki, Beng. ("'tflTft)
Khamk, H. ik.jA^) Wine, the spirituous liquor made from A prostitute ; also, household, domestic.

the fermented juice of the grape, the drinking 'of which KhdndhhdrdU, Beng. ('tW'9tJTtf() Ruin of a household,
is positively forbidden by the Mohammadan law : the term or of an individual at the head of a family.

is applied, but incorrectly, to all spirituous liquor. Khdnashumdri, H. (from P. i^ttJi, numbering), Khdne-
Khamr-mahdl, H. (from Jts-*) Places where spirituous sumdri, Mar. (^^^flR'i), Khdnisumari, Karn. (aJS^^.

liquor is sold.
^
fOiDOd) A written statement of the number of houses in

Khumdr, H. (A. )U>»-) Intoxication. a village or town, and hence a census of the population is

Khumdr-khdna, H. (from P. iu\s~) A tavern, a spirit-shop. so termed.

Khamba, or Khambha, H. (S. U.*^^, U^^^ A post, a pillar. Khanataldshi, H. (from P. j^Jlj , search) A search warrant.
KhamjI, (?) H. A person whose business is the appraisement Khanazdd, H., Khandjdd, Beng., Mar. (from P. ci\j, born)
of standing crops. Upper Provinces. Born in the house ; i.e. the child of a slave girl or of

Khams, H. (^j^a.s^) Five, a fifth. In law, a double tithe, any female clependant.
•276
 KHA KHA
Khdngi-zaminddn, H. (^^IjJU^" JS^) The household Khandmdsali, Mar. (TraaBT^, fish) Farm of the fishing at

expenses of a Zamindar. In Jessore, an abwab or cess Salsette.

levied prior to the perpetual settlement upon the cultivators, Khandni, Khundnee, Mar. (^<jsi1) A fine, a mulct, an

to provide for the support of the Zamindars : it is applied exaction on any pretext whatever : the revenue of the

also to land retained by a Zamindar in his own cultiva- year after it is determined : the current assessment.

tion as a fund for his household expenses. Khandni-tashrif, Mar. (from P. i^ij^) A present by the

Khanch, Mar. (^1^) A pit, a hole. head collector or farmer of the revenue to the village or

KhanchA, H. (Is^l^f, ^BT^t) a marsh, a quagmire, muddy district officer on determining the assessment : the salary

or marshy soil. of the Pdtil.

Khanchar, Mar. (<sji'«lO A hollow, especially one worn by Khandnuk, Mar. (j^illloir) A contract for work, an engage-

the rush of water. ment to perform a certain work for a sum agreed upon,
Khanchari, Mar. (<5ii-«ICf) A rice field : a piece of ground or the counter-agreement to receive a certain sum : a

banked up on all sides so as to retain water. contract, a monopoly, a farm (of revenue, &c.).

Khan, H. {^, ^ftr) Khani, or Khani, Beng. ("'If^, "Sf^t) Khand-phard, Mar. (^HStRS^) A fine exacted on behalf

Khan, or Khani, Mar. {^W, ^ns'^) A mine, a pit or of government

hole, one in which rice in the husk is kept. Khanda, Uriya (§1Q) An inclosed field.

Khdngat, Mar. (^T*!]Jlri) Revenue from mines or quarries. Khanda, Uriya (S10|) Daily allowance of food.

Khand, Khund, H. &c., also written Khand, {lij^, or Khanda, Beng. i"^^) The season of harvest, of which three

Jol^, S. ^?s): it is sometimes written without the aspirate, are reckoned — the harii, or spring, asu, or autumn, and
as Kandam, Mai. (flfti6«^''\JJo) A piece, a portion ; a dis- pausli, or winter.

trict, a province, as Bundelkhand. Coarse sugar. In Khanda, Uriya (Slfijl) A sword, especially the national

Marathi, Khand, corruptly, Kund (^^). also means sword of Orissa.

a fine, a cess or fee levied for any licence or privilege Khanddit, also, sometimes, Khanddra, Uriya (SI€]|QE))

also a contribution levied by an enemy, a ransom ; also The name of a class of military landholders in Orissa,

an agreement or contract, in which sense it occurs, at residing in the hills in kilas, or fortified dwellings, and

least compounded with other words, in other Dakhini holding their lands at a quit-rent, on condition of acting
dialects. as a feudal yeomanry or militia, and protecting the low

Khanda patra, Karn (a^OcSSiiig;) A paper of settlement lands from the incursions of the barbarous mountain tribes

or agreement. bordering on tlieir estates : their children, especially the

Khavdhachi, Mar. (W3=l^1) An obligation to give one or females, are sometimes sold in childhood, and become
more sheep from a flock sent to graze on a piece of land :
slaves.

the duty levied on a flock of sheep. Khandditi, Uriya. The office, jurisdiction, or estate of a

EhandhhaUi, Mar. (from W^, a still) A tax or excise on Khandait.

stills. Khandaga, Karn. (aDOQA) A measure of grain, about
Khand-daladi, Mar. (from ^^5^, a fisherman) A charge three bushels.

for the privilege of fixing stakes in the waters of Salsette. Khandak, Beng. (S. ^t^f^) A ditch, a moat, a land-mark,
Khand-daru, Mar. (from ^re , spirituous liquor) A farm or a boundary.
*
contract for the sale of spirits. KhAndan, H. (p. ^jlAJli-) A family.

Khandfjunhegari, Mar. (JsiiJIr^TR^) A general term for Khandar, H. (S.^ja^, from S. S?S, a piece) The site of
amercements, mulcts, &c., a fine levied on the loser in a a ruined house, or village covered with the rubbish.

suit. KHANDf, incorrectly, Kdndee, Mar. (^Tt, from S. ?3?(5) A

Khandhari, Mar. (T^^oRt't) A cultivator who contracts for measure of weight and capacity, commonly termed Candy
a favourable return of produce. (from the Tamil spelling Kandi, q. v.) : its value varies in
Khand-makta, Mar. (^3«fil!r) A contract, a monopoly : different places : at Bombay it consists of twenty Bombay
land leased at a fixed, and usually a favourable rate. mauuds, or, for particular substances, of only eight maunds ;

277 4 B
 KHA KHA
at Poona it is of twenty Poona maunds,and varies, therefore, H. (yiUlk«Jli>-, probably from khnidn, pronounced khan

with the weight of the maund ; in Malayalam it is equal ^Jy^, a tray, and sdmdn, effects) A house-steward or

to twenty-eight Tulams, or, corruptly, Telongs, or 5001b. butler.

according to Prinsep's tables the Candy of Anjengo is Khap, Mar. iwi) Sale, vent, market, the disposal or going

called 5601b., that of Bombay also 5601b., and that of off of goods.

Madras 5001b. : in another statement it is said that in KhApani, corruptly, Khamputtee, Mar. (^iroft) Appor-

Malabar the Khandi is equal to 5601b. for sea customs, and tioning among the householders of a town or village an

4801b. for land customs, while the country rate varies from assessment, or any exaction : the share of each.

6001b. to 7201b. ; the latest statements make the Madras KHAPARiYA,H.(b^«^,'Blft»n) A heavier plough for stiffsoils.

Khandi of 20 maunds 5001b., the Bombay Khandi of 20 KhaprA, Beng. ("tt^, S. ^§^ A tUe.
maunds 5601b., the Surat of 20 maunds 746.6661b., and Khaprail, Beng. ("'I'fS^sr) Tiled, a tiled house or

the Travancore of 20 maunds 6401b. The number of building.

maunds varies, however, and with it, of course, the value of Khar, Khur, H, (^) Grass and trees.
the Khandi. —Note by J. W. Crawford, Esq., Accountant- Khar, H. &c. {j\4, S. W^, Kshar, Beng. (^tsT) Khar,
General, Bombay, 1840. In Malabar there is also a Mar. (jmt) KARU.Tel. ("S^^) Alkali, alkaline earth, soda,
Khandi for timber about 2 feet 4 inches square ; and in the lixivium of wood-ashes or the ashes of burnt leaves

the Maratha country there is a land measure termed, cor- themselves ; impure carbonate of potash or soda : saline

ruptly, Cundy, considered equal to 120 iighds ; but it or brackish soil : ground recovered from the sea.

varied formerly from 15 to 45 bighds, and is also called Kkdrd, or Khdri, H. &c. Oj^, t^;^) Saline, alkaline,

20 to 35: it also means, in Marathi, a score generally. brackish.

Khandig.ar, Beng. ("^t^Ttsr, from S. ^?S, a piece or Khdrd-pdni, incorrectly, Kdrd-panee, H. (jjlj j^») Water
chip) A worker in horn or ivory. impregnated with soda and alkaline earths.
Khandigdtta, Tel. (a30aXb|4) A fixed rent. Khdrat, Mar. (JBTl,?) Ground recovered from the sea.

Khandrika, incorrectly, Candrika, Tel. (a>0|g;S, fi-om Khdri-shor, H. (luinc;!.^) Very brackish and saline (as
S. ^Tp , a piece) An allotment of privileged land not ex- water).

ceeding four or five Kattis, or from 50 to 70 acres : it Khdrinzamin, or, vernacularly, Khdrd-jamin, H. &c
may be either rent-free or subject to a quit-rent. (|jJ>«j uf;^) Saline soil : land impregnated with alkaline

Khandwa, Mar. (4<44!jm) The part of a river bed that is dry salts.

-throughout its breadth. Kdrubhumi, Tel. ("5^O0O0~°DJ) Brackish, a saline soil.

Khandwada, Mar. (?) Grain given in requital of the ser- Khdri-nimak or -nun, H. (from P.I.^X<J or H.
^^y , S. c^cjiy,

vices of an ox or buffalo on a person's ground. salt) A factitious kind of salt : a kind of sulphate of soda

KhAni-bhumi, Kam. (a5~3G>W~°^) Bad land (perhaps used in medicine and for the adulteration of common salt

from Khani gj of a fanam —land of as little worth). in Orissa it is applied to the hard saline settlement at the

Khani BHAOoi., Uriya (S1|glSj.|G?||2||) Labourers in Orissa bottom of the salt-pans. ^

paid both in money and in kind. Khdn-matti or mitti (,_^t5;V^). Kshdramrittikd, S. and
Khanja, Uriya (St|§l) Land immediately round a house, an Beng. (^T<J%«in) Brackish or saline soil, a soil impreg-
inclosure. a compound ; assigned as a deduction from the nated with alkaline salts, as potash or nitre, and therefore

revenue payment. unnt for cultivation. (This word is not to be confounded

Khanju, Thug. A cut purse. with Kharimitti, q. v.).

Khankah, H. (P. islSJli-) A monastery, a place where religious Khdrih, or Khdr-khdndd, Mar. (^Ttjhir, ^I WJiJ l, the

mendicants of the Mohammadan religion temporarily reside. latter used contemptuously) A class, or an individual of
Khankati, Beng. ('«fl°^1%) Abatement, deficiency. it, employed in cultivating salt-marshes or saline soils.

Khankh, H. {,4^, ^^) Land that requires to be left ^Khdrwd-mdti, Hindi (<!(IC<<IHITt) Alkaline soil.

fallow for a year or two. Khara, Kam. (S. a^^, ?!r) The twenty-fifth year of the
Khansaman, corruptly, Consummah, and Consamman, cycle.

278
 KHA KHA
Khara, Mar. (vcsi) A pebble, a nodule of limestone, a lump Kharcha-hisdb, Beng. (P. i_jI*m.s«-, an account) A village

of sugar. annual account kept in Bengal, shewing the amount of the

KHABAK,Thug. Noise made by the pickaxe in digging a grave. rent due on each Ryot's land in cultivation, the amount
Kharhak, H. (li^Aa^, ^ii;?«ir) A portion of grain given at paid, and the balance outstanding.
the end of the harvest to the village servants. Kharch-awarjd, Tel. (^^S') An abstract account of the

Khari, KHUREE,also Khati, Khatika, H. &c. {iS/4> ''^t disbursements of a district, or of the deductions from the

S. 4^0:41) Chalk: white clay used for plastering; also a kind collections.

of clay found in some parts of Bengal, and used in pottery Kharch-i-gdon, corruptly, KMrcfi-gram, and, more usually

also, in Bengal, a coarse kind of grass used for thatching. and correctly, Grdm-hharch, H. {^^^-,^) Village ex-

Kharimatti or -mitti, Khureemuttee or -mittee, H. &c. penses, charges levied by the headmen or public officers

( JCfl (_fj^) Chalk, also a sort of porcelain clay. (This to provide for the expenses incurred by the officers or ser-

differs from Khdrimitfi as above, in being virritten with vants of the village community.

the short a and the hard d or r, instead of a long a and Kharch-i-khairdt, H. (cul^jji-jy.^) A charge or allow-

a soft »•). ance for charitable gifts or endowments.

Khar A, Beng. (-stt^.-from the H. \}^), also KhIrI ('"tM) Kharch-i-mufassil, H. (j_).-aL«^^) Provincial charges,

Erect ; also, fig., honest, upright ; payable on demand. expenses of collection and other authorised items of expen-

Khdrd-hundi, Beng. (''tt^t?*^^) A bill of exchange pay- diture deducted from the gross revenue of a province. An
able at sight. extra cess levied in Jessore for provincial expenses prior

Khdrd-jama, Beng. (''tt^lW^) The entire rent or as- to the permanent settlement.

sessment. Kharch-i-ndnkdr, H. (^liili—^) Allowance or deduction

Khard-utdr, Guz. ("ISlS'etl^) Payable at sight — from the revenue of an estate, as the subsistence money of
bill, &c. the Zamindar.

Kharab, H. (a. t_jl^) Bad, wicked, worthless, spoiled: Kharch-patti, Mar. (4.<(-5i|g1) A tax for defraying occasional
bad, as land unfit for cultivation. public charges ; extra expenses in a district, as for roads,

Khardha, H. (i)uL&-) Ruin, desolation: waste land, un- bridges, &c. : the recognised dues of the village officers

productive (as land). and servants.

Khardbdhmdl, H. (Jlj^-'j';*') Ruined, wretched, either Kharch-irpargana, H. i&iSjj^ji>-) Charges incurred in the
person or place. management and revenue-collections of a Pargana or
Khahadi, H. (a. k^t>l^) A turner, a carpenter. district

Kharara, Uriya (SlQffi|) Receipt, acquittance, receipt given Kharch-irsadr, H. (^iXw^jo-) Charges on account of the

to cultivators for rent. establishment of the principal local authorities.

Kharard j)ani, Uriya (SlQ5)|Dsi) Fee for writinga receipt. Kharchaxilak, Mar. (y-^f^rcji'*, A. lLWum) Balance after

Kharard patra, Uriya (from S. xrt, a leaf) A written expenditure, money in hand.

receipt. Kharchu-vechcha, Kam. (30iSof~<o|j-) Expenditure, dis-

Kharch, KnuRCH.or Kharcha, or, more correctly, Khakj, bursement.

Khurj, of which it is the Hindustani modification, cor- Kad-kharch, H. (P. Aj, bad) Cesses of an oppressive

ruptly, KhIRCH, KuRTCH, KhURCHEE {-.Ja-, A. TT^, nature, and in excess of the stipulated rents exacted on

pi. Ikhrdj&t'i from Kharaja, went forth): it occurs in most various pretexts from the cultivators by the Zamindars.
dialects in the first form; as, Kharach, Beng. (''tsiF), Puraniya.
Kharcha, Mar. (^), Kharchu, Tel. (aStSbf-) Ex- Khareband, (3Bi^^) A day-book, a journal, an account

pense, disbursement, out-goings : the authorised expenses drawn out on a loose piece of paper.

incurred by a village or district, and set off against the Kharj, H. (a. wif*"j from kharaja -r^< went forth) Tri-

revenue receipts, or a cess levied upon the cultivators to bute, tax, revenue.

provide for expenses ; the debit side of an account, the Kharaj, or, more commonly, and equally correctly, Khiraj,
account of the disbursements or outgoings. corruptly, Kheraj, H. (A. ^];»-) Tax, tribute; ap-

279
 KHA KHA
plied originally in an especial manner to the tribute Klidrij-mulk, Uriya (A. (.Lilo, a kingdom) Transporta-
levied by Mohammadaus upon infidels after conquest, but tion, banishment.
latterly to the revenue raised from the land, in which sense Kherij -musdhir a. Mar. (<!<0»|H^Jlf^tT) Contingent charges,
it is still employed, importing the amount claimed by the extras, presents, occasional allowances.

state as its rent or share of the profits of land in cultivation Khdrij-ndma, H. (fi-om P. &<\J, a document) A deed of

hence Ld-khirdj (q. v.) designates lands which are exempted separation or division, a deed' for the partition of a joint

from any such payment. estate, or for the separation of an individual share, or for

Khardji, or Khirdji, H. (,e?-5t»-) Taxable, subject to tri- making a dependent taluk separate and independent, also,

bute or taxation. simply a deed of transfer.

Kliirdji-bhumi, Tel. (a3"tr°^^^tX3) Land paying re- Khdrija-tdluk, H. (from lif.^i9u) Separation of a portion or

venue to government dependency of an estate, or of a Pargana, from the general

Khardj or Khirdj-guzdr, H. (from P.^hS, who passes or assessment, and the payment of the revenue due from it

pays over) A payer of revenue to government, whether on direct to the government.

his own account or as the representative of others. KhardA, or Kharden, or commonly, Khurd, Mar. (^^^,

Khirdji-zamin, H. (P. jjJUj) Land paying revenue. ?^t) a rough note or memorandum, a draft, a scrawl,

Khirdj-mumazzaf, H. (A. i 'i)oy^, fixed) Revenue of which a waste-book. Maratha shopkeepers and bankers usually
the amount is fixed at a certain rate for a specific quan- keep two such accounts; one the Kachcha-khard, or rough

tity of land. day-book ; the other the Paka-khard, or cash-book in

Khirdj-mukdsima, H. (A. iUumlJl*, divided) Revenue col- which the entries of the former are copied fair.

lected at a certain rate upon the produce of land, and vary- Khari, Mar. (^^pdi) A patch of earth on a rocky substratum

ing, therefore, with its quantity and value. but cultivable for rice.

Kharehi, Thug. The small owl. Khari, Beng. Mar. &c. (S. 73T^) A measure of grain equal

Kharenja, Thug. A ravine or water-course. to sixteen dronas, or about three bushels.

Kharij, H. &c. (a. pjVi-, from kharaja -^J^-),

Kherij, Khdnkam, Mai. (SLJOiSlcfto) A field that requires, or that

Mar. (wO»f) Excluded or separated from, extraneous to, is sown with, a khari of seed.

external, additional. Kharid, H. (p. i^,j^) Bought, also the thing bought, buying.

Khdrijdlu, Tel. (a3-°es3^eu ) Fees deducted from the Kharida, corruptly, Khereeda, (P. xjj^i-) Bought, pur-

gross produce of village lands. chased. In Cuttack, the designation of a kind of tenure

Khdrij-ddhhil, also, Ddkhil-khdrij, q. v. ((Ji>-)j_,l».) Ex- created by the district officers who sold small parcels of

cluding and including, applied to the transfer of property, land which were ostensibly waste, and excluded from the

especially to lands transferred from one name to another rent-roll, or reported as exempt from revenue : where the

in the collector's books. purchase was without suspicion of fraud the purchasers

Kfidriji, or Khdrji, H. (A. j<?^'*-) -A- person who sepa- were allowed to retain the Kharida lands at a quit-rent

rates himself from a community or a religious faith, a seceder, it is also termed Milh-kharidagi, ownership or lordship

a schismatic, a rebel. A member of a Mohammadan sect by purchase.

which excludes All from the number of Khalifs. Kharid-ddr, abridged vernacularly to Khariddr, H, &c.

Khdrij-jamA, corruptly, Kharege-jumma, H. (A. j>^=>-, (;liJj^) A purchaser, a holder by purchase : in Cuttack,

collection) Separated or detached from the rental of the the proprietor of purchased estates.

state, as lands exempt from rent, or of which the revenue Kharida-mudfi, H. (A. ^U^, exempt) Lands in Cuttack

has been assigned to individuals or institutions. claiming exemption from revenue as having been bought

Kherij-jama, Mar. (5hO»I»IH1) Extra collections, miscel- under that condition.

laneous items of revenue. Kkarid-farokht, A. (P. ^jji^-j i, to sell) Buying and selling.

JCherij-maktd, Mar. (^Tfhnmi) Lands let out by go- Kharidi, corruptly, Khereedy, (^iX»p-) Purchasing, or

vernment direct, without the intervention of any one between relating to purchasing.

it and the cultivators. Kharif, Khureef, written vernacularly Kharip, and

280
 KHA KHA
Khariph, corruptly, Khereep, H. &c. (A. u.aj^) The Khds-dpil, from the English, Appeal, Uriya (Sl|ClS||aR)

season of autumn ; the autumnal harvest ; the crops which A special appeal.

are sown before the commencement of the rains, or in Khds-ajir, H. (A. NAa«.t(_^!i»-) Private or domestic servants,

April-May, and reaped after their close, October-November. whether slaves or hired.

Kharipati, Guz. C^iCLHil) A tax collected to relieve a Khasa, pi. Khdsdlu, Tel. (aT^cT^, a3-°cCr=e;j) Own,
village from debt. private, applied especially, in some parts of the Northern

Kharita, Khureetu, sometimes, vernacularly, Khalita, Cirkars, to domestic servants or hereditary slaves.

H. &c. (a. (dajjs-) A bag, a purse, the envelope of a Ehdsdrambha-lhumi, Karn. (^iy~3?^^0$^5a-°tO) Lands
letter, especially the ornamental or silk covering of a letter cultivated by Zamindars through their own domestic slaves.

addressed to, or by, a native of rank : hence, the letter Khds-bandi, Mar. (5Hre^^) Distribution of the lands of

itself, particularly one passing between a native prince and a village, without regard to contiguity, amongst certain

the governor-general. families, and the assessment of each estate in the lump,

Kharkaniya, Thug. Crossing of the road by a hare in without reference to measurement or rating.

front of the party, a bad omen. Khds-highd, Mar. (Jsim'tTiVl) The measure of land

KharkhI, Thug. An ass. both as to quantity and quality, by which the rental of

Kharpab, Mar. ('<sl<Hi) A bad year, a time of distress from the estate of an occupant in a Khds-bandi village is

failure of the crops. estimated.

Khahrat, H. (a. Islji-) A turner's lathe, a turner (also Khds-barddr, H. (ilt)-Xoli.) An attendant carrying the

Kharrati. arms of his lord : one armed with a firelock.

Khartai, or Khartal, Thug. Any bad omen. Dakh. Th. Khds-hdl, Mar. (tsttt^^) A mixed soil of sand and clay,

Kharu, Uriya (SIIG*) Division of bullocks among cul- yielding good crops if manured.

tivators. Khds-tdtami, Mar. (^re ^H'TI') Authentic or official accounts.

Kharu, Thug. A gang of Thugs. Khds-bo, H. (from Lijj, to sow) Land under the manage-
KharuI, or Kharwa, corruptly, Kuhwa, H. (tjjl^) A ment of the Raja. Kuch Bahar.

coarse kind of cotton cloth dyed red, and used in various Khds-cheld, H. (from Ij^) The chief disciple and destined

ways, especially to wrap up books, parcels, &c. successor of the Mahant or head of a religious establish-

Ki-iARTATA, S. &c. (^'fw) A country or market-town. ment of ascetics or mendicants.

Kharwar, H. (p. j'jjy*-) A measure, said to be about Khds-ddr, Mar. ( ^3'T^TC) A groom, a horsekeeper : some-
7001b., lit. an ass load : in Sindh it is called 8501b. times corrupted to Kdzddr.
Kharwi, Mar. (^K^) A caste employed in tiling houses, Khdsgi, Mar. (<sfiti'il) One's own private or personal pro-

making plantations, &c. perty, in contradistinction to the revenues or concerns of

Khas.Khus, or Khaskhas, Khuskhus, H.(P.u*.»-, (j-vjs"*^) the state ; own, personal, peculiar.
A fragrant grass (Andropogon muricatum) with the roots Khdsgi-paikd, Mar. (from ^«in, money) One's own or pri-

of which, interwoven with wicker-work, door and window- vate cash.

screens are made that are kept wet, and serve to cool the Khdsgi-harhun, Mar. (from ehlCchM') A private or confi-

air as it passes through them into the room. dential agent, clerk, or manager.

Khas, corruptly, Kas, Khass, Coss, H. &c. (A. fjJi>-) Khdsgiwdld, Mar. (^^EtifNT^Tt) A title usually given
Select, eminent, noble ; also private, peculiar : under the to the confidential minister of the Peshwa or other Ma-
Moghul government it was applied to the chief officers of ratha prince, who was especially intrusted with the manage-
the state and the nobles of the court : as a revenue term it ment of their private receipts and disbursements, or other
is applied to the management of estates and the collection personal interests.

of the revenue by the officers of the government, without Khds-hdl, H. (from A. Jl»-, condition) A kind of rent-free

any intermediate person between them and the cultivators, tenure : in Sylhet, the lands cultivated by the Zamindar

also to lands held by Zamindars and cultivated by them- himself, and for his own maintenance.

selves for their own benefit Khds-mahal, H. (A. Jisr*) The female apartments.
281 4 c
 KHA KHA
K/tds-mahdl, H. (A. plur. of jjs-*) Districts held in the are registered in the field-book, or Khasrd, corresponding
iTianagement of the government. in this also is registered the name of the proprietor and

Khas-navis, H. (P. ^j«*iy) A private secretary, a clerk or of the cultivator of each field, whether the same or dif-

accountant of the government. ferent, the name of each field, its length and breadth in

Khdx-navisi, H. (P. -gjjy) Relating to government ac- gathds, and its area in bighds and bisnids, the quality of

countants ! an dbmab, or tax, formerly levied in Bengal the soil, the crop growing upon it, and any remarks that

from the Zamindars for the expense of the government it may be thought advisable to add.

officers of account emJ)loyed in registering the annual Khasrd-bahi, H. (from ^^, a book) A field-book, a book
revenue settlements. in which the khasrd tables or lists are entered.'

Xhds-o-ddm, H. (A. |»lcjjieli-) High and low, noble and Khasrd-paimdish, H. (P. j^jIaAj , measurement) The re-

vulgar ; ie. all classes of persons. gister or statement of a land survey or measurement.

Khdspafak, Mar. (l^ranricfc) One's own private troop of Khastabaki, Beng. ("'tt^FWf'F, P. iKJU/Iji-, what is

horse. required, and A. ^Jib , remainder) Balance of revenue left

Khds-sdguvali, Karn. (aJc)p6?^Xb^V?) Cultivation of due after a portion has been realised by the sale of the

lands by the government for its own benefit, or by a Za- defaulter's estate.

mindar on his own account. Khdstd-nildm, Beng. (from •il"ll^, sale) Balance or deficit

Xhdsrvdri, Karn. (aS^FJc)^©) A stud or troop of horses: left by a sale by auction, the proceeds of which are not
but it is no doubt the same word as Khds-samdri, H. equal to the demands against the property sold.

y^fy*Hjo\s>-) said to be a respectful phrase for a person Khatt, or Khutt, H. (A. 5ai-), Khat, Khut, Mar. {Wi()

of rank, equivalent to your lordship ; also a circuit made A letter, a writing, an entry in a book, a written docu-

by a commanding officer: and as Khdsdsmdri, Mar. ('igiTEfT- ment, as a note of hand, a deed of mortgage, &c.

^T^), the equipage or train of a Raja. Khet-khaf, H. (Sai- e>J^) A deed of sale or mortgage

Khds-tahdl, H. (A. (Jj>.>as' (jo\i-) Collection of the revenue for a field, or a portion of a coparcenary estate, conveying

direct from the cultivators by the government, without the the land alone, without the privileges attached to it.

intervention of a Zamindar or farmer of the revenue. Khunt-hhat, (lai-c><^) A deed by which the rights of a

S^hds-tdluh, H. (A. ^jSjo ^/s\=^) A taluk, or certain district coparcener in a village- or estate are conveyed to another

under the immediate management of the state : the Nawabs person as well as the land.

of Bengal formerly selected such tracts, and occupied them Karjkhat, Mar. ('^^Hir) A note of obligation, or promise

for their own benefit ; but the term is now applied to to pay.

estates which, in consequence of the default of the occu- Gahdn khat. Mar. (iI^TO^w) A note of assurance that a

pant, or his death without heirs, are kept in the hands of pledge will be redeemed.

the state and managed by the government officers. Gharendii-khat, Guz. (U^mL§''^<1,) A mortgage deed.
Khds zamin, or, vernacularly, jam««, H. (.^j^j ijcis-) Land Fdrigh-khat, q. v. A deed of acquittance.

of which the collection is made by the government officers Pharokht khat. Mar. (ijftil^ ^jf, from P. d.^^^) A deed

immediately from the cultivators. of sale.

Khasaba, or Khasakat, or Ki-iisarat, H, (A.j»*i-, \jdj[m^) Vechdnkhat, Guz. (H^lUi'^n) A bill of sale, a deed of

Damage, injury, loss, fraud: the plea of a suit for damages : conveyance.

loss on a repeated sale, difference in diminution between the Khat, H. Mar. (cjl^, ^ir) Manure, filth so applied: in H.,

result of a first and second sale. also, Khdd and Khdo iS[i^, .l^).

Khasia, H. (?) The designation of the people of the hill Khdtdr, Mar. (^Tiire) The spot outside a village where

provinces. —Garhwal. the filth is thrown.

Khasea, Khusra, H. Ojm^, ^5SltT) A day-book, a journal, Khdt-hikri, Mar. (^Ttrf^^Tfl) Sale of manure on govern-

a field-book, especially a written record of the particulars ment account.

of a rough map or plan of a village, which is called a Khdtwar, Mar. (^TiT^) Well manured, rich, as a field

Shajra, in which the fields are numbered, and their numbers or soil.

282
 KHA KHA
KhIt, Thug. A bribe. Dakh. Thug. A ledger, an account-book, one in which are entered, under
KHATi, H. (liV), Beng. (""tt^), KhAten, Mar. (-^i), distinct and appropriate heads, the several items first entered

KhItu, Guz. (^L<j) An account-book, a day-book, a in a day-book or field-book : although differently explained

journal or ledger, also an account ; account current —one by different authorities, and occasionally modified as to its

kept with an individual, or of a particular concern with application, the term always denotes accounts of the nature

.respect to the receipts and outlay upon it ; an account of of the ledger : thus it is said the Maratha Sahukar's khatd-
real or personal property ; also, the paper or book in wani is made up from his kharda, or day-book, in the order
which such accounts are kept. of the names of his constituents: in the government financial

Khate-laki, Mar. (^^^ToR't) The balance for or against accounts it was a statement of all expenses and disburse-

a tradesman's books. ments, arranged alphabetically under their several heads :

Khatd-bahi, H. (^_j.^ ^^), Khdtevahi, Mar. (isllri^^l) An in Guz. it is said to mean the act of posting items from
account-book, a day-book, or one framed from the day- the day and cash-books into the ledger •-
in Bengal, the

book, a ledger. hhatiydn was an abstract of the chitds kept by the village
Khdteddr, Mar. (yirii^K) A mercantile correspondent, accountant, shewing the whole extent of land held by each

one with whom an account is opened. cultivator, the nature of the tenure or cultivation, as khud-
Khdt&wa/ri, Beng. {''^t^s1Ttf3^) Entries in a ledger. kdsht, &c., and the species of cultivation. In the north-
Khdtdpotu, Guz. (^Iftl'HlrlL) Commercial dealings, western provinces the khatdoni, or, as there also denomi-
buying and selling. nated, the muntakkab, is an account made up from the
KhIta, Guz. C^lrlL) The holding of a Ryot or cultivator. hkasrd, in which the fields belonging to each thoh, patti,
Khdtd bandi, Guz. ("^ l<1. l^ ° ^) Assessment of each Ryot's and individual are brought together, and then the name
holdings ; a Ryotwar assessment. of the occupant, the number of each field, its extent,

Khata, Khuta, H. (a. Ik^) Fault, offence, crime. with deductions for waste or the like, the rate of assess-
Khata, Tel. (a3~^eJ~°) Large scales for weighing grain in ment per bighd, the total rent, and the manner of its pay-
sacks. ment, are recorded.

Khatai, Thug. Information of, or hostility to, a gang, or Asdmi-ndr-hhatiydn, Beng. (^tTt^V5t^'9tf^sTJl^) An ac-

of some of its members, owing to a quarrel. count kept with each individual Asami or cultivator,

Kliatia/i, Thug. Information against a gang. made up from the khasrd or field-book, specifying the
Khatowa, Thug. A Thug informing against his con- fields held by him, the extent of his lands, waste or cul-

federates. tivated, the amount of his assessment, and the particulars

Khataka, Beng. («tt«'?) A borrower, a debtor. of his payments.
Khdtaki, Beng. ("Sltaft) Relating to a loan, a promissory Khdtdbandi, H. (l/J.*J^^«^) The same as the preceding:
note or bond. an abstract account or ledger.
Khataka, or Khataki, Mar. i^^nt^, ^nzm\) A caste, or Jinsmdr-khatiydn, Beng. (A. ^J>^o- species) , An abstract
an individual of it, who is by avocation a butcher. account of the different crops cultivated in a village or an
KhAtan, or Khatani, Beng. ("attSlI, "^tl^f^) Labouring, estate, their highest and lowest culture, and the average
working for hire. produce of each kind per bighd.
Khdtani, Beng. (^T7»ft) Wages or hire of labour, pay of Khatb, H. (a. l,_,vlai-) Marrying, betrothing, contracting
a workman or labourer. a marriage.
Khdtaniyd, Beng. ("'ttS^W) A workman, a labourer. Khati, Mar. (?) A blacksmith: in Nagpur, the village black-
KhatAuni, Khutaonee, corruptly, Khuteonbe, Khut- smith : in Hindustan, a wheelwright.
TEONI,KUTTOWNEE, KhATIOWNEE, KuTTEEANEE, Ki:- Khatiri, H. (?) A crop raised in the sand on the banks
TAMUNNEE, CUTEEAN, Or CUTTEAN, H. (tijU^), KhA- of a river by force of manure or hand waterin"- : a
TAVTANi, which may be pronounced Khataoni, Mar. nominal rent only is paid for such sowings. Agra.
(^inwf), Khatiyan, Khatiyani, Beng. ("StfaTrllT, Khatn, H. (a. ^^yi~) The husband of a man's female relations
''rt^^rtf^), Katavani, or Kataoni, Tarn. ((SSrT6U<35n) with whom his own intermarriage is interdicted.

283
 KHA KHE
Khatn, Khatna, Khatnat, H. (A. ^Jys' , iKJos- , c:^JuU-) Khei), or Kheb, Guz. (^S) Ploughing, tillage.

Circumcision. Kheddn, Guz. ("tSlUl) Land under tillage.

KhatpaubA, H. Ojyfyt^, Vrz^Tj) A kind of rake worked Khedut, Guz. (y\, S<rt) A cultivator, an agriculturist.

by two men for breaking up the soil into small beds. Khede, Mar. (^, S. ^Jcp) A small, and chiefly agricultural

KhATKIj corruptly, KHATEY,KlIETREE,KHETERy,H.((-Ji^, village.

S. kshatriya '^f^^) The man of the second pure tribe, Khemkusal, H. (i)*uLu^, fromS. ^, and ck^ri^) Welfare,

the soldier and the sovereign caste. Mar. (^^) A caste, prospering, both in personal health and worldly affairs.

or individual of it, who is a silk-weaver. Khep, H. (i_„.o^, S. T^q) A trip (in a boat or vessel) a
Khatua, Uriya (S1|S||) Chief cattle-driver. cargo : a cracked or adulterated coin.
Khaub, Thug. An army. Khepia, Guz. C^hI^ I) A courier, a messenger, a letter-
Khawaf, H. (A. i/sly*} properly, jlur. of j^U-) Nobles, carrier, an intelligencer, a spy.
grandees : attendants, personal servants, usually the KherI, H. CJJ-^) a village. See Khede (it is the same
favourite or confidential attendant on a person of rank :
word) : in Bundelkhand it is the land immediately adjacent

a boy or female servant : in the west of India the children to a village.

of a female slave belonging to a Charan or Rajput, the KhesAri, Beng. ((:"'Wf)) A sort of pulse much cultivated

property of the owner of the slave, but treated as a member for food (Lathyrus sativus).

of the family : the word, written Chiaus, is the origin of Khet, H. &c. (c:-^, ^, S. ^) A field, a tract of land
the English word Chouse. In Puraniya the term is applied especially fit for cultivation ; a cultivated field : an agri-
to slaves in general, whether domestic or agricultural, but cultural division of land, in Bengal, formerly considered

the khawds is usually originally a free person who has as equal to 60 bighds.

become a voluntary slave for protection and support, and, Khet-ldnt, H. (u:.^ib ci^^), vernacularly corrupted, in
in some cases, has a grant of land from the Zamindar for Hindi, to Khat or Khet-bat, (vi^ c:-^) Allotment of the
his subsistence : another kind of khawds is more of a lands of a coparcenary village, field by field, among the

client or retainer of some wealthy person than a slave, sharers, but in such a manner that they shall not be con-

although nominally such. tiguous, or of the same quality, but so divided that each

Khawind, Khawand, H. (P. jJjli-), vernacularly, Kha-

or may have a due proportion of good and bad land : the

MiND, Uriya, Khamand, Tel. A lord, a master. term, however, has other explanations, and most correctly

Khazana, Khuzanu, corruptly, C.4 JAN a, or, more correctly, implies the mode in which a Maicza, is divided into two

though less commonly, KhizAna, H. (P. lu\j>-), vernacu- or more mahals or estates ; and it is commonly applied to

larly, Khajana, as Beng. ("Sl^fW), also KhajinA, Mar. denote the intermixture of the lands of different villages,

(^^TRI, ^RTNt), Tel. (SOST'cS^) A treasury, the public which, although known as belonging to one village, are

treasury: treasure, money: thg public revenue, the land-tax. found lying amongst those belonging to another : in one

Khazdnchi, or Khuzanchee, or, vernacularly, Khajdnchi, or two instances the lands of the same mahdl or estate

corruptly, IChajomchi, H. &c. (^isr*];*-) A treasurer, a are entirely scattered amongst those of others.

cash-keeper. Khet-chiithd, H. (l^ '•^^i^) Rough field-book, or notes

Kheda, corruptly, Keddah and Kehdah, H. (1^*.,^/) An of the fields of a tract surveyed.

inclosure in which wild elephants are caught: (it is derived Khet-ddr, H. (.P.Jti, who has) The occupant or owner of

from b'lJa^, to chase, but is probably a word of Bengali a field.

u

or Sanscrit origin, from Beng. C^ff^, to chase cattle, Khet-khatt, H. (ks- U^-^J^) Mortgage of a field : see Sai-

S. WI#7, hunting.) Kheti, H. &c. ((JiJ^) Relating to a field ; a husbandman,

Khedd-i-afii/dl, (A. jUil, plur. of j^Z Jji, an elephant) a cultivator : cultivation, agriculture.

Expenses incurred in catching' wild elephants, for which, Khetibdri, H. iijj^.ij.^) Agriculture, tillage.

under the Mohammadan government, a tax was levied Khetihar, H. (yt)(_J^^) A cultivator.

upon certain districts in Bengal and Sylhet : the cess or Khetipatdri, Hindi (;a(rtTnmft) Agricultural labour, field

abwab so levied work.

284
 KHE KHI
Khet-jharti, Mar. (^1T*B^^) Annual account of the fields of several similar articles to make his own selection :

of a village to be kept by the Kulkarni. other circumstances are enumerated by which sales may
Khetwdr, H. (;iyj>^) By fields ; the assessment that is be optionally annulled.

made upon each separate field according to its capability Khichri, H, (uJ/s^). Beng. (f^tpf^), KiCHCHipi, Kam.
of yielding produce, and the description of the latter grown (6^a) An Indian dish of rice boiled with split pulse

in it. and spices ; hence, fig., any common mixture, a confusion,

Khetmdr-jamabandi, H. (A. H. ^^jJUx^e"- , q, v.) Amount hotch-potch.

of the revenue assessed upon each field. KichcMdi-bdcMdi, Kam. (6^QJJ^3?a) Turmoil, confu-

Khewa, or KhewaIi H. (1»J>^^, ^.^IjA^) Fare, ferry or sion, disorder.

passage money. Khidmat, H. (a. c:.-v<Jki-) Service, office.

Khemat, Khematia, H. (cjjjX^, ui'»J^, 1^4'S) A ferry-man, KMdmatgdr, or Khidmat-ddr, (from H. .u, or P. j\S), in-

a boat-man, a rower; also, Khewak, H. (viJjA^). correctly, Kidmutgar, Kismuigar, and Kitmutgar, H.
Khewa T, (?)H. A contribution sometimes levied by the former A servant, a table-servant, a personal attendant : in the

government of Bengal on rent-free lands, when the lands Northern Cirkars usually a slave.

assessed were unable to pay the amount, in order to com- Khddim, H. (A. *iil»-) A servant, an attendant, one who
pensate for any deficit in the revenue : a contribution is employed in the care of a shrine or mosque.

among the coparceners of a village to the village expenses: Khddim- i-dargdh, H. (»IS,ii *iil»-) An attendant on a Mo-
in the north-west provinces, the record or register of the hammadan tomb or mosque.

shares in which a coparcenary village is distributed : as- Khidmat-i-tdlukddri or zaminddri, H. The service or

sessment with the Ryots according to their shares. — Ajmir. ofiice of a Talukdar or Zamindar.

Khewat-nama, H. (P. iJUu) A document or statement of Khil. or Khil, Beng. (S. H^T, %T), Mai. (sulfij)
liabilities. Waste or uncultivated land, though capable of being

Khianat, also written Khiyanat, (A. oibjJ-) Perfidy, brought into cultivation.

treachery, embezzlement: in law, breach of trust, violation Khil-jamd, Beng.'(f^«n«(>(l) Assessment of waste lands

of an engagement. newly brought into cultivation.

Kkain, H. (.^^») A traitor: one who violates an engage- Khil-jamin, Beng. (f^t*!^^^) Land lying fallow or un-

ment, or is culpable of a breach of trust. cultivated.

Khiar, H. (J^i^ ? A., see the next word) Second sort of Ehil-patit, Beng. (from S. Tjfinr fallen) , Land excluded from
land of two species : first and second, in a classification the rent-roll in consequence of lying waste.

of the lands of Dinajpur. Khil, H. (J.J>^) Parched grain.

Khiar, A. 0^!>~) Option, selection : in Mohammadan law Khilaf-i-shara, H. (a. c^ uJ5U^) Contrary to the law,
an optional completion or dissolution of an agreement of illegal.

sale under various circumstances. Khilat, corruptly, Khelaut, or KiLtAUT, H. (A. ei^i-)
Khidr-ul-habul, (
J«J>5 , consent) Option of refusing to A dress of honour ; any article of costume presented by
accept the terms offered before the parties sepa,rate. the ruling or superior authority to an inferior as a mark
Khidr-ul-majlis, (jm.isK-*, an assembly) Option of retract- of distinction : a complete Khilat may include arms, or
ing an assent before the parties separate. a horse, or an elephant : in general it is some part of a
Kliidr-ul-ruyat, (ci^Jj^) Option of inspection, the right of a native dress.

purchaser to reject what he has bought without seeing it. Khildt-bahd, H. (from P. l^, price) A cess, or abwab, levied
Khiar-ul-dib, (S-^-^J^ , fault) Option of rejecting an article by the Mohammadan government to defray the cost of
bought if any defect is discovered in it. honorary dresses presented at court.

Khidr-us-shart, Ca/ii , an agreement) Option of either party Khilwat, or Khalwat, H. (A. Cijjli-) Privacy, retirement.
to annul the sale within three days, or a longer period, if Khilwat-kh&na, or Khilwat-gdh, H. (from P. <oli-, a
agreed upon mutually. chamber, or xlS, a place) A private apartment, the women's
Khidr-ut-tdyin, (^jJ^) Option of the purchaser of one apartments.

285 4d
 KHI KHO
Khilroat-nashin, H. (P. j^jJwi , who sits) A recluse, a her- Khomasna, Thug. To rush at once upon travellers when
mit: a woman of rank ; one who does not appear in public. there is not sufficient time for the usual forms.

Khilrvat-mhih, H. (a. ^^^ >^uO^) Correct or lawful pri- Khondab, H. {jtijy^, 4<()iO Gleanings or leavings on the

vacy ; the retirement and cohabitation of husband and threshing-floor after the grain is removed.

wife without natural or artificial impediment, constituting Khondu, Tel. (aS^O&) Ripe grain.

the validity of the marriage, and giving to the woman a Khonta, H. (Ujj^i^) Base, adulterated (as coin).

full claim to her dower. Khopra, H. (];.j^), Khobreij, Mar. (^^\*) The kernel
Khind, Mar. (fe't) A narrow path between two hills. of a cocoa-nut : the dried interior pulp.

Khim, or Khepni, (?) H. Personal attendance by culti- Khohrel, Mar. (^J^t^, from 5^^, and ^^s) Cocoa-nut oil.

vators holding of a superior upon the chief in journeys. KhorA, or Khore, Mar. (la^T, '^"t") A hollow or bottom

Khirman, H. (p.
ij/«;*-)
A stack of com, a granary, a barn. between hills, a glen.

Khirudu, Tel. (S5O0O0) Ground in cultivation. KhorA, Thug. Unlucky.

Khisti, Karn. (^^^ij) Tribute; probably a vernacular form Khorai, Thug. Copper coin.

of KiST, q. v. Khorak, Thug. A horse ; Khorkdni, a mare.

Khitab, H. (A. L_>lla=-) A title. Khorchi, Thug. A barber.
Kho, or Khoa, corruptly, Koar, Beng. (^"'11, i'^ltSTl) Coarse Khohjam, Tel. (35~°aJF-0) A bale or lot of twenty pieces,

brick-dust or pounded bricks used in making roads, roof- commonly called a Gorge.

ing houses, &c. Khosa, Beng. (tf-iittJrl) Husk of grain ; shell of pulse ;

Khobba, Thug. Flesh meat : peculiar to Dakhini Thugs. rind of fruit.

Khoda, Mar. (j^Tlil) Stocks for criminals. Khosdn, Beng. (tf''HTtJl) Cleaning grain, separating it from
Khodan, Guz. (^l^lUi) Ground flooded or undermined by the husk ; shelling peas, &c.

water. Khosdni, Beng. (i'^tW^) Price of labour in husking

Khodda, Thug. An old man. grain, &c.

Khodeli, Thug. An eight ana piece. Khosa, H. (uu^^) Name of a marauding tribe in the sandy
Khodi, H. ((.StSj?^) Digging, culture of land : ceremonies tract between Hindustan and Sindh, called the Thai.

involving bodily labour, unremunerated except by food ;

Khosman, Thug. A Mohammadan.
Kamaon. Khot, Guz. ("^Li) A blunder: loss in trade, damages.

KHOpvi^A, Mar. (iH^f^T) Second crop of sugar-cane; cane Khot-vadh, Guz. ("^UHU) Profit and loss.

sprouting from the stem of the first crop, also the latter Khota, or Khot, Mar. (^til) A farmer of land revenue or

left to bear shoots. customs ; any contractor or monopolist : in some of the

Khoi, H. ((_f}^) Dry part of the sugar-cane after expressing Maratha provinces, an officer exercising hereditarily the

the juice. office of collecting the government revenue, also one ap-

Khoja, H. (<):=-^i), Khoja, Mar.(^^T),KHOjo,Guz.(yi. l<!/l) pointed to that duty.

A eunuch ; corruption of Khwaja, q. v. In Guz. a tribe Khot-hdM, Mar. (from P. |_^'b) Balance of grain, &c. due

of Indian Mohammadans. from the cultivator to the landholder.

Khokha, H. Q4<^), Khoka, or Khokha, Mar. (ir>^, Khot-dhdrd, Mar. (13^101:1) The dues of the landlord from

^^T), Kg KHUN, Guz. (^J^') A bill of exchange that the cultivator or tenant.

has been paid and remains in the hands of the payer as a Khoti, Mar. (l^^"^) The business or office of the hereditary

voucher. or appointed collector, termed khot : contracting, farmin"-

Kholadhar, Guz. C^LiHlfcl^) A person who stands surety contracting for a crop of corn on the field.

for a stranger demanding payment of a bill of exchange. Khotki, or Khotgi, Mar. (^'tK^, ^tiuft) The office of a

Khokhi, Thug. Clearing the throat, a signal to prepare collector, termed khot.

for action. Khotkhardbd,Mar. (s'lHi^A.IHl) Waste lands about a village,

Kholambho, Guz. ("il<Srl°^l) Postponement, putting off of which the revenue is farmed and given to the farmer

Khom, Thug. A door. on his paying a fixed sura to the government.

286
 KHO KHtJ

Khotsajjd, (^ViWran) Lands held of the landholder or KhiJn, Khoon, H. &c. (P. ^^y>) Blood ; fig., murder.

farmer, ill contradistinction to those held of government XhAn-hahd, (P. l^ji-) Price of blood, mulct of retaliation.

direct. Khuni, H. (ti«»-) A murderer, a shedder of blood.

Khotpatra, Mar. (j^<iM'4, from ^7, false) A document Khunres, H. (P.Jjyji-) A murderer.

acknowledging the falsehood of a claim or plea, written Khunti, (?) Price paid io Bhils for protection from personal

acknowledgment of error. injury, black mail, price of blood.

Khotyerd, Mar. (^te^^) An extra assessment to make Khun, Khoon, Mar. (^u) A mark, whence, a boundary-

up for some deficit in the revenue. mark.

Khous, Thug. Return from an expedition. Khunchi, erroneously, Koonchy, Beng. ('^F) In dry

Khotab, Thug. Interval between midnight and day-break. measure, eight handfuls.

Khubhi, Beng. ("^^rSt) A small hut. Khundi, Mar. (^^) A sort of Jawari grown as a second

Khud, Khood, H. &c. (P. liy^) Self, own. crop in garden land, to serve as a green crop for cattle

Khudajari j)d1a, Beng. ("^irlitfll 'ttuD An engagement the heads of the grain are also eaten.

by which, for a sum of money, a man makes himself the Kh6nt, H. (u:^)^) a share in the lands of a village by

bondsman of another, either for a term of years or for hereditary descent, and in all the privileges and rights
life. (Sylhet.) which it involves. — ^Azimgerh.

Khud-kdsht, corruptly, Khode khasht, P. (^Jtil^, hdshtan, Khunt-hat or -vat, (H. 'mt bat or vat, implying posses-

to sow, as seed) Sowing or cultivating one's own ground. sion) Tenure by ancestral shares in a village, as existing

See Kdsld. in Azimgerh.

Khud-kdsht rdiat, H. (A. ci^^Jj^) A cultivator of his own Khunt-khat, H. (lai- ci^J *»-) A deed of mortgage by which
hereditary land. the mortgagee parts not only with his share of the hhunt-

Kliud-hdsht zamin, H. (A. i^j-^j) Land cultivated by its vat lands, but with all the rights and privileges attached
hereditary occupant. to them.

Kntrp, or Khue, H. (jj^, '^TS) A furrow in a stiff soil. Kkdntaiti, H. (jJJ,jJC>»i-) Payment of revenue according to

Khuda, but usually pronounced more like Khoda, and in the ancestral shares, without reference to the actual condi-

some dialects, as in Bengali so written, H. (^J>i-) Beng. tion or produce of the shares.

(C"^) God. Khunti, Mar. (^^) A peg or pinr stuck in the ground, or

Khudd hare, H. (from Ij^, to do) Would to God ! May a short stump of a tree as a land or boundary mark.

God do Khuntwa, Mar. (^T^t) A duty on vessels on coming to

Khudd-na-khmdsta, H. (from P. ^^yM^^, to will or wish) anchor or passing within a certain range.

God forbid ! Khurak, less correctly, but vernacularly, Khorak, H. &c.

Khuddrvdnd, H. (P. jJ.lAi-) Master, lord, husband. (P. CJIui-) Food, daily food, allowance of food.

Khulimuddat, Mar. (ig^S^Jl^, from H. khula i!^^, open, Khurdhi, vernacularly, Khordki, H. &c. (P.
fj^jf^) Al-
and A. muddal, i-ZJ^y^, time) An undefined term or lowance of food, or money for purchasing it subsistence ;

period for the performance of an engagement, payment of money.

a debt, &c. Kh'&r-o-posh, written also, Khor-o-posh, H. ((^jJjj^) Food
Khultin, a. (^jiali-) A fermented liquor, infusion of dates and clothing, maintenance, which it is incumbent on the
and of raisins bottled together : it is not a prohibited head of a family to provide.

liquor. Khurdku, Tel. (axr°"0^§b) Subsistence money (see Khn-

Khula paisa, Mar. (wygll^) A small copper coin, current rdki) or fees paid by villagers to inferior servants employed

in some parts of the Dakhin : seven hundred go to a rupee. to collect the government dues.
Khum, Khoom, vernacular for Kaum, q. v. Mar. (^IT), Khurdki-ajidl, H. (A. plur. oi fil, an elephant) Food of
Tel. (Saj-°'63) People, tribe, class, caste. elephants : a tax formerly levied in Sylhet to defray the

Khummdr, Mar. (ibH^T) By tribes or families, as taxes cost of maintaining the elephants caught for government
imposed on, statements of returned, or the like. in the district.

287
 KHtl KIF
Kh6rant, H. (iJL4]jjp) Old soil, soil trodden down by Khatib, H. (^./Obi-) A preacher, a public reader or

cattle with hoofs. speaker.

KntJiiD, H. (P. 'ijf'-) Little, small ; used as the designa- Khwaja, but pronounced Khaja, and, corruptly, Caja,
tion of a village or town, in opposition to kaldn, great Khoja, H. (p. <it»-'^&-) A rich or respectable man, a
Kh6rda, H. (p. iiijf>-), Mar. (^^) The original implies gentleman, an opulent merchant; also, vernacularly,

eaten ; but in vernacular use it implies, like the pre- Khqja, a eunuch.
ceding, small, what is broken up into small parts or Khwdja-sard, H. (P. \jm the inner apartments)
, A eunuch,
fragments, as small coins in exchange for large, and. the one attached to the female apartments.
like. Khwand-kah, H. (P. jjjiiJl^, to read) A schoolmaster,

Khurdagatd, or Khurdagi, H. (^iiiij^ , iSi^j^) Changing one who teaches reading and writing.
money, giving pieces of smaller for one of larger value. Khydara, Thug. Any armed policeman, as a Barkandaz,

Khurdah-farosh, H. ((^jy !iiJ;j=-) A huckster, a dealer in Najib, &c.

petty wares. KiARi, H. (^Ui) A bed in a garden ; one in a field,^espe-

Khurdia, H. (Uiyiji-) A money-changer. cially for the plantation of rice in small squares, with

Khush, H. (p.
^f-) Pleased, pleasant, agreeable, &c. raised borders to retain the water; a field surrounded

Khush-hdsh, incorrectly, Koosh-hesh, H. (P. ipJ, being, by a high bank forming it into one large bed.

abiding) One who lives pleasantly or at his ease; applied KiAS, or KiTAS, H. &c: (A. ^J"^) Reasoning, inference,

variously in. different places : in Sylhet, to a petty pro- logical deduction : in the absence of a positive law, judg-

prietor, one who possesses a small piece of ground, with ment on the merits of a case.

a dwelling on it, for which he pays revenue ; in Cuttack, Kids ndma, H. &c. A written judgment or decree.

to a resident in a village who pays no rent for the ground KiBLA, H. (A. ^JJ, from (J-JJ, what is placed before or

on which his dwelling stands ; in Birbhum it denoted a opposite) The place to which Mohammadans look when
remission or assignment of revenue to enable the grantee praying, which is the direction of the temple of Mecca :

to live more comfortably ; in the Dakhin, and in other any venerable person, one to whom another looks with

places, it usually means a cultivator holding land at an respect

easy or quit-rent. Kibla-i-ddlam, H. (A. Jlc (iduji) The kibla of the world,

KhAsh-kabdla or kibdla, H. (A. m'm) A contract or en- applied to a prince, His majesty. Your majesty.

gagement entered into willingly. Kibla-gdh, H. (from P. !il>, a place) The place to which

Khush-hharid, H. (P. Purchase made willingly, the face is to be turned when praying ; any august or
'^J=^^)

without any%onstraint : what is purchased at once, with- venerable person when spoken of or to ; as, a king, a

out any advance or dispute. father. Your majesty. Sire.

Khurtat, or Khura, Beng. (gJF^^, -g^Sl) A father's KiDANGU, Tarn. (eSlL—dJQ) A tank, a pond ; a store, a

younger brother ; Khuri i.''^), his wife. granary ; a betel garden, a jail.

Khushk, H. &c. (p. lLU^^) Dry. KiFAYAT, or KiFAiAT, corruptly, Kiffut, Keffayet, Kef-
Khushka, H. (P. <sCi.J^) Dry rice, rice boiled plain, with- FAYAT, H. (A. ^.:i^\sS, from ^^, to be enough) Surplus,

out seasoning or other ingredients. profit, advantage : profit or increase in the amount of
KhushU, sometimes, vernacularly, Khuski, H. &c. (^^di-) revenue received by the government, whether by raising

Dryness, drought : dry land, land not artificially irrigated the rate of assessment or imposing additional taxes : in

by land in opposition to by water, as travelling. the old revenue accounts several items of increase are

Khushksdl, H. (A. Jl« , a year) A year of drought or famine. so denominated, as,

Khusj&mat, H. (A. o.«^.A5«., from jf„aei, an enemy) En- Kifdyat-i-hast-o-hud, H. (JyjUi-^wA \,z-^}^) Increase of

mity, strife, litigation. actual and past assessment founded on a revision of the value

Khutba, H. "(a. <ulai-) A public prayer or discourse pro- of the lands and resumption of illegal or lapsed alienations.

nounced in the mosques at the Friday service, in which Kifdyat-i-Faujddrl, H. (tc^li\5i-yci->jls^) Increased as-

the prince is prayed for. sessment on the frontier lands held by military governors,

288
 KIL KIR
levied by them at first for their own benefit, but brought tribe of migratory shepherds, feeding their flocks on all

to the credit of the government by Kasim Ali Khan. waste lands between the Tapti and Tungabhadra, on paying

Kifdyat-i-sair, corruptly, Keffyet sayer, H. (,J.«j ij>.-i!aS') a tax to the state.

Increase of the revenue derived from miscellaneous items KiLMADAi, Tam. (a UiLQStOl—) Land last watered, that which

of taxation, whether effected by additional imposts or re- is most distant from the madai, or sluice.

duction of charges. Kiluhhumi, Karn. (S. S^^^lr'SU) Inferior land.

Ki'l, a lake (?), Glossary, 5th Rep. Kil, H. &c. (Jji"), is KiMAR, H. (A. lUJi) Dice, or any game of hazard.

more usually a stake, a pin, a peg. Kimdr-haz, H. (P.jlj, who plays) A gambler.

KiL.A, H. (A. (Uli, more correctly, Kala, SsJii), vernacularly, Kimdr-hdzi, H. (P. ^j\i ,
playing) Gambling with dice or

KiLLA, Mar. (fsR^), Beng. (f^^) A fort, a fortress, the like.

a castle, a hill fort. In Cuttack the term applies to estates KiMAT, Keemut, H. (a. vj:^vt>^') Price, value.

or Zamindaris in the jangal and hill tracts on the western Kimdt-i-Khuht-i-Gaur, H. (from P. tl^wJ^i-, a brick) A
border, some of considerable extent, paying tribute, but cess imposed by the Nawab of Bengal to defray the expense

in some respects subjefct to their own Rajas : seventeen of bringing away, for public edifices, the enamelled bricks

are enumerated — Ranpur, Naiaghar, Khandiapara^ Nar- or tiles found in considerable quantities among the ruins

singpur, Baramba, Tigaria, Banki, Athgarh, Dekanal, of Gaur, the ancient capital of Bengal.

Hindol, Angul, Athmalik, Talchir, Kyunjhar, Lera, Mohar- Kimati, H. (^jL*a5) Of price, precious, valuable.

banj, Nilghar; they are usually 200 or 300 square miles Kimat rarvdnd, H. (P. liljj ,
going) A custom pass, in

in extent, but Lera is only 20, whilst Angul is calculated which the value of the goods that have paid duty is

at 22,000, and Moharbanj at 15,000 ; they were no doubt specified.

originally named from the torts occupied by the Rajas who Kimkhwab, corruptly, Kincob, H. (P. i^\^i-J), Kinkhab,
were held responsible for guarding the frontier against the Guz. ( m"*!^^ ) Silk stufi^ interwoven with gold or silver

wilder tribes to the west. thread ; brocade.

Kil&< or Killadar, or sometimes, vernacularly, Killedar, KiNA, Beng. ( f^^ ) Purchase* purchasing.

as Mar. (ftfii^t), Karn. (STUBS'), H. &c. (jljjJi) Kindbikd, Uriya (Qei|QQ|) Buying and selling.

The governor or commandant of a fort : in Cuttack, the Kinibdmdld, Uriya (5feiQ|(3|Si.|) A purchaser.

holder of a fort and lands annexed on the principle of KiNARA, H. &c. (!S;lij) Side, border, bank, shore.

feudal service. Kinaru, Tam. (<^50nrmj) A well, a small well.

Xilla, or KiUedari, H. &c. The office emoluments, &c., KiNpAN, Tam. (e^esOTL-flOr) A kind of cotton cloth, com-
of a Killadar. monly called gingham.
KiUjdt, H. (cljIs*^, irr. plur. of ^) Forts : in Orissa the KiNiRU, Tel. (?) Ground where water is found within about

term is used collectively to designate lands chiefly in the hill six feet below the surface.
country bordering on the plains, and held at a quit-rent KiRAHiYAT, H. (a. t::,^L/) Disgust, abhorrence : in law, ,

on the tenure of military service in defending the low coun- abominable acts, or abominations ; any infraction of moral
try from the ravages of the wild mountain tribes, for which, or religious rules ; as, eating or drinking impure or pro-

as well as their own safety, the Zamindars occupy numerous hibited articles, wearing unfitting attire, committing acts

Kilas or forts. of indecency, &c.

Killd-vartdld, corra^tly, Kella-murtuUah,MaT. (foRWI =I^T^) KiRAi, Tam. (iSOCDCr) All sorts of greens and the edible
A cess imposed upon the peasantry in lieu of a reduction leaves of trees.

in the amount of the grain with which they were bound KiRAN, H. (a. ^J^Ji)
Conjunction of the planets : propin-

to supply the garrison of a fort. quity, being with or together : performing the pilgrimage

KiLiNTU, Tel. (Port (?) sSc&Jj) port, clearance ; receipt for to Mecca with other pilgrims.

port dues paid. KiBANA, or sometimes with JINS (goods), Kirana-jins,

KiLAKA, S. &c. (•li't^oF) The forty-second year of the cycle. erroneously Cabana-Jins, Mar. (f^RHOT, fcPHmnfti^)
KiLLARi, also written Khillary, Mar. (?) The name of a Groceries ; in commerce, under the head of Kirdnd are

289 4e
 KIR KIS
included tea, sugar, spices, aromatics, almonds, raisins, KiSM, H. (A. fMjj) Kind, sort, species ; partition, division ;

cocoa and pistachio nuts, indigo, vermilion, alum, and division of inheritance ; equal partition of a husband's
various medicinal and dying drugs. company amongst his wives.

KiEAR, Mar. (?) A low tribe, whose occupation is to sell Kismat, H. (A. i^^^^^MiH) Share, distribution ; share of

grass and exercise horses, (?) Kirat. prosperity, or the like, allotted to each person in life ; hence

KiRAT, S. &c. (f^trnr) A wild or forest tribe, barbarous by meton., fate, fortune : in law, partition of inheritance,

races inhabiting the mountains, theCirrhadae of the ancients. also a separated or divided portion : applied in revenue

KirIya, corruptly, Keeray, H. &c. (A. <SjI/), KebAya, matters to a portion of land detached from a larger division,

Beng. (4<i?sil»)i) Hire, rent, fare, freight ; the money or . as from a Taluk or a Pargana, especially if subject to a
rate at which any thing may be hired or rented ; a small different jurisdiction : a hamlet or dependent vUlage.

cess charged to the cultivator for the carriage of the crops Kismat ndma, H. (from P. mS) A deed of partition.

to market. Karn. (oo dOjD) Small fees in grain. Kdsim, A. (*«*<lj) A divider, a sharer; a public officer

Kirdyaddr, H. &c. (,U*ji_l^>) A hirer, a renter. deputed by the Kazi to make a legal distribution of joint

Kirayagarru, Karn. (pi. DO c)0a3 A dOOO) Village servants property.

paid by small fees in grain. Kismwdr, corruptly, Kessemwdr, H. ( iI^/«j*ij) According to

KiRD, Mar. (P. '9!^^) An account or statement of receipts its sort or kind : according to shares.

and disbursements ; bringing lands into cultivation. Kismwdr-goshwdrd, H. (!ylj«i^S^l_j/wi) An abstract ac-

Kirddd, Karn. (6c33f-(S) Tilled, fit for seed. count of lands, classed according to their quality.

Kirdsdr, Mar. (oR^^^OT^) Arable, capable of being culti- Kismwdr jamd bandi, H. (P. t^Jojjt**-) An account of

vated (land). the as-sessment on the lands of a village or coUectorate

KiRiCH, Beng. (f^fllb), Uriya (§Q1q) A long knife, a according to their quality.

dirk, a dagger; perhaps the Kris, or Creese (^^j^S) of KisoRA, S. (fsir^flt) A youth, a boy, a minor, one under

the Malays. eighteen years of age.

KiRKUL, or KiRKOL, Mar. (c|ftt.^5i off^oR^) Miscel- KiST, H. (A. kujj"), vernacularly modified, as KiST or KlSTi,
laneous, petty, (as articles or goods), by retail. Beng. (f^^, f%f%), Khist, Mar. (fesr), KisTi, Tel.
Kirkolkdm, Mar. (ciriiTo|?l35«FIH) A job, a trifling or tem- (§2^), KiSTi, or KiSTU, Karn. (SS^, S^) Instal-

porary business. stalment, portion ; the amount paid as ah instalment ; the

Kirkolprdpti, Mar. (S. tnftr, gaming) Petty profits. period fixed for its payment : as a revenue term it denotes

KiRRAT, A. ((jylji') A carat, the 24th part of an ounce. the portion of the annual assessment to be paid at spe-

KiRUKOLA, Karn. (OOOCJ^^y ) Unnecessary trouble and an- cified periods in the course of the year ; such periodical

noyance given to cultivators by inferior revenue officers. payment is called a Kist. In Marathi,' Khist also implies

KiSAN, H. &c. (S. fJ^J) A husbandman, a cultivator (more various ruinous modes of borrowing money upon repay-

correctly Krishdn). ment by instalments.

KiSAS, corruptly, KissAS, H. (A. (jo\^) Retaliating : in law, Kist- or Kisti-bandi, or hundee, H. (^jjJo ^a»j), Kistu-
retaliation for personal injury, claimable by the person bandi, Karn. (O^WaoQ) Settlement of the instalments of

injured, or, in the event of his death, by his next of kin. the revenue both as to time and amount : a document given

KiSHT, H. (P. 0.>i<i) A sown field. at the beginning of the year to the revenue payer by the

Kishtkdr, H. U^!Xli) A husbandman, a cultivator. collector or Zamindar, in which the time and amount of

Kishtkdri, H. iijJ^SiJ) Cultivation, tillage. the instalments to be paid are specified : a counterpart

Kisht-o-kdr, H. (P. ^l^jCl-^) Ploughing and sowing. statement of the same, kept by the receiver of the revenue,

Kishtwdr, H. (.j]J^) By fields, according to the cultivation. or a district account shewing the particulars of the in-

Kishtzdr, H. P. {jiJiJ^) A sown field. stalments receivable: any document relating to fixed

KiSHTf, H. (jJCwlk^) A ship, a boat; an ornamented rafl or float. periodical payments of the revenue or of a debt.

Kishtibdn, H. (jjjUjXio) A shipman, a boatman ; the com- Kistkdr, H. U^latui) A payer of a debt or tax by in-
mander of a vessel. stalments.

290
 KIS KOD
Kist-khil&fi, H. (from (—sJIi- , contrary) Failure to pay the Kitdbat, H. (A. ei^U^) A writing, a description, title of

stipulated instalments. a book : in Mohammadan law, an engagement by which

Kist-munkazi, H. (frora A. ^^aal^ , elapsed) An instalment a slave is permitted to redeem himself, or work out his

in arrear, a past demand. emancipation.

Kistuwdide, Karn. (or^oJ <3(X>3q) Fixed period for pay- Kitdbi, H. (A. (_j*to) Relating to a book or writing;

ing an instalment hence it is applied to the Jews and Christians by the

KiswArA, Thug. A well. Mohammadans, as in possession of scriptural authority,

KiTAj H. (jCxlaj) A section, a fragment, a part. Beng. (f'FSl although, according to them, corrupted or superseded.

A share or piece of ground. KittIn, incorrectly, KeetA, Kitdb-hukmi, H. (A. from *^, an order) A letter firom

Mar. (f^^) A word used in accounts to signify each one Kazi or judge to another, containing an authenticated

item that is to be brought under a separate head ; also transcript of evidence taken in a case, the decision on
for an item that is set down, but of which the particulars which has been removed to the jurisdiction of the latter

appear elsewhere ; thus answering to miscellaneous, minor, any authoritative writing.

broken, &c. Kitdb-intikdli, H. (from A. JlHJl) A book or record of
Kitd-bandi, H. (t^JOJjlaJ', written Khatabandi, but ? if transfers and other changes of property.
correctly) A mode of assessment formed upon an equal Kdtib, H. (A. (.^.^iS) A writer, a copyist, a scribe.

distribution among the cultivators of the good and bad KiTMiTTi, Mar. (?) Applied to accounts in which interest is

soil of a village in like proportion, and holding each cul- allowed on both debit and credit.

tivator responsible for his share of both ; also the assess- KiDN-KAL, (?) Tibetan. A duty of ten per cent, on the im-
ment of the cultivators according to the shares of each, port of grain. —Eamaon.
without advertence to the soil or the cultivation. Kiun-thal, (?) Tibetan. Tax on the profits of trade, levied

XHajarib handi, Hindi (foFinsTtt^^^) Specification of in the form of transit duties. Ibid.

,
the dimensions of each field in a Patta, or lease. KlWADA, Tel. (i»J^<S) The area or yard of a house: a
Kitdwdr, Beng. (Pt^sUla) In portions or fragments, as tract of land round a village once occupied by dwellings :

a division of subordinate portions. land fit for garden cultivation ; a rich soil.

Kitdrodri-latmard, H. QiJ^pj) Partition of a joint estate KiwAmIti, Hindi (oh'^^mTjl) Fine, strong, and tenacious
in small subdivisions. soil.

Kittabdh, Mar. (f^^^R) Miscellaneous or undefined cess Kliva, S. (^^) Weak, impotent, neuter^ in law, an im-
or charge, applied to an extra cess levied on a cultivator potent man, and therefore disqualified, in many respects,
or village without any plea being assigned as a party or an evidence.

Kittdwatani, corruptly, tvutnee. Mar. (foiraT^iftTt) A term KoBBARi, Tel. (S^gB), also Kobaki, Karn. (0^205) The
applied to an item of local assessment, which, though white kernel of the cocoa-nut.
actually levied, is omitted from the account, so as to KochiXni, Uriya (GQ|§S||ff ) A woman who lives by selling
reduce the apparent total, the object being to diminish salt in small quantities.
the sum on which a per-centage is payable to the holders KoDA, Tel. (S^O) Coarse rice, the third crop.

of assignments on the revenue. KoDAGA, Tam. (C^SoX) Land which had been rent-free,

KiTA, Tel. (i«3, perhaps from the Arabic jlai') A heap of but which has been subjected to a light or quit-rent.
winnowed grain. KodaikktJli, Tam. (GSFTOCDL-Sai-eifl) Rent, hire.

Kita-manihdlu, and Kita-tauvalu, Tel. (?) Portions of Kobe, Thug. Dressed rice. —Dakhini Thugs.
winnowed grain taken from the heap and given to Brah- Kobe, Karn. (!>3?0) The season of the hot land-winds
mans and to the village servants. in Mysore, from May to September.
KitAb, H. &c. (a. t-jjlXJ^) A book, a writing, a letter ; as Kodebatta, Karn. (D/S^Q^o^) Rice grown in the hot
the book, it is applied to the Kuran of the Mohammadans, season.

the Old Testament of the Jews, and the New Testament Kodegadde, Kam. (Oa^QAO) Land watered for the cul-
of the Christians. tivation of rice in the dry season.

291
 KOD KOL
Kopi, Tam. (©arrilj.), Kam. (O^Q) A channel for carry- KOJAYTI, Thug. Fetters. —Dakh. Thug.
ing' off the surplus water of a reservoir. KoKATi, Thug. Cry of the large owl, ominous of evil.

Kopi, Tam. (GsrTUp A twining plant, a vine, especially a Dakh. Thugs.

betel-vine. KoKA, H. Q^^) A foster-brother, a nurse's child.

Kodikhdl, Tam. (G(SrTlij.sarT^) A betel-vine garden. KoL, commonly. Cole, H. (S.

Jy , oR^^) The name of a bar-

Kodihk&l-mlldlan, Tam. (GeusfrsTTrr LpOT) A class of the barous tribe inhabiting forest and mountain tracts in the
Vellalar or agricultural tribe who cultivate betel. provinces of Benares, South Bahar, and Chota-nagpur,

feoDio, Guz. (^lila'U) A leper. apparently of kin to the other mountain tribes of Central

KoDO, H. (j4>j^, «R^), also Kodram, and Mar. Kodru, India, the Gonds and Bhils, who are perhaps the aboriginal

and KoDRO (oFVj, oStjt, which are nearer the original races of India.

S. ^odrava cfft^) A small grain, eaten by the natives KoL, Mai. (6l<ao«5b), Tam. ((SSIT^), Kolu, Kam. (O/S^eu)
(Paspalum frumentaceum) : in one form, which does not A staff, a stick ; a measuring-rod or pole ; a pole, ten of

apparently differ from the ordinary grain, it has the pro- which should intervene between the planting of two cocoa-
perty of intoxicating when made into bread ; it is then nut trees. —See Jervis, 26. Kola, Tel. (§^£^) Measure-

called Mataona, from S. mata, inebriated. ment, a measure of four Oaz.

Kopu, Tel. (§^~°QO) A water-course, a nala. Kolhdran, or in common use, Kolkdr, Mai. (eid&OtBoAOfOnft))
Kopu, plur. KoLLU, and Kondru, whence the ordinary name Kdlukdr, Kam. (CVB^eOD^^) A mace or staff-bearer : a

KoNDS, Tel. (§^&), §^$^J. r'o^.) A barbarous government messenger, police or revenue peon, one em-
CO
race of mountaineers inhabiting the hills west and north- ployed eithter by public functionaries or by renters to

west of Granjam to the borders of Nagpur. collect duties and imposts ; also as civil guards.

KODUKKALVANGAL, Tam. (G(S5rT®<i5(5^51Jrrr£j(E&^), Ko- Kolpaimdish, Mai. (eioBjDflsbeiQQ-lQO^cfia) Measurement

DUKAVANNAL, Mai. ( 6)<feO§oee)aJOOT*3(5b), lit. Giving of lands in Malabar by survey made in the Mai. year, 983.

and taking; dealing mutually, buying and selling, lend- Kolkurippu, Tam. (GarT^SQnJluq) An abstract

ing and borrowing reciprocally. or summary of a land measurement.

KoDUviSA, Kam. ( CVS^Qoti^fO ) Allowance of a Vis of Kola, Hindi (oR^) A piece of land closed on two or three

grain, &c. for every bullock-load that comes into a town, sides by water : an offset from a field. — Puraniya.

paid to a person employed to check the demands of the Kola, Mar. (oR^^) Property, personal or real, seized for debt

toll-keeper (apparently from CVS^QO, a horn) for horned or arrears of revenue.

cattle. Kola, Beng. (i^l^) A class of Hindus whose principal

KoEHi, H. (i_f;iS^) A class of the agricultural population in occupation is basket and mat-making.

Hindustan who apply themselves especially to garden cul- KoLAB, (?) Sindh. A tract of inundated land.

tivation, and, in Bahar, to the growth of the poppy : they KoLAGA, or KoLUGA, Kam. (CVB^X, D/Q^X) A measure
are in general very respectable. of grain, the ^th of a hhandaga, or 3 bushels.

KoHAR, iR.yt)^, eft^sr) The frame of the mouth of a well. KoLAPiRAMANAM, for S. PramInam, Tam. ((oSITerTLSr)-

KoiLU, KoEELOO, Kam. (O/QCXIwew) A measure of seed LQrTcrorUi) A statement of the whole extent and of the divi-

corn containing four hanis, or 400 rupees in weight, and sions of a village and its lands> whether cultivated or waste.

reckoned to be as much as a man can sow in a propor- KoLBANDi, Kam. (o^tJSJoQ) Dismantling and rebuilding.

tionate space of ground in a day (from koyya, to cut, to KoLCHAR, Beng. (i^ioa) An addition to a sand bank; a

reap. fresh deposit or accretion.

KojIgara, H. (S. ^^TTt) A Hindu festival on the day of KoLE, Kam. (D/3^), Kolai, Tam. (GsrTasO) Murder,
full moon in the month of Aswin, in honour of Lakshmi, beating.

the goddess of fortune, who is said to have promised riches Kolaikkaran, Tam. (GsrTSSOSSmjODT) A murderer.

to all who should observe a vigil on the night (from ho, Kolluvana, Kam. (D>9|UarO) A murderer.
who, jdgara, wakefiil) : the night is spent in festivity and KoLF, Mar. (?) An allowance of a few heads of grain to the

in games of chance. village watchman.

292
 KOL KOP
KoLHlNTf, Mar. (eR^^TTt) A tumbler, a rope-dancer, one after deducting the expenses of cultivation, and the public

who lives by feats of activity and dexterity. revenue demand.

KoLiiiT, Hindi (^f553[!T) The taking of lands on lease from Kolunavan, or Koluvan, corruptly, Kolloonaven, Mai.

one Ryot by another, or the cultivation of them by other (6)<jftiO|>OOaJnf6, 6)<fe0jpajnf6) An occupant of land other

than the party who rents them. than the original hereditary owner, holding by lease or

KoLHU, H. (^j^) A sugar-mill, an oilman's press. mortgage, and, under particular circumstances, having the

KoLi, erroneously, KoLLEE.but also, and perhaps more correctly, opportunity of converting his temporary into a permanent

KtJLi, or KooLi, Mar. (oft^rt) The name of a low caste, tenure: a tenant, a lease or mortgage-holder.

or of a member of it : their business is to bring water, Eolupanam, Mai. (et&Ofa-iCOo) lit., Price of the plough-

in which they are sometimes part of the village establish- share : two fanams given by the tenant to the proprietor

ment : they are also fishermen : the name is also that of in exchange for a piece of iron, typifying the ploughshare,

a wild and predatory tribe in the forests and wilds of concurrently with a deed by which he engages to improve

Guzerat, some of whom, however, have settled in the plains, the produce of the estate that he temporarily occupies.

and have become cultivators, and are collected in hhdgd&r, Kor.u, Karn. (D^$0) A large square reservoir with steps

or joint-tenancy villages. on each side.

KoLLA, Mai. (S)flejOg^^) Plunder, pillage (probably same as KoLWEN, Mar. (oF^35t) A measure of capacity, gth of a sir.

the Karn. Kalla, q. v.) K(5mabam, Mai. ( 6ldfti0£2(0o ) A tribe of barbers who
KollorMran, Mai. (6)a>0^^oe610ronf6) A plunderer, a operate on the lower classes.

robber. KoMATi, commonly, Komti, corruptly, CoMPTE,Tel. (S^^SJ)

KoLLAi,Tam.(GsrT^Sai) Dry soil, high ground not capable Mar. (ssmft), Karn. (As^&fe^), Mai. (6)d9.0Qil) The
of artificial irrigation : a back yard, or, rather, an inclosed name of a caste in the South, who consider themselves to

piece of ground belonging to one of the proprietors of a be a branch of the pure Vaisya caste : they follow trade

village, whether or not contiguous to his dwelling. as shopkeepers and merchants, and assume the denomi-

Kollai'payir, Tam. (GarT&3sOUL_ILljllT) Corn growing nation of Sheth or Chitty.

on high ground. KoMPE, Karn. (O^OiJ) A house, a village.

KoLLAM, Mai. (eitfijOg^o) The name of the SBra used in Kompeva, Kompeyava, Karn. (O'SO lOa, CV90 oJOoiS)
Malabar, said to derive its name from a village so called, A villager.

where it was first devised ; but this seems to be a popular KoNAKAN, (?) Mai. A class of predial slaves in Malabar, a

error, the current aera being the third thousand of the subdivision of the Vetuvai; or forest and hunter tribe

cycle aera of Parasurama, the first year of which cor- they are employed in agriculture, also as boatmen and salt

responds with A.D. 825. makers.

KoLLAN, Tam. and Mai. (©SrT^eOOOT) A blacksmith ; also KoNDA, Mar. (olftlt) A circle, especially one drawn round a
in Mai., a tanner, a worker in leather ; also a turner in person to whom an oath is administered : a cluster of

wood. a few huts apart from the main village : the fields or

KoLLi, Karn. (CVaV) Plunder, pillage. grounds of one person.

'
'
/ V-® >;
Kolligdr, Karn. (i>SV"7^0) A plunderer, a robber. KoNDA, Tel. (r°0^) A hill.

KoLLu, Tam. (G<5rT6rT(OT^) Horse gram. Kondapodu, Tel. (S^O^^ST^cl)) A corn-field on high or

KoLLUKAl, Karn. The third crop of rice. hilly ground ; one not capable of artificial irrigation.

KoLU, H. (jij^) An oilman. KoNDKA, Tel. (§^0;^) The space left by the plough at its

KoLU, Tam. (©(5.rT(tg), Mai. (6l<ft,0^) A ploughshare ; also, first wide turn.

in Mai., Ploughing, cultivation. KoNDU, Thug. The belly.

Kolumidi, Tam. (©SITogLQ^) The owner's share of the KoJsiRi Karn. (i>S^o)5e) A square reservoir with steps.
produce of a field, after deducting that due to the government. KoNiYALAN, (?) Mai. A class of predial slaves in Malabar.
Koltildhham, Mai. {6i&'ifBS0(?,o, from S. ^W, gain) KoNJAL, Thug. Cry of the Saras or crane.
The owner's profit or portion of the produce of a field KopPAH, (?) Cloth steeped in an infusion of opium: (it is

293 4 F
 KOP KOS
specified as one of the intoxicating articles prohibited by KoEAMBU, Tam. (0iarTI7l22l_j) Adam across part of a river,

Regulation x. 1813, s. 17, cl. 2. but the word is not found leaving an opening through which the water for irrigation

either in Hindustani or Bengali dictionaries ; it may be an is to run : the place where the water issues from, or runs
error for Kopar or Kopra, Beng. cloth). into, a tank.

KopudArudu, commonly, Copdab, Tel. (S^SS^'S^OOOO) KorbwAr, (?) A wild tribe inhabiting the hills about Pakhal

A contractor for long-cloths. and towards the Godaveri : (the name is Kora, if correctly

KoRA, H. &c. Qi)^, ^^) properly, New, fresh : in Bengal, given : roar is, as usual, for vddu, an individual.)

applied to plain undyed silk, forming one description of KoRGU. Mar. (?) An inferior servant of a village attending

silk piece-goods; also, Tel. (s'^'D^) Unbleached, un- on travellers.

bleached or undressed cotton cloth, whence the name Corah KoEHARiA, Thug. The Thug clan that, after their expulsion

is also applied to a class of cotton piece-goods from from Delhi, fixed their residence at Korhar in the Doab.

the Northern Cirkars. KoRi, Guz. (%L^) A small silver coin current in Cutch,

Kordbandi, H. (^JoAji) A new arrangement, a list of equal to one-third of a rupee.

villages or fields to be registered according to an allot- KoRi, H. &c. (i^jS) A score, the aggregate of twenty.

ment different from a preceding one. KoRiSETTE, Karn. (C^S^S'Z) EJ) The head merchant of a town.
ej
KoRA, H. (L/) New, plain (as silk undyed), whence a sort KorrI, Thug. A low sound made by the large owl, an
of silk, commonly Cora. unlucky omen.

KoRA, Mai. (6)<ft05P) A bribe: tax, tribute. KORU, Tel. (§^&), Karn. (p^^^), also, Korunar^,
KoRA, H. &c. (IJ/: or -a^) KoRADA, Karn. (O/B^C^) A (D^50J~0(\ra&~o) A part, a share ; as a revenue term it

whip, a scourge, formerly used in the punishment of male- applies to the share of the crop which belongs to the cul-

factors, now disused. tivator.

Kordbarddr, or Koraddr, H. &c. (j "^br '

J^'^l'T ^
•^" Korukam, (?) Land in Dindigal cultivated by labourers,
executioner or flogger: an officer of the criminal court and paid for by a usage rent as cultivated (?) 5th Rep. 765 :

employed to flog culprits. the term is probably inaccurate, and the meaning that of

KORACHARU, also, KORCHARU, KoRVARU, Or KoRSARU, &C. the following terms — division of the crop between the

corruptly, Korchoor, Karn. (^S^i^^, 0/©a^F-&3, owner and cultivator.

0/aiOF~00) The name of a tribe in the Kamatic, whose Korukdlu, and Korudhanya, Karn. (D/S^^D^^C)^
business is making bambu mats and baskets, or who carry CVS^^^f^S) A crop equally divided between the cul-

betel nuts from market to market : they live in the hills tivator and the proprietor.
and forests. Kormdgi, Karn. (pjQ^t^J'Sr-'X) A well-tilled field, the

KoRAWAU, or KoDWAO, Mar. (wt^^T^, from ^t^, dry, produce of which is equally divided between the proprietor

and '^T^, a field) Land unirrigated artificially : dry lands. and cultivator.

KoEAL JAMIN, Mar. (?) Low reddish land in a tract along Kos, commonly written Coss, H. &c. (i^)^, from S. Kro^a
the foot of the hills, capable of bearing only inferior "m^, Kros, Beng. (Ci?Fl"f) A measure of distance vary-

spring crops. ing, in different parts of India, from one to two miles, but

KoBAVARAVA, KoRAMARAVANU, KoRAVANU, or abbrev. or most usually about the latter : in Mysore the Sultani Kos
KORAVAH, KORAMAB, Karn. (€jQ(S'66-^, ^^^c5^rCi), is about four miles : the variation in Upper India depends,
d^S^^rdo) The name of a low tribe in Mysore, of according to Mr. Elliot, upon the valuation of the Gaz; for

which there are three branches Kalla-koramar, who are the Kos consists either of lOOcords (iawafe) of 50 ^aa each,

professed thieves ;
Walaga-horamar, who are musicians ; or of 400 poles (bdns), each of 12^ Gaz, making, in either

and Hakki-horamar, who are a migratory race, and subsist case, the Kos = 5000 Gaz ; and the value depends there-

by making baskets, catching birds, &c. : they are hill and fore on that of the Gaz, which at one time varied con-

forest tribes, and have a dialect of their own : (the name siderably, see Gaz : the actual measurement of the dis-

may be only a local modification of Kola, or Cole, the hill tances between the Kos mindrs or pillars still standing in

tribes of Hindustan.) the Upper Provinces makes the Kos = 2 miles 4 furlongs
294
 KOS KOT
158 .yards, at which rate the Gaz is := 32.8 inches, ap- Mysore in lieu of free labour previously exacted for the

proaching the 33 inches assumed by the British Govern- repair of certain forts and carriage of stores to them.

ment as the standard. KoTSAL, perhaps for Kothasal, (?) H. A place where the

KosA, Guz. (%l^) The large leather bucket used for draw- iron ore is roasted ; see Khamarsdl.
ing water from wells : a yoke of oxen working the KoTH, KoTHA, or KothA, H. &c. {s^^, l^^i^, S. 'gft?) A
bucket. house built of bricks, a treasury, a granary ; Koth, in
Kosdrio, Guz. (%l51i;(L^l) The water-drawer, the man Uriya (GQ|p) has also the sense of joint, undivided.

who works the village well : the yoke of oxen drawing Koth, or Kothaddr, H. ij\^^) A person in charge of a

the water from wells. granary, a housekeeper.

Kodo, Guz. (%L^ll^^) A water-carrier, one attached to Kothari, or Kothri, H. &c. (^^^y, ohl^al) A chamber,

the village establishment to draw water for the villagers an apartment.

and their cattle and for travellers. Kothdr, Mar. (cFtjTT) A granary, a room or enclosure in

Kosvero, Guz. (^l^lH-l A tax per well or per bucket. which grain is kept.

KosATAKi, Mai. (eicftiOCniOftn,^) Merchandise, trade. Kothnis, Mar. (offtyfJ^) The accountant or officer in charge

KosH, or KosHA, H. &c. (S. irj^. »lfW) A treasury, a of a granary, a storekeeper.

repository, a magazine, a receptacle, a sheath, the cocoon KoTHi, incorrectly, Kotbe, H. &c. (jcfij^, cTrat, S. o|ft?)

of the silkworm ; also, trial by ordeal, especially thrice also KuTf, or KuTHi, or Kothi, Benff. (^^, f^,
sipping water with which an idol has been bathed whilst i^Rn), KoTB, Karn. ( CVa? £->) A spacious house, such

invoking the divinity. In Tam. Kosham ((S<B5rT<ffLQ) is as those inhabited by Europeans ; a granary, a warehouse

applied to a register of village lands. or storeroom ; a mercantile or banking-house or firm ;

KoSHTA, Beng. ( 6<l?i5i ) A name applied to two plants, the a government factory or establishment, as the office of the
fibres of which are used for hemp ; (Corchorus capsularis native opium agent, as well as the chief or Sadr factory.

and Corchorus oletorius.) Kothindl or -wdla, H. &c. (3 \^i^^) A banker, a merchant.

KosHTi, Mar. (oj^^) The name of a caste, or of an individual Kothia, Uriya (GQ|021l) A house or farm servant or slave.
of it, whose occupation is spinning and weaving, or the Kotli-, or Eothakaran, Uriya (SQlOS'QSt) A village ac-

manufacture of undyed cloths and silks, and silk threads countant.

for necklaces, &c. Koth^, or Kothakhamdr, Uriya (GQ|OS1?l|Q) The residence

KoSTUGUTTA, Tel. (s^^inSjXj 8J The joint renting of a of a principal farmer or Zamindar.

village by all the cultivators. Kothi-ilaha, H. (A. iilc, a dependency) A district under
KoT, or KoTA, written also Cote,H. &c. (cuji, wte, S.'^l^) a native opium agent ; one attached to his Kothi or office,

also KoTH, Mar. (offj), Kotta, Beng. (f^tg), Kottai, KofMharida, Uriya (eQ|OSi§Q) Land purchased and
Tam. (©Srri—fltnL.) A fort, a stronghold, the fortified cultivated by hired labourers.
residence of a Zamindar, the wall of a fort. KoTHAKU, Tel. (§^"5^00) A salt-pan, salt works.

KoT, or KoTE, Thug. A sacrifice of goats to the goddess KoTi, H. &c. (^^, S. '^W?) Ten millions ; a hundred lakhs,
Devi, as a prelude to a feast, to which no Thug is admitted or hundred thousands ; commonly termed a Kror or
till he has attained the rank of strangler, unless his family Crore, q. v.

have been Thugs for at least two generations. KoTi, Hindi (^rW) An earthern reservoir for grain.

KoT, or KoTE, H. (?) Land granted in free property to the Puraniya.

heirs of persons killed in battle. — Garhwal. KoTlGA,KoTlGAB,Karn.(<>Q^X,C^sy"7r3o) A stonecutter.

KoTAK, Thug. A novice. KoTiLA, H. (?) The name of a tribe in Guzerat.

KoTAR, Thug. A bad omen. —Dakh. Th. KoTKAHKI, (?) H. Militia. —Kamaon.
KotIl. Beng. ((f^MST) A watchman, a constable (probably Kotli, Hindi (oAsgsl) A division in a granary for different

vernacular for Kotmdl, q. v.) : in Kamaon, the village sorts of grain.

messenger. KOTTAGAH, Karn. (i:V©^"7r3o) A division of the Hallayar

,5g_-f>
KoTE BiTTi, Karn. (i>©ej20&5) A tax formerly levied in or servile tribe.

295
 KOT KRA
KoTTAi, Tarn. ((o<5rTI_03DL.) A measure of grain, varying Koyittahdran, Mai. (eicBjOCQjlnivjndBjOfOfYb) A reaper.

in different places from 21 to 24 markals. Koyil-maini, Mai. (sid&OCQillnstsiSiCiOTl) Number or mc-

KoTTALA KOVARA, Kam. (CVSo ^^0^^<5) A man who cession of crops or cuttings: (the root Koyya,to cut, whence
keeps watch in the Kottala or watch tower of a village. the above and similar forms are derived, is common,
KoTTAM, or CoTTAM, Tam. ((o(5rTI_L_LQ) An ancient terri- with slight variations, to all the languages of the south

torial division in the province of Tonda-raandalam, which of India.)

was divided into twenty-four ^o/ifflws {trom Koftai, a fort) KoYiL, Tam. ((SarTLlJl^) A temple, a church, a palace.

KottIra, or KoTHARA, Kam. {0>atJG)5, E>S"<5T)0) A pent- KoyilcUri, Tam. ((SsrTliJiQieS'cfl) Part of a village
house, a viranda, a shed for cattle. belonging to a temple.

KoTTEWOKAL, Kam. (0^5 ejc^/QoeJ) An agricultural tribe Koyinmerai, Tam. (S<srTUJlc3f5T(oLQ<3t5DrT) Part of the har-

of a lower caste than pure Sudras. vest set apart for a temple.

KoTTiNA, Kam. (^5^?5^) Beating the husk from the rice. JSToeJrgrmmaw, Tam. ((o(SrT6l31j7je§lrTrTLCiLQ) A village be-

KoTTU, Tam. (Gsrrs^) Payment for reaping ; a deduc- longing to a temple.

tion from the gross produce on that account. KomrhaUu, Tam. ((SaiTSlJl mLJrr) mj) Lands, &c. belong-

KoTWAL, corruptly, Cutwal, H. &c. (P. J'^j^) The chief ing to a temple.

officer of police for a city or town, a superintendant of the Krama, S., but adopted in most of the Hindu dialects ('SHt)

markets. Order, series, succession.

Kotwdli, H. ii})y^) The office of a Kotwal, or any thing Kramdgata, S. &c. (from 'JTI'lrf , come) Descended or in-

relating to it : an impost formerly levied on the plea of herited in regular succession.

providing for his salary ; a variety of town duties. Kramdgataddsa, S. (^ra , a slave) An inherited slave.

Kotwdr, Mar. (oRViI^tO The village watchman and mes- Kramdgatadravya, S. (from 'jr^f, substance) Hereditary

senger, attending also on the Patel —a Dher by caste. property.

KoTYA, (?) Followers. — Kamaon. Kramdnuydyi, S. &c. (^PT, after, and ^nftpl. what goes)

KoviDO, Mai. (e)<fe9ajl61S0) A measure of distance Succeeding or following in a direct line.

= 6666 yards. Krdnti, vernacularly, Krdnt, S., Beng., &c. (ifTfJjT) Pro-

KovuDARUDU, Tel. (r^^'S3&(^j) A contractor for long ceeding, going in order : money of account, a third of a

cloths, commonly known as the Copedar. kauri, whence, in the eastern parts of Bengal, it is applied

KoYTUKALU, Tel.(§^o&oS"^e"),ZoaM, Kam. {O^CSOVJ) to land measure, or a similar proportionate part of an estate

Straw after the corn is reaped, stubble. divided into anas, gandhas, kauris, and krdnts.

K6viL,Tam.((o<srT6lJl^)Mal.(6i<iB>0fUlrafc) A Hindu temple: Kbasa, Beng. (i^lT) A complete reply, a rejoinder or

'
also a palace : in MaL, a Kshafriya, and ths name of a refutation.

class of Nairs. Kraya, S., also Beng., Mar., &c. (^^), Kirayam, Tam.
Kovilakam, corruptly, Kovilagom,Ma\.. (6l<fls9Qj1fiulce5o) A ((^CTU-ILq) Buying, purchasing, a purchase; price, value-

king's palace : the house of a Kshatriya : the ancestors or Krayak, S., Beng., &c. {wi^ A buyer, a purchaser.

family of an individual. Kraydvikraya, S., Beng., Mar., &c. ('gwnfTa<''l) Buying and

KoyatA, Koyati, corruptly, Koyt, Mar. (^WiTT, ^ilil^) A selling ; trade, traffic.

bill-hook, a sickle. Kraya chitu, Karn. {,>§jC&>zS-^t^)^ Tam. (s1 ITLUS'.^L.®)

Koyatapatti, Mar. (cR^iTiTtlfT') A tax levied on fields which, A bill of sale.

from their situation, cannot be ploughed, and are there- Kraya sddhanam, S,, bat adopted in the dialects, as Karn.

fore worked by hand, according to the number of hoes or ( (S,C&ii^$.6o),Tam.(<Egll7UJ<B'rT^(3CTU2) Abillofsale.

bill-hooks required for their cultivation. Kretd, S., Beng., &c. ('gnTT) A buyer, a purchaser.

Koyiki, Karn. (a^02o6), KoYiTTA, Mai. (61(ftOCcyi«W) Kreya, S., Beng., &c. {wC) A purchasable article.

Reaping, mowing, cutting corn. Krita, incorrectly, Kirta, S., Beng., &c. ('gfhf) Bought, pur-

Koyittuhal, Mai. (eidBiOCOilrai^cejOa-j), Koyekal, Karn. chased ; hence, Krita-ddsa, a purchased slave ; Krita-
(CVSC&D^O) Harvest time. putra, a son bought.

296
 KRI KRO
K91SHI, S., adopted in all the Hindu dialects, except Tamil, the son made ; also Kritrima-putra : this kind of affiliation

but in the south pronounced Krushi, Krooshee, (oFf^) is still practised in Mithila.

Ploughing, tillage, agriculture. Krittikd, S. &c. (^ftll«hl) The third lunar asterism, the

Karsha, S., &c. (oirt, from "W^, to plough) Agriculture, Pleiades.

ploughing. Kritya, S. &c. (.Wfii) What is to be, or ought to be, done ;

Karshaka, S., &c. ('^cli) A cultivator. Krityd, (oFftll) Magic, magical rites ; also a female

Krishak, and Krishik, S, Beng., &c, ('^T'^oii, ofNoR) A divinity to whom sacrifices are offered for destructive and
peasant, a cultivator, a farmer, a husbandman. magical purposes ; hence applied in Marathi to a virago,

Krishan, vernacularly, Krisan and Karsdn, also Kisdn, a scold.

H. i^J^J,), Beng. (f^tsi) A husbandman. Kriyd, S. (f^'Tf) Act, action in general, or any particular

KrisMbala or -vala, Beng. (^<i<i) A husbandman, a act ; any religious ceremony, especially such as are puri-
cultivator. ficatory and essential ; also obsequial rites : act of law

Krushikudu, or Krushivaludu, Tel. (s^oJ.9JO0, "g)*^- or judicial investigation, either by witnesses, documents,

OOJCO) A husbandman. or ordeal ; also the last of the two acts of a process which
Krushihanu, or Krushivalanu, Karn. (O^ikiOrCX), is upheld, as when a loan and repayment are both proved

OX^oiSffCX)) A husbandman, a cultivator. the latter is called the Kriyd, the decisive act

Krushikan,Krushikaran,oTKrushwalan, Mai. (^i^Liloejrrt) Kriyddrveshi, S. (fgwii^'t) A witness whose testimony is

^eScDdBjOfflnrf), a^cailnjainrf)) a farmer, a cultivator, a prejudicial to the cause.

husbandman ; Krushikdran is sometimes applied to the Kriydharmdntara, S. (famiti^^raT) Funeral ceremonies.

steward of an estate on the part of the owner, employed Kriydkarwdliarma, S. (from cR^, act, and Woir»H, non-act)
to pay the slaves and labourers, and other charges. Non-performance of the obsequial rites of a deceased rela-

Krishna, adopted in all the dialects, pronounced, vernacularly, tive, causing loss of caste.

Krushn.4, Krishn, and Kistna, the two last incorrectly, Kriydlopa, S. (from ^Tt*!, omission) Neglect of essential

S. &c. («Bt(!l) Black ; hence the name of the popular divinity ceremonies involving loss of caste : failure of funeral

Krishna, from his black complexion. obsequies from the absence of a person competent to per-

Krishndrpan, Beng, &c. (S.^'qiij, delivering) Grant of lands form them, or any other cause.
to a Brahmau or temple in propitiation of Krishna. Kriydpdda, S. (from xn^, a portion or stage of process)

Krushna-nilada-nellu, Karn. (O^ll^Oi^iSew) Akindof The third division of a suit at law, the counter-evidence

rice grown in Mysore. or rejoinder, of the plaintiff.

Kruhna-paksha, S. &c. ('^Uimsy) The fortnight of the Kriyapatra, S. Uriya (f^OTXR, QOjlSI.S') A bill of sale.

moon's wane, the dark half of the month. Kriyavddi, S. (from ^if^H, who declares) A plaintiff in

Krushna reyada or regadi or revati nela, or -hhumi, Tel. a suit.

(S'^^'^X^, -"3Xa,-"S^ye§e;,"^^y^2o) The rich Kriydvasanna, S. (from '31^^^, finished) Nonsuited ; one
black loamy earth in the south, commonly known by the who has lost his cause.

nameof cotton soil, cotton being advantageously grown on it. KRODHANA,S.&c.(RKtM»l) The59thyear of the cycle, a.d. 186-5.

Krita, S., Beng., &c. (^Tl) Done, made ; as, Kritaddxa, Krodhi, S. (^trt) The 38th year of the cycle, a.d. 1844.

a slave made ; Kritaputra, a son made or adopted. Krodhi-hichchigi, Karn. (^.D^^SoaJ^) An increase in the
Kritakdl, S., Mar., &c. ('^, made, and oirr^, time) For a assessment in Mysore, made in the year Krodhi of a former
fixed term or period : applied to any agreement or cycle.

contract Kroh, or KuROH, H. (P. uj) A measure of distance, the

Kritayuffa, S. &c. (<^ri|jJ|) The first of the four i/ugas or same as Kos, q. v.

ages of the world the golden age, extending through a Keob, or Karor, commonly written Crore, H.
;
(jjXjjX
period of 1,728,000 years. S. ^friz) Ten millions, a hundred lakhs or hundred
Kritrima, S. &c. (oRfjR) Factitious, applied to one of the thousands,

twelve kinds of sons formerly recognised in Hindu law, Krori, or Karori, written also Crori, and, corruptly,

297 4g
 KRO KUD
Croory, Crorie, and Karoory, H. &c. iiJjjj^) The pos- KUCHCHELA, corruptly, COCHELLA, COOCHALA, COORCHELA,
sessor or collector of a Kror, or ten millions, of any given Tel. -^ beap of cut corn a land-measure in the
(^J^^) :

kind of money : it was especially applied as an official Northern Cirkars = 8 Gorrus or 1000 Kuntas. See Kunta.
designation, under the Mohammadan government, to a col- KuDA, KuuA, pron. K0RA,Beng. (^, Wl) A bighi of land.
lector of revenue to the extent of a kror of dams, or KuDi.-BiGHA, H. (l^wljy, from lJi>^, to jump) A bigha
250,000 rupees, who was also, at various times, invested peculiar to Rohilkhand, measured, as to breadth, by the

with the general superintendence of the lands in his district, rope or chain, but as to length, by a certain number of

and the charge of the police the : latter was ultimately with- leaps taken by the measurer : the area is equal to from

drawn from him, but the former continued till the down- Q,h to 3g- Kachcha-bighds.

fall of the empire : the extent of the krori's collections is KuDAl, Tam. (iffn_<33DL_) A basket.

that which, according to extant Regulations, should form Alavu-kicdai, Tam. (246rr6i^<3n_<3C3l_) A basket for

the charge of the Tahsildar : the word is also used more measuring rice.

generally for a tax-gatherer, an overseer, especially of a KuDA-L, sometimes pron. Kodal, H. &c. (JljUi, ohtj'l^') A
market. sort of hoe or spade, the common implement used in dig-

Krorapatra, Beng. (ii^t^'f3f, from ii3»t^, the side) A ging, also a mattock or pickaxe. Kuddli is a similar
supplementary page or writing, a postscript to a letter, a but smaller implement.

codicil to a will, &c. Kudaman, pi. KuDAMAR, corruptly, Koodummer, Mai.

KsHATHiYA, S. &c. ('^f?5?) The name of the second or (c63Si2inrf)) A class of predial slaves in Malabar ; sing.,

military and regal caste, or a member of it ; the warrior, an individual of the caste.

the king. Kudan, Mar. (WSTJ) A fence, an inclosure.

KsHATA, S. &c. (t^) Waste, loss: the sixtieth year of the KuDAN VARIPPA, Mai. (cSjSoOJffiloJ) Rate of interest on
cycle, A.D. 1866. loans of money repayable in money, not by transfer of lands.

K8HBMA, S. &c., vernacularly, Khem ('^) Prosperity, wel- KupAVA,or KuRAVA, corruptly, CooDtrMBOir, andKooDDUP,
fare, conservation of acquired wealth : in law, an act of S., Mar., &c. («ir3w) A measure of capacity, the sixth
merit, as planting trees, digging tanks, erecting places of part of a maund, also the fourth of a prastha, or a vessel

rest for travellers, and the like. four inches in diameter and as many deep, containing

KsHETRA, vernacularly, Khetra, and Khet, S. &c. (^^) twelve handfuls : in pharmacy, a weight of 32 tolas.

A field, a plain, a place of pilgrimage ; metaphor., a wife : KcjDAVAN, Tam. (g)l_6lJcnr) A shepherd by caste and oc-

in Malabar, a temple. cupation.

Kshetraphal, S., Mar. ('S^^il^) The superficial area of a KuDHi, KooDHEE, (?) H. A family hearth, or a place or

field : the solid contents of a cube. sort of stone where food is dressed.

Kshetri, S. &c. ('^tJ) The owner or possessor of a field KuDi, so pronounced, but written like the original Sanscrit

the possessor of a wife, a husband. KuTi (^ft), Tam. (@UJ.), Kudi, Kudi, Mai. (tfesl ,d93sl)

Kshetraja, S. &c. ( ^T3T) A son born of a wife duly ap- A house, a village, a town : a tribe : an inhabitant, a tenant.
pointed to raise issue for a husband in failure of any be- £udia, Koodeah, (?) Mai. A class or caste of slaves in Coorg.

gotten by him ; one of the twelve sons formerly recognised Ktcdidn, more correctly, Kudiydn, also Kudiydnavan, Mai.

by Hindu law, but now repudiated. (cesSlCttJOnrt), cfi3Slca)0cr)OJfY6) A cultivator, a Ryot, a

Kshetropddhydya,S. (l^^fl'llun^O A teacher, orUpadhyaya, tenant, one holding temporary occupation of lands or

or Brahman, engaged to conduct the ceremonies which are gardens by the tenure of lease or mortgage, not by here-

appropriate at a place of pilgrimage, as at Praydga, ditary succession.

Gaya, &c. Kudi-dydkattu, Tam. (@l9.^UJ<a<ail®) Total of the

KhetkholA, Beng. (i'9l^"'tt5r1) A field. inhabitants of a village or town.

KucHCHHi, Beng. (f^l) Slander, defamation, abuse. Kudi-chillar, Mai. (tfissljajlg^ro) Taxes on houses, shops,

Kuchchdbddi, Beng. (<rFtTt^) A calumniator, a defamer, huts, tools and implements, and a variety of petty articles,

an accuser. formerly levied in Malabar.

298
 KUD KUL
KudicMri, Tarn. (@Liji.(o0'Cfl) Division of a village oc- Kudivila, Mai. (cfiaSlo-Tlej) Common country price, go-

cupied chiefly by natives of Malabar. vernment price for articles of monopoly.

Kudi-irippa, or Kudi-yirippa, Mai. ((fesl^tolnJ, Kudiydnavan, Tam. (@Lj.LLJrTt3nr6U(3OT) An inhabitant,

<feSlCOjlfDln_^) Specification in a deed of conveyance of a townsman.

permission to a tenant to reside on the rented or mortgaged Kud,iydn-hura,M.2\. {<Bi€\ ^nbi&iO) The cultivator's share

estate, in which case he is entitled to remuneration for of the crop

any buildings he may have erected, when his tenancy Kudiyiram-pdt, Mai. ((fisSlcoDroQaJOS) A deed by which

ends : dwelling, habitation in general : a garden, an the proprietor transfers any payments made by the tenant

inclosure. or mortgagee to a third party.

Kudikkddu, Tam. (@l^SsrT®) A village, especially Xudiyiruppu-nattam, Tam. (^\q.uJ\(ryliL]rT,S)^u:i)

one amidst cultivated ground. Houses and lands occupied by Mirasidars free of revenue.

Kudikalydnam, Mai. (cesSldBj^Offnoo) Procession of a MirdsukuditTam.d^lUTTSilQl^) A hereditary inhabitant.

nuptial party to the house of the bridegroom after a Payirkudi,'TaLm.()—l\sJ\U'IS)]£j-) A cultivator, a husbandman.

marriage. Suhavdsi-kudi, Tam. (SiSQJrTi^QUj.) A settled or per-

KudAhetta, Mai. (ofesl0c&§) Marriage of a slave. manent inhabitant.

KudAnia, Mai. (<feslci) Tenancy, occupation of an estate Vanaterun-kudi, Tam. (sLirjS^^rLJQL:^.) A cultivator

for a season, either under lease or mortgage tenure : dwell- who has not a settled or permanent dwelling in the village.

ing on the property of another. KuDTHAL, (?) Mar. A garden ill supplied with water.

Kudima-nir-haranam, or Kudima-ola-karanam, Mai. KuDUGULU, KuDUGOLU, Kam. (ODSoXbeo, &)&)/^5to)

(AsldrolfDcaroeinoo, SiaiArosmoo) One of the deeds A sickle, or any instrument for cutting corn.
executed in making over a proprietary estate in occupancy KuDUVA, Tel. (Sj&^), Kuduvu, Kam. (pO&>'Q)) A pawn,
as security for a loan : conveying the water (.nir) of the a pledge, a mortgage.
estate by an instrument (.karanam), or by one written on KuDURUVATU, Tel., Kam. (SJOOCO eCr»ejJ>) Management
a palm leaf (ola). of afiairs, settlement of a business.

Kudimagan, Tam. (QUjJjdSOT) A village servant. KuGRAM, Mar. (oRijih) A mean, miserable vUlage.
Kudimarammattu, corruptly, Coodemunimut, Tam. (g)La.- KuJAO, Thug. A Thug informer, one who denounces and
LQIJLQLOS^, A. ij:^^yc) Repairs of the channels of extorts money from them.
irrigation on the borders of the fields by the cultivators KuJAVAN, Tam. (gjiEPSUCOT) A potter.

themselves. KuL, H. &c. (A. J^) All, total, entire.

Kudi mirdsi,Tam.(lS}\Xj.l£\0'^<^) Land held in hereditary Kulbab, Mar. ('^^^T^) All the items of a statement or
right by the village proprietors, exempt from land-tax. account.

Kudippadai, Tam. (@U^UU(35D\_) Militia. Kul-hand-o-hast, H. (ti-^Auj^iXu)^) A complete settlement,

Kudippdka, Mai. (tflsSloJs) A family feud, resentment by either that of a whole estate by the proprietor, or of a
the whole family of a wrong done to a member, or for district by the government.
his death. Kulcha, H. (&s~) Capital, stock in trade.

Kudippatta, Mai. (cfl3Slo_jOO) Money taken from the Kulihhtydr, Tel. (Sb!)^J^gc5 )Entire or sole right.

people by government officers without accounting for it. KuljamA, H. (f-*s^) Sum total ; total realisable revenue.

Kudipati, Mai. ((flsSloJitnl) An inhabitant, a householder. Kulltalld, Mar. (olic5=IiWT, for A. ^J^, great) A minister

Kudissika, Mai. (efljSlc^A) Arrears of rent or revenue. invested with full power, a plenipotentiary.

Kudivdram, corruptly Coodemarum,'Ta.m. (@Uj.6UrTl7Ui) Kulhdmil, H. (J.«K)^) The total or utmost amount of as-
The share of the produce which is the right of the in- sessment at any time : an extinct assessment, of which the
habitants or of the cultivators. name only exists in the Northern Cirkars.
Kudivarava, Mai. (cfiafloJfDOj) Revenue from the inha- Kulhdnu, Mar. (^i^'^1, for A. ^jy o) All laws and regu-
bitants: receipt : marriage procession : first occupancy of a lations, the whole body of the statutes : a term used in official

new house. grants.

299
 KUL KUL
Kulhar-hhdri, Mar. (^^cRTXHR^, from S. cRK, affairs, and properties in a village, the reatan-dars : it is also applied

>nt, burthen) A minister or functionary invested with to a village occupied by families holding direct of go-
full authority. vernment.
Kulrahla, H. &c. {iMji) The whole area or contents of a Kuldrgwdr, Mar. (cFSBRJI'mO According to, or with,

village and its lands. families paying revenue direct, an assessment, &c.
Kulwpaj, Hindi (oFc5T>T, from S. '^tj^f, produced) The Kulghadni,core\v^\\.y,Koolgunnee,M?a. (4yjt(31!jl) A record
whole produce of a field or village. kept by the village accountant of the proceedings of each

Kulmdr, Koolm&r, H. &c. (/J*) According to, or with, all cultivator for the past year, shewing the extent and value
applied especially to the settlement of the assessment with of his lands, the portion actually cultivated, the revenue

each individual cultivator, the same as Ryotwar : (perhaps assessed, and all circumstances connected with his holding

Kul is here the Sanscrit, not the Arabic, term ; see below). in connexion with the government demands : it forms the

Kulrvdrpatti, or Kuluvdrpatti, Karn. ( &3^J~3^0oJej basis of the Ryotwar annual settlement.

O0^"'oj dOoJej) An account of the land farmed by each Kulgutta, (?) Tel. Lands let to different castes at a low
cultivator severally (see the last). rent. —Ceded districts.

KuLA, vernacularly, Kul, S., but in all the dialects, (cF^t), Kvlgutta srotriyam, (?) Tel. Lands let to learned Brah-

Mar. (oF^ or 0535) A family, a race, a tribe: in the mans at a low rent.-^Ceded districts.

revenue language of the south it appears to be applied Kulharia, (?) Karn. Chief or head of a tribe or caste.

especially to families, or individual heads of families, pay- Kuli, Mar. (oBSSft) A family, a tribe, but seldom used

ing revenue, and in this sense occurs in various com- except when speaking of the relationship of parties in

pounds, as hereafter specified, iznless it be a different word marriage : if of the same Kuli, the marriage is allowable.

that is so applied (see Kula, below.) Kulika, S. &c. (oRfoJeir) Of a good family, the head of a

Kulachyuia, S., Beng. (from 'aTil, fallen) Outcaste, discarded tribe or family.

from family or caste. Kulina, S. &c. (cli^^) Of a good family: it is applied

Kuladevatd, S. &c. (sft^^sfin) A family or domestic deity. in Bengal especially to designate a class of Brahmans who
Kuladharma, S. &c. (v»^, duty) The peculiar duty or take precedence of all other Brahmans, and to whom the

usage of a family or tribe : the right of a family to cele- latter are anxious to wed their daughters, a practice lead-

brate certain ceremonies. ing to much profligacy and distress.

Kuldchdra, S. &c. ('3n^'R> institute) Family usage or Kuljharti, Mar. ( oF^«Ii5Tlt) An account kept by the village

observance. accountant, of the dues and payments of each cultivator.

Kuldchdrya, S. &c. (^^^T^O A family priest, one who Kulkaran, Mar. (oiigSoF^) The office of village accountant.

conducts the domestic ceremonies of a family : in Bengal, Kulkarani, commonly, Kulkarni, corruptly, Koolkurny,
a person whose occupation it is to negociate marriages, Kulhurny, Koolhurnain, Coolkurny, &c. Mar. (oRggoiitTOt)

as acquainted with the pedigrees of families. One of the principal village functionaries under the Patil,

Kulajd, or Kulji, Beng. {^Wi) A family pedigree or the village registrar and accountant, whose duty it is

genealogy. especially to keep accounts between the cultivators and the

Kulakdiha, Karn. (CDeJS^OCUD) Hereditary occupation. government, as well as those of the village expenditure

Kulalehhanam, S. &c. (^n^^JSt) A family writing or he has the keeping of all the village records and papers,

record, especially a horoscope of different members of a and has lands and perquisites assigned him for his support.

family. Nada-hulharni, or Desa-kulkarni, Karn. (rN3c)0&£Jo&F",

Kulamaryddd, S. &c. (JI'St^, duty) Family duty, usage, 'QiDOVObfr-) The accountant of a district.

or observance. Sardesakulkarni,K.&tTi.i^oSio:)v6bfr-) The accountant

Kuldrg, corruptly, Coolaruggee, Mar. (giSBRi) By family, of a province.

by families or households severally : used chiefly in com- Kulwarg, (? an error for Kuldrg) Mar. An account kept

position ; as, Kuldrgpatfi, a cess or tax per families : also, with each cultivator severally : the same as the Kulghadni.
collectively, the proprietors or possessors of rights and Kula, or Kul, corruptly, Gule, Karn. (^^) A payer

300
 KUL KUM
of government dues, the Mdlgiizdr of Hindustan ; a Tamil, whence it has spread into the other languages : in

quantity of land that may he ploughed in one day by a Upper India it bears only its second and apparently sub-

single plough : (the word Kula, a family, occurs also in sidiary meaning : it appears as Culialu, as the term for

Karnata, but with a different I (as OOO), but whether hired labourers, in Tulava. — Buchanan.)
this be a radical difference is doubtful : the same dif- KuUchcham, Mai. (.<^eS\^o) Land granted rent-free, or

ference is observable in Marathi, Kula (^^), meaning on a low rent, on condition of service.
family ; Kula («li35), more properly, a rate-payer : the KMchchakdran, ^al. (%,d^^A0{O(rb) A military re-

diversity is probably only accidental, originating, as usual, tainer or servant, holding land on condition of service.

in the want of a fixed standard for spelling in the Indian Kulichevakam or -sevakam, Mai. (S. ^aJl^ixUnJAo
languages). i^sS\6)C/dOJ(&o) Military service in consideration of

Kulasisht, Karn. (oJy g °^J The system of land-revenue lands rent-free, or held at a quit-rent.

formerly prevailing in Mysore. Kuligar, Karn. (o3~^9^ A c!0) A labourer, a hireling.

Kulavarttane, Karn. (foy JO 8„'S)' The perquisites of Kuli-gsddm, (?) H. Personal services exacted from the

the village ofificers, receivable fi-om the farmers and those peasantry. — Kamaon.
who pay revenue to the government, KuUka, Karn. (05"°©^)) A day labourer.

KuLAM, corruptly, CuLLUwr, Tam. (QSTTLq) A tank, a re- Kulikdran, Mai. Tam. (^aIlcfeOfDnr6) A day labourer.

servoir, especially a large piece of water formed by dam- Kulivela, Mai. (<^&Il6iajai) Daily labour or hire.

ming up a valley or hollow between hills into which water KuKydl, Tam. (<BTi_6S5lLUrT6fT), Kuliydlu, Karn.
flows and is there retained. {p3~°vd5j~Q>^) A workman, a labourer, a hireling.

KuLASHAJRA, H. (A. ijs^nii, from Kulah, a cap worn by K6li, KooleEj (?) Mar. Land held at a progressively in-

mendicants) Succession to the property of a religious creasing assessment.

person or fakir. Kulume, Kolume, Karn. (ODew.^, CVQyj^L) A furnace,

KuLATA, KuLTA, Mar. (okdb^) A sort of harrow for a forge.

smoothing ploughed land. Kulumegutta, Karn. (&Jfc'O^XD_S^) A tax on forges.

KULBA, H. (P. JU^) A plough : in Sylhet, a measure of Kulumehanddyam, Karn. (&)ew&6oSBo5Do) A tax on
land, an area of 1008 cubits in length by 144 in breadth. blacksmiths, sometimes repeived in iron.

KuLHAHi, H. {ijj^, from j\^, S. cB^t, an axe) A tenure KuLUMi, Tam. (@(5rRu51) A sluice.

by which land is held in the Northern Cirkars, or pay- KuMARA, vernacularly, Kunwar, or KtjAR, vulgarly, Coour,
ment of rent at a rate per hatchet for the land which may S. &c. (oBHK) a youth, a young boy, a prince.

be cleared by it in a given time. Kumdri, vernacularly, Kunwar, S. &c. (ofcHTC^) A young

KuLi, written also, KuzHi, Tam. KuRi, Mai. girl, a princess a name of the goddess Durga, as a maiden,
(@J^), :

(<fe£Pl) A measure of one square foot : it is also said to whom a temple dedicated at the extremity of the peninsula

to be a measure equal to 24 or 26 adis, or 22.8 feet, has long given to the adjacent cape and coast the name of
and is elsewhere considered the same as the gunta of Kumdri, corrupted to Coinorin.

25,600 square feet : it is also said to be an extent of Kumari, or KuMARi, Karn. (OO^XJ^S, &)'6d5) Cultiva-
ground = 144 or 576 square feet ; considerable variety tion of high and wooded lands after clearing them. .

thus prevailing in its valuation in diflFerent places: also, Kumdri-maratti, Karn. (&)^>J^6&)'(JD|3) a caste of

a pit, a hole in the ground, especially one in which a Marathi origin, in Mysore, employed in clearing and cul-
cocoa-nut tree is planted ; whence, in Malayalam, it seems tivating high and wooded lands.

to imply planting trees. Kumbha, S. (oRw:) A water-jar : the sign Aquarius : a

Kulimttu, Tam. (@LplG6LlLl®) Earth work, digging at measure of grain equal to twenty dronas, or little more
so much per Kuli, or pit. than three bushels and three gallons : in Guzerat it is a
KULI, CooLEE, Tam. (<mi_6tfl), Mai. (c^ail), Karn. (fc^S) land measure, a square of ten hanas or ganthas on each '

Tel. (§0-°£)), Beng. (f^), H. {^) Daily hire or side = 3 roods 33.422 perches, or 4641 square yards.

wages : a day labourer, a Cooly : (the word is originally Kumbhakdra, S. (^»?^^:), Kumbhdr, Mar. (oiflTT),

301 4h
 KUM KUN
Kumhdr, H. (jWw) Kumar, Beng. (^^itsr), Kumhhdr, KunagI, Kunga, Mar. (c|R!Pn) A sum of money, or some
Kumbar,Kummdr, Kumbhahdr, Karn. {p:>0?^0),Kum- item of common property, secreted by one of the sharers,

mari, or Kummaravddu, Tel. (So^O) A potter, a and kept back from partition.
maker of earthen vessels and pottery ; also, sometimes, Kunagehari, Mar. ('i**i|J|c|iX't) A shareholder of a common
of bricks and tiles : as one of the village servants he makes stock, who, upon a division, fraudulently keeps back a

water-pots for the villagers, and brings water for travellers portion.

and for the principal village officers. KuNCH, KuNCHA, H. (S. Jy ) The seed of the Abrus pre-

KumMdrgani, Mar. ('^RTlTrft) In some places, the refuse catorlus, used as a jewellers' and goldsmiths' weight: see

sugarcane after the juice has been expressed, the per- Ounja.
quisite of the potter of the village. KuNCHAMU, Tel. (900tj5jX3 ) A measure of capacity,

Kumhhdrgundi, Karn. (530?p dOAOOtS) A tax on the reckoned in some places equal to a chitdnk, or 15th of a

clay used by potters. ser; in others to 84 -lers; in others to 8 and to 14 sers.

Kumbhdr-khan, Mar. (^>TK'H'!l) A tax on potters' clay. KuNCHiTAGAH, Kafn. (oOOarS A b)0) A tribe of agricul-

Kumhhdrkriyd, Mar. (S. faiTt) The funeral rites of a turists in Mysore pretending to be pure Sudras.

Sudra, properly conducted by a potter. KuND, or KuNR, Beng. (^°'5') A small fen or morass, a

KuMBHUM, Guz. ( ^''^° ) A land measure, about a bigha piece of ground fit for the growth of rice.

and a half of Guzerat KuNDA, vernacularly, Kund, commonly, Coond, S. &c. (%?)

KuMMATTA, Mai. (<^Q(2lO§) Insertion of the amount of a A pit, a hollow, a shallow pit or pan in which sacrificial

bond, &c., in figures, by the person Vfho signs it. fire is lighted, a fire-altar : a square pool or basin of water,

KuN, Kooisr, (?) Mar. Tillage, agriculture: lands granted especially if it possesses a higher temperature than the air,

in fee for military service : (the word is of doubtful accuracy, and has medicinal properties, when it is held sacred, as the

or It might be the root of the following) Sitd kund, near Monghir : the term is also applied to any
Kunbi, pron. Kvmbi, less correctly, Cooriby, Coomhee, H. natural basin in which the water that falls from surround-

(S. ,
jui"), Mar. (cB^OTt), also Mar. Kulambi, (cf35^), ing heights is collected, forming the source of a river, as

Kanhi, and Kalmi, Guz. (%UI,-<1, i5<H"nl) The name the Brahmd-kund, at the head of the Brahmaputra river :

of the chief agricultural caste in central, western, and also to a temporary and artificial well or reservoir for

southern India, whence it sometimes means a husbandman, irrigation.

a peasant, or cultivator in general : the Kunbis claim to Kuvdurai, (?) Karn. An outlet from a reservoir, for irrigation.

represent the pure Sudras of the Hindu system : they are Kurhund, Hindi (cRoRS) A deep hole in the bed of a

for the most part an industrious and respectable race, water-course, one in which the water remains when the

and, amongst the Marathas, reckoned the Raja of Satara, bed is dry.

and other descendants of Sivaji, amongst their caste : they KuNDA, Beng. (^"vp) The inner part of the husk of rice

are subdivided into an infinite number of classes, many which adheres to the grain after the first cleaning.

of whom do not eat together, or intermarry. KuNDA, Beng. (^) A lathe.

Kunbdu, Mar. (^?!J^T3i) Fit for, or appropriate to, a Kunbi, Kundakar, Beng. (^-n<i?si) A turner.

rustic, rude. KuNDA, S. &c. (^:) The child of a woman whose husband
Kunhdwd, Mar. (oR^^nr) The business of a Kunbi ; agri- is living, by another man.

cultural labour in general : land held in perpetual oc- Kundagolak, Mar. (oBiJfl?^*) The name of a caste, or of

cupancy, under acknowledgment and payment of rent to a member of it, said to be the adulterous offspring of a

government : also such a tenure, and the rent paid. Brahman and Brahmani, but it is applied to Brahmans of
Kunhin, Mar. (oRlJira^) The wife of a Kunbi, a woman a low order : (properly speaking, the words Kunda and
of the agricultural caste : a female slave. Golaka are distinct, the first being a bastard, the second,
Kunhi-hiseb, Mar. ( o|rJ!j^'^ f^^q) Rustic computation, cal- the child of a widow).
culating by rude methods, as with pebbles, by the fingers, KuNDi, Beng. Uriya (^°^) A vessel: in Cuttack it especially

and the like. means a vessel in which brine Is evaporated.

302
 KtiN KUR
KuNE, KuNi, Kara. (&"'Ǥ, OT""^, from the P. Gunah, divided into classes, the Chevara-Mr, the fighting or

q. V.) A fault, a crime. ruling class, and the Panniyur-hur, the civil and labour-

K'unegar,'K.s.Tx\. (03~°fo~7Vo)0) A culprit, a criminal; the ing class : their usages differ materially, and the distinc-

vernacular corruption of Gtmahgdr, q. v.) tions are carefully preserved.

KuNJRA, H. &c. (}/s^, oR»I^) The name of a caste whose KuRA, H. (Sj^, ^) Soil, filth, manure.

occupation is selling vegetables. K6ra, Beng. (^^) A bigha, a measure of land.

KuNR-BOjr, or Kunr-mandlX, H. (^^^V/^i "ixy-c/jS) The KurdkdU, Beng. (^>SW«ft) Working a sum in land mea-

day on which sowing is concluded in Benares and the sure and giving the result in highds.

Doab : the first term implies the filling of furrows ikunr), KiTRAGi, KtJRiQi, orKi^RQi, Karn.(&?~°5'^e, Oy-^Q'K) A
the second the closing of them : it is observed as a holi- drill plough,, a sowing apparatus attached to a plough.

day, and the residue of the seed-corn is made into a cake, KuRAH, H. (A. isS) Divination by casting lots, wagers, lot-

which is partaken of in the field, and in part distributed teries, chance passages in books, &c.

to Brahmans and beggars. Mr. Elliot adverts to a similar Kurdh-andde, H. (j Jo who throws) A caster or drawer of a lot.
1 I,

practice once observed in England. KuEAL, KtJHU, Tam. ((3n_JT)60, <ffn_^) A public notice, a

KuNTA, Tel. (sJO&3~°) A land measure, according to one proclamation.

statement ==1089 square feet, to another to 19,600, or KuRAM, (?) Mar. Grass or pasture land.
the 32d part of a katti. KuRAMBA, Karn. (feooU) A shepherd by caste and oc-

KuNTAN, Mar. (<*5«!|[) A pander, a pimp, a caste said to be cupation, he is also a weaver of coarse woollens.

sprung from a Vaisya father and a Brahman mother, whose KuRAMBu, Tam. (g)rjLQl_l) A water-course, leading fi'om

office is attendance on the women's apartments, and pro- a river, for irrigation.

viding dancing-girls and courtesans. KuRAMULAI, Tam. (@l7(Lpa!t)ffrT) First appearance of the

KUNTE, Karn. (p^O &i) A machine for levelling ploughed crop above ground.

land, also for weeding : the web beam of a loom. KuRAN, commonly, but incorrectly, Koran, and Coran,
KuNTlGE, Karn. (OOOSA ) A sowing machine, a sort of tube (a. (o]/) The sacred book of the Mohammadans, the
or fiinnel attached to the plough through which the seed runs. supposed revelations made to Mohammad, and delivered

KuNWAB, vernacular corruption of Kumab, and Kumari, by him orally, collected and committed to writing by the

q. V. H. ij^) A youth, a prince, a princess; the deity khalif Omar. (11

Kdrtikeya, and thence applied to the month held sacred Kurdni-mulld, H. (2Ui Jjyi) A Mohammadan officer who
to him, Kdrtik (Oct.-Nov.) administers oaths taken on the Kuran.

KUPPA, Tel. (^^), KuPPAL, Tam. (g)UU^) A heap, KuRAVA, or Kudava, corruptly, Codumbon, and Koodup,
a heap or stack of grain : one of filth, a dunghill. S. &c. (oirs^) A measure of capacity. See Kudava.

Kwpfa-ancliana, Tel. (»JoJe503cr(0) Estimate of the pro- Korean, H. (A. iJ^J>) A sacrifice, a victim.

duce of a field taken from the grain when stacked. Id-ul-kurhdn, H. (A. ^jjlj.iiIlAAc) A festival observed by the

Kuppa-jabtid, Tel. (90oJ23~^83eJ~°) A list of grain stacks, Mohammadans on the 10th of Zulhijja, when animals are

shewing which belong to each cultivator. sacrificed in commemoration of the sacrifice of Abraham.
Kuppa-katiu, Tel. (sO<ospJ) An allowance of grain from KuRGi, Mar. (ofc^Jil) A measure of land, as much as may
the general heap or stack given to the village servants. be ploughed and sown in one day with a pair of bullocks

KuPPAM, Tam. (@UUlli), Tel. (§Jg^) a small village, and a drill plough ; the extent varies from about two to

one occupied by low people. about eight acres ; the average is said to be about five.

Kuppadam, Tam. (@UUI_Ld) A portion of the produce KuBH, H. {"iS) A circular inclosure, in which a pile of wood
of the taxable land in a village, payable to the Mirasidar was constructed, and an old woman placed in the area to

afler the grain is threshed. be burnt alive by Brahmans in the event of any govern-
Kuppakkddu,Tam. (gjUUSsn®) A number of villages. ment officer attempting to put them under restraint, the

Ktjn, Mai. (t^O) A class, a party: the people of Malabar, consequences of the crime being supposed to devolve upon

from the Rajas and Brahmans to the lowest races, are those whose oppression had driven the Brahmans to per-

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 KUR KUR
petrate it : the practice was prohibited by the British go- KwippafJ., Mai. (efeCJlaJsl) A written memorandum,
vernment, and is now never heard of. a note.

KuRHAD, Mar. (oRs^Ts) A hatchet, an axe. Kurippanam, Mai. (cfec51gjffroo) Money paid into a club

Kurhadi-jamln, Mar. (P. ^^J^j) Land on steep acclivities or association.

which cannot be ploughed, and which is cleared and dug KuRK, KooRK, Crook, H. (A. ^/), Korak,
corruptly,

up with a kind of hatchet, or, rather, a sort of hoe. Beng. and Uriya («^ta^), KirAku, Karn. (S^'CTlfe)
KuKi, or KuDi, (?) H. A hearth, a fire-place, a tax levied Sequestration, confiscation, seizure of goods, attachment,

on one. See Chaubdchha. distraint for debt, or for arrears of public revenue. Beng.

KuRi, Karn. (&36) A sheep. Reg. xvii. 1793 ; xlv. 1795 ; vii. 1799. Madras Reg.
Kurikdnige, Karn. (&)60~3ra"A) A tax on sheep. xxviii. 1802 ; v. 1822. Bombay Reg. xvii. 1827.

Kurdba, Kuruba, Karn. (&)^a, DD&eO)-A shepherd by Kurk-amin, H. {^J^'JjJ>) An officer of the court employed
caste and occupation, one who tends sheep : he is also a to attach a property and realise the proceeds.

manufacturer of coarse woollens : also Kuramha, q. v. Korakddr, Beng. (^il^lrlsf) A bailifif^ a sherifiF's officer,

KuRi, Tam. (©rrjl) A mark, a stamp. an officer of court who attaches or distrains goods and

Kurimosam, Tam. (QnJISLQITS'lXi) A fraudulent mark property for debt, &c.

put upon a stack of grain after some has been clandestinely Xurjki) H. (,cV) Attached, sequestrated, distrained, under

removed. attachment

KuRi, Mai. (tfetPl) A pit, a hole, a grave : a hole in the KurM-parmdna, H. (P. "tJ'jyi , an order) A warrant of at-

ground for planting cocoa-nut and other garden trees, a tachment.

measure of one square foot. See K^uli. Korahi, Beng. (t<pi<i<?l) Ordering or authorising an at-

Kurikdnam, Mai. (<^iPl<fi>omo) Compensation allowed tachment.

for the value of trees planted, or other improvements made Korah-hhalds, Uriya (GQIQQSIR.IQ) Replevin, release of
by the tenant or mortgagee on relinquishing possession : attachment. {Kurh-hhalds, might be used in Hindustani

on the other hand, a deduction from the money deposited for the same.)

or lent to cover injury or dilapidations : a lease or Kurk-mahdl, H. (Jls:'*^y) An estate under attachment.
mortgage on such conditions. See Kdnam. Kurh-sazdwal, H. ( J_j)j*»'(Jf/)
An officer appointed to at-

Kurihdrdyma, Mai. (dSsiPlceeioroacg) Tenure of an estate tach and hold an estate, and realise arrears of rent or

or gardens, by which the tenant holds under con- revenue, or to distrain goods for debt ; a bailiff, a sheriff's

dition of being reimbursed for improvement, and of com- officer.

pensating for dilapidations. Kurh-tdhsil, H. ((Jj»<as^) Collection of the revenue of an

Kurikur, also reaA.Kuyihur,(3) Mai. Tenure under which com- estate which has fallen into arrear, and from which the
pensation for improvements and dilapidations is stipulated. proprietors are nominally set aside by the native officers

Kurimla, Mai. ((feSPloJlaj) Value of planted trees allowed of the revenue : the same as Khdm-tahMl.
for to a tenant on his giving up his lease. KuRMi, KooRMEE, (H.
y^J, ^jff) The caste of agricul-

KuRI, Mai. (cfecfl) A club ; an association in which a number turists, or a member of it, in eastern and central Hindustan,
of persons contribute monthly for a given term a certain being the same, essentially, as the Kunbis of the west and

sum or quantity of grain each ; at the end of the term south. In Hindustan the Kurmis are said to have seven

a lottery takes place, and the whole accumulation becomes chief subdivisions, who do not eat together or intermarry

the prize of one of the contributors : (perhaps derived from of these, the Kharibind and 'Patanya abound in the

the A. kurdh, q. v.) central Doab and Oudh ; the Gkorchara, are more to the

Kurri, or Kutti,'Ma[. ((flsOC^I) The principal or manager west ; the Jaismdr, in Sagar and Bundelkhand ; the Ka-
of a club. naujia in the lower tracts of the Doab ; the Kewat to the

KuRi, (?) H. A measure of capacity for grain. Midnapur. east of Benares ; and the Jhunia west of the upper Jumna :

KuRiPPA, Mai. (cflscfla-j) A memorandum, an item, an there are very many other branches in the west and north-

article of account. west provinces, and in Bhagalpur and Bahar : they are

304
 KUR KUT
not unfrequently found as predial slaves, having sold them- A cook, a confectioner ; lit., a man of the kitchen (from

selves, or been sold in their infancy, to servitude. the Fr. cuisine).

Kurmiat, (?) H. Tract of cultivable land of the Bhur or Kusivi, Karn. (fc^jt)) The safflower plant, also its dry

mixed soil in the north-west provinces. leaves. See Kummbha.

KuRPHA, (?) Beng. A cultivator who rents his land from a KusTi, or Kasti, Guz. (^^rft, 5651 <r{L) A cord or thread

JDiud-kdsht Ryot. (Perhaps from Khurpd, a sort of hoe.) worn by the Parsis round the waist as a religious ornament.

KuRSi, H. (A. ^_^/) A chair, a throne. KusxJMBHA, vernacularly, KusuM,>S. &c. (cir?T»?, chUH, *«*^)

Kursi-ndma, H. (P. <uU, a document) A pedigree, a genealo- KusuMBA, Mar. (oF^^) The safflower plant (Carthamus
gical tree. tinitorius), the dried flowers of which are used in making

KuRUBA, Karn. (D0O020) A shepherd by caste and occu- a red dye ; also the flowers so dried, or the dye ; also an in-

pation, and who also makes woollen cloths or blankets. fusion of hemp tops, or of opium, as an intoxicating beverage.

Kurumban, Tarn. (@ rajLQLJOOT) A shepherd by caste and KuT, KooT, H. (cijy, ITif) Estimate, valuation, applied

occupation : Mai. (plur. Kurumhar) A class of predial especially to an estimate of the proceeds of a field or farm

slaves in Malabar. by appraisement of the standing crop : in Garhwal, it

JSdla-kuruha, Karn. (SoSeJOJ&W) One of the shepherd implies the share of the produce paid in kind by the cul-

caste which does not make blankets. tivator to the headman or proprietor.

Hdnde-huruba, Karn. (^0^?&)6oe:)) A shepherd of a KuT, Thug. Theft amongst the Thugs themselves, pilfering

higher order or caste. some of the booty.

Mesa-kuruha, Karn. (Sj^rO&Ooe;)) A shepherd of an in- KuTA, S. (^BT) False, fraudulent.

ferior order or caste. Kurra, pron. KuHa-ndri, Mai. (<«3OO0O3(fl) A short or

KuRUMBOHAi, Tam. ( fg)^LDGLJrTOSDrr)) A hill, a moun- fraudulent ndri measure.

tain, a forest, a village in a hilly country. Kutmahdl, Beng. (wST^t^) Amount of revenue formerly

KuRUjraoLjTam. (@^r5J0a&rT^) A measure of two cubits. levied in some places on vendors of spirituous liquors.

KURUNI, Tel. (§o6o<0), Tarn. (gj^SStsfl) A measure of Kutsankrdnti, Beng. (w7I°igit°1%) The entrance of the sun
capacity, the same as the Marakdl : in Tam. also a term into a new sign on the 31st day from the preceding, a

used in computation as equal to a twelfth of a kalam. false conjunction.

KuRUCHCHiYAN,orKuRUMAN,Mal. ((fea^COJOfb, (feacinrt)) KuTi, KuTi, S. &c. (grft, 'WZ\) A small house or cotta"-e.

A class of people inhabiting the hills in Wynad. a hut. Beng. (^ l) Any large building, as a bank, a
KuSA, or Kus, Mar. (oRTt) A falsity in an account, an over- court-house, a European residence.

charge on money expended, or undercharge of money re- Kutichara, S. ('^Tt'^:) A man whoh makes over his pro-

ceived ; any undue gain generally in managing for another. perty to his kindred, and devotes himself to a religious life,

KusA, usually pronounced Kush, or KushA, S. &c. (oinp:) but continues to reside at home.

A kind of grass, esteemed holy from its being used in KuTTADAN, Mai. ((*3§3Snf6) Rice planted in the spring

religious ceremonies, being strewed upon the altar or held (Feb.-April) and ripening In the ensuing cold season.

by the Brahmans in their hands whilst repeating the for- KuTTAi, Tam. ((g)l_oroi_) A small tank or pond.

mulae (Poa cynosuroides). KUTTAKA, or KUTTATA, Mai. (i*3(3Y?noa>, <&i(lTf^(S^\ KuTTA-

Kusavriiti, vernacularly, Kusbritti, S. &c. (oF^Hf^) lit. KAI, Tam. (gjSSOJDS) Farm, contract, rent, tenure.

Maintenance by or through Kusa-grass, but in the west Kuttakakdran, Mai., Tam. (o83f3v?nd9>ce>0(Oa6) A farmer,

of Bengal, an under tenure, land granted at a quit-rent, or a contractor, a renter.

rent-free, for the support of a Brahman or religious person KuTTALAi, Tam. (g)S©)3ai) Rice growing on high ground.
land given : in Kamaon, the absolute gift of land to a KuTTAM, Mai. ((fe§o) An assembly, an assemblage : a cluster

Brahman at an eclipse, or on some solemn occasion. of houses, a small town or village.

KusiDA, S. &c. (cF^^) Lending money at interest, usury ;

Xuttala, Mai. (<«3§0a_J, from S. ^gilt) Place where the

also a money-lender, a usurer. property of a temple is kept, and its affairs are managed,
KusiNi-KAHA or vIdu, Tel. (^h?i~r°6, ^h^^oT"^) a chapter house.

305 4i
 KUT LAG
Kutidri, Mai. (cesgOJPI) Money subscribed to temples by Labbha, S. &c. (^ar) Gained, acquired.

the people. Ldbdhaddsa, S. (from 7STM, a slave) A slave received as a

KuTTij written Kurri, Mai. (tfisOCfl) A log of timber, a gifl or transfer.

tree, a post : a measure, a sort of pdrah : a cask or hogs- Ldbdhaputra, S. (ij^, a son) A son gained or received,

head : a small fort : an inhabitant, &c. one adopted.

Kuttikdnam, Mai. (dBjOolcftOrOo) A fee claimable by LIbha, S. &c. (qSW) Gain, acquirement, profit.

the owner of a plantation for every tree cut down on it Ldbhdldhha, S. &c. (^im^W) Profit and loss, gain and

by the renter or occupant ; price given for a tree, to the diminution.

owner before it is cut down. Zdbhamu-ddsili, Tel. (P^O^^O SiD) A small portion

KuUikanakola, M.&X. (aSsOcflAdBjOOeiaBiOaj) A register on from each heap of grain considered to be the perquisite

palm leaves of a proprietor's deeds or mortgages, a list of the cultivator (from dosili, two handfiils).

of his tenants, amount of his rents, &c. Ldbhanasta, Karn. (S. 0^^rC5^) Profit and loss."

Kuttinella, Mai. (oesOOleiroej) An allowance in grain Ldbhistu, Karn. (0~38?^) Proved, verified.

made by proprietors to their tenants for keeping up the Ldbhma, Guz. (Srll^HHl) Casting lots for dividing the

fences and inclosure of an estate. produce of a field.

Kuttipiti, Mai. (ofeOoln-Tlsl) Petty merchandise. Labi, H. {,J>) The juice of the sugar-cane when boiling.

KuttipitikdranjMsl. (<B3OO\nJi\s\(&0t0nb) A petty dealer, Labi, Lubee, or Lubbee, (?) A name applied at Madras

one trading with borrowed capital. to the Mapilas or descendants of the Arab colomists In

Kuttivdsi, Mai. (ofeOCflcuOC/dl) Balance or arrears of Malabar. (The origin of the word seems doubtful.)
revenue due by individuals. LA-CHAE, H. (;l»-3, from the A. neg. prefix il, no, not, and

KuTTlRlPPA, Mai. (t^§lf61g_l) Living with a queen or P. cAara, help) Helpless, destitute, without excuse or remedy.

princess as her husband. Ldchdragi, H. (^\l»-3) Helplessness, destitution.

KuTTUKAL, Tam. (^^^Si6C>) A stone set -upright as a Ll-DAM'A, H. (U'JS) Remediless, irremediable.
boundary mark or a buttrfess. Ld-d&md or Ld-ddmi, H. (A. Ij^JS, (jrjTiiS) A deed of re-

KuTTUKACHCHAVATAM, Mai. (<Bi^(&sxj{OJSo) Joint trade, linquishment, a deed foregoing a claim, or admitting that

partnership. there is none : the act of relinquishment.

Kutpikdran, Mai. (c^^fi930ronf6) A partner, an associate. LadhnA, Thug. To strangle.

£Mf.tukrushi,Mal.{'^^^'^^) Joint agriculture, a husbandry. Ladhka, Thug. Coarse sugar.

KuTUMBA, vernacularly KuTUM, S. &c. iwsvsi, oFOT, p^) Ladohab, Thug. Killing.

Family, race, kindred, also a kinsman. Laddu, H. (jS! , 553) A sort of sweetmeat of sugar and

Kutumla- wnttea,Kudunba-kdran,M^^- (tflsCy f^OJ<&0ronr6) A cocoa-nut shredded, mixed up with curdled milk into large

householder, a kinsman by descent, a connexion by marriage. balls.

Kutumbi, S. (sfciTHl). Kutumi, H. {,_j>«a/) A householder, Ladthad, or Larthar, Mar. ('$'5''(s) A disputed matter,

the head of a family. litigation concerning a subject in dispute.

XM^Mm&am,written,XM(^Mm6a»i,Mal.(i^OJCrUo) A measure Lag, H. &c. (tiJJ, from S. ^n, to be joined to) To, near

of capacity, a ndri, one fourth of an edangali. to, until, as far as ; (used in various modified and derivative

KijYiKt^R, (?) Mai. A deed of transfer of ancestral property (?) forms to express contiguity and connexion).

tenure on condition of compensation for improvements or Lag, Mar. (igSTn) Connexion, continuity in general,

dilapidations. Laggd, H. (Id) Affection, attachment : a pole used for push-

ing on a boat.

Ldgafl\ad\ (^Tt) A measuring-rod for land measure. Seeiar.

Lagan, H. (^^Iw) A place at which a boat may lie to or

Labba, Thug. A bullock. be fastened to the shore : stopping or halting a boat.

Labdar, H. GajJ, ^q^t) Mud, thick mud formed by water Lagan, Lugun, Mar. (^i«i) Marriage, espousals.

flooding a stiff soil. Lagi, or Laggi, Lugee, Luggee, Beng. (^^), H. (ij^) A
306
 LAG LAH
pole, especially one used for punting or pushing boats to sowing ; cultivated ground : expense of bringing land

along- or off shore : in Mar. (^SJf^) A pole with a small into cultivation, repairing decayed houses, villages, &c.

flag, carried in processions. Ldgldgroad, Mar. (^Tn^HT^) Agricultural operationSj-in-

Lagna,S. &c., sometimes vernacularly also Lagan, or IJugun, clusive of sowing.

(^J^T, ^''t^, jjW) The rising of a sign of the zodiac above Ldgman, (^TT^'Df) The operations of ploughing and sowing,

the horizon, a sign at the time of its rising, or the moment also of planting trees ; also one of the village accounts,

of the sun's entrance into a sign or division of the equator, shewing the total assessment, and by whom to be paid.

astrologically considered as the indicator of good or evil, LagtI, or Lagti, H. (IXd, yJS^) Assessment or stipulated

or as the favourable or unfavourable moment for observing rent of land.

ceremonies or occurrences, for holding festivals, and the Lagtirvdr, H. (.IjjJld) An account kept by the village

like : hence it is applied to any season of rejoicing, as a accountant of each cultivator's lands, rent, and produce,

marriage, a festival ; and in Mar. is commonly used for distinguished according to the spring and autumn crops.

marriage, matrimony, or a marriage, a wedding. LagtI, or Lagata, Mar. (^''Iril) Connexion, proximity of

Lagnaghatika, Mar. ('«JH*lf7«in) The hour declared to be persons, things, or places : a contiguous tract or country.

favourable for investiture with the sacred cord or for the Lagtdjdh, Mar. (^iTillSIT^) A letter of advice attached to

commencement of the marriage ceremony. the draft or bill, or a notice of it written within the envelope.

Lagna- or Laganchiti, or chithi. Mar. (^n^f^^^ -f^Tt) Lagtdldkhotd, or Lagatldkhotd, Mar. (^TTnoyT^ZT, ^^Til-

A paper formerly granted by the government to persons qST^TT) a letter containing advice of a bill or draft folded

of the inferior castes permitting them to marry, a marriage up and attached to the bill ; a letter without an envelope,

licence ; a paper furnished by the astrologer, declaring the superscription being on the same sheet.

the time for the completion of the marriage ceremony Laguligadu, Karn. (O^Xb£) A OOJ) Compensation for

an invitation to a wedding. damages : a recompense.

Lagna faira, or patrikd, Beng. Mar. (from S. tjg, a leaf) Lahad, H. (a. (\s?) a niche in the side of a sepulchre in

The written announcement of the lucky moment for a mar- which dead bodies are deposited, a place where the dead are
riage ceremony : among the Marathas the document is washed, a grave.

worshipped before the ceremony commences. Lahad-lharna, Finally filling up the grave of a deceased
Lagna- or Lagantakd, Mar. (^T^iJcin) A fee for permis- person, a ceremony performed on the 39th day after in-

sion to marry. terment.

Lagnaka, Beng. (S. ^^) A bondsman, a surety. Laiiana, orLAHNA, corruptly, LuNAH, H. (U^) An outstand-

Lagnakagrahan, Beng. (S. ^"^Jt^l) Admitting or accept- ing debt or balance.

ing as bail or security. Lahand laki, Uriya (R.5ei|Ql§) Outstanding balance

LagAn, or Lagai, H. {^JS!), (_sl3) The rent or revenue charged excess of advance.

on a field or estate. Lahane, Mar. (5^) Cash or a draft sent to meet a bill

Lagaiwdld, (?) A cultivator engaging to pay direct revenue drawn upon a merchant or banker who has no other funds
to government for a term of years on receiving an advance on behalf of the drawer.
for the materials of husbandry, to be repaid without interest Lahanihundi, Mar. (^S^Jtfttsft) A bill taken up by a mer-

at fixed intervals of his lease. chant from another who has funds in his hands to meet

Lagha, Thug. A grave-digger. a bUl drawn upon the former by one who has no funds
Laghai, Thug. The office of grave-digger. in his hands, but has in the possession of the latter.

Laghanta, Thug. Dead bodies of the victims. Lahaeiya, (?) A caste of agricultural Brahmans in the north-

Lagit, Beng. (sT'Jn^) Location of a Ryot ; appropriation west provinces.

of land to a tenant (Chittagong) : adjacent, contiguous. Lahahi, Mar. i'^X^) A coin equal to three anas ; the

Lagiti, Tel. (e^^9) Making advances of cash to a Ryot, value of three anas.

or supplying him with cattle, seed-corn, &c. LIhi, Mar. (cST^t) Parched rice ; swollen or puffed out by

Lagwad, Mar. (^STT^) Agricultural operations preliminary slightly scorching.

307
 LAH LAM
Lahlhi, H. (^-vi^S , 55fc?t) Mud, thick or stiff mud. letter, a bundle of papers sticking together. Guz. (ti*^ I ^ L)

LAhohi-nimak, H. (from CX«o, salt) Lahore salt, rock or The envelope of a letter, the silk bag in which it is inclosed.

fossil salt, of which there are three deposits in the Panjab. Lakir, Thug. A religious mendicant, a fakir.

LahtAh, Thug. A dag-ger. La KIT, H. (c:,.Osal) InMohammadan law, a foundling: it is

Laik, H. &c. (a. ^^}) Worthy of, fit for, suited to, &c. considered meritorious to take charge of a deserted child,

Ldikabad, H. (libl^J-iS) A place or country fit for culti- and the finder becomes its guardian, but cannot make it

vation and population. a slave ; the state is bound to provide for those foundlings

Ldikbanjar, H. ij^^J^)) Waste land fit for tillage. of whom no charitable individual takes charge.

Laikparia, Uriya (R,Q0a5)ei|) Fallow land fit for cul- Laksha, S. (^^), but current in all dialects, sometimes modi-

tivation. fied as Lak, or more commonly, Lakh, H. (liiJJ, ^3),

i««^-paiiV,H.(c:^Jri^) Fallow land capable of cultivation. Laksha, or Lakh, or in compounds. Lakh, Mar. (^^,
Ldik-zamin, H. {f^^j^J^) Cultivable land. 551^) A hundred-thousand ; a JLac, or Lakh, commonly,
Lidkat, H. (A. ij:^^) Fitness, ability, capability, suit- though not exclusively, applied to coin, as a Ldkh of

ableness. rupees, 100,000 rupees, or, at 2s. the rupee, £10,000.

Laii.at ul kadih, H. (A. jiiJiil SIjJ) The night of power ;

Laksha, S. (c^itsji), commonly Lac, or Lack, vernacularly,

the 27th night of Ramzan, when it is said the Kuran de- Lakh, H. (,«^3), Mar. (^^), or LIk, Karn. (OT)S)

scended from heaven, and which is observed with much An insect which constructs its nest in numerous small
reverence by the Mohammadans of India. cells of a resinous substance known in common as shell-

Lailat ul mirdj, H. (A. _l^>»Jl<Kij,!) The night of Moham- lac, and used for sealing letters, &c. : the insect itself fur-

med's ascent to heaven. nishes a red dye known as Lac : (from laksha, 100,000, in

Laja, H. &c. (Ls-S) Rice parched in the husk. reference to the number of insects in a nest.

Lakab, LuKUB,pl. Alkab,H. (a. Lj^al, I—jUII) A title, titles. L a KSH AN A, pronounced Lakshan, or Lakhan,S. &c. (^J^^j)

Lakalam-baki, H. (a. aW, without a word, indisputable, A mark, a distinguishing or characteristic sign or token.

and ,J>^, remainder) Undisputed balance of an account, Lakshman SINGH, Thug. Term used by the scouts to in-

or of rent or revenue. timate the approach of danger ;

properly, a name of an

Lakhat, Guz. (S. Srl"^*^) A writing, a written document, individual.

a deed. Ziahshmi, corruptly, Luhmi, J/ukhee, Luxiinee, S. &c. (cS^ft)

Lakhtang, Guz. (^'^<^°0t) Writer, the writer, a term The wife of Vishnu, and goddess of wealth and prosperity.

used in papers to denote the person who writes or ad- Lakshmi-vdr, or bar, S. &c. (^SJJI^R) Thursday.

dresses them. Lakshmi-pujd, S. &c. (^^hIm'tit) The worship of Lakshmi,

Lahkun, Lakhupardhu, Guz. (^•«t», <5rl«^H^i) A on the full-moon of Asmin (Sept.-Oct.), by bankers and
writing, a document merchants especially :'
a ceremony in honour of the same,

Lakhiraj, vernacularly, sometimes, Lakhahaj, corruptly, observed by a bride and bridegroom when the bride has

Lakerage, Lackiraz, &c. (A. --I^a from , ^ , not, and been brought to the house of her husband.

—Ijs-, tribute) Rent-free land, applied to land exempted Lala, corruptly, Lalla, (P. 1!!!) A writer, a clerk, a copyist,

for some particular reason from paying any part of the a schoolmaster : it is used as an address in speaking to

produce to the state. Beng. Reg. xlx. xxxvii. 1793 ; vii. a respectable person, not of high rank, especially with ji,

1822. Madras Reg. xxv. xxxi. 1802. Bom. Reg. xvii. annexed; as, Ldld-ji, Sir, master.

1827 ; vi. 1833. Lali, Karn. (0~9V) A weaver's shuttle.

Ldhhiraj-ddr, H. (P.jli) ,who has) A holder of rent-free lands. Laman, Lumun, or LuMMUN, (?) A caste of traders who
Lakharaji-bhumi, Tel. Karn. (er°gOT7^83C^S)0) Land formerly brought slaves for sale to Bombay.

exempt from paying revenue to the state. Lambadi, corruptly, Lamballie, Lomballie, and Lom-
Lahhiraj-zamin, H. (P. ^^^J*.*;, land) Alienated or revenue- BARDIE, Tel. (paZT'Q,), also LambAni, Karn. {VOtJTiGi
exempted land. e)OS-S&), LambAn, Mar. (c5^to),H. Dakh., Lambaba,

liAKHOTA, or Lakhota, Mar. (^^^fel, cJHsHil) A sealed (VJUJ), IlambAdi, Tam. (^eOlLurtl^) A migratory

308
 LAM LAR
trader, especially in grain, better known as Banjard, q. v., proprietors of a village to contribute to the government

and travelling from place to place in more or less numerous assessment in proportion to the number of their several

bodies : in the south they have the character of being thieves, ploughs.

the men stealing cattle and the women children : a party Lancha, Karn. {^O^ ), Lanchamu, Tel. (OOc^^Sx)),

of Sanjdrds, or Lamhdris, on its march, or encamped. LlNCH,Mar.(55H), lLANJAM,Tam. (^60(£5<5-lli),LANCH

Lambardah, Lumburdar, H. (ilii^JuJ, from the English or Nanch, Uriya. A bribe, a fee : bribery.

word number,' and Persian ddr, who has) The cultivator LdnchMch, Ldnchhchpat, Mar. (^rt^^^ qJNoHMTT) Bribe- ,

who, either on his account, or as the representative of other ry and corruption.

members of the village, pays the government dues and is Lanchagdr,Lanchakuli,&c. Karn. (P 0Z^-7rS)6, VOZ^boi^)
registered in the collector's roll according to his number A receiver of bribes.

as the representative of the rest he may hold the office by Ldnchkhor, Mar. (cST'^^t), Lanchakhor, Kam. ipoZTQ.
descent or by election. Beng. Reg. ix. 1824 ; ii. 1826. Sx/QO) One who takes a bribe, venal, corrupt.

Act i. 1841. Langal, Beng. (S. •Tt'"'!'!) A plough.

Lamharddri, H. (^1 J,juj) The office or duty of a Lambardar. Ldngald, Beng. (S. SffTt^rl) Ploughing, cultivation.

Lambari makadamd, Uriya (R.9QlaGfQSI|, from English Ldngaliyd, Beng. (S. 'Tf'^tfsnl) A ploughman ploughing.:

number, and Arabic mukadamd, a suit) Original suit, Langab, Lungur, H. (jXil ) An anchor : an almshouse.

headed according to its number on the file of causes. hangar hhdna, H. (^li-^) An almshouse, a place where

Lakti, H. (jJi$l), ^ofilft) The total rent of a property or an food and alms were distributed to the poor under the Mo-
estate forming a heading of the Kkataoni, or Muntakhab, hammadan government, by which an assignment from the

of the north-west provinces ; equivalent in this sense to public revenue was appropriated to the maintenance of

Jama-bandi. such establishments in some parts of Bengal : a similar

Lal-Jatri, Beng. («il»i«iiiai) A pilgrim to Jagannath of institution, in which the poor were lodged and fed, was
the first class, paying formerly heavier fees, and entitled kept up by the Maratha government of Nagpur : in Ma-
to peculiar privileges. rathi, the term means also any extensive establishment.

Lambheri, Thug. A swprd. Langar hkarch, Lungur khurch, H. (from ^_>»-) Provision

Lamchari, Beng. (?) Hvblfll) Low land, land liable to or expense incurred for the poor, poor-rates.

inundation. Langot, Langota, Langoti, or Lungot, &c. (ci^jX*!,

Lamchi, Beng. (?) (STNfp) Low, as land liable to inunda- li'jD!, ^jD}) A cloth passed between the thighs and tucked

tion : (this and the preceding should probably be written into a waist-belt before and behind, to conceal the privities.

Namchari, and Namchi, from nam, S. B., to bow down, LInjha, Mar. (^tsRj) An unsettled affair, a disputed claim.

to make low.) Lao, H. (j'i ) The rope by which the leather bucket of a well

Lamhah, Hindi (<JH^O A tree that has sprung up of itself is drawn up ; whence in some places the amount of land
in a cultivated field, and which the cultivator may cut down. irrigated is reckoned, or by Laos, instead of wells, being

Lamkan, Thug. The crossing of the road by a'hare in front commonly 15 acres to a Ldo. —Rewari.
of a gang. Ldo-charas, corruptly, Lao-churrus, H. (.\^j^y) Irriga-

Lampocha, Thug. Crossing of the road by a snake, an tion by water raised from wells in the leather bag or
unlucky omen : the gang must stop unless they can kill it. bucket called Charas, q. v. See also the preceding.

Lan, or L.4NAT, H. (jj*S, AJui) Curse, imprecation : in Mo- Lapo, Guz. (^"HO Brocade, gold or silver cloth.
hammadan law, testimony upon oath : in cases of adultery Lapua, Thug. A thief.

the several imprecations of the curse of God upon them LarkA, H. (Kj!) A boy.
by husband and wife, the former, if he accuse his 'wife Larki, iiJy) A girl.
falsely, the latter if she be not innocent : in such case, Larkd-kol, H. J^^lijI) The name of a mountain tribe in
(
however, divorce should follow. Chhatiisghar, a branch of the Kol tribe, q. v.

Lanabandi, H. (i_jiX»jlJi!, probably from land US, to bring) Larkia, Thug. A shopkeeper.

An agreement formerly practised among the coparcenary Lar, Luh, Hindi (^^) A measuring-rod for land measure :

309 4k
 LAS LAZ
it varies in different places as 4j, 6, or 6g- cubits : 400 Lavani, or Launi, H. ((Jji) Wages in kind to reapers at

square lars is a bighd, 20 square lars a hatha. —Puraniya. harvest time ; also, reaping, cultivation.

Lasa, H. (Imj^) Any viscous exudation or juice of plants, Lavana, S. &c. (^m), vernacularly, La van, or Laban,
some sorts of which are used as birdlime. Beng. (3T^), Lon, H. (^J^),
Lun, Guz. {(^\g) Salt.

LAsH, H. &c. (P. (ji^) A corpse. Lavanamu, Tel. (ers^a^X)), LAtana, Karn.(0~3^£3) A
Lashkar, Lushkuh, commonly, Lascar, (^m\) A native list of public servants, or of soldiers : the profits of a

sailor, but especially applied also to tent-pitchers, inferior custom-house : (it is said to be Hindi, perhaps from an

artillerymen, and others : (the word is properly Lashkari, obsolete causal of Land, to bring).

one attached to, or following, a lashkar, or army, but it LAvANf, or LAvANE, pronounced sometimes Laun, or

has come insensibly to take the meaning and pronunciation Launi, or Laune, corruptly, Lowne, and Lovfnee,
here given). Mar. (^fl'^t^, c51^^) from S. c5, to cut or reap), Karn.

LASMAMATi,Hindi('j5'^|'«IHIi1)Adhesive-clayland. — Puraniya. (£J~S5w) The operation of planting, ploughing, and

Lat, or LAth, H. icLii, ^i'i) A staff, a column, a pillar, sowing; cultivation, agriculture.

especially the pillars found in various parts of Upper India, Lavani patrak, corruptly, Lownee putruch, Mar. (oimirl-

as at Allahabad, Delhi, &c., bearing inscriptions in the TRoir) One of the village accounts shewing the total as-

ancient form of the Nagari alphabet sessment, and by whom paid : it is also described as

Lathi, corruptly, Lattie, and Luttie, sometimes short, as a general statement of the land held by each individual,

Lath, Lathi, H. &c. {^j^\ oSret, ^, ^, ^) A staff, with the amount of the assessment, and every other item

a stick, a club, a bludgeon. of revenue leviable from the cultivator.

Ldthiwald, corrupted into, Ldthiwal, and Ldthiyal, or LavanyArjitam, S. &c. (^T^Tnnf^ff, from cH^W, beauty,

Lutteeal, H. (JSl^^l!) A club-man, a man armed with a and Bjfaiir, acquired) Woman's property, having been

bludgeon, many of whom are retained by Zamindars, in- presented to her by her parents and friends as a mark of
digo planters, and others, in quarrels respecting lands and respect or affection.

boundaries, when serious affrays sometimes take place Lavu, or Ilavu, Tam. (^606L|) A cotton-tree producing a

between the opposite parties. fine sort of cotton with thin and short fibres.

La TAN, Hindi (^7^) A name given to all the early sown LAwA, H. (Iji!) Parched grain.

cold-weather crops. —Puraniya. LawAda, Mar. (^^T^) An umpire, an arbitrator.

©"9 ei) A Lw
Lati, Late, Karn. (0~S^, wooden instrument Lawddi, Guz. (411 Arbitration, award.

with which parched grain is flattened: a spinning-wheel. Law^Ahak, H. (jf=-ljl, plur. of Ldhah) Servants, depen-

LATKANfyl, Thug. A very small purse worn only by thieves dants : dependencies, appurtenances.

and Thugs. LAwaris, H. &c. (a. 3, not, and <^Ji-, an heir) Heirless,
^

Latta, incorrectly, Luttha, (Si, ^Jt) A measuring-rod or having no heir; also, though rather laxly,having no claimant.

pole : a Ughd is a square of 20 Lattds : in the survey Ldmdrid, H. (^Juj\j^) The condition of being without a

divided claimant or heir, as applied to property.

of the north-west provinces the measuring chain is

into 10 Lattds, and each Lattd into 10 links. Ldwdrkmdl, H, (from JU, wealth) Property to which there

An intercalary month. is no heir, and which therefore escheats to the state.

Laund, H. (.V^l)

LaundA,H.0'3oj!) Aslaveor servant-boy:/. Launui, (i^i^J^) LAziM, vernacularly, LAjiM, H. &c. (^jU) Fit or requisite

for, necessarily or naturally belonging

A servant or slave-girl. to, &c., inseparable

Laus, or Lawis, H. (A. (lU^) Stain, contamination :

in Mo- from : in law, the term is applied to engagements which

hammadan law, any indication of a person or of persons cannot be dissolved without the acquiescence of both parties.

being implicated in the guilt of a murder, as a cloth or Laredzim, or Lawdzima, vernacularly, Lamdjima, H. &c.

sword stained with blood found in their possession, &c. corruptly, Loazima (^jy ,
plur. of the preceding) Neces-

Lava, and Lavi, S. &c. (^, ^, from ^, to cut pr reap) saries, requisites, appurtenances, baggage, accommodation,

Reaping, cutting corn. perquisites or dues of ofiice, necessary vouchers or docu-

Lavana, S. &c. (^i^) Reaping. ments. Lawdjima, Mar. (^^*n?) Train, retinue.

310
 LEH LIN
Lawdzim.-i-sanad, H. (i\A^*ju) The particulars necessary LiFAFAj H. (A. iXilaJ) A wrapper, an outer cover, an envelope.

for the grant of a patent pr sanad : the vouchers from Liai-DU, Karn, (S A c)3j) Compensation for damages

and to the different officers and departments requisite for LigirX. Asam. (fsrf'tSi) A female servant granted to officers

the final issue of a grant of land or revenue under the of state, by the Asam monarch.

Mohammadan government, and which were usually in- Ziikchhau, Asam. (m^ff^) A male servant similarly granted.

dorsed on the patent. LlHAlNDl, H. ((_j3>ij-«! , fcS^ri') Throwing up water for ir-

Lehenu, Guz. ((Hl^^) An outstanding debt, a sum of money rigation from a pond or river with a kind of basket worked

due from any one. by two men.

Lekha, H. &c. (S. l^), LekhAj Mar. (^^), Lekhka, Tel. LiKHA, H. &c. (^$3, f^lJT, the same as Lekha, both being

(^gl), Lekka, or Lekhkha, Karn. (^^, ^g) A derived from the S. root likh f^S^, to draw lines, to write)

writing, an account, any written document. A writing, a letter, &c. See Lekha.

Lehhah, H. &c. (S. v^^a,!, %1I^), Lekeh, Karn. (^d6) Lihhan, Beng., Mar., &c. (S. f^^«T) A writing, a docu-

A writer, a clerk, an accountant. ment, a letter.

Lekhd-bahi, H. &c. (^_^ 1^1) An account-book. Likhila, Beng , Mar. (S. f^jferr) Written, what is written,

Lekhdjohd, Beng. ((PJ-stti^tW) A set of accounts or written a manuscript, a document : in Mar., also, Likhita (foS^^).

documents. Likhita-sdkshi, Karn. (S. DaS)Si0^6 ) Written evidence.

Lekhanikan, Mai. (eiejeuoolAnrb) A postman, a letter- LiKKHA, Dakh. Thug. A Mohammadan.

carrier: one who signs a paper by proxy, or by a mark, LilAm, Lilau (more usually, in other dialects, but less cor-

being unable to write. rectly, Nildm), Guz. («Kl<Hl'n,&{l«d.Lf Port, Leilao) ,

Lekhaparhd, and Lekhapatra, Mar. (S. ^S^BtRTt, (jJIsIMtI) Auction sale, a public sale or auction.

A general term for official or business papers ; an account, LiNGA, S. adopted in all the dialects, (f^S^) A mark, a cha-

a document, a voucher, a deed ; any writing. racteristic sign : the distinguishing mark of gender or sex ;

Lekliapramdna, Mar. (S. ^^TRT^) Written evidence or the male organ : the phallus, as the type of Siva, and as

authority, a voucher, a document. worshipped in all parts of India : it is usually of stone

Lehhd-upare, Uriya (S. GElSfl^QGQ) Indorsement; what or marble, and is set up in temples especially appropriated
is written above or upon a writing. to the worship of Siva, or Mahddeva, under this form.

Lehhya, S. &c. (^'^) What may be, or is to be, written There were, at the time of the Mohammadan invasion,

a manuscript, a written document, a letter. twelve principal Siva-lingo.^ in India, namely, 1. Soma-
Lekhyalakshana, S. (from ^TSJ^J, a mark) Description or ndtha, in Guzerat ; 2. MaUikdrjuna, in Telingana at
definition of documentary evidence. Srisailam ; 3. Mahdhdla, at Ujayin ; 4. Omhdra, on the

LenA-dena, H. (Lbi>UjJ,a compound of the two verbs, lend, Narbudda ; 5. Amareswara, also at Ujayin ; 6. Vaid-
to take, and dend, to give : also abridged to Len-den, yandth, at Deogerh in Bengal ; 7. Rdmesmdra, at Rami-
and, in the aorist, Lew^e-dewe) Traffic, trade, barter, buy- seram ; 8. Bhimamnkara, in Rajamahendri ; 9. Tryam-
ing and selling : also borrowing and lending. laka, at the sources of the Godavari , 10. Oautamesa,
Lemdki'a, Thug. A washerman. — Dakh. Th. where, unknown ; 11. Keddresa, on the Himalaya ; and
Lene, Mar^ (^^iW The cave temples and their embellish- 12. Vixvesmara, at Benares. In the south the principal
ments, found at EUora, Ajunta, and other places. Siva-lingas at present worshipped are at Kdnchi or Con-
Lep, H. &c. (S. yS-^ , cHl) Smearing, anointing, plastering jeveram, Jamhuheswar near Trichinopoly, Tirunamale,
plaster, ointment. Kdlahastri, and Chidambaram : one sect of Hindus, the
Lepaka, S. A plasterer, an anointer.
(lulled) VirorSaivas or Jangamas of the south, wear a small

Lewa, Guz. (^HL) A caste of the Kunbi tribe. representation of the linga in a case round the neck or

Lewali, Thug. A blanket. on one arm, whence they are called also Lingadhdris, and
Lezam, H. (p. mJA) A bow with an iron chain instead of Lingavants, as below.

a string, used in gymnastic exercises. Lingd-it,Mar. ( fcj J I ll]^), Lingadhdri, or Lingavant, errone-

Lia, Hindi ('<^1»ill) Lands which are annually flooded. ously, im^Mmw^, Karn. (SoX^B, ©oX^oS) A member
311
 LIN LOK
of the Jangama or Vira-Saiva sect, or a worshipper of Siva LiRUA, Hindi (Pi^^^O Rice-straw, especially such as is suit-

as theZ^w^a, and carrying a representation of the type about able for fodder.

his person ; the sect, which is numerous in the central and LiTYi, Uriya (R.!D|) A measure of time, the 60th of a

southern parts of the peninsula, is of modern origin, being Danda, or 24 seconds.

founded by a Brahman named B4sava, residing at Kalyan LocHHA, Asam. (^'^) A land measure in Asam equal to

in Kamata in the middle of the 12th century. The Lin- 11 J feet square.

gdits differ from theBrahmanical followers of Siva in deny- LoD, Thug. A bullock among the Dakh. Thugs, blood.
:

ing the sanctity of the Brahmanical order, and the authority LoDH, Thug. A bullock.
of the Vedas ; in the recognition of various divinities, and LoDHA, Thug. A class of Mohammadan Thugs descended
in virtually abolishing the distinction of caste, and the in- from, or grafted upon, the Oudh stock, and found chiefly

feriority of females. One division of them, termed4m(^A^«s, on the borders of that kingdom, or in the Tarai bordering
are, by birth, Brahmans ; but the rest, who are more espe- on Nepal.
cially termed Jangamas, are of the Sudra and mixed LoDHA, LoDHi, H. (UJjJ, ^iJj!) The name of a caste, or

castes, and look upon the Arddhyas as their inferiors. The a member of it, following the practice of husbandry in

Jangamas are again distinguished as two-fold S&mdnya the north-west provinces : amongst the Marathas, the foreign
or ordinary, and Visesha or extraordinary, the latter pro- Lodhi- or Lodhi paradesi, from being a native of Hin-
fessing greater purity of manners. There is also a lower dustan, is employed as athatcher and keeper of bullocks, &c.

grade of sectaries, or Shaktas, who are likewise distin- LoOAH, Karn. (G^^AO) A foreigner, a stranger.

guished as Sdmdnya bhakias, and Visesha hhahtas; the LoGiLi, Tel. (^^9) The interior of a house, and all be-

former retain their caste, but in all other respects are the longing to it.

same as the Sdmdnya Jangamas ; the latter are entirely LoHA, S. &c. (^t?) Iron : any metal.

exempt from caste, and are bound by vow to honour the Lohdr, H. &c. (;t»ji, from S. Lohakdra cfl^ohl^) A
Quru, or spiritual teacher, the Linga and the Jangama, worker in iron, a blacksmith ; one of the artificers of a

or brother in the faith : accounts respecting their manners village.

vary ; but as an inveterate hostility subsists between them Lghdhhisdra, S. &c. (^Jt^TfiraT^ Lustration of arms : pri-

and the Brahmans, accounts derived from the latter are vate or public worship of weapons on the ninth of the

not to be depended on. The Jangamas have a literature light half of Aswin : under the native rule it was a mili-

of their own, written mostly in the Kamata and Telugu tary ceremonial of much splendour observed as a preli-

languages, particularly the Bdsava Purdna in the former. minary to the season for military operations.

The Arddhyas are sometimes well versed in Sanskrit lite- Lohd-mahdl, H. (Jtssr* ls>y) The iron department ; revenue

rature. — Account of the Jangams, by C. P. Brown, Madras derived from the iron mines, and smelting and working

Journal of Literature and Science. the metal.

Lingahanajigdr, Karn. (9oXa3£383"7rS^) A merchant or Lohdr-khdna, H. &c. (P. ^U-, a house) A blacksmith's

trader of the Lingdtt sect. forge, a shop.

Ungahdya, Tel. (SoX^O&) The small box in which Loharharheyd, Thug. A pair of jackals (lit. the black-

the Linga is kept by those who wear the emblem. smith and carpenter) crossing the road, a bad omen, in-

lAngi, S. &c. (f^^) One who wears the outward em- dicating arrest and confinement.

blems of the order or sect to which he belongs ; but it is Lohori, Guz. ((Srlll^lA. -3(L) An iron-pan or plate, a fry-

more usually applied to signify a pretender, a hypocrite, ing-pan, a plate for striking the hours on.

or one who assumes the external emblems of a caste or LoKA, also, vernacularly, LoK, and, vulgarly, Log, S. &c.

order to which he does not belong, or of which he does i^t^) Man, mankind, in ordinary use ; as Sdhib-loh,

not perform the duties : the bearer of a Linga. gentry, Europeans : a world, a sphere, a region ; as Tri-

Lf P, or LiPEA, Thug. Cloth in pieces, not made into garments. loha, the three worlds, heaven, earth, and hell ; or earth,

LiPl, S. &c. (f^ftj), in Karn. also Liphi

(.^^) Writing, sky, and heaven : in mythology, fourteen spheres, exclusive

a writing, a manuscript, a written document. of Naraka or Tartarus, are recognised, seven upper and

312
 LOK LUT
seven lower — 1. Shu-loka, earth ; 2. Bhuvar-loha, at- denoting a portion or division of property allotted for

mosphere or firmament ; 3. Swar-loka or Srvarga, heaven, public sale.

the sphere of the inferior deities ; 4. Mahar-loha, the Lot-bandi, H. &c. (,^t^AjiiL>J , from lot, and handi, arrange-
region above the pole-star tenanted by saints ; 5. Jana- ment) The schedule or list exhibiting the apportionment

loha, the sphere of the sons of Brahma ; 6. Tapo-loka, of an estate to be put up in lots at auction for sale or lease.

the region of devotion, the abode of Rishis ; and 7. Saty- LoTTi, Tel. (O W) A small earthen vessel fixed on the stem

loka, or Brahma-loha, the region of truth, of Brahma, to of different palms to collect the tdri juice.

which the pure are elevated. The seven regions below LoTU, Tel. (O toJ) Loss, deficiency.

the earth are the habitations of the snake gods, and are Lo'tu, Tel. (§^&) Depth of water, &c.

named in the order of their tola or descent Atala, Vi- LucHCHA, H. (Is') A libertine, a profligate ; also a low
tala, Sutala, Basdtala, Talatala, Mahatala, and Pdtdla : abandoned fellow, who leads a dissolute life, subsisting by
sectaries have also invented lolias or regions of their own, gambling, or by intimidating respectable persons into giving

as Vaikuntha, the sphere of Vishnu ; Goloka, the region him money.

of Krishna, &c. LuGARi, or LugadA, Guz. (^31 SU Clothes or apparel in

Lohdlaya, Beng. (S. i^W^^) The resort of men ; a general : in Marathi, Lugaren (^JT^), is a long strip of

village, a town. coloured cloth worn as a petticoat.

Lohdranya, Beng. (S. i^TW'^ll) A crowd, a concourse, lit., LuKiBiDYi, Beng. (^r^r<liTj|) A science by which a person is

a forest of men. supposed to have the power of rendering himself invisible.

Lokdyata, S. (^^oKl^rf) A system of atheistical philosophy LuKTA, A. (jJail) In Mohammadan law, Treasure trove, pro-

attributed to Chdrvdka. perty which a person finds on the ground, and takes charge
Lohayita, S. (^toBTftrff) A follower of Chdrvdka's doctrines. of as a trust until claimed, calling witnesses to his finding

Laukika, S. &c. (^nfofi^) Worldly, popular, secular. it, and announcing his intention of restoring it : if not

LoKAN, Thug. A gun. claimed after a year he should dispose of it, if of any value,
LoL, Thug. The throat. —Dakh. Th. in charity, or he may keep it, but still for the owner, if

LoLi, or LijLi, H. (^yi) A courtesan. the article be durable.

Loir, or LuN, Loon, H. &c. {^^^ , from S. lavan) Salt. See LULBN, Mar. (^§5) Mob, rabble, dregs of the people.
Lavan. LuN, Guz. (^Ut) Salt. See Lavana and Lon.
Land, H. (Lij!) Salt, saline, brackish. Lunar, Guz. (^MiR) A place where salt is made.

Londmdti, Beng. (j«TtJrt^rt§^) Salt-land, land from which Luno, Guz.(^l{^ L) Salt, or the saline efflorescence from walls.

salt may be extracted. Lung, and Lungi, H. &c. (li^, ^^) A cloth passed

Londr, H. (i^J) A salt-pit, a place where salt is produced. between the thighs. Beng. (^"rft) A petticoat : it is said

Loni or Luni, H. ((JJ) Saline efflorescence from walls. also to be a large handkerchief of blue silk and cotton
Lonid, or Lunid, (W^) Saline, brackish : a salt-maker mixed, carried over one shoulder; used sometimes as a

a class of traders. scarf, sometimes as a waistbelt.

LoNARi, Mar. (t^1<UI'Ct) A caste, or member of it, whose oc- LtJT, Loot, H. &c. (ciJj!) Plunder, robbery, pillage.

cupation is hewing wood, making charcoal, &e. Lutdi, H. ii^f) Plunder, pillage, booty.

LoNDiTEDU, Tel. (y oO eSQO) A span measured by the Lutdrd, Mar. (^Tto) A plunderer, a robber,

thumb and forefinger. Lutdu, Mar. (^zra) Acquired by plunder, booty, spoil.

LoPA, S. &c. (gst^) Disappearance, loss. Lutldz, H. (j'jt.:jjl) A plunderer, a robber.

Lop-rahnd, or Lopnd, Thug. To lie hid or asleep. Luti, or Lutid, H. (^!^,

^f), Beng. Lutiydra (STp^Trtsrl)

Lopi-, Lopi-khdn, or Lopi~singh, Thug. A term used by or Lutiwdld, (illjjjji) A plunderer, a robber, a mounted
scouts to intimate the approach of danger. Lopi-hona, to robber, a Pindhari.

be concealed. Lut-hhut, and Lut-pdt, H. (c^Sj^^CJ^ , c^U'jl) Robbing,

Lo-paikdri, (?) An under- renter or tenant. plunder, pillage.

Lot, or Li.T, H. (&c. (ejjl, ci.?^) The English word '

Lot,'

313 4l
 MA MAD
M. tion, or any intoxicating or stapefying beverage.: pride,

MA, Tam. (ldFT) One-twentieth : a land measurei the twentieth haughtiness.

of a Veli, more correctly, Mdu, q. v. It is also in general Madaha, or Madak, Beng. (S. VJf^) Inebriating ; any
use as the representative of the S. mahd, great, especially stupefying or intoxicating article, as toddy, opium, bhang,

in compounds. &c. H. (liJjk.*) A pellet of opium or other drug for smoking.

Mi, H. &c. (U> , ^, S. »rnn) A mother : in Bengal, ad- Mada-khor, Beng. (from V. j^, who eats) A drunkard.

dressed to any female as an appellation of respect : when Madya, S. &c. (Jra) Wine, spirituous liquor.

addressed by a husband to his wife it intimates his re- MAda, Tel. (^7~°cS) A half pagoda ; whence it is applied

linquishing her society in the latter character. to a rate of rent, or payment of 50 per cent. ; any money

Mad, H. ( jwU) A mother's sister. or coin.

Mabah, H. (A. j*^ A ferry, a ford. Mibar, a ferry-boat. Mada, or MarA, Beng. (»il*i) Threshing or treading out corn.

MaAkilat, a. (iJj'U/e) In Mohammadan law, fine of atone- Mddaniyd, Beng. (mI^Fm^I) A thresher, one who beats or

ment for bloodshed. treads corn.

Maash, H. (a. (^U.*) l*lace or means of living, livelihood Madad, Mudud, H. &c. (a. liXt) Help, assistance ; al-

the term was applied to pensions granted to various persons lowance Or provision.
in Benares in 1781, and confirmed by Ben. Reg. xxxiv.1795. Madadgdr, H. &c. {J&iiS^ A helper, an assister, a bene-

Bad-mddsh, H. (A. P. j_^U«Jo) A disreputable person, factor, an ally, an assistant clerk or writer in an office.

one living dishonestly or viciously. 3Iadad-kharch, H. &c. (P. v-j»^ Charitable expenses, sums
Mablagh, H. (a. ji^) A sum of money, ready-ttioney. paid to help others.

Mahlagh-'bandi, iyji^. ji^-«) Specifying the sum total of an Madad-mddsh, H. &c. (from A. ^iXit^, as above) Grant of

account, the adjusted balance. means of subsistence in general ; also, assignment of revenue
MachI, Machan, H. (Is-Lc, jj,l=r*),MAcHAN,Beng. ("STfel^), for the support of learned or religious Mohainmadans, or
Manche, Tel. (^oU), Manchige, Karn. {^OtS-'K}, of benevolent institutions, by the government.

MlcH, Machi, Mar. (TTt^), from the S. ManCha, (»?^) Madad, incorrectly, Madat, Muddut, H. (jiX«) An in-

A raised platform, a scaffold in general, but commonly toxicating pill or bolus formed of chopped betel leaf and
applied in Hindustan to the temporaiy thatched platform opium, which may be swallowed or smoked in a pipe
raised on bambus in a field whei-e a man sits to watch the sale was originally prohibited, but was licensed, to an
the crops : in Marathi, a frame supporting a stack of grass, extent not exceeding five tolas, by Act. xi. 1849, s. 5.

or one on which grain is exposed to dry. Madagada, Karn. (SpOAcS) An advance of money for carry-
Machh, Machha, or Machhi, H. (,fs^, ^J(^), Machhj ing on cultivation, repayable at harvest time without interest.

Beng. (^It^), Machhemu, Matsyamu, Tel. (&^Sx), lladagadadapaira^ Karn. (S. patra T^, a leaf) A bond
^ 8§5^) : these and other similar forms are all from for repayment of an advance to cultivators.

Matsya, S. (rfm) A fish. Madagu; Karn. C^O^G), Tam. (lQS@) A sluice to let off

Machadid, Uriya (SISOle||) Rent or right of fishei'y. water from a tank.

Machalimdm, Tel. (^t3©^>J^<^) a fishery. Madai^ Tam. (LDCtDl—) A sluice, a channel from a pond or
Machalipannu, Tel. (^t^SS^tCij^^) Tax on fishing. the like for irrigation.

Mdchhi, or Mdchhimdr, Guz. {H[\k, >ll?^>ll^) A MSl-madai, Tam. ((oLQ^LQOBDL.) Land first watered, that

fisherman, usually of the Xoli tribe. which is situated nearest the sluice. See Kil-madai.
Mdchhuyd, Beng. (vi^Mi) A fisherman, a vender of fish. Madaka, Tel. (^0§') A plough with oxen complete. See

Machhua, Thug. Keeper of a Sarai. Araka.

Madd, Mudd, H. (a. Xe) Extension, prolonging : a sign MadAkhil, H. (Js-Ij^, plur. of Madakhal, Ji-iVo) En-
denoting the commencement of a paragraph or the Insertion trances, additions : income, revenue ; additions to the revenue
of a new item : also a dry measure equal to a Rail and a of a district, either from the annexation of other lands, or
third, or, according to some, to two Rails, or two pounds. from the full assessment of lands which had been wholly,
Mad, or Mada, Mud, Muda, H. &c. (S. iX«, IJ^) Intoxica- or partially, exempt from payment of revenue.

314
 MAD MAD
MaddkhU-mahharij, H. (—jU-U) Jo-liX*) Additions and is presented, as a , marriage or other festival ; also in

diminutions : changes in tlie disposition of landed pro- Telugu C^^JS^Sf-^XJOJ^ pi.) for the new cloths dyed

perty, or in the arrangement of the shares in a village. with turmeric presented to the bride and bridegroom.

Madanotsava, S. (H^jftw^:) A festival held in honour of Madhur, or Madftura, S. &c. (HV^ Sweet ; applied also

Madana, the delighter, i.e. the deity of love, on the 13th to the contrary of salt.

and 14th of Chaitra. Madhuri, S. &c. (fem. oi madhura, Uriya, ?iyQl)Land not
MadIr, H. (A. ii Jk«) A place to which progress is directed, within the influence of the sea and free from any saline

a centre, a centrical spot impregnation, in contradistinction to the NimaM, or salt

Maadr-ulr-mahdm, H. (A. ilf*JI^1iX«) A principal manager, lands, or those from which, being washed by the tide, salt

a prime minister : as it were, the centre of affairs. is manufactured. — Cuttack.

Maddrkdr, H. (^b,iiX«) A manager, a chief man of business. Madhuprdsana, S. (H^lTIHtt) Putting a little honey into

MadIri, (tj^^lJwi) A juggler. the mouth of a new-born male infant, one of the Sanskaras,

MadIwatni, H. (tvjtijIJc*) A female match-maker: a wdmah Or purificatdry ceremonies of the Hindus.

employed to find a suitable match for a man. Madhwa-acharya, S. &c. (JTS^T^tS) The founder of a sect

MIdahu (?) A low caste of people in Kurg, whose business df Vaishnavas in the south of India in the thirteenth cen-

is chiefly mat and basket making, and who are included tury, hence termed Mddhrvas, or Madhwdchdris.

amongst the servile classes. MIdhwi, S. &c. (TlSsft) A spirituous liquor distilled from
Madaruha-sahwoari, Karn. (^3J^OOOar6ea)^5) An the blossoms of the Bassia latifolia.

annual tax on the manufacturers of baskets, mats, &c. Madhya, S. &c, (>T«I) The middle, the central, centrical

Maddi chakka ijara, Karn. ( &a^ocaD23D6') Tax also, Madhye (h^) In the midst; in the centre. Besides
levied in Mysore on the collector of the bark of the Maddi the primary and correct forms which they also have, some
tree, from which a red dye is prepared. dialects admit various modifications of these words, as

Made, Karn. (^S) Strong, rich, as land in the vicinity Majhdr, Majhld H. (^l^, ^^^), Mdj, Mdjh, Mdjhe,
of water. Mejh, Beng. (^Tfe, ^Tt^, ^(W, Cm), Mdj, Mdjhdri,
Madehola, Madehattu, Karn. (^'&-8oJS)^^ ^-&S'^) Mar. (tIiI, JnfRjrf), Maddiyam, Tam. (LQS^UJUl).
Rich land. Madhjades, S. &c. (»T«r, middle, and ^51, country) The
Madegaru, (?) Mai. A class of predial slaves in Kurg. middle region ; in the original geography, the country

Madepalu, Tel. (^ OiCn'fiU) Share, in kind assigned to bounded by the Sewalik hills on the north, the confluence
the cultivators. See Metipdlu. of the Ganga and Yamuna on the south, the southern
Madhaghari, Mar. (JT*ni3^) The second sort of paper made branch of the Himalaya on the east, and the Vindhya moun-
at Daulatabad, as distinguished from the best kind, termed tains on the west, comprising the modern provinces of
Bahadur-khdni. AUahabadj Gorakhpur, Oudh, Delhi, Agra, and part of
Madhavi, Karn. (S. ^^J^Qt)) Sugar, clayed or candied. Bundelkhand. The term is in use among the Marathas to

Madi-iu, S. &c. (»T*j) Sweet ; lit or fig., honey, a spirituous denote the country between the Konkan and Kandesh.
liquor distilled from the blossoms of the Bassia latifolia i Idadhya prasangd, Uriya (S. flyH^^Cf) Interlocutory.

the month Chaitra (March-April), the season of spring. Madhyastha, S. &c. (*THI, between, and W, who stands)

Madhundha, Tel. (&QOOQ) Treacle produced from the A mediator, an umpire, a middle-man: in Malabar, the

fermented juice of the date and other palm-tree3, com- pi. Madhyasthamdr, arbitrators, corresponds with Pan-
monly known in the south of India as Jagari. chayat in other places.
Madhuparka, S., but used in most Hindu dialects, ()TViI%t) Mddhyasthyam, corruptly, Madesthum, S. &c. (HT&na})
An offering of honey, butter, and curds, presented to a Arbitration, intervention, interference of a third party to

person to whom it is intended to shew particular respect secure the observance of an engagement between two others.

on his coming to a house,, as to a guest, to a bridegroom lladhyavartij Tel. (^Q^^^^ -A- mediator, an umpire,

at a marriage, to a Brahman at a sacrifice, and the like an at-bitrator.

hence it is sometimes used for the occasion on which it Madi, Tel. Karn. (^£^) A rice-field, a garden bed.
315
 MAD MAG
MAIil,Tara.(LO^)Valuation,estimate ; alsoMADIPu(Lfl^LJL_|). bution formerly levied on merchants and cultivators for a

Madi, or MAri, Mar. (jlT^) The sap of the cocoa-nut, espe- temple, now given optionally : a fee or donation to which
cially when fermented ;
properly opposed to the sap of the an individual or establishment may be entitled.

tar palm, or <ar* (iTITf), although the latter is applied Magana, Uriya (Sl|StSl, probably for Mdngnd, q- v.) Fees
to both kinds. exacted by Zamindars from the cultivators : a contribution

Madiga, Tel. (^J~°&X) A low caste, that of the Chaklar, raised in shares.

or workers in skins and leather Chamdr of Upper India.

; the Mdgan-khandditi, corruptly Mongurri-khandity, Uriya
Mddigavddu, Tel. (^VJ-^aXoCTT^) a man of the low (fl|?|ei SIgllQQl) A tax formerly levied by the Hill Rajas
caste of Chaklars. of Cuttack to cover the expense of keeping up an armed
Mddige, Tel. (m~^^~K) Of or belonging to the caste of police, commuted for a money payment by Government.
workers in hides and leather. MIganam, corruptly, Maganny, Magaun, Mogany, Tam.
Madike, Karn. (sOSD) A plough with oxen complete. (uirTarTSJSnTlii), Magani, Kam. (^^^^X&^-fi-om the A.

MAdiri, or Madri, Tel. Karn. (S. ^^-^aB, ^U""^) A Makdn ^JC^ , a place, an abode) A division of a revenue
pattern, a specimen. district, usually consisting of six or seven villages ; the

Madivala, Karn. (^Q^^) A washerman. subdivision of a tahsilddri.

Madoria, Thug. Fighting of cats, as an omen. Mdgani-paiki-grdmu,Ka.m. (6j^X&"i3^6\^^ ^) A

Madrasa, Mudrusu, corruptly, Mabressah, and Madris- village belonging to a district.

SAH, H. (a. <Khj(A/o) a college, an academy. MagAni, Tel. Karn. (^>J~°'7^^) Wet cultivation ; the cul-

Mudaris, H. (A. &mjS^) The principal or rector of a col- tivation of low lands by artificial irrigation ; lands that are
lege, a teacher or professor. so irrigated.

Madumu, Tel. (S^&Sx)) A stone sluice or channel by MIgani, pron. Mahani, Tam. (LorTSncncfl) A sixteenth.

which the water flows to the fields. Mdgdni palisa, Mai. (dOOOOemrSln-iallc/a) A rate of
Madupubidu, Tel. (&&i^e5&) Waste lands attached to interest calculated in grain, one-sixteenth of a Yedangali,
the lands cultivated by a farmer, that he may bring them per annum on the value of a fanam.

also into cultivation. Magdar, Mugdur, H. (;t\d, S. mudgara *ra^) A club,

Maduve, or Madive, Karn. (&&3 && J') Marriage. a mallet; a thick heavy club used in exercise like dumb bells.

Maduveprasta, Kam. (&O0^5^^^^^) The marriage Magh, Mugh, corruptly, MuG, Mugg, (?) A name com-
ceremony. monly applied to the natives of Arakan, particularly those
Mafkud, H. (a. O^ftLo) Missing, lost : in Mohammadan bordering on Bengal, or residing near the sea ; the people

law it implies a person of whom it is not known whether of Chittagong. According to Lieut Phayre, however, the
he be living or dead. Arakanese disclaim the appellation, and restrict it to a
Mag, Mar. (nnx), Maggamu, Tel. (^X^), MAGGA,Karn. class whom they hold in utter contempt : the descendants of

(^X) A loom. the Arakanese who were settled at Chittagong and Dacca,

Mag, Mar. (tTT, S. HT^) A track, a channel for water to by Bengali mothers : the origin of the word is unknown.
irrigate a garden or plantation. In P. Magh (i-v), is a fire worshipper, also a wine-

Maga, Karn. (^A) A son. drinker or tavern-keeper.

Makkalu, Karn. (^^?^) Children. Magh, or Magha, H. &c. (S. ^U, nvif), Magam, Tarn.

Mahkala-santdna,orMahkal-santdn,Ka.xn.(^^^t^'^^^<^) (LorraiL) The month so called ; the 10th of the Hindu

Descendants in the male line. year when the sun enters Capricorn, and when the full

Magadha, S. (jn^ni) A bard or herald : one of the mixed moon is near the asterism Maghd (Jan.-Feb.) : on the
castes, born of a Vaisya father and Kshatriya mother : also 1st of this month, according to solar computation, or the
a native of Magadha, or South Bahar. first lunation of the moon, that is, the day of new moon,
Magahi, H. (JJTiTf^) A tribe of agriculturists in Bahar (pro-
: a great festival is observed in Upper India, when bathing
bably a vernacular form of il/a^atiAii, or nativeof Magadha). in the sea at Ganga-Sagara, or the mouth of the Bha-
Magamai, corruptly, Maghomy, Tam. (LQSflDDUi) Contri- girathi, is considered of peculiar efficacy.

316
 MAG MAH
Mdghdt, Hindi (tnTfrir) Land broken up in Mdgh for the cially where the villagers are mostly Sudras and the

next year's crops. head man is a Brahman : it is applied also to Brahmaus

Mdghdt-hi-phasal, Hindi (m^W Wi 'fl^) The crops that holding lands as permanent tenants, but employing others

are sown between Mugh and the rains. to cultivate : it also denotes such of the villagers as hold

Mdmdngam, or, more correctly, Mdmdgam, Tarn. (LQIT- Mirds or hereditary property in common. In Guzerat,

LorBJSLQ, LDrTLDrTSLO) A great festival held every twelve Mdhdjan, pronounced, Jf4;ara ("^tll^ls/*'!), is also said

years, on the foil moon of Magha, at Kumbhakonam. to mean a public entertainment or food given to all comers.

MdgU, S. &c. (>mft) Full moon of Mdgh. Mdhdjan lagdn, Guz. (?) Collections made by the mer-

MAghArin, Mar. (*n^^h!l) A recently married wife, especially chants for charitable purposes, whether human beings or

one who returns (from mdghdrne, to turn back) from her animals be the objects.

father-in-law's house to her own parents, or goes from them Mdjaiiangal, for Mahdjanam, Tam. (LQrT<&6CCrr5J(B^)
to her husband's parents. An assembly of the principal inhabitants of a village: Brah-

Maghiya, (?)H. a division of the Dhanuk tribe. Bhdgalpur. mans collectively, especially when heads of villages and
Magra, (?) H. A subordinate or outlying village forming cultivators.

part of a larger one. —Ajmer. Mahdkdla, sometimes written, Mdhdla, S. &c. (JliJTofilcS)

Maghkab, or Maghrib, H. (A. ^J/w) The west, the A name of Siva, as identified with Time : one of the great

western quarter. lAnga types of him, formerly worshipped at Ujayin.

Maghrabi, H. (A. ^ »*«) A native of the west, a North- Mahdkdli, S. &c. (Jlflcfcl^'i') One of the terrific forms of

African. Durga.
MAGHRti^H, H. (A. j^y^ In ordinary use, proud ; but in Mahdlaya, S. &c. (JTfT^) A great temple or sanctuary >

Mohammadan law, a man who has married a woman under the obsequial ceremonies performed in the last half of the

a misconception, as one within the prohibitive degrees of month Bhddra.

relationship, without being aware of it, or a slave, sup- Mahdmantri, (*I?W!a^) A prime minister.

posing her to be free. Mahdmdri, Beng. &c. (S. >)^iv(lal) Plagiie, pestilence,

Maha, S. &c. (*I?T, from mahat JT^TT^), it occurs in all the any epidemic or great mortality.

dialects without change, except in Tarn., in which it is Mahdnddu, Tam., Kara., Tel. (LDSrTr3rT(S)) The great

written Makd, or Magd, quasi, M.e'^a (LDSfr), there being assembly: in former times it was composed of the chief

no h in the alphabet ; also, as abbreviated, Md ( LQIT landed proprietors of a nddu, or district, who met to con-

Great (literally or fig-uratively). sider of agricultural interests : In some places it exists as

Mahdbrdhmana, S. &c. (JT^TatSlTj) lit. A great Brahman, a meeting of the tribes of the right-hand party to deliberate

but applied contemptuously in Bengal to a low class on questions of caste, tn Karnata it is described as an as-

Brahman who officiates at foneral rites, and is the first sembly of the aboriginal castes, not including Brahmans and
feasted after the period of mourning ; also a Brahman some other castes in various parts of the country : Mantai-
who performs religious ceremonies for Sudras and mixed (for mantri, a counsellor) mahd-nddu, occurs in Tamil

castes. writings as expressive of the concurrence of the government

Mahddeva, or Mahadeo, S. &c. (»r?l^^) The great God : and the people, whence Mr. Ellis conceived the powers of

usually applied to Siva, especially as the lAnga. the primitive Mahd-nddu to have been analogous to those

Mahddevi, S. &c. (»(^n^^) The wife of Siva : a name of Durga. of the Saxon Witenagemote.

Mahdjana, or Mahdjan, or Muhajun, incorrectly, Maha- Mahanta, or Mahant, Muhunt, H. &c. (S. Ul-Jif* , JI?»!t)

janam, Mehajin, S. &c. (>1?1»R) lit. A great man, but The head of a religious establishment of the mendicant

applied in most parts of Hindustan and Bengal to a mer- orders of the Hindus.

chant, a dealer, a banker or money-changer; also a creditor: Mahanti, H. {fjj^ The office and appointment of a
in Marathi, also, a particular hereditary officer in a village Mahant.
in some places in the south of India it denotes the head Mdhdnti, Uriya (Sl|^|§i1) A man of the writer or account-

of a trade or caste ; also the head man of a village, espe- ant caste : the caste itself

317 4 M
 HAH MAH
Mahanavami, S. &c. (jj^t, and ^^, ninth) The last day relation of the component terms, as the protection of great
of the nine days or nights dedicated to the worship of or pious persons, or of inferiors by great persons.
Durga, in Aswin, the last day of the Durga puja. Mahdmat, or Mahdwath, commonly. Mahout, H. &c.
Mahdpdta, or Mahapdtaka, S. &c. (u^tnw -qTtT^) A (cLJjl^*, ^jl^, S. K^lHTJir) The driver of an elephant.
heinous crime: five acts are especially so considered, Mahdyajna, S. &c. (>Tf T1^) A great sacrifice or act of

murder of a Brahman, intercourse with the wife of a Gniru, worship ; five such are recognised, 1. Brahma-y., study
stealing gold from a priest, drinking spirits, and associating of Brahma or the Veda ; 2. Pitri-y., oflFering to the manes ;

with persons guilty of such oflFences. 3. Deva-y., offerings to the gods; 4. Bali- ov Bhuta-y.,
Mahdprasdda, S. &c. (»I?TiraT^) The great present of food, worship of all existing things, also of mischievous spirits,
that is, the distribution among the persons present, of food, by offerings of food scattered in the air ; 5. Nri-y., wor-

sweetmeats, and the like, which have been offered to an ship of man, hospitality.
idol : it is also especially applied to such a distribution at Maheswara, S. &c. (i^''BR;) A name of Siva.
Jagannath. Mdhesmara, S. (Tl^'sgt) A worshipper of Maheswara ', a
MaMpurusha, or -purush, S. &c. (n?T, and H^'^, a man) follower of Siva.

A great man ; but applied especially to religious ascetics, Mas, H. &c. (jsU, for S. Jna, RT:), Maha, or Make, Karn.
especially to such as pretend and are believed to have over- (t>T@^o^^ t>Td-8o) A month.

come physical infirmities, to be able to live without food, Mdhewari-lekha,Karrx\^>^^'^'^Q^S9:i)^ monthly account.
and to be impassive to external or elemental influences. Mdhidna, H. (iluUaU) Monthly pay, wages, or salary.

Maharaja, S. &c. (J1^TT»n) A supreme or sovereign prince ;

Mahind, H. (IjLa^) A month ; monthly pay or wages.
applied in courtesy to every Raj£ Mdhigujasta, Tel. and P. (^T^Sj-'Xbair^) Balance of
Mahdrdni, S. &c. (from ^Tlft, a queen) The principal wife rent, &c. due from the past month.

of a Raja, or a queen in her own right : applied also Mdhimajkuru, Tel. A. (^U-^g3-^^8iS^&) Collections

in courtesy to Hindu ladies of rank, although not of princely of the current month.

dignity. Mahwdr, Mahwdrd, or Mahmdri, H. &c. ij\^, 5;'^,

Mahdrdshtra, S. (H^RTi) The Maratha country. t^L^) Monthly, monthly pay or wages ; a deed settling

Maharshi, or Maharishi, S. &c. (*J?f§, fl^^f^) Any very the payment of the revenue by monthly instalments.
Rarn. ('6D5ba:j6o, from the A. X^l=r«) Testi-
'

celebrated sage or saint. Mahajaru,

Mahdmya, pronounced, Mahashoy, Beng. ('^T^IM^, from S. monial or certificate in favour' of a public functionary,

mahd, great, and duaya, receptacle) A respectable person, joined in by all present. See Muhdjara.

one possessed of great merit: but the word is chiefly Mahal, Muhul, pi. Mahal,Mdhal, H.&c. (A. (Js*, Jls^)
used as a term of respectful address, as, Sir, Master, Your A place, a house, an apartment, a seraglio : a station, a

honour. street, a district, a department : (in the Hindu dialects this

Mahdsankrdnti, S. (H^ra'aJlf'fr) The great Sankranti, or word is written indifferently Mahal, or Mahdl, as in Beng.

sun's entrance into Capricorn, the winter solstice : it also and Mar. (M^, ^^1«T, H^l^, »J?T5), confounding the sing,

signifies the festival observed at this season in the south and plur. numbers, and using both in the sense of the

of India, the Pongol. singular, as in the following) :

Mahdshtami, S. &c. (Jl?T5Kt) The great eighth, that is, Mahdl, corruptly, Mahl, Mhal, Mdal, Mohaul, Mehaul,

the eighth day of the festival in Aswin in honour of Durga, Mai, H. &c. (
JW*, properly the pi. of J=r», but used

or Durga puja. as a sing. noun, with a plur. of its own, or Mahdldt

Mahattrdn, corruptly, Mahatra, Mohuturan, Mohuteran, ejJlUr*), Mahdl, or Mahdl, Guz. (>lt^l(Srl, >lLt^l(H)-

Mohaturan, Mahooteran, Beng. (^I^^1^ from , S. 1?ir, A province, a district, as the Jangal-mahdls, on the west

great, and ^TO, protecting) Land assigned to religious per- of Bengal; a division of a Taalluh, or district, yielding

sons, or for religious purposes, byZamindars or subordinate revenue according to assessment. In the language of

fiscal officers ; also a provision made by the state for persons the Regulations a Mahdl, or Mehdl, is called an estate,

of the lower castes: (the sense may vary according to the and is defined, any parcel or parcels of land which may
318
 MAH MAH
be separately assessed with the public revenue ; the Mahalli, H. (^Jjsr*) A eunuch, an attendant on the female

whole property of the revenue-payers in the mehal being apartments.

held hypothecated to government for the sum assessed Mahdl-masrut, Beng. (U^^'TOfT, from the A. ^.JL^) An
upon it. Beng. Reg. xlii. 1803, ch. 2, sect. 2, and xi. estate held on certain stipulated conditions.
1822, sec. 29. Under the Moharamadan government the Mahal-i-mujrd, H. (A. |^s^(Js^) Place of obeisance : set-

term was also applied to a head or department of mis- tlement of accounts.

cellaneous revenue derived from a tax on some parti- Mahdl-nawdrd, Beng. (vi^iH^iSlvSl) Districts set apart for

cular class of things or persons, as, Mahdl-i-hdghaz, the the payment of followers or troops. — Chittagong.
tax or duty on paper; Mdh-i-mahdl, the duty on fish; Mahdl-patU, Mar. (JT^ToStl^) A composition formerly levied

Nimak-mahdl, the revenue derived from the monoply of for the farm of the sale of spirituous liquors at Bombay.
the sale of salt ; Mahdl-abhdri, the department of the Mahdl-sddir-mdrid, Mar. (H'^TqS ^nf^ ^Tfc^) Contingent

excise : so in Karnata,Jlfa/iaZM (^OcodtO) meant revenue, charges in the fiscal and police administration of a district.

or sources of revenue, chiefly territorial, but comprising Mahalsard, H. (P. J^(J.sr<) The inner or female apartments.

other objects. In Puraniya, the items of the village Hast- Mahdl-sibandi,MB.r.iv!^^fTS^[^) Police and revenue ^eoK«,

o-hud, were termed mahdls : the word is in fact very or armed servants attached to the magistrate and collector.

vaguely employed. In some places a certain right is in- Mahala, MAHALi,MAHlLYA,Mar. (»!^T^T, H^^, *?T11Bn)
tended, capable of being rented, as the Mom mahdl, or A term of courtesy affixed to the names of barbers.

right to the wax found in the forests of a given tract. In Mahab, or Mhab, corruptly, Mher, Mhao, Mow^, Mar.
Cuttack, the plural Mahdldt was applied to the lands (T^TT. »?H;) a man of a low caste, retained on the village

which paid the full assessment to the state, in contrast to establishment for the performance of the lowest menial

the Kil&jdt, or military estates paying a quit-rent only. offices, as those of a scavenger : he is also the village

MaliaMdr, Beng. (^T^^TrtsT) An officer in charge of a dis- messenger, and is sometimes employed as watchman : also

trict ; also the occupant or proprietor of an estate. the name of the caste or tribe.

Mahdlddr, Mar. (T^T^^^ A government officer in charge Mahdrki,Ma.v. (M^t^) The office and rights oitheMahdr.
of the revenue and police of a district. Mahdrki-roatan, Mar. (sffTC'^ft^tnT) The allowances and
Makdl-jhadti, or -jharti. Mar. (from 1iR,5?ft, an account) perquisites, in land or grain, of the Mahdr.
Annual rough statement of the receipts and disbursements Mahdrpunj, Mar. (*J?Rqw) The portion of the crop given

of a district. to the Mahdr as his perquisite.

Mahdlhari, Mar. Guz. (jl^T^Wtt) A revenue and police- Mahdrmahdrki, Mar. (if tt»If ItoR't) An impost levied on

officer in charge of a district : in the former department the grants or perquisites assigned to the Mahdr.
he was usually subordinate to the Kamamsddr ; in the Mahdrruard, or -ward. Mar. (JT^TTI^fT, -'^T^) The ward or
latter he was accountable to the government direct, or quarter of a village, usually outside of it, occupied by per-
to its representative in the district: he has latterly been sons of the Mahdr caste.

invested with the same police authority as the Mdmalat- Mahaha, Uriya (fl|^|Q|) Water-courses.

ddr. Act XX. 1835.

w
Mahari, Uriya (fl|^|Ql) A dancing girl attached to a temple.

Mahalla, corruptly, Mohulla, H. (^«), Mahalld, Beng. Mahasati, Thug. Cry of a single jackall, usually a bad omen.
(^Mi), Mahald, Mar. (»1^q5T) A division of a town, a Mahash, H. (A. (_^W«) Goods, effects.

quarter, a ward. MahIyat, H. (a. ^Ak^) Partition of usufruct, as when each of

Mahalladdr, H. &c. (^Iti^dis*) An officer in charge of a two sharers enjoys a part of the thing possessed in common,
particular quarter of the town, bound to give information to or where each has the whole alternately.

the Darogha of the police of any disorderly conduct, or Mahbas, H. (a. (_^wAs^) a prison, a place of confinemient.

the presence of culprits : the Regulations seem to have con- Mahbus, H. (A. ^ju,jAs-<) Confined, imprisoned, a prisoner.

templated a female agent also in each ward, subordinate to Mahbus-khdna, H. (A. P. iKJo ^_^yisr«) A jail, a prison.
the police, under the title o{ Mohaladarin. Beng. Reg.xxii. Mahbus-$anad,Ii.iA. iXXm ^^jj,s^) A warrant of committal,
1793, sec. 30. a mittimus.

319
 MAH MAH
Mahdi, H.
Imams
^
(a. u5Af«)
"a
or successors of Ali,
A guide:
whom
the twelfth and last of the

the Shia Mohammadans

sovereign power

of the Moghal.
: the term was applied to the territories

believe to be still alive. MahsiJl, Muhsool, corruptly, Mohsool, H. &c. (A. J^-^ss^-

Ma HI, Thug. The sacred pick-axe. —Dakhini Thugs. H^a^) lit. Collected, levied : revenue duty, public income

Mahivasi, or Mewasi, Guz. C^lt/lHl^Q,) Properly, an from any source, as land, customs, excise, and the like

inhabitant of the country along the Mahi river, but applied the proluce or return realized from any thing.

especially to the tribes in that quarter who subsisted by Mahdsil, H. (A. J^W«) Produce, profit.

lawless and predatory practices. Mahdmlu, Tel. (^^fC^eW) The produce of land, the

Mahi muratib, H. (P. A. C_-o');-« (j*L«) The dignity of the harvest, the crop.

fish : the privilege of having carried before a man of rank Mahdmlu-ddrudu, Tel. {V.J\S) An officer employed to pre-

the representative of a fish, or part of it, of metal gilt, vent the clandestine removal of the produce of a field,

borne upon a pole with two circular gilt balls similarly before the revenue has been paid.

elevated ; conferred formerly as a mark of distinction by Makmlddr, H. (jlijJj-as^) Yielding, or having, a profit:

the king of Delhi on individuals of the highest order a collector or receiver of taxes.

only: one of the latest, or perhaps the last exercise of this Mahsul-i-sdir, H. (A.^_LjJj-fflr*) The produce of mis-

favour was the grant of the privilege to Lord Lake, by cellaneous duties and customs : amount of miscellaneous
Shah Alam. duties or excise on salt.

Mahita, corruptly, Moheeta, H. (silajjs^) Land within the Mahmli, H. &c. (^J^-asr*, I<^U^1) Relating to revenue

supply of a well, but irrigated from it only in alternate or taxes.

years. See Chak. Muhassil,)!. (A. JJoss*), Mahsil, or Mausil, Beng. (V^ftR,

MAHJtJB, H. (A.jys'^), incorrectly, Mahuh, Prohibited. t^nniH) A native collector of revenue, a tax-gatherer, a

In Mohammadan law, an inhibited slave ; one who is in- collector of imposts, a bailiff; an officer especially deputed

competent to buy, sell, or transact any business on his to realize arrears of revenue, to recover a debt, or to pre-

own account, as opposed to Mazur, a licensed slave. vent the escape of any one. See Mohassalu.

Mahkama-aukaf, H. (i-JU^l luiis*) Local agency : a Muhasdli, H. (A. ^l.^!s*) The office of tax or custom

court of trust, certain officers of the government charged collector.

with the superintendence of publi-c buildings and endowments. Muhassildna, H. (A. ^OJSss!*) The fees or perquisites of

Mahluf, H. (a. uJ^s*) Sworn, taking an oath. the bailiff or tax-gatherer, &c.

Mahluf dlehi, A. (^ji^^ (_ijls*) Sworn to, the act or MahtA, H. (Ci^-o) A scribe, a clerk, an agent or man of

article respecting which an affidavit is made. business : (it is probably the same as the next but one

Mahr, incorrectly, Mihr, H. (A.^^) Dower, marriage-gift below).

or portion settled upon a wife before marriage : it may Mahtadi, H. (t^iilji^) A head village peon: a village

be either Mudjil ((Ji?'^), prompt, immediate, or Mumajil bailiff or constable.

( Jj»-j.«),
deferred to some specified time : if no amount of Mahto, H. (yi^, S. JlfTT, great) The head man of a vil-

dower is agreed upon at the time of marriage, the wife is lage : (in Behar), the head of a caste or trade ; an agent
entitled to a customary provision, Mahr-i-mid, or one or representative of a Zamindar, employed to collect the

suited to her condition. The written contract of dower or revenue and manage the aflfeirs of a village.

marriage-settlement. Mahtus, (?) A cultivator of the poppy.

Mahrdna, H. (<;ilf<) A fee paid to the Kassi at a wedding. MahuA, or MahwA, H, (S. !^), Maua, Beng. (vS^i)
Mahr-ndma, H. ((ULJ^s*) A deed of dower or settlement The Bassia latifolia, a tree of which the nuts yield a sub-

the document in which it is specified. stance used for butter, and the flowers a spirituous liquor

Mahrus, or MahriJsa, H. (A. ^^^^sr^, i.M^js^) Guarded, by distillation.

protected. , Mahzar, H. {k.j^sT', from -es-, being present), Tel.

Mamdlik-mahrusa, H. (A. &m^jS< CA1U«) Well go- (^oJ~°ajO0) A general application or representation, a

verned or protected provinces, those subject to established statement laid before a judge, a public attestation, or a

320
 MAI MAJ
document attested by a number of persons professing' to be producing annually one crop of rice and one of vegetables
cognisant of the circumstances of the case, and submitted, or dry grain.

with their signatures, to the court ; also, in the Northern Majaz, (jW*) Lawful, admissible.

Sirkars, a written agreement given by the Ryots con- Majda, or Magda, (?) H. A mixed soil, consisting of clay

jointly to the government for the performance of any duty. and sand. — Rewari.
Mahzar Mdna, corruptly, llazir khdna, H. (P. ibli-, a Majlis, H. (A. , «.W*) An assembly, a court.

house) A police-station or court. Majmal, H. (a. (J.<es^) An abstract, a compendium.

Mahzar-nama, H. (P. lUU) A written collective attestation, Majmua, Majmuaa, vernacularly, Majmu, or Mujmoo, and
a list or roll of persons present. Majusj, or MujooM, H. &c. (cja<s*, iXc^as-*) Collected,

M-4I, Beng. (^r^) An instrument made like a ladder, used as brought together ; an assemblage ; an aggregate or total.

a harrow. Majmu, Mar. (HtTt) A total, an aggregate : the piarticular

Maida, or Maira, H. (Iaxo t^) , A scaffold in a corn-field office or duty of the Majmuddr, q. v.

where a boy is stationed to drive away birds and beasts. 3Iajmu&-ddr, H. (jlj^c^^ksr*), Majumddr, Beng. (^^siviirla)

Maidan, H. (A. ijiiiJw*) A plain, an open field or meadow. and Tel. (&aiO"£Po), Mqjmuddr, or Mujmuddr, Mar.
Maigada, Karn. (»X)£)Aia) A loan without interest. (TJIiR^, J'T'J^tO, also, Mqjmuddr, Guz. ('Hs/'^J^R),
Maikadu, Kara. (?) Daily hire. Mvjiiniddr, Tarn. ((Lp<S>LDSrT Q") A native revenue-account-
Maikaria, Thug. A barber. ant, one who keeps the account of the Jama, or government
Mailerti, (?) plur. Karn. A class of slaves in Kanara. collections under the native governments: in Hindustan

Main, Hindi (h«t) A common short grass growing on rich he was the revenue accountant of a district subordinate to

and inundated lands, and choaking the crops. the Ami! or maliager, and removable at pleasure : he kept

Mainatta, Mai. (siSlQOOOfSYtn) A washerman. the accounts of the revenue settlements, audited those of the

Maind, Mar. (~J}^) A machine for smoothing a ploughed hdnungo, and possessed a general power of scrutinizing
and sown field. A man of a tribe who are robbers and the revenue accounts and assets of his district : he was

murderers. also sometimes the receiver and auditor of the rents paid

Mainkavilgar, Karn. (?) A head watchman. to the Zaraindar. In Bengal the designation has become,

Maisala, Karn. (&>^y^V) A loan without pledge or mort- in some cases, a hereditary appellation. In Maratha finance

gage : a loan on a promissory note. the Majmuddr, was a kind of auditor whose function it

Maisdladapatra , Karn. (P^^cOq>OC>oOiQ) A promissory was to inscribe all writs and deeds, and to write on all

note ; an I O U. accounts of receipts and disbursements, after examination

Maiyat, corruptly, MAlT,.Mar. (^'mr, A. c:^j-t) Blighted, and approval, the words, Martub md, a corruption of

blasted : extinct, dead. the Arabico-Persian phrase Maraitdb shud, it has been

Maiyat-pdhani, Mar. (H*Jri1l^4Ul) Inspector of crops re- arranged. In Guzerat the title is given to the keepers of

ported to be blighted. the pargana revenue records, who have held the office as

Majara, Karn. (^2jO) A small village under the super- a hereditary right since the Pcttlement of Todar Mai, and

intendence of the government officers of a town. are paid by fees charged on the villages. In the Tamil

Majara, H. (L^-to , from A. Le , what, and \j>- , has happened) countries, a district revenue accountant.

Circumstances, state, condition, occurrence. Majum, more correctly, Majun, H. &c. (A. (•j=e'^, (^j=k*^)

Majara, or Majra, Mar. (JlTSRl) Stupefying, narcotic (as A confection, an 'electuary, but commonly applied to a sort

drugs and vegetables). of sweetmeat prepared from the larger leaves and capsules

Mdjaren, or Mdjren, Mar. (jniT^) The stupefaction pro- of the hemp plant, with water, ghee, sugar, and milk,

duced by the use of narcotic drugs. boiled together : when of a sufficient consistence the mix-

MIjI-phiryad, Mar. (jnaTrftlitT^), a corruption of Md-zu- ture is poured on a slab, where it concretes into a thin

farijdd, he who has a complaint : used as an exclamation cake, which is divided into small lozenge-shaped pieces :

to attract the notice of a judicial or other functionary. the effects of any of the preparations to the extent of one

M.iJAL, Karn. (^S'S^) Second sort of rice land in Mysore, drachm, are intoxicating : there are other modes of pre-
321 4 N
 MAJ MAL
paring the mAjum in the state of an electuary or a de- Mahkar, Thug. A Rajput, of whatever calling.

coction. Makki, Kam. (^g) The worst kind of rice land.

MajurjL-dAst, Mar. (mjIU ^T^ET, from A. mujrd, deduction, Makr, or Makar, H. &c. (A.^^Ce) Fraud, imposition.
and P. ddsht, what has) Allowance or deduction made to Mahdr, H. (A. J^) A cheat, a swindler, an impostor.

the Ryots on account of grain, grass, &c., furnished by Makruh, H. (a. ijS^) Wicked, abominable : applied in

them on special requisition. law to actions which the law condemns as wrong, but

Majus, H. (p. f^j^ysi*) A Magian, a Parsi or fire-worshipper, does not invalidate.

a magician. Maksum, H. (a. *yMA^ Divided, partitioned, as property =

Majwi, Mar. (HT»rTf) A level platform made on the slope of a portion, a share. See Kism.

a hill by digging from above and banking from below. Makta, also, Mukatta, corruptly, Mugta, Mokta, ver-

Maka, H. &c. (IC«, HoRt) Indian corn (Zea mays). nacularly, Makta, and Makhta, H. (A. jiiLo) Cutting,

3fakdnd,M.ar. (jIoRTOl) A single grain of maize, plur. (JJoRTO) cutting off. Mar. Guz. (JTm) A contract, an agreement

Indian-corn parched. for work. Tel. (JJ~5^) Rent, rate, a fixed rate or rent.

MXkal, Guz. ('HI^'H) Ascertaining the revenue of a field See Bilmaktd.

by weighing the produce in grain. Maktdguttd, Mar. Tel. (Hchl'Nl) A contract or lease of

Makalat, (a. i)JiK.«), plur. Maakil, corruptly, Mawakil land at a fixed stipulated rate, not liable to extra cesses;

((J,5L)t«) Fine for bloodshed : homicide for which atone- the land so held.

ment has been paid. Maktdkaulu, Tel. (^lU's oS) An agreement under

Makan, H. &c. (P. ^J^) A place, a station, an office. which land is held at an annual quit-rent for a stipulated

Mahdnddr, H. &c. (from j! J, who has) An officer, a place- period.

man : in the south of India it is commonly applied to a Mahtehari, Makteddr, or Mahhtekari, Makhteddr, Mar.
person in charge of, or having the management of, a Mo- (??^«irTft, »I%^, JTOHcirct -^O A contractor, a farmer,

hammadan mosque. one holding land at a fixed rent.

Makbara, H. (a. ijJ^Av) A burial-place, a tomb. Makhtd-shistu, Tel. (60^^^) A fixed rent.

Makbuza, H. (a. LijJJU, from ^jiM, holding) Occupied, Makzuf, a. (t_J)JJl«) Falsely accused of adultery (man or

tenanted ; as the lands of a village. woman).

Makhama, Tel. (^OSD^XDj A tax or assessment for a religious Mal, corruptly, Maul, Mhal, Mahal, H. &c. (JU), Malu,
purpose. or MahIlu (which is a vernacular corruption), Tel.

Makharij, corruptly, Mokharije, H. (A. ^^j^^ , plur. of (^)J~°eo, ^^rSoj) Wealth, goods, effects, property of

Mahhraj 7-isr«) Disbursements, outgoings : as a revenue any description: in Mohammadan law it is sometimes

term, deductions from the revenue, alienations, assignments used for personal as opposed to real property, or for money

of portions of the government claim, remissions of revenue as distinguished from goods and chattels : in India it was

due by the Zamindars on account of lands dismembered used for the public revenue from any source whatever, but

or alienated. more especially for that derived from land, to which sense,

MakhlAsi, Makhlasi, Mar. (iR^^T^ft, -"^i from the A. as a fiscal term, it is now restricted, or the revenue claimed

^_^\js^ , setting free, &c.) Name of the mark affixed to by the government from the produce of cultivated lands,

grants, assignments, and other documents issued by the the wealth of the state.

o-overnment : grand total of an account : end of an affair, Mdl-dddlat, H. (A. c^IlAc jU) A revenue court in which

as of a law-suit, &c. ^11 questions between the government and landholders, and

Makhlut. corruptly, Muckloot, Muhloot, H. (A. 1=^:^) between them and their tenants, or officers charged with

Mixed, blended; applied to lands recently annexed to an the collections, and over which the collector presided, were de-
estate or district not originally part of it. termined: these courts were abolished by Ben. Reg. ii.l793.

Makhmal, Mukhmul, H. (A. J./kKr«) Velvet. Mdlddr, H. (.lijJU) The possessor or holder of property.

Makkam, Tel. (^^^~°^0) Rate of exchange of coins of dif- Mdldhani, H. (Jv^i^JL*, from S. »R^, wealthy) The pos-
ferent currencies. sessor of property, especially of l^nd.

322
 MAL MAL
Malen, Mar. (tT^) Pecuniary aid towards the recovery of perhaps, in this sense it is derived from Mdli, a gardener,

an attached farm which the cultivator endeavours to collect implying garden ground).

by going round the neighbourhood with a small plough Mdl-muft, H. (p. u::,Xo, gratis) Property acquired without

hung round his neck, and begging. cost or labour, property given away without requital or

Mdl-gvzdr, or Mdl-goozdr, H. ( ilJ6 JU), JfaZ-^jyar, Beng. benefit.

Csrt5ITfsn^), Mdlugujdru, Tel. (^ST-°eoXDe3~"&) The Mdl-i-sdir, H. (A.^Uu, rest, remainder) Revenue from
person who pays the revenue assessed on an estate or vil- customs and other sources exclusive of land.
lage, whether on his own behalf, or as the representative Mdl-o-matdd, H. (A. P^J^ j JU) Money and goods.
of others, and whether he be sole or joint proprietor, or a Mdlwdjib, H. (A. U^s>-L«, right) Fixed and proper revenue,
holder under a proprietor or the state, and whether he pay which it is requisite or customary to pay.
the revenue to a proprietor or Zamindar, or to the officers Mdliigamsdri-bhumi,TeL (^XJ~°e«Xoc:>-'5^1r^S)j) Land
of the government. paying revenue to government.

Mvzuri-, or Sadr-Mdlguzdr, H. (JiiS^^jS^ ^jyos-) ,

A per- Malwujuhdt, vernacularly corrupted to Maljihdt, H. (A.

son who pays his revenue to the public or principal trea- cula»».j ,
plur. of wajh &»-j , mode, manner), Mahdlojhd,
sury, without the mtervention of a proprietor or farmer, Tel. (^o3~°0 03^~°) A general or collective term for

or subordinate native collector : also the one amongst a the revenue received from the land.

number of co-sharers through whom the revenue of the Mdlzdmin, vernacularly, Mdljdmin, H. &c. (j^LajU, HT^-
rest, or of a certain portion of them, is paid : the same ^Tfj^"?) A surety for the payment of a demand against the
as Lambarddr. baillee in contradistinction to a surety for appearance.

Mazjiuri-Mdlguzdr, H. (^liXdU ^jj^C^ A payer of re- Mdlzdmini, ox Mdljdmini, H. &c. ( J^LalU, HToS'snfiT'l^)

venue through the intervention of a subordinate native Security for payment of money.

collector, or a proprietor or contractor. MaIl, H. (JU) End, issue. ^

Mdl^guzdri,con\iL-^\\.y,Malgoozarry.,^. d^^iiXWLe) Revenue Madl-andeshi, H. (^jloAilJU) Consideration of the end
assessment ; the payment of land-revenue : also the person or consequence.

or land subject to such payment. Mala, or Malai, Mar. (jiaBT, *tc5^) A garden or plan-
Malguzdri dima, H. (from the A. <1U.J) A grant or assign- tation of edible vegetables. Rich low ground, of alluvial

ment of land (see Aimd) paying a quit-rent ; an assignment origin, bearing double crops, or sown with vegetables.

of a portion of the government revenue of an estate for cha- Mala, Mar. (JTigg) Any extended tract of ground, a plain,

ritable purposes : a grant of waste land, upon a small rent, a down.

to a cultivator, who thereby acquires a proprietary right Mdljawin, Mar. (*n35»f»rt'f, P. zamird Open country, a
in the soil. Ben. Reg. viii. 1793, sec. ix. barren or uncultivated plain : land of inferior quality, or

Mdl-guzdri-tah.nl-kul, H. (A. iJ.ji.^as' , collection, and lW, that which is situated on the sides of hills, or on ridg'es

whole) The entire revenue collections^; the net revenue. which, although they may be ploughed, cannot be irrigated,

Mdlkatni, Mar. (m^oR^'l'^) A fee for permission to cut and producing only the autumnal crops.

down certain crops. Mdli, Mar. (JITSB^) Level arable land on the acclivity of

Mdlkhdna, H. (from P. <sils>-) A treasury, a store-house. a hill.

Mdlakuddru, corruptly, Mdlcoodar, Tel. (^XT^y§b"Sy&) Mdlarvat, Mar. (flias^T) Abounding in open barren tracts :

The proprietor of an estate, a temporary renter or farmer a district or country.

(this may be a modification of Mdlili, q. v.) Malist, Mar. (?) A term applied in the JDdng to inferior

Mdli, H. (a. ^jSU) Relating to wealth or to revenue. and open land in the second year of its being brought into

Mdli-peshkdr, H. (,)i<iiaji JU) A revenue accountant. cultivation after lying fallow for some time.

Mdliat, H. (A. ei^jJU) Wealth in the abstract, property, Mala, Tel. (^^-T^t) ) of or belonging to the Paria caste.

possessions ; value of any thing. It is said to be also ap- Mdlavddu, Tel. (^>J^O,:r^&j) A man of the Paria caste.

plied in Guzerat to lands producing the most valuable Mala, H. &c. (S. iiU , ^^^) A garland, a chaplet, a string

kinds of crops, as sugar-cane, pepper, ginger, &c. : (but of flowers or of beads, worn either as a necklace or a

323
 MAL MAL
rosary, and made up of different substances according to Malavdvam, Mai. (QeanJ3(0o) Hill produce, a tax on hill

the sect of the wearer. produce.

Mdlahdr, H. &c. (^KiSU, HT^oirK) A maker of garlands ;

Malavari, Mai. (daicLirol) A pass or ghat over the

a gardener. See the next. mountains.

Mali, corruptly, Molly, H. &c. (^U m^) A gardener,
, Malayalam, Mai. (QEACOJ^o) The country on the west of

one who cultivates and sells vegetables, fruits, and flowers, the Malaya mountains, the province of Malabar.

as the occupation of his caste ; also the name of the caste. Malay, (?) Mar. A variety of black mould liable to be

In the Maratha country the mail (HTag't), is distinguished flooded in the rains.

by the article he chiefly cultivates ; as, Jiri-mali, grower Malb.4, H. (ULo, lit. sweepings) Village expenses, usually

of cummin and other aromatic seeds ; Phul-mdU, grower liquidated in the same manner as the public assessment;

of flowers, &c : Mali (with the simple Z) is a civil affix the principal items in the north-western provinces are thus

to the names of barbers, as, Das-rriali, &c. enumerated : feeding the members of the community when
Mala, Mai. (2>&a), Malai, Tam. (Lq3sO), Male, Earn. absent on public duty, or those of other villages on a visit,

( S3 ^) A hill. feeding religious mendicants, payments to subordinate

Mala-hushi, Mai. (QeJdSjefitl) Hill cultivation. police and revenue officers, allowance to village watchmen,

Malandda, or Malndd, Mai. (QfiJOnos) A hilly country, remuneration to individuals fof losses incurred in supply-

applied to Malabar. ing cattle and carts for public service, loss on exchange

Malachia, (?) H. A class of thieves and dishonest persons in on coins with which the revenue is paid, repairing tanks

Bengal, now apparently extinct. Ben. Reg. xxii. 1793, sec. x- and wells, fines imposed for plundered property when traced

Malamasa, or Malamas, S. &c. (HcSITH, from V^, soil, within the boundary of the village, presents to dancers,

dirt, and JllH, a month) An intercalary month, in which singers, jugglers, and the like, for amusing the inhabitants,

no religious ceremonies should be performed. charitable gifts, interest cJn monies borrowed on account
Malan, Beng. ('^''R) Rubbing, threshing corn. of the community, expense of religious worship, occasional

Malanhja, Beng. (M^Tf^HTt ) A thresher of corn. ceremonies and festivals, expenses of the Patmdri or ac-

Malang, H. (S. cL^-^i-*) A Mohammadan mendicant who countant, charge for oil and lights for the place of assembly

lets his hair grow loose and uncombed. aiid the person in charge of it, Expenses of Panchaiats

Malanga, Uriya (?1(S.£f) A place where salt is made. collected on the business of the village, funeral expenses

Malangi, Mulunyee, corruptly, Molungee, H. Beng. &c. of a head man or any respectable membei", marriage ex-

( X»Lc, '^»T°''tt) A salt-maker, a labourer employed in penses of neighbours when passing through the village, &c.

manufacturing salt. the total varied from 10 to 12 pSr cent, on the public

Pdhi-malangi, Uriya (ai5)1?)R.if) A salt-maker working assessment.

at a different village from his own. Malba-kharch H. (from ,

^ i»-) Village expenses.

Thdni-malangi, Uriya (8<|S>19ICl.Q') A salt-maker working Malbus, H. (a. ^yA.*) Clothed, clothing.

in his own village. Malhus-khdx, H. (A. /^ali-, q. v.) An annual investment

Malang-chard, or -chardn, Uriya (?)ClSfQQ|) Land on of fine muslins, formerly furnished from Dacca for the

which salt may be, or has been, made, but which may have l-oyal. wardl-obe at Delhi.

been brought into cultivation : (in Cuttack the term occurs Malaiciiarpu, Tam. (LQSsOi<&<e'rTcri_|) Hilly country, land

Malaghna-chara, but ? if correct). on the slope of a hill (from Malai, Tam. and Karn., a hill).

Malani, Mar. (h^TD'^) Threshing or treading out corn. Malegaladanelu, Karn. (&^Xe)(Sf§£JO) A kind of rice

Malanhar, Mar. (J?35T[r^it) A thresher. growing on the slope of a hill in Mysore.

Malavati, incorrectly, Malavanti, Tel. (&e^^S) Extra Malaipunam, Tam. (LdSsOl-jrjlXi) Hilly or rocky soil, not

or additional assessment rated oh the .growing crops in pro- fit fot cultivation.

portion to their apparent richness. Malevar, Karn. i^OoO do) A tribe of hill men in the

Malayan, (?) Mai. The designation of a caste of slaves in Nagar district of Mysorej said 'to be the aboriginal land-

Kanara and Malabar. holders..

324
 MAL MAM
Malavelan, Mai. (Cie_15iaJ£-inr6) A tribe of mountaineers. held in absolute property, and free of rent. —Puraniya.
MalfiJf, H. (a. <_J^), MalpiJpu, Tel. (^e)c^--'^) Property, ownership, possession.

Enclosed; an enclosure, what is sent in a bag or cover. Milkddr, H. (P. j'li, who has) The possessor of lands in

MIlige, Tel. (oXr^Vh) A chamber or cell on the lower floor absolute property.

of a large or public building, opening to the street, and Mulki, H. (,_^J-< . J^nift) lit. Of or belonging to a kingdom,
used as a shop or warehouse. or to a province : especially applied to an sera in use in
Malik, Mulik, H. (A. (.LJ1«, from mulh, a kingdom) A some places, as in Puraniya, which is one month in ad-
king, a sovereign. vance of the Fasli year beginning with the 1st of Si-dvan.
Malik, H. (A. tiiJJU, from milk ulAl*, possession, property), Mdlikiat, H. (c:,.o^J0U) Ownership, proprietorship, the
Malak, Mali k, Mar. (stT^Toir, m^oK) A master, an owner, right of the Mdlik.
a proprietor : a cultivator possessing a hereditary or pro- Malish, H. (P. i/^IU) Rubbing ; but used in the Northern

prietary right in the land he cultivates, or a person having Sirkars for threshing and (reading-out corn.

a beneficial and hereditary interest in the revenue paid by Mdlishddr, H. (P. ^Ij, having) Superintendant of the
the cultivators, and responsible to the government for its threshing-floor. See the last.

share ; hence considered applicable, in Bengal, to Zamindars, Mal-jamin, (?) Mar. A variety of red or light brown soil

and in the north-west provinces to the head man of a vil- spread thinly over rocks, stony and poor, distinguished
lage, or to any member of the community who holds a part as Mal-murad, and Mal-barad (?).

of the land in proprietary right, and is sometimes permitted MalkIndi, Uriya (9IR.Q|ej) A heap or stack of salt.

to engage for the payment of the whole of the revenue MallA, Mull a, H. &c. (S. J.*, »iw) A boxer, a wrestler:

assessed upon it ; hence also designated as Malik-mukad- the name of the caste following such practices.

dam, or Mdlik-zamindar. MALLA.Tel. (^^)^ Afee ingrain paid to the village potter.
Mdlikdna, corruptly, Maliconna, H. (dciluU) Pertaining MallIh, H. (a. -.!<) A sailor, a boatman a maker of salt. :

or relating to the Mdlih, or proprietor, as his right or due ;

Mallar, Tam. (LOffTTemj) Agricultural labourers of the

applied, especially in revenue language, to an allowance Pallar tribe. Cultivators generally.

assigned to a Zamindar, or to a proprietary cultivator, who Mallu, Tel. (?) Beds of salt ; also plur. of Madi, fields.

from some cause, as failure in paying his revenue, or de- Malmahd, (?) Mar. A sort of soil, the same as Mal-jamin,
clining to accede to the rate at which his lands are as- but darker.

sessed, is set aside from the management of the estate, and Malmal, H. (J.>«i«) Muslin.

the collection and payment of the revenue to government, MalmalI, H. (1*L«) Brackish, as water.

which offices are either transferred to another person, or MALNADU,Karn.(S^>J^£'?TO&) The woody and hilly districts

taken under the management of the government collector : of Nagar in Mysore.

in such case a sum not less than 5 per cent., and not exceed- Mamera, H. (S. I;J"«^) Relating to a maternal uncle.

ing 10 per cent., on the nett amount realized by the govern- Mamerd-hhdi, or -bahin, H. (fi'om i^^i>, a brother, or

ment was finally assigned to the dispossessed landholder. jj^. , a sister) A first cousin by the mother's side, the son

Ben. Reg. i. viii. xliii. 1793 ; vii. 1822. It was also or daughter of a mother's brother.

applied formerly to an allowance made to the head man Mamia-sas, H. (S. (^LIaa«) Husband's or wife's maternal

by the other villagers, or, when authorised to collect and aunt.

pay the revenues of the village, by the state. Mamisasur, H. (from^w^t^, S. igjIT:) Husband's or wife's
Mdlikdna-khdngi, H. (from ^.^il»- , q. v.) Fees levied on maternal uncle.

cultivators by a landholder for his household expenses. Mamluk, H. (A. cJjLk*) Possessed, having as a possession
Mdlikdna rusum, H. (A. »y^j) Proprietary dues. or property: In Mohammadan law, a purchased slave ; also

MdUkhma,H. (A. <X.fl>-, a share) The share of the owner, a child brought up in the house of another.

or of the state. Mamu, Thug. One who knows Thugs, and extorts money not

Milk, or Milkiat, corruptly, Milik, H. (A. I^-IU ci^Ouo), to betray them.

Milak, less correctly, Melak, Hindi (fJI^S^, H^«|f) Land Mamu, also, but less usually, MAmA, H. &c. (»«U, UU),
325 4
 MAN MAN
MamA, Mar. (HTTt) Maman, Tam. (LQrTLDOTr), A ma- the maund is measured or weighed, or a jar holding that
ternal uncle, a mother's brother. Mami, H. &c. (^U>), quantity, a stone weighing a mMind, &c.
Mar. (JTfft) A maternal uncle's wife. Mana, vernacularly, MAn, S. &c.
(^J^, »n«T)
Pride, dignity,

Man, Tam. (ibSOTT) Earth, ground, land. honour, respect.

Mannukhudaiyavan, Tam. (LDCJSOTgS^aQflJDl—lJUSLldni) Mdnahani, S. &c. (jn«T?Tf»l) Loss of character or reputation.

A proprietor of land, a landlord. MdnaUna, S. &c. (*n«Tf^) Disreputable, vile.

Manmakkal, Tam. (LaSOTTUQiSaefr) Men of the fourth, or Blankari, corruptly, ilfawcMrry, Mar. (S. *(l«i«hi!l) A respect-
servile tribe. able man, a gentleman, a title borne by the descendants

Man, Mun, commonly, Maund, H. &c. (^^, ^R, from the of those persons who held Mansabs under the Moham-
A. mann ^, Hebrew mann), Mahana, Uriya (Sl^gl), madan princes of the Dakhin : a person entitled to certain

Manugu, Tel. (^£3jXb) A measure of weight of marks of respect, and to presents at public assemblies and

general use in India, but varying in value in different festivals ; in the jargon of the Thugs it denotes the man
places. Four principal varieties are specified by Mr. Prin- who selects the spot for murdering and burying travellers.

sep ; 1. the Bengal maund, containing 40 sers ; 2. the Manpdn, Mar. (hIWMH) Any honorary rights or privileges

maund of Central India, consisting of half the quantity, attached to respectability of station or official rank : the

or 20 sers ; 3. the maund of Guzerat, consisting of 40 honours and presents due to the Mdnhari, the rights of the

sers, but of lesser value, making the Bombay maund 281b. village hereditary officers, &c.

avoirdupois ; and 4. the maund of Southern India, fixed MIna, vernacularly, Man, S. &c. (jTR) Measure in general,

by the Madras government at 251b. In Bengal there were whether of length, capacity, or weight.

also two kinds of maunds, the Bazar mmmd, of the value MAna, Uriya (Sllgl) A land measure equal to 25 ^uwiAas.

above described, or, more correctly, 821b., being based upon Cuttack.

the computation of 80 sicca rupees to a ser, and 40 sers Mdnapani, Uriya (fllglSlSl) A fee payable to Zamindars,

to the maund, the rupee weighing 179.666 Tr. grs. usually one pan of kauris per highd.

and the Factory maund, introduced into the Company's Mana, and MAnike, corruptly, Mankedu, Tel. (pJ~^'0^

commercial transactions in 1787, apparently for the con- oyj~°oJS') A measure of capacity in the Telinga countries,
venience of converting it into English weight, the Fac- in some of which eight, in others sixteen, make one Turn.
tory maund being = 741b. 10 oz. 10.666 drs., and three Mana, (?) A measure of capacity equal to about half a ser,

such maunds being almost exactly equal to 2 cwt. In or one-fourth of a patha, of grain or salt ; hence, also, a

1833 the Bengal government directed the discontinuance of measure of land, as much as may be sown by a mana of

both in the public offices, and established a maund weighing grain. —Kamaon.
1001b. troy, or 877lb. avoirdupois, based upon the change Mdna-chawal, (?) A rent-free grant for life. —Kamaon.
of the weight of the rupee to 180 grs. troy, which made Mana, H. (A. jl«), MANi,Beng. (^ ), MANAi,Mar. (JTsnt,),

the new maund heavier by 7ths of a pound. The maund Prohibition, forbidding ; also, in Mar., ManI (TTT), For-,

of Akbar's time was equal to but 34flb. ; and still, in bidden, prohibited.

various parts of India, great differences prevail, extending Mandchithi, Mar. (HTlP^lil) A written prohibition, a coun-

from 251b., as at Bombay and in Mysore, to 1631b., the termand.

weio-ht of the maund in some parts of the district of Ahmad- Mandtahsil, Uriya (flfflGl^glCl) Prohibited or illegal col-

nagar, in which the highest values occur : the term is used lections.

rather laxly in the west of India as the unit of land measure, Manai, Tam. (ldSsot), Mane, Kam. (^w) A house, a

one man being equal to four rukas, or 16 payalis, or 32 dwelling ; the ground on which a house stands, and

adholif, or iO chakurs,q.y. TheUehrew Mann, or Manah, that which is adjacent and attached to . it, a back yard, a

from which, through Arabic, the Indian word is derived, garden, and the like: it also denotes land held in a vil-

corresponded more nearly to the ser, being but 13,125 troy lage ; and when the word is used by itself in deeds of

grains, or less than 21b. avoirdupois. transfer in the Tamil provinces, it signifies ground con-

Maniko, Guz. CHUjl^L) The vessel or weight by which veyed without the rights and privileges accompanying Mi-
326
 MAN MAN
rdsi holdings : as applicable to village lands, they are Manatappan, Mai. (i200rtna_jnf6) A caste of cultivators

distinguished as Ul-manai, {^6niL§6si), those within originally from Coimbatore, first settled in the Palghat pro-

the site of the village, and Para-manai (LJ(JLdS3?5T), vince, and intermixed, and often confounded, with theNairs.
those beyond the site. Manai, is also the name of a land Manauti, H. &c. i^Jy>^)> Manoti, Guz. (>l«lLc{l) Bail,

measure equal to 2400 huli% or square feet, or the 24th security, a surety ; especially becoming surety for payment

part of a kdni : the proper form is a paralellogram of 60 of the revenue to the government, or to a farmer of the

feet by 40, being in fact considered as the measure of land revenue, and receiving a heavy commission from the revenue

suited to the site of a house. payer ; also general agency, brokerage.

Manebadige, Kam. (&f§?5T>Q"A) House-rent. Manauti-ddr, or Manoti-ddr, H. &c. (^b^'ji«) A person

Manebesdyada-bhumi, Kam. (^cS^giFJ^o&^sar^SXJ) becoming surety for a consideration, one becoming security

Land cultivated by Zamindars through their own domestic to government for revenue payments.

servants or slaves. Manavari, Tam. (LorronreLirrcfl) Land of which the cul-

Manaichittu, Tam. (lqSsots^c^lI®) A deed of grant or tivation depends solely upon rain, not being irrigated arti-

a title-deed for the site of a house. ficially ; dry cultivation.

Maniguttige,Maneterige,Manederugi,Kara.(y^^^^^~^) MANAVi,Karn.(^'^J °^) A petition or request made to a superior.

&c.) House-taxes. Manchu, Mai. {O^SfSL^) A single-masted vsssel employed in

Mamhesaru, Kam. (So^^'&^Sj) A house or family the coasting-trade of Malabar of from 10 to 40 tons.

name : every family in Karnata has what is called a house Manda, S. &c. (h^) Slow, dull, stupid : in Beng. &c , wicked.

name, taken from that of the village or occupation, and Manda-ichhah, Manda-hdnchak,Uriya (S. SIS)qa5l -0|§0)
prefixed to the proper name of the individual. Malice prepense ; malicious desire or purpose.

Manaikhattu, or Manaikhattu-nivesanam, Tam. (ldSsots- Manda, Beng. W°^) A seed plot: a ridge of earth round

c5L_®, LQ§5tsr(S<51_©r^S61JS'0!5TLa) The ground or site the foot of a tree to keep in the water.

of a house. Mdnddbdndhd, Beng. C5rt°\5W°sri) A plot of ground sur-

Manai-Mraya-chiUv^smi\sS5S:ei<^ HTLUc^t^LL®) A bill rounded by a ridge of earth, a seed-bed, a ridge round the
of sale of the site of a house. bottom of a tree.

Manaiholavan, Tam. (LD§SOTi5BGsrT606LJOT) A house- Mandai, Mar. (iTS^) A vegetable-market, one where greens

holder : in the Tamil provinces it applies especially to and fruit are sold wholesale.

Mirasidars and other resident members of a village. Mandai, Mar. (»}3T|) A premium or bonus to a money-lender

Manaimuri, Tam. (LDOStsr(lp rrjl) A bill of sale for the site above the stipulated interest.

of a house. Mandai, Tam. (lqITOJDs) A herd, a flock.

Manwivari, Tam. (LQ&OTeSJCfl) House-rent, ground- tax Mandai-murai, or Mandai-varisai, Tam, (LQr5(3B3^(lp-

or rent oro m , eUrflOtDi^) The right and practice of the Mirasi-

Manaividu, Tam. (LOoStsreLl ®) A house and the ground on dars to have in turn the cattle of the village folded on

which itstandSjincludingthewholearea belonging to it, with their grounds, that they may benefit by the manure.

the outhouses, offices, yards, and a garden, if not extensive. Mandaikarai, Tam. (LDITCro^asOCDU) Place to which

Manakattai, Tam. (UDCSOTSS^oro^) A sort of rice. cattle are driven for pasture.
Manal, Tam. (LDfiOOr^), Manalu, Kam. (^£3eu) gand. JfawdaiweZ?, Tam. (lHITCro^Sajerfl) A common or open

Manalachari, Tam. (LD<3t5nreD<ff I^) Soil mixed with sand. field for pasturage.
Manaladittarisu, Tam. (LDCCCreOU^^srfler) land be- Mandal, Mundul, H. &c. (
Jiio, JRP55) A circle, an orbit

come waste by an accumulation of sand upon it. a district, a province, a country : in Bengal, where the

Manal-taram, Tam. (LDfiCCrsD^SULc) Sandy soil. term is also read Ma dal, (n^), and corruptly, Mundle,
Manamadu, Tel. (^foSXJ~°Oo) A grandson. Manama- The head man of a village, who sometimes acts as the

bAlu, Tel. (^(^^"O^eu) A granddaughter. agent of the Zamindar, letting the lands and receiving the
MAnamAri, Tam. (LDrT(3CTLlirTcfl) A reservoir of water fed rents of the villagers. In Puraniya it is the common title

by the rain only. of any respectable Sudra.

327
 MAN MAN
MandIman-mani, Guz. ('H'SL'^lUl'HllIl) Discount or pre- uttered significantly, it implies an irregular or invalid
mium paid to a money-lender ; a bonus paid or deducted marriage. The planet Mars.

from the sum lent or advanced. Mangala-vdra, vernacularly, Mangal-bdr, S. ( *<:g-cjimO

Mandamu, Tel. (S. '^oSSx)) Scum, barm, froth. Tuesday.

Mandahdrahudu, Tel. (^o&^<Sto^) a distiller, Mangaldshtaha, S. &c. (^I^'c^ltr*) The lucky-eight, i.e.

one who extracts and prepares the juice of the palm and eight lines of a benediction pronounced by a Brahman
tdri, also an exciseman. on a newly- wedded pair, while a piece of silk is held be-

Mandapa, S., but adopted in most dialects with some slight tween them ; South of India.
modification, as MANDAP,MANDAVA,or MAndau,Mand- Mangalavddu, Mangali, Tel. (^oXooT^Jl), ^oXS) A
WA, and in the south of India more usually Mantapa barber.

(*lJ!3tt), Mantapa, Tel. Karn. (^oUS3) An open build- Mangalamtra, S. &c. (H^^B^) The lucky thread ; a string

ing, a pavilion or temple ; a temporary structure for various having in the centre a piece of gold or other valuable

festival occasions, as for receiving and sheltering idols material tied by the bridegroom round the neck of the
when carried in procession, or for the performance of mar- bride, at the time of marriage, and worn by the latter as

riage or other festive ceremonies. long as her husband lives ; in the dialects of the south,

Mandasa, Tel. (^OC^'^) A market. to which the practice is peculiar, it is usually called Tali :

Mandavi, Mar. Guz. (*riT^) A building into which goods in Upper India, it is a string or piece of silk tied round

are received from ships in sea-ports, a store, a warehouse, the wrist, and worn only during the marriage celebration.

&c., a custom-house. Mangalan, Mangali, Tam. (LQr£ji560OT, LQrLJsaSl) A

Mdndava-hhmidani,Max.(^'S^^4(?J^) Fee paid at marriages barber by caste and oecupation, said to be sprung from a

to the priest or the astrologer. mother of the tribe of artificers and a father of the oilman
Mande, Tel. (°^0 Q) Aheap of threshed ears of (J unnalu) caste.

Holcus : a pile of tobacco left to ripen : a place in general. Mangalichd, Mar. (HiggT'^d) Of an irregular marriage:
Mandegdr, Karn. (&OQ A dO) A custom-house officer. the offspring; illegitimate, bastard.

Mandeyenne, Karn. (^o3c>S0O?S) An annual tax levied Mang, Mar. (HTH) A low caste, or individual of it, employed
in lieu of a maund of oil per each mill, formerly paid to in low and menial offices : as a member of the village,

the Paligars. — Mysore. the Mdng commonly officiates as scavenger, guide, watch-

Mandi, H. (i_jJXc) a market, a special market, one for any man, and executioner.

particular article : perhaps the original of the word Man- Mangalia, (?) H. A woman legally married (perhaps for

dovy, called, the mart at Mirzapur. Reg. ix. 1810, sec. 43. Mangalid).

Tel. (^O©) A wholesale shop. Mangi, Thug. Treasure.

Mandira, or Mandir, corruptly, Mandil, S. &c. (*Tfi^) MangnI, H. &c. (U^U), Margana, S. (m^Rn), Mangan,
A dwelling, a temple : in Bengal, usually a small temple Hindi (htiTH), MAngan, or MIngna, Beng. (^°Tt^,
containing a Linga. Devamandira, a temple, a pagoda. ^'"^) Asking, begging, requiring ; whence borrowing,
Mdjamandira, a palace. asking for a loan ; also a cess or impost formerly levied

MAFDtJA, H. (»n!3Wr) A sort of grain (Eleusine corveana). to defray the allowance of the public weigher of grain

Mandwa, H. (I.JoUi) A custom-house or station also an unauthorised exaction by the native officer at land-

Mane, Karn. (^fu) A tax. ing-places and custom stations, asking a fee for themselves

Manelavadu, Tel. {^~^0~°oJ^&>) An itinerant dealer or the Zamindars. InBahar, a fee or perquisite of the head-

in coral and gems ; commonly termed a Manilla-man, man receivable from the villagers in kind, a share of the crop.

but probably from Mani, S. a jewel. Mdngni, also Mangni, H. (^^U, ,y^), Mdgani, or

Mangala, vernacularly, Mangal, Mdngul, S. (JTf^, also Mdgi, Mar. (»<|JH!jT, Jn»ft) Asking a girl in marriage
Mar. »m35) Good fortune, auspiciousness ; whence it is previous to the betrothal ; also the ceremony of betrothing
applied to any festive ceremony or public festival, as pro- borroviring, asking for a loan ; begging : a contribution so-

pitious to favourable results, as to a marriage : in Marathi, licited from the Ryots by the Zamindar on any emergency.

328
 MAN MAN
Matigat, or Mangta,,^.{\j:,,XX<, }3.tj^ A beggar, a borrower. who, in concert with the heads of villages, superintends

Mangetar, H. (S. jijS.x^ One to whom a man or woman not only the collections, but the cultivation, the reaping,

is betrothed. and selling of the crop, when the revenue is paid in kind,
Maniga, Tel. (&&X) A shop. and settles petty disputes.

MANiHAH,or MANii.H,corruptly,MuNNiAii, H. (S.^UJui,jIjjU,) Maniyani, Mai. (Q5v~olC!2J6vnol) A steward or manager

A maker of glass bracelets worn by women ; a jeweller. of an estate on behalf of the owner or Janmkar (Malabar).
Manihamu, Tel. (^h'iy^^X)) Trade, merchandise. MANjApi,MANJALi,orMANCHADi,&c.Tam.Mal.(LQ(55<EMTL:^,
Manikaveli, corruptly, Munny cavelly, (?) Fees paid for L£i(65<9='rTerfl), Manjali ,Tel. (&oe3^^) A weight for

the village watch (in Kanara). weighing diamonds ; a carat, or four grains avoirdupois.

Manikaran, Mai. (OSv-rSlcesOrotob) An inferior revenue In Malabar it is said to be used for weighing gold, and
officer, a collector, see Maniyam: a jeweller, a lapidary. 3fanckadiyidil2^SfSi_\0S\<si^S) to be the name of the weight

ManivIr, Munewar, or Munneewab, Mai. (?) The re- used for diamonds only.

venue accountant of a district : a superintendant of police Manj, Thug. The fighting of cats, a good omen during the
(it is probably a corruption of Maniyakdr). first watch of the night, but bad at any other season.

Manik, Beng. ('STtftl^) A measure, the eighth of a kMH. Manja, H. (IsVo) Anointing the body with turmeric on fes-

Manivi, Kam. (&S)t)) A petition, an address from an tive occasions : an invitation and present accompanying it
g o .

inferior to a superior. Manjanir, Tam. (LDfe^f^cnCTIj) Turmeric water, the

Maniyam, Tam. and Mai. (LQCSSflllJUi , Qsvnolccuo), Ma- drinking of which is part of the rite of adoption, whence
NIYA, Kam. ("^&'0&)^ Maniyamu, Tel. ('^O&O&SaD) Manjanir-chittu, Tam. (lDi^S-S!5Jy[!JiSF-&C(Si) A writing

Superintendence or management of affairs ; especially the or deed concerning adoption.

superintendence of revenue to a limited amount, a subordi- Manjanirppillai, Tam. (L£H6^<0'<3OTrcrLJLJ5fTSsrr) An

nate office under the collector, a surveyorshlp of revenue: adopted child.

also, in Kam., a tax. Manki, (?) H. The head man of a village. —Chota Nagpur.
Gudi-maniya, Kam. (XbtSSDOOoD)^ or Koyilmanii/am,TsLm. Manjh, or Manjha, incorrectly,MuNJA, Munjha, Munjhar,
(GamijI^LCKSnnflLULQ) Superintendence of a temple. H. (,js''Lo, l^U, lt*^, from S. madhya, middle) The
Sunka-manii/a, Kam. ((OOODDOOCQD) Superintendence of land lying between the land in the immediate proximity

a custom-house. of a village and that on the boundaries of its lands ; it

TJr-maniyam, Tam. (gerTCrLQSSCfllJUm) Superintendence is considered the second sort of land in point of fertility.

of a village. Manjhi, H. (^_^L), Mijf, or Majhi, Beng. (^^, ^Nft)

Vatta-maniyam, Tam. (61JLlL_LQ(5?5CflLUlL) Superinten- The steersman of a boat : among the Rajmahal mountain-
dence of a district. eers, a title borne by their head men: also termed Manha.
Maniyakdran,Tam. (LQ(5OTflLU<Si<5rT U<^),Maniyagara, Manjwah, Thug. A jackal.
cormptly, Monigar, Moniagar, or Munagar, Kam. Mankhela, Thug. A man.
(^&)o:i)-?rs5^), Maniyagddu, Tel. C^bc&)-K^(if) A Mankani, Karn. (sx^oora) A basket for throwing up water
superintendant in general, the head man of a village, the from a reservoir into a channel of irrigation : a double

superintendant of a temple : in the Tamil countries it is

basket for carrying four vessels, &c., on a bullock.

especially applied to a subordinate native revenue officer MankiJla, H. (a. ^jJixo) Personal or moveable, in oppo-

employed in the collection and management of the revenue sition to real property.

under the native Tahsildar, by whom he is appointed, and Ghair-mankula, real or moveable property.

to whom he is responsible: he is also charged with a Manna, Mai. ifl^'^^ Earth, soil.

limited superintendence of police. The Hi aih ManiyaHra Mannattdn, Mai. (a^^dSf^Oab) A washerman.

is the immediate deputy of the Tahsildar, and has exten- Mannam, corruptly, Munnim, Tel. (^(^^o) Highlands, hill

sive jurisdiction under him, but the term usually implies country. — Northern Sirkars.

the Vaita maniyakdr, or collector of a small district of Mannavedu, also written, Munnavadoo, Tam, (inOT'OBT-

two or three villages ; this officer is a kind of head Peon, GSLl®) A village inhabited by Sudras.
329 4p
 MAN MAN
MannoddAEU, •
Karn. (^OKveQ&) A class of labourers Manwantaha, S. &c. (»l?^TJt) The period of the existence
ca
who execute heavy work, such as heaving' blocks of stone, of a Manu, being equal to 71 great yugas, or ages of the
constructing earthen walls, &c. gods, or 306,720,000 years.

Manovarti, or Manovabte-inamu, corruptly, Munno- MANYAM,corruptly,MAUNiUM:,Karn.(^>J^rC5go),MANYAMU,

VERTY, Tel. (S. '^S^^Sf") a pension, land granted Tel. (^T^tN^gSoO)^ Maniyam, Tarn. (Larronfl-LJUlL), (all

for the subsistence of a pensioner. three are from the S. mdnya, respectable, respected, shew-

Mannevadu, Tel. (^~^^<J^(5o, from ^'^'^ , land) A ing an intention to do favour or honour) Land in the south

proprietor, a landholder, a Zamindar. of India, held either at a low assessment, or altogether free,

Manni, Tel. ('^^o^) A land measure, commonly designated in consideration of services done to the state or commu-
a ground = (60 X 40 feet) 2400 square feet. nity, as in the case of the officers and servants of a village.

Mansab, Munsub, H. (a. (.-^-a*^) Office, dignity, a mili- These tenures are distinguished as Tarapadi-mdnyam,
tary title and rank conferred by the Moghul govern- when it is inherited or held from an uncertain period, as

ment of Dehli, regulated by the supposed number of horse an independent right ; and Dumbala- or Sanad-mdnyavn,
the holder of the title could, if required, bring into the when held by virtue of a specific grant from the ruling

field, varying from ten to ten thousand : Jagirs were as- power. They are also distinguished as Sarva-mdnyam,
signed for the maintenance of this force, which was in the (from S. sarva, all) when the holder is entitled not only to

highest and lowest grades, rather nominal than real : the the revenue of the state, but the rents of the cultivators ;

first part of a sanad, or grant, in which the titles of the and as '

Ardhamdnyam (from ardha, a half), where the

grantee were recited. holder has a claim only to the government revenue : the

3Iansabddr, H. (^iAJm&x^) A noble holding a mansab, or former is not frequent, except in the case of grants made to

military rank of a certain number of horse, although some- temples conjointly by the state and the cultivators: the

times wholly engaged in the civil service of the state. term is also laxly applied to any free grant or perquisite

Mamahddrdn, H. {^jiSx,^iLo ,
plur. of the preceding) An held in hereditary right by members of a village com-
aggregate term for the assignments of Jagirs or land re- munity.

venues to the Manflbdars. Gwlimdnyamu, Tel. (X3tSDJ~^tO§S>3) Land granted for

'
3£amab-zdt, H. (cijl^J-ALc) The personal rank of one hold- the maintenance of a temple.

ing the official rank of a mansab. Mdniyakdran, Tam. (LQITOtjflLLliibsrnTCtJr) The holder of
MAnsaj, Mansij, H. (a. .^"^^ A weaver's shop. rent-free land, or any hereditary right or privilege.

Mansha, H. (liJ.*) Provision of a law or statute. Kdnimdniyam, Tam. (srTSCnflLOITcSnflUJLQ) Hereditary

Mansub,H.&c. (A.<-_'».^Jto) Considered,determined,established. land exempt from all tax.

Mamubah, H. &c. (A. iX;^.*), Mansubd, Mar. (jf^Wl) Totimdnya, Karn. (S^^^^JJ^i^g) An allowance in land

Determination, deliberation. to a village servant.

MansuM, Mar. (A. ^WT^) Investigation, determination of Kudimakhalmdniyam, Tam. (@Lj..liDSc56rrLQrT(3DfluJLQ)

minor disputes : the office of the Panchait. Rent-free lands assigned to the village servants.

Mansubddr, Mar. (jraW^Tl) A particular officer in a court MSraimdniyam, Tam. ((oLOOCrJCTLDrTOnflUJUi) A grant of

of judicature. a portion of the gross produce of cultivated lands in kind,

Manti, Hindi (IRU'^) Balance of rent when inconsiderable, now commuted for money.

and which the cultivator engages to pay in a few days. Manzil, H. (a. Jj^), Manjil, Beng. ('SRfesf), Majal,
Mantra, S. &c. (J?«?r) A prayer, a prayer of the Veda, a Mar. iWSf^), Majili, Tel. ("^^9) A stage, a station,

mystical or magical formula, the prayers or incantations the place where the traveller suspends his march ; also,

of the Tantras : counsel, advice. in Mohammadan law, a tenement, a habitatios, a place

Mantri, S. &c. (J?^) A minister, a counsellor. in which a family may reside.

Manctti, Karn. C<^raj~° 8) An agreement: receiving interest Mandzil muldzima, H. (A. plur. of manzil, and iUjLe, con-

on a sum of money for which a person has become surety. tiguous) Adjoining or contiguous tenements or apartments,

See Manauti. such as are within the same house or building.

330
 MAN MAR
Mandzil mutdbdyina, H. (A. <UjLjuUi, distinct) Separate or MIr, (?) Karn. A land measure varying from 4 to 20 kurgisi

distinct tenements or apartments. or 16 to 80 acres.

Manzi&r, vernacularly, Manjur, or Munjoob, H. (A.^^laJUi) Mara, Mai. (CiSP) Rain.

Approved of. Marakdlam, (ci£Poe€10e_lo) The rainy season.

Mao-mawasa, (?) H. A family, the several families com- Mara, Hindi (tTCT) Soil that is productive only in the rains-

posing a village community. —Kamaon. Mahai, Beng. (^Tt^) A magazine of corn, a granary.
Map, or Mapa, H. &c. (S. i-jU, *lTtl) Measurement of any MARAKApu,Tel. (^OT°Q0)Thenative commander of a ship.
kind, whether of weight, length, or capacity, but especially Marakkal, commonly Markal, or Mercal, Tarn. (lqiTS-

linear measure ; a measure ; a portion or quantity deter- Srr^) A grain measure in use at Madras, containing
mined by measure. 8 padis, or fneasures, and being one-twelfth of a kalam :

Mdpdri, Mar. (jn^lT^) An officer in large towns whose it formerly consisted of 750 cubic inches, but is now
duty is to measure the grain that is brought info the market fixed at 800 cubic inches : 400 marakkdh = 1 garisa,

a measure of capacity for grain, the same as a Phara, q. v. or garce. A marakkdl of rice or of salt weighs 960 rupees
Mdp-dari, Beng. (^'tTf^) A measuring line. = 12sers, or 241b. 6oz. Prlnsep calls the Mar kal = 27 \h.

Mdp~jonk, Beng. (^'ftTTt"^) Measuring, a measurement. 2oz. 2 dr. of water, or nearly 2:J imperial gallons ; but the

Mdp-patti, Mar. (jflMiljl) A charge made to the cultivators standard, as since fixed (20th Oct. 1846), makes the mara-
for the cost of measuring the grain when the revenue is kkdl as above, ==28 lb. 12oz. 13dr. 22gr., or in measure
9
received in kind. 2j5 the imperial gallon.

Mdptol, H. &c. ( Jy^Jv«) A system of measures and weights. Maram, Mai. Tam. (gkOo) Wood, timber.

Mdptu, Guz. CHl'M.i) -A. measure, a vessel for measuring Marammat, H. &c. (a. ij:,^Z^) Mending, repairing. Ma-
corn, wine, &c. rdmat. Mar. (*<<IHri) The entire operations or processes

Mdpten, Mar. (im^) A measure of capacity, a half ser, of any art, as, in agriculture, manuring, ploughing, harrow-

whether pahkd, or kachchd. ing, sowing, &c.

Mappilla, plur. MappillamIh, commonly, Moplah, or Marammatu-jdbUd, Tel. (^S'^aDSg^gOeT) Amount

MoPLAY, Mai. ('20(iJl^^) A native of Malabar, a particulars of the cost of repairing roads, tanks, or other

descendant of the Arabs who first settled in Malabar, lit. public works.

the son {pilla) of his mother (.ma), as sprung from the Maran, Beng. (^"t^^) Threshing or treading-out grain.

intercourse of foreign colonists, who were persons unknown, MARAPPANi-KARAN,Mal.(ci«)o-J6rTo1ce€10rDnr6) A carpenter.

with Malabar women : the term is also applied to the Makari, Thug. A party of Thugs assembled in council.

descendants of the Nestorian Christians, but is, in that case, Mahata, Karn. C^XX9"D~S&i) Double-dealing: selling.

usually distinguished by the prefix, NasrdniiCOlOBoefyS]), Marattalai, Tam. (Lnrjig^SsO) Scattered trees in a village.

while Jonakan {6\&,0CO<B>nb\ from Yavana, is prefixed Marattalai-dyahkatiu, Tam. (LDltrS^^ ^LUSSU®)
to the Mohammadan Mdppillas : the Mdppillas of both Total of plantations.

classes are numerous in Malabar. Mara viDAi, Tam. (LDrJ61jl(3t33l_, from marflTO LQ [jm , a tree)

Mah, H. &c. (ito, fK\J., from the S. causal of H, to die, JTTTTi) A term used in deeds of the transfer of land to convey all

Beating, striking, killing. kinds of woods, timber, and plantations ; also ground on
Mdrdmdri, H. &c. (i_5^U,U) Mutual beating, fighting, which trees are growing.

assault, affiay. Marga, vernacularly, Marg, S. &c. (Wh) A road, a way

Mar ana, vernacularly, Mdran, S. &c. (HltTj) Beating,killing. also, fig., a way of life or belief, a doctrine, a sect.

Mdri,M.ar.Sic. (JTrft) Plague, destructive or epidemic disease. Addwvu-mdrg, Karn. (^Wo^tiXdAfr-) A bye or cross road.
Mdrpit, H. &c. (ti^Aj^Ui) A beating, fighting,, assault and Bhardmdrg, Karn. (^TSTJ^^XJ^Xf^) A road for exports
battery, affray. and imports.

Mah, corruptly, Ma ar, H. (^U, flT'^) A stiff clay or loamy Bdjdmdrg, H. &c. (Lf^UU-lj, <(»j|ttT^) A royal rOad, a

soil with some sand and vegetable mould : in Bund'elkhand principal or main road, or highway.

the term designates a rich black loam. Mdrggakdran, Mai. (aoc>0,;6610©ft6) A man of a parti-
331
 MAR MAS
cular religious sect ; applied in Malabar especially to Ro- Marot, (?) A grant of land to the heirs of a man killed in

man Catholics. battle. —Kamaon.

Mdrgapdla, S. &c. (»n^^^) A watchman, a patrol, a Marsa, (?) H. A plant yielding a small edible grain largely

guardian of the road : custos-viarum. consumed in the hills (Amaranthus olearaceus).

Mdrgi, Hindi, &c. (Jn^) A traveller, a follower, one who Marsia, H. (a. <^j^ a dirge, an elegy; especially the

goes the road, either lit. or fig., amongst the Thugs, a verses recited at the Muharram, in lamentation for the

pupil, a tyro. descendants of AM.

Margali', Tarn. (l£irTIJ<5&^) The ninth month of the year. Maru, S. &c. (t^) a dry or sandy and sterile tract, a desert.

See the next. Marubhumi, S. &c. in k^H M Dry, sterile, or sandy land.

Margasirsha, S. &c. (Hlil^rllf) The ninth month of the year Marudes, or Marusthal, H. (fi-om S. desa, a country, or

(Nov.-Dec), when the moon is in the asterisra 3friga- sthala, a tract) A desert country, applied especially to the

sirsha, (the head of the Mriga, or deer). sandy districts between Rajputana and the Indus.

Marghat, Hindi (h<M<j) A place where dead bodies are burnt Marul, (?) Mar. A kind of soil of a light black colour on

Mahha, Uriya (9I|0) A small weight used by braziers : four the banks of rivers.

make one karisa, or karsha. Marumakkal, Mai. (ciKBCic6ei6o) A niece : a daughter-

Marhum, H. (a.
f>f>j^
\h.t., one who has found mercy, Le. in-law.

dead, deceased. ilfarMJ»aftAa«,Mal. (ciKBCicfiffinrt)) A nephew: a son-in-law.

Marh6^n, H. &c. (y;y*-r< > from rahan) Pledged, mortgaged, Marumahkattdyam, Mai. (QCKQoeeiraYmacEJo) Succession to

as property. inheritance by sisters' sons, or in the female line, as observed

Mari, Tarn. (lurTCfl) Water, rain. by the Nairs, some of the Brahman and Mapilla families,

Mdrikalam, Tam. (LorTrjlSprTSOLQ) The rainy season. and some of the servile tribes in Malabar.

Marigommu, Tel. (3^8 A ^^), Marigombu, Karn. MARUPANATAM.Mal. (Cian_16inQCQJo, from Gia, another) A
C^STWSO&X)) An outlet by which the surplus water of pawn pledged to another, or perhaps a counter-pledge.

a tank is carried off. Marupdttam, incorrectly, J!farToopa<to»i,Mal.(CiCiQ-l3§o)

Mari, or Maradi, Tam. (LDtrnJl, LQirnrjiTLij.) A cheat, a A copy of title-deeds kept by the seller or lessor, a counter-

swindler, a thief. part lease or agreement ; sometimes Marupdttam-chit.

Maricha, S. (»ITfN), MiRCH, H. (—;.«) Pepper, especially Marvilita, (?) Tam. A messenger, a. peon.

black pepper ; also Gul-mirch, black pepper ; Zfdl-mirch, Marwa, Guz. CHl^Hl) One of the two principal sorts of

red pepper from Chillis, or Capsicum. soil in Guzerat, a sandy soil of alight brown colour, rapidly

Marifat, H. (.ijl^j*^) Knowledge, but used more adverbially absorbing rain and having water at no great depth below

to imply by means of, through or by any medium or cause. the surface : it requires manure, but, treated properly, yields

Mdra/phat, Hindi (HKUri) By the hands of. the best crops both as to quality and quantity.

Mdraphatio, Guz. ('*ll^V(ciL'^l) An agent, a factor, a Marwari, Mar. &c. (HIMIil) A native of Central Hindu-

broker, one through whom any business is transacted. stan, of Malwa, or, more correctly speaking, oi Mdrmdr,

Mariga, Karn. (^^3~98a) A man of low caste, a Chanddla. settled in other parts of India, and usually following the

Marikaru, Tel. C^S'S^OJ) The second or a light crop, one business of banker, broker, and merchant : some of an in-

of a coarse kind of rice grown between Oct. and Jan. ferior class in the Maratha provinces employ themselves in

MaritA, Khond. A human victim sacrificed on particular trade as cornchandlers and grocers. Mdrwdri bankers

occasions. are mostly of the Jain religion.

MARKAMU,Tel. (^^^5"°^^^) Exchange, particularly of money. MaryadI, vernacularly, Marjada, S. &c. (irt§T^) Decorum,

Markari, Tel. (Sj"r°F-8) A head boatman. propriety, limit, boundary : custom, usage.

Marocha, also written, Moraca, and Moracha, (?) Beng. Masa, vernacularly. Mis, S. &c. (HTO) A month.

A tax on marriages levied in Bengal by the Mohammadan Mdsdntiham, S. &c. (»n'fflf'il'%) Any thing relating to

government: a present exacted on marriages by the Za- the end ianta) of a month, monthly pay, monthly ac-
mindars from the Ryots. counts, &c.

332
 MAS MAS
Masdhara, Beng. ('SJ^rt^) Bargaining by the month, Akbar-shahi rupees, the standard weight of which was II5
monthly pay : (this is probably a vernacular corruption of mdshds, valued the latter at 15|- grs. : as now fixed by law,
Mushdkara, q. v.). as one-twelfth of thefoZaof 180grs.,themis^aweighs ISgrs.

Mdsavriddhi, S. &c. (jTI^^'fe) Monthly interest ; also the MashAikh, H. (a.

f}-^, plur. oi shaikh ^) Elders, holy
increase of a month, or an intercalary month. persons, heads of religious fraternities among the Moham-
Mdshahdr, corruptly, Maskhabar, Maskhawar, H. &c. madans.
(^Ux*ijl«,from Port. Acahar, to end) The end of a month, Mashak, or Mashk, Mushak, Mushk, H. &c. (P. lLUmi),
a month's accounts, a monthly abstract of the cases tried Masak, Mar. (ilfleh) A leather water-bag for carrying

in a civil court. water about.

w
Mi.sl, Hindi (utot) A land measure, three-fourths of a bighd. Mashakkat, H. (a. ci-JiA^), Masagat, Mar. (t^^ll'lri),

— Kamaon. Mashakatu, Tel. ('6p^S~^S So) Pains, labour : improve-

Mas^A^hat, corruptly, MussAUT, H. (A. ei^»-l«**) Measuring, ment of lands, repair of tombs, &c. : wages of labour.
measurement : whence Mashdtu, Tel. (sOoX^W) Mea- Masdgati, Mar. (jiyii|ri^) A common labourer.
surement of land, survey. Mashal, Mcshal, H. (A. J.>t/ii.«) A lamp, a lanthorn, a torch.
Mdshdtuddrii, Tel. (^'^5~°e30'O' CO) A land measurer, a Mash&lchi, H. (^s^*»*^) A torch- or lamp-bearer : as a

surveyor. domestic servant, he is also employed under the superior

Masalah, corruptly, Mussalah, H. (A. jalUa*), MasalA, table servants to clean the plates, dishes, &c.

Beng. &c. ('SlTTt^) Spices, condiments, seasoning : in MashIta, H.(A. i!AjU^ A waiting-woman, one who assists in

Mar. it also applied to an exaction levied under the former dressing, and combing the hair, especially of a bride ; she

government on every person summoned to answer a charge is also employed to negociate marriages.

against him ; also to fees payable to inferior native officers MIshhtJe, H. ijy^fij^) Celebrated, notorious, well-known,

or messengers sent to collect the revenue, Mashiat, H. (A. L::^:^«-«) With pleasure : in Mohammadan
MasAn, Hindi, &c. (iI^lfrT, from the S. smasdn ^JTBTt), Ma- law, power or will.

sanihurI, Uriya (flCliei^^|) A place where dead bodies Mashrik, H. (a. CJA«) The east.

are burnt, a cemetery. Mashri&a, H. (A. cjji,^) Legal, conformable to, or pre-

Masari, (?) Mar. Soil of various sorts ; as, Masah-masdri, scribed by law : hence it is sometimes applied to a mixed

mixed soil ; Hit-masdri, soil resembling flour ; l^emp- stuff of silk and cotton, dressed in which it is lawful to

masdri, of a reddish colour ; Kall-masari, stony ; Cosuck- pray ; silk alone is prohibited.

masdri, sandy : (these are all given in the fourth volume Mashr6^t, H. (a. \s^jiM^ Stipulated, agreed ; conditional,

of the Selections from the Records,' p. 779, but are not. as applied to assignments or grants of land revenue, im-

verifiable elsewhere, and are no doubt inaccurately printed). porting that the grant was accompanied by certain stipu-

MAsH, H. &c. (S. (_^U, Mtn), also, Mash-kalAy, Beng. lated conditions.

(^1^, ^t^'t'Hl^j) Kinds of pulse very generally eaten Mashr'dt dirvdni, H. (A. from ^jV.ii) Conditional assign-

(Phaseolus radiatus, and Dolichos pilosus). ments for the remuneration of a fiscal functionary.

Masha, S., and in most of the dialects (*n'^), Masha, or 3fashrut-faujddri, H. (P. j]Ss^^) Assignments to the

MAsA, Mar. Cnm, MWl) An elementary weight in the officers charged with the military and police establishments.

system of goldsmiths' and jewellers' weights throughout Mashrut-i-thdnajdt, H. (pi. of thdna lil^', a police station)

India, and the basis of the weight of the current silver Conditional assignments for the support of police or mili-

coin: it is variously reckoned at 5, 8, or 10 ratu, or seeds of tary stations under the Mohammadan government.

the Abrus precatorius, which usually weigh about 2 grains Masi, Tam. (larTiEfl) The eleventh month of the year (Feb.-

troy : the average weight of the mdsha, according to Mr. March).

Colebrooke, was 17fgrs.: the actual weight of several Masi, Musee, H. &c. (S. ,_5<*<-«, *I^), Mashi, Mai. (Qcafl)
examined in England, sent from different parts of India, Ink, also a black powder used as a colly rium.

varied from U-^^ grs. to I82 grs. ; the Benares mdsha MashiMran, Mai, (cicMltBeiaronri)) An ink-maker: also

weighed 17i^ grs. Mr. Prinsep, from the weight of several a conjurer, one who professes to detect theft by applying a
333 4q
 MAS MAT
black powder or ink to his eyes, or by rubbing it on bis Mdtampursi, H. (P. i^y-yj, asking) Condolence: also

hand, or on a plate, and pretending to view in it the per- funeral ceremonies.

son of the thief. Matan, H. &c. (a. ^/-«), Beng. (t^s^) The text of a book :

MasinX, S. &c. (^^tn) Linseed (Linum utilatissimum). the body, middle, or text of a deed, as distinct from the

Masla, H. (a. X^j^) An example, exemplary public punishment. attestations and endorsements : in Eastern Bengal, a de-

Masnun, H. (a. ^JyjM,v) Lawful, legalized, allowed, con- duction from the actual area of a farm allowed to the tenant

formable to the sayings of Mohammad. for his profit, on condition of his bringing adjacent waste

Mastakavaghrana, Mar. (S. M^^, the head, and^fRHTOT, lands into cultivation.

smelling) Smelling the head, a mark of affection among Matangi, H. (a. |jGiJL«) What is relied on : (in a law-

the Hindus, as shewn by a parent to a child, or an elder suit) vouchers, documents.

to a junior: it is one of the ceremonials of adoption,, the Matha, vernacularly. Math, Muth, incorrectly, Mut, or

child being seated on the lap of the adopter, the latter Mutt, S. &c. (^I«, W) A building or set of buildings

smells his head. where Hindu religious mendicants reside under a superior,
MastIn, Uriya (fl^lff) A Brahman following the practice or Mahant, generally having rent-free lands in endowment,

of agriculture. although supported in part by alms ; also a small temple

MastIsa, H. (Ui*j.W«, Port, mestizo) A person of mixed or a college for Brahman students.

Indian and European descent. Mathadadavasa, Karn. (»>C)©003nJ) ^ tax levied in

Masur, H. &c. (S. i^*w«, HBT;) a kind of pulse much cul- lieu of grain formerly assigned to a particular convent.

tivated (Ervum or Cicer lens, or hirsutum). ikfai/tatZaij/j/a, Karn. (^QQ£)0^§) A servant in aLingalt

MasiJla, commonly, MussooLA (of doubtful origin), A kind village who supplies strangers and travellers with provisions.

of boat for crossing the surf on the Madras coast : it is Matha-patti-jodi, Karn. ('^^S3^3*i/©a) A tax levied

usually from 30 to 40 feet long by 6 broad and 8 deep, on the privileged heads of Lingait Maths.
flat bottomed, and having the planks sown together with Math, Beng. (^a) A plain, a field, a tract of cultivable lauds.

withes of straw between each plank : it has ten rowers, Mdth-chitd, Beng. ('^TrafF^l) A rough statement or spe-
and can carry twenty passengers. cification of the square contents of a field in surveying.

Maswada, H. (XiijM^), Masuda, Mar., A rough draft, a Mdthdn, Beng. ('^Tral*!) Lying in, or situated on, a plain.

foul copy, a sketch. Mdthdnjdmi, Beng. (^UlM'snlvi) Land lying on a plain.

MaswAdi, or wlRi, Guz. (>l5iHl^) A municipal tax. MathI- or Matthapati, corruptly, Mutputee, Mar. (iRT-

Mat, (?) A kind of sale of land in Kamaon in which the TlfiT, from Mathd, or Mattjia, butter-milk or curds) A
vendor remains responsible for the public revenue ; on his member of a village community holding land in indm,
death its payment devolves on the purchaser: also a sale rent-free, on condition of his supplying public officers and
under similar circumstances, but in which the vendor reserves servants with butter-milk, being also paid for the same :

for himself and heirs the right to re-purchase : the word it is said also to apply to a village servant who acted not

ordinarily means a pledge or mortgage. —Kamaon. only as purveyor to public officers but sometimes as cook

Mataa, H. (a. cUU), Mat a, Hindi (>niT) Goods, chattels, for the villagers.

furniture, merchandise. MAthaphor, Thug. The advance of an ass braying in front

Mata, Mai. (cis) A floodgate, a sluice. of a gang, indicating they will have their heads (jndthd)

Mata, Beng. &c. ('^T*, S. JTil, what is thought) A doctrine, broken iphord) if they proceed.

an opinion, a form of faith, a religious sect or belief Mathaut, Muthout, corruptly, Mahtoot.Mhatoot, Mah-
Matakola, Mai. (QseicBjOeJ) A folded letter. TOOL, MaTHOTE, MuTHOTE, MaTHOOTY, &e. H. (ciJijfU,

Mataholahdran, Mai. (QseAOeioeQafOnrf)) A messenger, ^itZ, from H. mdthd, S. mastaka, the head) Capita-

an ambassador. tion, poll-tax, contribution, impost ; applied in Bengal to

Matam, H. (a. .jUi) Mourning, especially the public mourn- an extra or occasional cess or tax imposed upon the cul-
ing at the Muharram. tivators for some special purpose, or under some incidental
Mdtamdar, H. (P. ^'j , who has) A mourner. pretext, either by the state or the Zamindar, or the prin-
334
 MAT MAU
cipal revenue officer of a district: these taxes were in part Matta, Mai. (QOOo) Quality, touch, or fineness, of the
abolished and in part consolidated by Ben. Reg. viii. 1793. precious metals.

Fil-khand-mathaut, H. (from Fil-hhana, elephant house) Mattam, Mai. (QOOOo) Change, exchange, barter, chang-
A cess on the cultivators for the expense of the public ing money.
elephant stables. Mattam, Mai. (2i§o) A rule, a carpenter's square.

Zar-mathaut, H. (from P. i|, gold or money) A charge to MatiJa, a. (c^X«) In law, a person of incompetent under-
the cultivators to cover any loss by deficiency of vreight, or standing, one who can only imperfectly apprehend the
difference of value in the coins receivable in payment of nature of legal acts, as, for instance, knowing the nature

revenue. of a sale, but incapable of appreciating the profit or loss

Mati, H. &c. (S. iJ^, «tfil) Mind, understanding. attending it.

Matlab, Mutlub, H. (a. (-_«d!i«) Object, intention : sub- MattJl, H. (a. (jyi«) One to whom delay is granted in pay-

stance or purport of a document. ing a debt : one who defers payment.

Mi.TRl, S. &c. (htw) a mother, either a natural mother or a Matula, vernacularly, Matul, S. &c. (JHW^) A maternal

step-mother, a father's wife other than the parent •-

a name uncle. MatulIni, his wife.

applied to a class of female' divinities of a mystical character, MatwalA, (?) Hard, as water containing saline or earthy

the mothers of the gods, their personified Sakiis or energies. particles (perhaps from matti, earth).

Mdtri-bandhu, S. (flfff^) A mother's cognate relation, but Mau, corruptly. Maw, Mow, Tam. (GLDSTr) A measure of

limited in law to the son of a maternal grandfather's land, the twentieth of a Veli, and containing 100 Guntas
sister, of a maternal grandmother's sister, and of a mother's of 44 square feet. See Md.
maternal uncle. MaujudAt, H. (a. CLjbjs-^, plur. oimaujud ^j^yo, what
Mdtridatta, S. (JITK^) Given by a mother to a bride at exists) Assets, effects, funds, existing things or properties.

her marriage, constituting an item of woman's property. Maukuf, H. &c. (a. i^ysyo), Beng. (i:^^), Mahkub,
MatktJk. H. (A.li^^^) Abolished, rescinded, left, abandoned. Mar. ('T^oli'^) Suspended, ceased, stopped, delayed, sus-

Mati-uha,^!. (A. iijJLo, plur. MatruMt, i-Zi^^JLc) Estate, pended, as a decree of court ; also, in Mohammadan law,

goods, or property of a person deceased to which his heirs bequeathed, especially for charitable endowments : used

are legally entitled. also as a substantive, cessation, arrest of judgment, bequest.

Matsyandika, S. &c. (JlfWlftpoItT, from matsya, a fish, and Mauh'&fi,- H. &c. (A. ^yV*) Stopping, suspending, arrest

anda, an egg) Coarse sugar, the juice partially strained of judgment, suspension of proceedings.

after the first boiling : according to some also, sugar-candy. Maula, H. (a. SjAi) A judge, a learned or venerable person :

Matti, or MiTTi, H. &c. (^X<, from the S. Mrit, or an assistant: a person connected with another by the relation

Mrittikd) Mati, Beng. (Mtl^), Mati, Mar. (J^rat), of wild, or mutual assistance, as a cause of inheritance,

Earth, soil. Matti, Karn. (^^) White earth. such as an emancipated slave, or a proselyte to whom the

Mdterd, Mar. (HTtTtT) Dirty, mixed with earth or dirt, as master or the converter bequeaths his property : a slave,

grain, &c. especially one emancipated.

Mattid, H. (S^") A well without a frame ; merely excavated. Mauld'ddla, A. (ilcl "iyt) A patron, one who makes, or pro-

Mattidrd,Matiydra,Mdtiydri, commonly, but incorrectly, mises, a bequest.

Mutiydr, Mutiydra, and, corruptly, Mootiyaree, H. (LUX* Mauld-asfal, A. ((J^hjI ^j.«) A client, a person in whose

»T2^^TCT, Tizl^^) A rich clay soil, mixed with a small favour an engagement or bequest is made.

proportion of sand : one analysis gives one-tenth of silex, Muwdldt, A. {'JLji^yo') Friendship, mutual assistance : in

the rest alluvial mould. law, a contract of mutual amity by which each party ac-

Mattiar-chdhi, H. (from chdh xU- , a well) Rich soil ir- quires a claim to the property of the other to devolve on

rigated by wells. the survivors.

Mdtikdtd, Beng. (•'Tt^'t^lfel) A digger, a delver ; one put Mauldnd, H. (A. UL.«) The title of a person of learning or

to hard labour on the roads. respectability, teacher, doctor : in the Maratha countries, the

Mdtiydl, Beng. (^^t^Tt^l) Rich clay soil without sand. usual designation of the Mohammadan village schoolmaster.

335
 MAU MAW
Maulavi, corruptly, Molavi, Moolvy, H. (A. ^^y«) A village, understanding by that term one or more clusters
learned man, a teacher, especially of Arabic, and expounder of habitations, and all the lands belonging to their pro-
of Mohamraadan law. prietary inhabitants : a Mauzd is defined by authority to be
Mauli, Thug. One of the gang who carries some money for '
a parcel or parcels of lands having a separate name in
the support of the families of the party, also, a parole of the revenue records, and of known limits.' Directions to
rendezvous. settlement officers. The landsi however, are not always
MAULtJD, H. (a. li^ya) Verses chanted before the bier of a contiguous and compact, but may have outlying portions
deceased person when carried out to be buried, a dirge, a intermixed with those of other villages, but these are brought
burial service. under one head with the rest in the revenue settlement of
Mauni, S. &c. (iTfrlt) An ascetic who has taken a vow of the Mauzd.
perpetual silence, like Paul the Silentiary ; also the last Mauzd-asli, H. &c. (from (J»«l, original) The chief village,

day of the month Phdlgun, when bathing in silence is to or that originally settled : in Kamaon, the one named in

be practised. the Patta granted to the Padhdn.

Maunja, S. &c. (*Ji»l) Any thing relating to munjd grass Mauzd-ddkhili, H. (from tJ.»-it> , inclusive) All the villages

used especially to form a girdle with which a young Brah- and the lands which are comprised in the assessment settled

man is girt at the same time when he is invested with with the original or principal village.
the sacred thread. See Munj. Mauzdrvdr, or Maujdwdr, H. (^I^^iyo) By villages : as-

3Iaunji, S. &c. (Hi»ft, fem. of the preceding) The munja sessment of the government revenue on the lauds com-
girdle, the ceremony of putting it on, &c. prised within the village limits and dependencies, settled

Maubhia, Thug. A gold mohar. either with the whole community of proprietary villagers
Maurup, H. &C. (A. cLJj;^) Hereditary, inherited, obtained or an individual representing them, distinguished there-
by inheritance ; also subst.. Inheritance. fore from a Zamindari settlement as not recognising a
Maurmi, H. &c. (^jjyc) Hereditary, held or holding by single proprietor, and from a Ryotwar settlement as not

inheritance. formed with each cultivator separately.

Maurvsi asdmi or rdiat,H. (^_^L) , or (.::,.ac^ , a cultivator) Mauzind, H. (Ija-i^) A village register kept by the village

A cultivator in a village holding by hereditary descent, accountant, shewing the extent of the lands, the average
although not one of the propietary community : he retains rate of rent per bigha, the amount of cultivated and waste,
his land as long as he pays the established rent, and can- and the persons paying or exempt from revenue.
not be dispossessed of it as long as that is paid : he cannot Mava, Karn. (^3^S) A father-in-law, a father-in-law's brother.
alienate his land by sale or mortgage without the consent Mavasu, (?) Tam. A kind of fee or contribution payable by
of the parties of whom he holds. the cultivating tenants of fully-assessed lands to the owner.
Ghair maurmi asdmi, H. (A. from ghair j^, contrary to) MlvniAi, or Mavadai, Tam. (LQrrsijlCDDl— , LQ6L1(3DD1_) A
A cultivator not holding by hereditary tenure ; but it de- term used in conveyances of land to express game.
notes one holding for a stipulated term, or on lease, in Mdvidai-maravidai, Tam. (L£irT5Ljl(3!3DL_LDD"61-Il(3SDl_) A
distinction to the JPdhi, or tenant at will. term used in deeds to express all kinds of plantations or
Maurmi ijdrd, H. (A. from lU-1 , a farm) A hereditary timber (the combination is, however, erroneous, being ex-
farm, held either at a fixed or variable rent, according to pressed by the latter term alone. See 3Iaravidai,)
the terms of the lease, but descending from father to son Mavilan, or MuviLAN, (?) Mai. The name of a servile

as long as the stipulated rent is paid. tribe, or individual of it, in Malabar.

Manrusi mukaddam, H. (A. from (»J>5-«, a preceder) The MIm'ai, Mar. (fl1^35) The mountain-valleys of the Sahyadri

head man of a village, holding his office by hereditary range of mountains commencing at the western extremity,

descent : in some places he is looked upon as the proprietor and extending about 100 miles east.

of the village lands. See Mukaddam. MawAshi, H. (A. ^-i-lj-o), MowASi, Hindi (jfl^T^) Cattle,
Mauza, H. (a. j-jj.«), MAUJi, Hindi and Mar. (^5n),MAUJj, domestic agricultural cattle, as cows, buffaloes, sheep, and
Beng. (C^f^), Mavuje, or Mauje, Tel. (^.^"S) A goats.

336
 MAW MAZ
Mamesi, (?) Sindhi, Fee paid to government on the sale of in which they were situated, and of which the assessments
cattle. were paid direct to the officers of the government : sub-

Mawil, Thug. A horse. Mawili, a mare. sequently it denoted a revenue payer paying through the

May, Mar. (jiHT) A mother. intervention of another, except in Cuttack, where it implied

May-djd. Mar. (»n^ WTSTt) A maternal grandfather. Mdy- the reverse, or the heads of villages paying the revenue

• dji, (TR^jft) A maternal grandmother. immediately to the collector : when added to the title of an

Mayara, Beng. (M^TSTt) A confectioner. officer or servant it signifies that he is only temporarily

MaZAHAT, MAZARi,MAZRUAH, H. (A. icC|]^-o, C,lj.«, ^jijj-e) employed : also, in the south, an inferior servant or Peon
Cultivated lands, the fields of a village in actual cultiva- attached to a village : elsewhere, a daily messenger : allow-

tion : a contract of cultivation in which the produce is ance made to the village watchman in the Northern Sirkars.

shared between the proprietor and cultivator in stipulated Mazkuri-malgvzdr, H. (see Mdlguzdr) A subordinate payer
proportions. of revenue, not paying it direct.

Mazrua, corruptly, Muzrah, H. (A. P v/«) Cultivated, tilled, Mazkuri-mahdl, H. (J's^, an estate) A small dependent

a field with a crop upon it. property, the rent of which is paid through a third person.

Muzdra, or Muzdri, H. (A. 9/j^ A husbandman, a cultivator. Mazkuri-mukaddam, H. (see Mukaddam) The hereditary

Mazdur, H. (A.^.0j.«), Majijr, Hindi, &c. (»T^) A labourer, head of a village paying the revenue of the village to go-

a day labourer. vernment.

Ilazduri, H. (ijj^tiyo), Majuri, Hindi &c. (fl»irf) Wages Mazhuri-rdiat, H. (from CI^c,) A nominal or migratory

of labour, hire, daily^hire. cultivator, a tenant at will having no hereditary right of

Mazdur-fatti, H. (^Ayj'^-*^ ^ *^'^ °" ^^y labourers in occupancy.

towns not engaged in agriculture — formerly levied. MazMri-t&luk, (from |j!Uij A dependent t&luk or estate

Mazhab, H. (a. Lj^^aJs-c) A religion, a sect, a school of of which the revenue is paid through the intervention of

Mohammadan jurisprudence. a Zamindar or other revenue payer.

Mazi, vernacularly, Maji, H. &c. (^-^U, Hlift) Past, gone, Mazra, vernacularly, Majra, H. &c. (A. Ij.*, H^ITl) Land
former. sown or prepared for sowing, a tilled field : in some parts

Mdji-amalddr, Karn. (t>J^^^&'6:>i^T5B^) A former col- of India it denotes a hamlet or cluster of houses dependent

lector or manager. on a village, but detached from it for agricultural con-

Mazkub, H. (A.j^iLo), MAJKUB,Mar. (»TSI^), Majkuru, venience, and managed separately: its assessment is com-
Tel. (^3d§OO0) Before mentioned, aforesaid, stated, prised in that of the original village until officially recoo--

explained: also subst., notice, mention: contents or sub- nized as distinct. In some places a mazrd is a smaller

stance of a written statement ; an account or communi- division of a mauza, or village.

cation of any kind, facts and circumstances related. Mxztu vernacularly, Ma j6l, corruptly, Maazaul (A. Jj}jw)

Mazkurdi, Muzkoorat, less correctly, Muzcorat, corruptly, Dismissed, removed from an office or appoinement.

Muscorat, and Muscoorat, H. &c. (cjj^^i^, plur. of M&zuli, H. &c. (^v;»«) Dismissal, disgrace.

j^iko) Items or particulars of deductions allowed by the . Mdzuli-, or Mdzdli-daftar, H. (from daftar, a record) Ar^

Mohammadan governments to the Zamindars on closing office formerly kept up in Bengal for the examination and

their revenue accounts, to cover the expenses of managing adjustment of disputed accounts and outstanding balances,

and collecting the revenue : the admitted fees and personal especially those of public officers who had been dismissed

allowances of the Zamindars, and petty assignments for or were charged with embezzlement, or undue exactions.

charitable or religious purposes were also usually included Maz6n, H. (a. 4j^-«) Weighed, measured ; allowed as deduc-

under this head of remissions. tions from the revenue for petty recognised charges and ex-

Mazhuri, vernacularly, Majhuri, corruptly, Muscoory, penses.

Mushoree, Mushhoree, H. &c. (^j^S^) In old revenue Maz6n, a. (^j.t^U) Licensed ; a licensed slave, one havinn-

accounts it was applied to small and scattered estates or authority from his owner to trade or to do acts to which

Zamindaris not included in the accounts of the districts he would be otherwise incompetent.

337 4 R
 MEC MEL
Mechchil, Mai. (61(2^ (Ofc) Pasture, forage. Mejddt-dad, or -dAst, Mar. (h »T^TtT -^^ -^TCT) Counting ,

Mechhuya, Beng. (<^1[^) A fisherman. or numbering houses, making alist orinventory of articles, &c.

MedA, Beng. (fs^'fi) A receptacle for obtaining lime from MekhI, H. &c. (,_j=^), Meki, Beng. {C^) Plugged, as

saline soil and water by filtration. a coin (from mekh, a pin or nail).
Meda, Karn. (&?^), MEDARA.Tel. ("^(SS^jMedaravan, Mel, Tam. Mai. (Slq^, eiQcob), Mele, Karn. (^?^),
Tarn. ((oIHSCTSLIot) A caste, or a member of it, oc- Melu, Tel. (^Jew) A particle and prefix, implying supe-

cupied in cutting and selling bambus, or making and riority in place, excess in quantity, &c. ; over, above, &c.

vending bambu baskets. in Tamil compounds, Mel may become Men, or Mer •-

Mede, Karn. (o3jQ) A. stack of any kind of grain ; it also Melu, in Karn. and Tel. is also a subst, signifying supe-

implies a definite quantity = 32 Madras measures. riority, excellence, profit, advantage, excess, &c.

Medh, also written, Maindh, H. (bJo^, ^a'.^jfe) Gleanings, MMadhikdram, Mai. (6lQiaiCols8>0(Oo) Supreme power or
corn left on the field in small quantity. authority.

MedhA, Mar. (»reT) A paling, a fence, an inclosure. Meldl, Mai. (©QaAOOo) An overseer, a superintend ant, a

Medheddi, -ddik. Mar. (^3^, ^^T^^) The owner of a person in charge.

contiguous inclosure. MMati, Mai. (aaeJSl) Rent in kind paid to the owner of
Medhi, Beng. (fSf^t) The post in the centre of the threshing- fields or gardens : entrusting cattle to the charge of another.

floor to which the cattle are fastened. Meleralai, Tam. (Slq(S6C)D"SsO) An engagement for an in-
Medi, Tel. Karn. ("3:)©) The part of the handle which is creased share of the crop to be relinquished to the cultivators.

joined to the plough. Melerutta, Mai. (6)Cieejf>«r'?r>) Government registry of

Megolu, Karn. (&>'AJS^) Duty on goods paid in advance. revenue.

Megpanna, (?) H. Murdering poor people for the sake of Meleruttu-hachcheri, Mai. (.6)(2(DBS^(S^(&,^(S\) Chief
kidnapping and selling their children (?). office of registry of lands and revenue.

MBHMAN,orMAHiMAN, Mar. (hIHT^, nffJlT'^.P. mihman, q.v.) Melkanahha, Mai. (eiQ^SvDe*^)) Principal public accounts.
A person residing in a village in which he has no hereditary Melkdnam, Mai. (SlQ^OOOo) Mortgage upon mortgage, an
rights or property. additional advance upon the security of occupancy paid by

Mehtar, or MiHTAH, H. (P.^f«) A man who follows the the occupant of an estate to the proprietor.

lowest menial offices, a sweeper, a Scavenger : the term MUharam, Mai. (6)CieJ(0o) Additional government share

originally means a prince, and is used ironically : in Cut- of the crop : tax paid a year in advance.

tack the mehtccr^is sometimes a slave. Melkoyimma, Mai. (6)Ci6)^0CP>Jli2)Ci) Authority, superior

Mehtar, or Mheta-r, incorrectly, Mehtree, Mar. (^?TTT, power or function.

»?crc) A common designation for a hereditary village officer, Melkoyimmasthdnam, Mai. (6)aQ§gl0CQjlQ)ac/aJlOOo, from

as the Patfl. or Kulkarani : the head of a caste or business, S. Wl^f, station) The exercise of chief authority in the
trade, or art, who used to exercise considerable authority affiiirs of a temple.

over the others, and colleeted and paid the taxes due by Melmdniyam, Mai. (6^Q£Lgl06vnolcQ;o) Superintendence,

them, in consideration of which he was himself exempt supervision.

(it is no doubt the «ame as the preceding word differently .MelnoM, or Menoki, (?)Mal. (6)amfc6)CO0d96Sl,6^a6>OO3<je€ll)
applied). A district accountant in some parts of Malabar.

MSHTO, or MEHEfo, Guz. ("*tt^<^l, *l^<lt) A writer, a Melurad, Tel. ("^eWO^I) The grain in the crop threshed

clerk, an accountant. but not measured ; a heap of winnowed corn.

MehunA, Mar. (i<'^4!| l)* A wife's brother, a sister's husband. MUuvdram, Tel. ("S^eWoX^^O), Melvdrum, or Melwdram,
Mehuni, (JmM^ A wife's sister. corruptly, Malemarum, Mailwarum, Tam. Mai. ((oLQ^-
Mbi, or Mbi-kiiunti, Beng. (i^, «^'3°T»^) The post in QJITCTLq) The proportion of the crop claimed by the go-

the centre of the. (iJireshing-floor to which the cattle are tied. vernment.

Me J, Mar. (^»t) Measure^ measuring, a measure of length Melvdram-tirwai, Tam. (from ^IJOTOQJ, duty) The fixed

or capacity. rate of the government demand on the share of the crop.

338
 MEL MES
Melvaippu, Tarn. ((oLQ^(ro6LlUL_l) A quit-rent, or a small or privileged conductor of pilgrims to Gaya has established
proportion of the crop paid by the holder of a Mdnyam. himself.

Melvdsi,TA. Karn. { <OJ£)o:j^^) Additions, excess, addition MendhA, Mendhi, Mar. (S. "jt^T , "Ms^) A ram, a ewe.
made to the rate of the government assessment. Mendhd-lanchardi, Mar. (from mendhd, a sheep, ban, a
Melvdyippa, Mai. (6)ffl ejOCQjIaj) An extra loan, an addi- wood, and chardi, grazing) A tax levied on the pasturage
tional advance. of sheep and goats.
Melvichdram, Mai. (6)Gi aI1.^0(Oo) Superintendence. Menhdi, H. &c. (,_yi^Axe) A plant from the leaves of which
Menavan, pronounced also, Menon, corruptly, Menewar, a red dye is prepared, with which the natives, women espe-

Mai. (eiaoocun*) The village or district accountant in cially, stain the palms of their hands and soles of their feet

Malabar ; according' to some, the appropriate designation of and the tips of their fingers and toes (Lawsonia inermis).

a Sudra according
; to others, of a Nair writer or accountant. MenipItam, Mai. (6)QiOTlo_10So) The rent of land as cal-

Amisham 3Ieiion, corruptly, Umshom Menon, Mai. The culated on the average produce of different crops.

writer who registers the estimate of the crops. Menivilachchil, Mai. (61(2001011^^.^(56) The best or

Menkdval,Ta.m. ((oLDOTISSITeLI^) The superior or district highest produce or crop of any parcel of land.

watch ; superintendant of police. Menjogi, Mar. ("Mwt^) A class of Jogi mendicants in the
Menhdvalgdr, Tam. ((SLQ<3!Jr<3<3rT61J^(5rTcr) A petty chief Maratha country, worshippers of Bhairava.
in the south of India, a Pdligdr, the superior guardian or Meg, (.') H. A class of cultivators in the province of Dehli.

protector of the country. Meppulam, Mai. (6lGi(iJa_lo) Pasture, forage for cattle.

Mel, H. &c. (S. iJx«) Meeting, mixing, an assembly ; also, Meypukdran, Mai. (eiQ^cfiOOrDnrf)) A shepherd, a grazier.

fig., agreement, concord : in Guzerati, casting the balance Mera, Tel. ("&^), Mere, Karn. (^e^) A limit, a

of an account : a cash-book. boundary.

Meld, H. &c. (S. JLxo, Rq5T) A fair, an assemblage of people Mera, Tel. ("^5), Mere, Karn. (^5^), M^rai, Tam.
periodically at some particular spot, usually on a religious ((oLQ(3tDCr) A portion of the crop given as a perquisite to

festival, but at which traffic is carried on and amusements the holders of a proprietary right in the village lands, or

are provided : any fair or occasional market. to the hereditary village officers and servants, out of the
Meladika, Uriya (GSISII^Q) House-land unoccupied. common stock from the threshing-floor : sometimes the ap-
Meldah, (?) Hindi, A village messenger sometimes acting propriation is made from the government share afler divi-

as the watchman. —Kamaon. sion, but the practice and the proportion vary.

Meman, Guz. ('*l'Hl*l) A particular tribe of Mohammadans Meraidittam, Tam. ((oLD(3SDI7^l— 1— l-o) Regulation or rule

in the west of India. for the proportionate allowances frOm the crops.
Mena, Tel. ( oOJrO) Connected through a father's sister, or Meravanige, Karn. (SooSra'Tx) A procession on a festival

mother's brother. occasion ; a religious procession ; a bridal procession, in

Menagodalu, Tel. (~S)rC5A^cSeu) A female cousin, the which the bride and bridegroom, with attendants according
dauf^hter of a father's sister or mother's brother. to their means, parade the streets of a. town or village.

M&nalludu, Tel. ( oX)(\5eW(3o) A male cousin through the Meraka, Tel. ("33oS_) Dry land, upland, high ground.

same relationship. See Metta.

Menamdma, Tel. ( oX)rO^XJ~°^) a. maternal uncle. Meria, or Meriya, Uriya (G9l^ei|) A human victim, usually

Menalta, Tel. (~S)rOtO) A father's sister or mother's a child or young person, kidnapped, and, afler a season,

brother's wife. sacrificed by the Khonds, a barbarous race in the hills

Mend, less correctly, Merh, H. Q..>j^ ,

"ife) A bank to sepa- west of Cuttack.

rate fields, a dam, a dyke, a boundary, the boundary of a Meruve, Karn. (o3j^O0cO) An inclined plane or slope of

field, the limit of the lands of a village. earth up which blocks of stone are rolled for the upper

Mendhhandi, pronounced, Merhbandi, H. (from ^fiiwAj, an parts of a building : a trench, a stockade.

account) A record of boundaries. Mesha, S. &c. (h^) a ram, the sign Aries : in Tamil it is

Menda, H. (? \sXj>^) Any village or town where a Gayawal sometimes used for the month in which the sun enters

339
 MES MIA
Aries, or April-May, corruptly or vernacularly written, called a meti-hoy ; it is supposed to be derived from the
Medom, Medhom. nautical term mate, but it is perhaps the Tamil represen-
Mestak, Tel. ( °^c£d ) A. column, an item or head of tative of the Malayalim word.
account. Mar. (*ngf of) A book of arithmetic, a table to Mettu, Tel. Karn. ( oijpj) A custom-house : the stage of

facilitate calculation. a journey.

Mesari, Guz. ("*l^ <Cl) A tribe of merchants and traders in Mettu, Tam. (GlqlI®) A place where toll or custom is taken.

Quzerat, followers of a teacher termed 6osdi-ji Makdraj- Mettuhdran, Tam. (©LQll®<BsrTU(3DT) A receiver of tolls,

Meta, Mai. (6)QS) A hill, a height, high ground. one who examines persons entering or leaving a village.

Meta, or Met Mar. (H3) A watchhouse or station in a vil- Metuvaki, Mai. (eiQgOJJPl) A path through a mountain,

lage usually occupied by Mhars : a military or police out- a causeway.

station near a fort or walled village, or on the frontier of Mevu, Karn. i.^^'Q)) Pasturage, grazing.

a district. Mewafarosh, H. &c. (i^j^ijX^) A fruit-seller, usually of

M^TA, Tel. ( oi^S) Pasturage, forage. the Mali caste ; but in the Maratha country Brahmans

Metaeangam, Tel. ("^isS^oXo) The office of a head man. and Kal4wants (singers) follow the business in towns : the

Metari, Tel. (^^"O) A head man amongst the lower castes, fruit-sellers in the villages are sometimes Mohammadan
as palankin-bearers, washermen, cowherds, &c. (this and the gardeners.

preceding are probably from H. mehtar, orS. mahat, great). Mewas, Guz. ("HHl-tl) A tribe of koUs or freebooters in
'
Meti, Tel. Karn. (~3^&3) Xhe post in a threshing-floor Guzerat.

also, chief, principal, the head of a body of persons, espe- Mewati, H. (^j\yX« , Rq[TTI^) A tribe of Rajputs inhabiting

cially of inferior cultivators : an association of villagers the province of Mewal, now known as Macheri, and for-

who are partners in cultivation. merly notorious for their turbulent and predatory character.

Mitiddru, Tel. ( oX)&j"0^q:)) Head man of a company or Meyaru, (?) plur. Karn. A class of slaves in Kanara, a

caste, a renter of a village. subdivision of the Dhers.

Metigoda, Karn. (^^^^z^^) A head farmer. Meykiravan, Tam. (SlXiLUcScESlrQSJJOT) A shepherd.

Meti k6ru,oTMeiipdlu,Te\. ("&^r*^,'^^s37)ew)The Meyssal, Tam. (<om\lJS-0Si) Pasturage, pasture.

landlord's share of the arop : an agreement made amongst MhaisI-patti, Mar. (»|«riij^) A tax on buffaloes.

themselves by the cultivators with - regard to what lands Mhao, written Mhow, and Mow (?) Mar. The village mes-

are to be cultivated, in which way the government revenue senger and watchman ; probably a dialectical modification

and other charpes are to be apportioned, and how the sur- of Mahdr, or Mhdr, q. v.

plus is .'to be divided. Mhao-Mharlii, (?) Mar. A tax on the lands held by the
Metiray/it, MarjsOisV'triT) The head cultivator of a village. Mahdrs.
METf, Mai. (SldrtSl) Treading-out or threshing corn ; the MiAAD, H. &c. (<>Uj..«), MiyId, Beng. (ftnitlT) Term, limit,

treadle of a loom. either of time or place.

MetrAn, Mai. (6)2H®0nrf)) A bishop (from the Syriac). Midddi, H. &c. {^d\,df^\ Miyddi, Beng. (f^I'^rtW^) Limited,
MettA, Tel. (^^w) High and dry land, not capable of terminable, conditional, also subst., limitation.

irrigation, but depending on the rain, and therefore unfit Midddi-ijdrd, H. (from l^U-1 , a farm) A farm or lease for
for rice. a specified term, a farm for a given number of years, a

JHettagudclalu, Tel. ( oX>WXb^e;j) High lands, fields only terminable lease.

fit for dry cultivation. Mian, H. &c. (P. ^^\i-o, flliJT^) A term of respectful address
M6ttajdgd,1e\.C^^^^~^) High ground, hills, hillocks. to an old or respectable person, sir, master : also a mediator,

The an umpire, a schoolmaster.

Mettavdri, Tel. C^Y^^^) crop of the dry cultivation.

Metti', Mai. (6)©^) An inferior domestic servant, a term Midn-ddmi, H. (P. ^ii\ ^J•i«) A respectable man, a
of common usfe in Malabar:, a term of similar sound is gentleman.

used at Madras to signify a menial, who is usually a Mii.NA, H. (.ij\x«) A kind of palankin, that used generally

Pareyan, who cleans dishes, lamps, shoes, &c., commonly by Europeans.

340
 MIA MIN
Midni, Guz. {>{l"il«0.) The name of a tribe of Moham- in Bengal, shewing the names of the cultivators, the extent

madan freebooters on the confines of Sindh and Guzerat. of their fields, their cultivation and crops, and the amount
MiarIj, commonly, MirIj, H. (A. Ascent, whence of their assessment.
^J/*^)
lailat-ul-midrdj, means the night of Mohammad's ascent MiJHARi, (.'*) Tax on the low caste, termed Dom. — Kamaon.
to heaven, observed as an anniversary festival by devout Milan, H. &c. (^Jl.«) Mixing, association; entering into a

Mohammadans oa the 15th, 16th, or 27th of the month contract or agreement with.

of Rajah. Mildn, or Mildni, H. &c. i^JLo, jJJU) Causing a mixture

MichavIram, corruptly, Micharom, Tam. (LQ<EP6UrTCriXl, or concurrence, making parties agree, adjustment, arbitration

from Micharam, superior, and varam, share), Michcha- a supplementary or subsidiary statement.

vIram, Mai. (ol^^OJOrOo) The landlord's share of the Mildnrjamdhandi, incorrectly, Meh.n-juma'bundi, H. (^^iU
crop : in Malabar, the proprietor's rent, after deducting the t_fiXoLk=>-, f'T^T'T 4*<l«}'^) An appendix or supple-

interest of the money lent or advanced by the tenant : the ment to the account of the revenues of a village, shew-

surplus amount or difference between the interest of money ing the varieties that occur in the extent of land in cul-

lent on mortgage and the proceeds of the estate occupied tivation.

by the mortgagee, payable to the mortgager. See the next. Milk, Milkiat, corruptly, Milkeut, and Milkyet, H. &c.
Michcham, Mai. (£2l.^o) Remainder, residue, surplus. (A. ^Jjl^, {S.^^*fS^) Possession, property, mastership,

MiDDE, MiDDiYA, Tel. C^"^' ?^^0^) A house with an proprietary right; also real property, landed possessions: it

upper story, also one with a flat or terraced roof. is sometimes applied to the possession of rent-free lands.

MiGiKE, MiGCJTE, MiGUViKE, Kam. (SJ^O, S)jXoS, MUM, H. ( ^S-« ) Proprietary, relating to ownership, espe-
SjadSD) Surplus, balance. cially in land) a proprietor, a farmer.

MihmAn, less correctly, Mehman, H. &c. (P. ^jjU^) A Milki-ldkhirdj, H. (_lyi-i!^Oi/«) Proprietorship of lands
'

stranger, a guest. exempt from revenue payment.

Mihmani, H. &c. ( JL*^) Hospitality, reception or charge Milk-kharidagi, H. (^Jo^i-tLU.*) Ownership by purchase.
of a guest : under the Mohammadan government, a deduc- See Kharida.

tion from the revenue, allowed to Zamindars to defray the Milk-kharidaddr^ H. (jltissJo^LiALc) Owner of a pur-
cost of their entertaining travellers, pilgrims, and strangers chased estate (especially in Cuttack).

in general : also a cess levied in some places by the Za- Milkiat-istamrdri, H. (from .hy»a«,l , tj. v.) Proprietary right

mindars under pretext of providing for similar purposes. or possession in perpetuity.

Mihmdn-ddr, H. (P. j'JoUy«) A host, a person deputed Mim, H. &c. The letter of the Persian alg^bet, m, a, usedj

to receive and take charge of a stranger, especially if of under the Mogul government, as a eounfergig-u by the

consequence, as an envoy from a foreign court. Diwdn upon an imperial grant or assignment of revenue.

Mikmdn-khdna, or sard, H. (from the P. &i[s- or |,mj) A MiMANSA, S. &c. (Jl'^Htw) Judgment, investigation : one
house where a visitor is accommodated, a place for the recep- of the Hindu schools of philosophy, the object of which

tion of sti angers or visitors in general, sometimes found in is to investigate the doctrine of the Veda, and the practices

villages and towns. enjoined.

Mihmdn-vdram, Tam. A share of the produce of the harvest Mimdnsalta, S. &c. (jfNi^oif) A judge, an umpire, a teacher

set apart for travellers and guests. of the Mimansa philosophy. >

MiHNAT, H. (A. e:^sr«) Labour, trouble, care. MinhI, or, MiNHAi, corruptly, Minhye, H.-(A. L^.Ju>, ij\^,^
Mihnatdna. H. (JoULast*) Hire or wages of labour, payment literally. Mill ^ , from, hd\st, that,) Deduction, subtraction

for work done, compensation for the management of any as a revenue term it implies^ deduction from the assessed

affair or estate, excess over the legal rate of interest as a revenue of an estate or village, as on account of uncultivable

remuneration for the lender's trouble. tracts of wood or water, wilderness or waste, or for com-

Mihnati, H. (,_jJUss^) Laborious, painstaking, one on whom pensation of the Kanungos (Ben. Reg, xiii. 1825.) or for
any trouble or labour devolves. local charges : In Mohammadan law it rheans a usufruc-

MiHRKATTi, (?) H. An account kept by the village accountant tuary loan, or the loan of any thing which the borrower is

341 4s
 MIN MIR
to return, using in the mean time the produce, as of a cow, Mir-skikdr, H. (Ji^jX^) Chief huntsman.

the milk of which the borrower may consume. Mir-iuzah, H. {\Lijiji^ Chief marshal, an officer whose

Minhdi-ddr, H. (P. j^J , who has) A holder of land exempted duty is to maintain order in a march or procession.

from revenue payment, or subject to a diminished assessment. Mirdn, H. Kiiyji^) Proportion of the fees, or perquisites of

Minhai-gi, H. (uwv^j*) Deduction from the assessment the inferior officers of a department payable to the chief.

on some account, as special assignment, or exemption on MiRA^, H. &c (a. Cjl^,from tlJ;^, to inherit). Mar.(fircw)
account of the land lying uncultivated, &c. MiRASi, and MlHASU, Tam. (LolcrrTc^, LolDTTca) Ml-

MiNAK, or MiNAKiA, Thug. A religious mendicant. RASU, Tel. (SXJ-Cr=^) MiRASi, Karn. (^XJ^TTagj) inheri-

MiNJUMLA, H. &c. (A. <Ujs^) Upon the whole, generally, tance, inherited property or right ; the term, is used, espe-

universally. cially in the south of India, to signify lands held by absolute

MiNUMULU) Tel. (^fvO^J^yj) A kind of bean grown on dry hereditary proprietorship under one of three contingencies :

lands (Phaseolus mungo). 1. either as a joint coparcenary tenure in the lands of a vil-

Mir, Meeh, H. (A. jJu) A chief, a head or leader; under lage, and either cultivated in common, or allotted annually,

the Mohammadans, the title of the head of a department : it or at some other stated period, among the proprietors ; 2. As one
is also a title borne by Sayids, or those persons who claim of several parcels or lots in which the lands of the village

a descent from the family of Mohammad. are divided ; or, .3. as a whole estate where all the lands of

Mir-i-&dl, H. (A. Jii.£yJv<i) An officer of justice, a superin- the village are the property of one proprietor. In some

tendant of the courts who revised the decisions of the Kazis parts of the Madras provinces, especially north and south
and judges, passed sentence, and ordered punishment. Arcot and Chinglepat, known in the native records as Ton-

3Iir-akhor, H. (A.^ji-^A.«) Master of the horse. damandalam, the term is also applied to certain hereditary

Mir-i-atish, H. (A. P. ci,^' l^x<) Master of the ordnance, privileges enjoyed by the holders of Mirds lands, consist-

head of the artillery. ing sometimes of a right to hold portions of their estates

Mir-bahr, H. (A. P. jsijXv) Custom or harbour-master. exempt from assessment, and, in almost all, the privilege

Mir-bahri, H. {^jsijj^ Port duties, fees on vessels of receiving portions of the general produce, or money com-
entering or leaving port, also taxes on boat and ship-build- pensation from the other members of the community. It

ing : the term has been also applied to the fees levied from also applies to the fees and perquisites receivable by the

pilgrims at Allahabad. officers and servants of the community, who arenotposseessed

Mir-hahhsM, H. ( -uIms^) Paymaster general. of any share of the Mirds land, and to hereditary succes-

Mirdaha, ll.(jt>OjJ^),Beng.Mirddha (f^'^), Hindi, ilf?>- sion to various offices, privileges, and emoluments, as to the

dhd ('ftnr'n) The head peon, or messenger of a Zamindar :

post of musician to a temple or the like.—^Ellis on Mirdsi
the inspector or superintendant of a village : a native officer right. In Sylhet it applies to Talukas settled perpetually.

employed to preserve the village boundaries from encroach- Mirdsi H. &c. {^\jJ^) Hereditary, any thing relating to

ment : one employed to carry the measuring chain, or ap- Mirds, also the same as Mirds, (and the most usual form in

ply it to actual measurement in a survey : the bead man the south) or hereditary lands or offices, also one holding land

of a village : In Mar. also the captain or head of spear- or office in a village by hereditary descent. In the Konkan
men, who precede great men in procession ; also a head spy it is applied especially to the resident Mhar, or sweeper,

or messenger : (from mir, chief, and deh, ten, or a small holding his office by succession, and entitled to a share of

company, or deh, or dik, a village, whence the different the crop.

meanings). Mirdsddr ox Mirdsiddr H. &c. (;ljo];X« filTT?!^^ Mi-

rasiddrudu, Tel. (^'Tr'^l^iSo^O)
(J
Mir-i-manzil, H. ;Ji-<;J-«) Quartermaster general. Mirdsiddran, Tam.
Mir-mahallah, H. (i)lW"J-«) Head, or superintendant of a (ldI DTT<^ ^ IT I7OT) The holder ofhereditary lands, or offices
quarter of the town, inspector of police. in a village. In the Northern Sarkars, especially, a here-

Mir-munsM, H. {^JJ^ji^) Chief secretary. ditary village officer or servant : In Sylhet, the holder of
Mir-peshkdr, H. &c. (J^My^jXn) Accountant-general. an estate, usually of very small extent, assessed in perpe-

Mir-sdmdn, H. (^Lc\mjJ,^) Head steward. tuity ; a petty landholder or cultivator.

342
 MIR MIT
Mirdd-anubhogu-ddndchd, Kara. ( ^0S~3^e3(\A)©/3Xb. MiSKiN, H. (A. jjA$.«j.^) Poor: in law, one having no pro-
TOfUcJaF^) Light tax or quit-rents on hereditary lands perty whatever.

and offices. MismIr, H. (a. iLk*i*.«) Lit., destruction: applied in some

Mirasibabu, Kam. (SUTTSSSTJeOJ) Of or belonging to places to mischief to crops committed by cattle.

hereditary, or rent free land. MiSR,MiSRA, less correctly, MiSHAH,H. (Sj-ii^ ,fw^) A name
Mirdsi-rdiat, H. &e. (A. ^s^-J^J) A hereditary cultivator, given to a Brahman of the Kanaujya tribe, and especially
one having a right to hold his land as long as he pays to the members of two of the subdivisions, Gots, or fami-

the rent to the proprietor, and the government revenue. lies belonging to it, those of the Sandal, and Kdtydyana
Mirdsi-sutantaraw, Tain. (LolcrrTiEPlSiiSr^^Cri-Q, from S. or Viswdmitra Gots : the term Misr was conjectured to

smatantram Wfi^, independent) ABsolute hereditary right have been connected with the ancient name of Egypt,
to lands or offices. Misr, as if some of the Brahmans had come from that

Mirdspatti, Mar. (fiTO5Et1J^) A tax levied occasionally on country : it is more probably of affinity to Misra, mixed,
Mirasdars. indicating some mixture of race or family, the tradition of

Mirds-vdram, Tam. (from SUni^LD, share) The part pro- which has perished.
duce of hereditary land. MiSRi, H. (a. i^j^, MiCHHRi, Beng. (f^I^Wt) Sugar-candy.
MiRDA, H. (lt)^Xo) A caste of migratory shepherds in the MiSTRl, H. &c. (i_SjXm^), Mestri, Mar. (^^UTTf^) An arti-

south of India, or an individual of it. ficer, a mechanic, as, a mason, a carpenter, &c. : a head

MiRZA, H. (p. y t*) When prefixed to a name, a secretary, artificer, a chief builder, a carpenter, and the like.

a civilian, as Mirza-Ihrakim; when following it, a prince, MiTAT, less correctly, Matat, and Mutaa, A. Qx'Lo) Tem-
as Abbas Mirzd. porary cohabitation, a sort of left-handed marriage among
Mis AN, H. (jj**M, ft'C^) A soil mixed of clay and sand, the Mohammadans, taking a wife for a specified time ; al-

sometimes considered as the first or best description of soil, lowed by the Shias, but considered illegal by the Sunis
or soil rendered highly productive by diligent tillage and also a present given to a woman, upon whom no portion

plentiful manuring. had been settled, on divorcing her.

MiSL, H. (A. iJxo) Similitude ; an assembly, a corporation, MamtvM, H. (A. cyU^) A woman who has been tempo-
an assemblage of persons of the same or' like station and rarily a wife.

occupations : a collection of like or similar documents form- Mitha, H. &c. (Vaju,S. ft?), MithI, Beng. and Mar. (ftj^,
ing the body of public proceedings in judicial or in revenue ftirr) Sweet.

matters ; whence the instructions to the officers employed Mithdi, H. &c. (^l^ju.«) Sweetmeats, confectionery.
to assess the lands in the north-west provinces are denomi- Mithdi-wdld, H. (3tji_jl^ij,.c) A maker or vender of sweet-
nated the Settlement Misl : the term is also applied to a meats, a confectioner.

suit or proceedings at law in general. Mithdnamalainchard, Beng. (fvii'(iM«l°F?ri) Alluvial lands

Mid-diwdni, H. A civil suit. become sweet and fit for tillage. —-Chittagong.
llisl-faujddr't, H. A criminal suit. Mitha, and incomp., Mitha, Mar. (jtIt) and Guz. CHLii) Salt.

Misl-haranam, Tel. The principal or officiating village Mithdgar, Mar. (fkTTXt) A salt-pan, salt-works.

clerk or accountant. Mifhdgari, Mar. and Gua. (fHJ'RT^) A caste, or an in-

MisWeddi, Tel. The farmer who is considered the head dividual member of it, whose occupation is the manufac-

of the cultivators in a village, and represents the community. ture of sea-salt.

Misl-mutafaraka ,H. (A-iijiiL^ Miscellaneous proceedings. Mithamola, Mar. (i4T(JH"lcy) A place where salt is manu-
Misli, H. (A. (JjU) Like, equal ; in Mohammadan law it '
factured.

applies to an article which, being lent or sold, is to be re- Mittamola-upparike, Kam. (SjjS^^xyS^ c^^6D) An
placed by another of a similar description. annual tax on each salt manufactory.

Misl-tirvai, Tam. (LQl<S'^^Cr<53D6Ll) An assessment on a Mithalondri, Mar. (jffe^intt) A caste, or an individual

field similar or analogous to that on the adjacent land. of it, whose business it is to make salt, especially from

MisKAL, H. (A. Jliu<) A measure of weight = 6-3| Tr. grains. inland saline deposits or marshes.

34.3
 MIT MOG
MithhIla, Hindi (fH3?T^) A productive moisture inherent is also employed in public oflSces, like a daftari in Upper
in the soil. —Puraniya. India, to make pens, ink, provide paper, seal letters, and

MiTHTHE, Karn. (^-^^ Land tax, assessment, rent on land. bind books, and the like.

MithyA, H. &c. (S. U^X*, fflstn) False, falsely. Mow, or MoH, Mar. (ifts, from the v. jft^, to break or sepa-

Jf«%a6adj, Beng. (f^srrtTfft, from S. ?|j?fi:, who speaks) rate) TKfe common business hand ; the broken or cursive

One making a false assertion or charge, a calumniator. writing usad by the Marathas on ordinary occasions.

Mithydsakhi, Beng. (Tt^, from S. 'BT^) A false witness. Modal, or Moral, Beng. (tv(ii»H) The head man of a vil-

Mithydsapath, Beng. (from S. ^TTT, an oath) Perjury. lage, the Mandal. — Bengal.

Mithydsukrut, Uriya (52lM|QO©, fromS. JoRfw) Perjury. MoDAiru, Tel. Karn. (^X/S^ew), MudAl, Tam. ((Lp^^)
Mithyottara, Beng. (IXi^JTt^, from S. •g^T, answer) A Origin, principal, capital : first, chief. See Mutal.

reply asserting the falsehood of the charge, denial of a Modaldlu, Karn. (5ay®(50~S$C)) a. chief or head man.
charge (in Hindu law). Mudalvd(lai, Tam. ((Lp^^SLl rT<SJ5L_) A field first watered
MiTi, H.&c.(S. |_^ , ftfir) Measure,limit,bounds date : : interest. from a tank.
Kachchd-miti, corruptly, Cutchameetee, H. Interest charged Modalavdru, Karn. (^xyS<S£>5TS&) The first day of the
by money dealers on money advanced, dated from the day week, Sunday.
before the transaction. Vaddi-modalu, Tel. (^^^X)0£U) Principal and interest.

Pahkd-miti, corruptly. Pucka meetee, H. Interest allowed Mudaldli, Tam. ((LpSeOrTerTI) A president, a proprietor.

by bankers on money received, dating from the day after ' Mudali, Mudalvan, Tam. ((Lp^eJfl , (LpS^SUcSST) A title

the receipt. of the agricultural and some other respectable classes.

MiTTA, Tarn. (LolLll—rr) Subdivision of a district, an estate JlfttrfaZM/ar,Tam.((lp^6fflLUrT IJ, plur.,but used to an indi-

forming such a division: a revenue estate created in the vidual honorifically) A respectfiil title or address to natives

Madras territories under the permanent settlement. in the Tamil provinces, especially those of the Mudali
Mittdddr, Tam. (P. ^ J,
I who has) The holder or proprietor tribe, when of respectability, as Mr. or Sir : an official

of an estate forming the subdivision of a district. designation in Ceylon.

MizAJ SHARIF, H. (A. —\j^ , temperament, (_aj^) A very MoDAN, or MoTAN, Corruptly Moddam, Mai. (eiQOSni)
respectful term of inquiry concerning a person's health, as High land on which a particular kind of rice is cultivated.

if it were asked. Is your noble temperament well ? Modi, H. &c. (^iiyo , jft^^) A shopkeeper, a steward ; in

MiZAN, H. (A. j^lj:}.*) A balance, a pair of scales : sum total. Bengal, Mudi, or Modi, (^^, i^Tflft), most usually

MoBED, Guz. C^ll^Jlt) A priest of the Parsis. denotes the village shopkeeper, a sort of grocer or chandler

Mocha, Hindi (>fl-«IT) Crops beat down by wind or rain. and grain dealer, who sells a variety of articles of necessity

MoCHAN, H. &c. ^^J^yo, from S.

>J^,
stealing, also from S. to the villagers, and who are generally in his debt at a

V^ Letting go, setting at liberty. usurious rate of interest.

MochahA, Hindi (fft'^tT) The crop of late-sown rice (May- Modikhdna, H. &c. (<lo'oi-t^4>|^, jft^^TTfT) A chandler's or

June) ; a rate in a Patta for such crops when the only grocer's shop : among the Marathas also, the commissarait

ones raised in the year on the same land. —Purdniya. department, the supplies necessary for an army, the office

MoCHCHAI,Tam.(0LDrTS'!3i3D<0') Alegumlnous plant cultivated whence they are issued, the place where they are kept, &c.
on dry ground ; (Dolichos tetraspermus). Modi, Karn. (a-^ys^S) The victualling department, the esta-

MocHi, H. &c. {^j>-y<) A worker in leather, but commonly blishment for providing public provisions.

applied to one who is by caste and occupation a shoemaker, Modikepu, Karn. (S^^Qo^) Aherd of cattle with public
a harness maker, or saddler. Muchche, Tel. (^^^) provisions.

The name of a caste in the south of India, or of a member Modak, Beng, &c. (^^TfFf^) A confectioner, also a kind of

of it, who, like the Mochi (which word is no doubt the sweetmeat.

same) of Hindustan, is a worker in leather and saddlery, Moohal, more correctly, Mughal, in common use, Moghul,
but is also a cabinet or furniture-maker and a portrait H. &c. (Ji^), Mogal, Mar. (jflT^) The designation of
painter : a 3Iuchche-vddu, or Wuchi-mkn, as he is termed, one of the great Tartar tribes, the Mongol, or of a member
344
 MOG MOR
of it : as a title it was especially applied to the sovereigns Mojddt, Mar. (hIm^IiI) Counting, numbering of articles,

of Delhi of the house of Timur, although they were equally as houses, &c.

at least of Turk descent, and presented in their appearance Mojni, Mar. (jftijlift) Counting, numbering, a census.

entirely Turkish characteristics. Mojniddr, Mar. (H|'iH<!l1<H;^ A measurer, a numberer, a

Moghldi, or Mughldi, vernacularly, Mogaldi, or Moglai, surveyor.

corruptly, Mogulae, and Mogullaye, H. &c. (^ySljU, »ftiT- MoKA.LCHiTHTHi,Mar. (»f(ojig5f^, from mohdla Ht^KSgl, free
^T^ Relating or belonging to the Mughals, as the period from, from S.moksha) A deed of release, or of manumission.
of their ascendancy in Hindustan, extended to that of the MoKKA, Tel. (~2^>3^) A young plant.
Mohammadan kings of Bijapur, Golkonda, &c. in the Mokkadugu, Tel. (1>X)t^&:,XD) A second crop.
Sakhin ; also fees paid to Moghul or Mohammadan officers MOKSHA, S. &C. (»ft^), MOKASH, Or MoCHH, H. (i/S/yo ,

also a branch of the revenues of the Nawab of Surat, distinct ,^y«) Liberation in general, but especially liberation

from those of which the Marathas exacted the Chauth, q. v. of the soijl, and its exemption from further transmigration.

Mogali, Mar. (*fl*I<j1) Relating to the Mohammadan We, MoL, H. &c. (S. ^)y^o , iftgr) Purchase, buying : price : hire,

especially applied to such portion of the revenue payments fare, wages of labour.
of a village as the Marathas did not at once appropriate. Molkari, Mar. (H^<jJohO) A labourer hired for a job.

Mughdl-handi, H. (^JwuJjU), Jfo5'aZ-6«w<^«, Uriya (gS1|- Mol-tol, H. (Jy J^) Fixing a price, traffic, purchasing.

QR.QS,) The part of the territory of Cuttack which was MoLA, Kam. (^V®^) A measure of length, a cubit from
formerly subject to the government of Delhi, and is now the elbow to the tip of the little finger.

administered according to the Regulations of the British Mole, Kam. (SX^®??) A bank, a rising ground: aleak: a

government, paying the land revenue on the same plan as salt-heap.

that adopted in Bengal. Ben. Reg. xii. 1805. Mom, H. (P. ^yo) Bees'-wax.

MoGHAM, S. (iftTlH) Vain, useless, unprofitable ; whence, in Momjama, H. (P. XviW-*^) Wax-cloth, coarse cloth steeped

Marathi, it signifies indefinite, undefined, not particularized. in melted wax and used as an outer covering for parcels.

Mogham-idh, Mar. (jft'^'R) A round sum given by a MoMANO, Guz. ('HL'^t'^l) A Mohammadan weaver or cul-
village in advance, or pending the collection, a payment tivator in Cutch.

on account, an instalment. MoMATI, Kara. (aX'®'^^) A sort of spade or hoe.

Jffogham-hdbti, Mar. (jftTnT^TTift) An undefined cess, one MoNDEMU, Tel. (~2xX)o~SSx)) A salt-heap, of which part
imposed without any specified rate, or to make up a certain has been sold.

sum required, without giving the exaction any name. MoPHARDU, Tel. (~"2vX)^&),^om A. mufrid, liji^, single,

Mogum-jdsti, Kam. (o-®XS083^^>^, for P. ziddati, simple) An abstract account.

increase) Outbidding, oflFering a higher rent for land than Mora, Karn. (aJ-TSO) A small fan for winnowing corn.

is likely to be realized (fruitless enhancement). MoRABHATTA, Kara (^~^5epo J Established fees of vil-

MoGHAN, Mar. (»TlTn!i) A particular tube attached to a drill lage servants.

plough for sowing a different grain. MoRABU, Karn. (aJJa>6tOJ) Gravelly and stony soil.

M0HjC9ALU,M0HASALr, orMoHASSALU, Tel. ("^XJoCpSioeu, MoRApuKARADU, Kara. (S>J^6^a6&)) Coarse and blot-
"2aD^r6A6S, ''"2op^r';6,!6eo), Mohasalu, Mohasali, ted, as a writing.

Kam. (^^^JSb^eo, 5>u^JSbr6S)) Restraint placed upon MoRAMU, Tel. C^^X)6Sx)) Gravel or chalk. See Muram.
a person to prevent his escape, or to enforce payment of a MoRANA, (?) Settlement on a wife at the time of marriage.

demand (derived fi-om the A. mahsul, although no such —Chittagong.

meaning is given to the latter in Hindustan). MoRAPANiLA, Tel.(~2^30 6'Sy^O) Gravelly, or calcareous soil.

Mohil, Thug. A chief. MoRASA, Tel. CS)036c6) Gravelly, as soil.

Mohtadu, Tel. (~2O0<O^« OO) A village messenger or MoRAVU, Karn. (5a/®S'c<^) Surplus water running from a tank.

peon employed on all occasions. More', Morah, or MuDi, (?) Karn. A large measure of land:
Moj, Mar. ('Tt»0 Measure, determinate quantity or measure, it is said to consist of 45 Guntas, each 33 feet square,

the quantity determined by measure. or about If^sth acre: it is also said to mean rent in kind.

345 4 T
 MOR MUA
MorhX, H. i^ye) A low Stool or seat. Mirgmdl, Thug. A herd of deer, ominous of a meeting
MoHi, H. (P. i_5 ij-<) A water-course, a drain, a pipe under with associates.
the surface to convey water. Mhita, S. &c. (jJiT) Dead.
MoRKA, Thug. Extra share given to the leader of a gang. Mritapatra, S. &c. (from ^^, a leaf) A will, a testament.
MoBKHAi,Guz. C^tl-l^i Ljf) A reward for apprehending thieves Mritdsaucha, S. &c. (ffitT^n'?) Impurity caused by the
and robbers. death of a relative or connexion.

Morhhdo, Guz. CHl^'^l'^tO One who gives information Mritasn&na, S. &c. (*T'!re>IT»l) Bathing performed by Brah-
of thefts or robberies, king's evidence. mans officiating at the burning of a dead body.
MosAL, Guz. CHl-^l^j from A. (Jms^) A summons, a MuAAFi, corruptly, Maafee, Maafie, Mahfy, Maffee,
subpoena : a bailiff. Maaffee, Mauphee, H. (^JU^), vernacularly, Maphi,
Mot, Mar. (jfte) Mota, Motu, Tel. ("^VDOf.^, ~2ooUj) The Beng.(Tt^),Mar.(HTTlit),MAPHl,Tel. (^^^~°^), adj., For-
large bucket of a draw well. given, remitted : subst., forgiving, remission or exemption
Motasthal, Mar. (jftjW^) Motusthal, Tel. (1!xD0 fei)^e)) from the demands of the state: a grant of land free of assess-

Land watered from a draw-well. ment : the word is in common use to signify exempt or free

Mot, Beng. (.C^) Mottam, Tam. (Gianssixi) Total, whole, from duty or tax, as lands, goods, &c. : it also designated a

a consolidated sum : also, in Bengal, a load or burthen. particular grant formerly made by Zamindars and the revenue
3Iotdmddni, Beng. (iwt^nft'5^) Total receipts, total income. officers of the government, which became hereditary and

Motdmoti, Beng. (fHlSid^lP^) In the lump, in the gross, transferable, and was also applied to lands which were held

upon the whole. free of revenue on condition of service. Ben. Reg. xi. 1795.

Mot-hast-o-Md-jamd, Beng, (i^Ttfe^r^St^WSlI ) Total de- (The vowel u, following m, in this and similar words, which
mandable revenue. are mostly the past-participles of Arabic increased radicals,

Mothid, Motia, or Mutid,!!. &c. {\j^yo .^v« ,L|oL«) Motiya, is retained in Hindustani, although faintly, and almost in-

Beng. (ivirUMl) A porter, a labourer, a carrier of burthens. audibly sounded : in the more purely Indian dialects it is

MoTADi, Motadu, Tel. ("2x30 "iFa, "SoOeT'di)) An in- either rejected or transmuted to a or o, apd the Arabic ain c
ferior revenue servant or peon, whose duty it is to look is lost in the long d, as in the following examples)

after the crops. Mdphdi, Mar. (JTHRI^) Remission or abatement of the go-
MoTALA, Mar. (MlrilJbT) A particular tribe of Brahmans in vernment claim for revenue.
Guzerat, or a member of it. Muddfi, or Mdphi-chifthi, H. &c. (|_5^'»- ^J^, HTifft

MoTHALA, Hindi (Hlri^l^T) Deficiency of moisture in soil, f«ti'<j1) An order to pass free of toll or tax, a warrant of

not enough for the seed to germinate. remission ; it was formerly applied especially to certain

MoTHiA, Thug. A class of Thugs residing cheifly in Rang- classes of pilgrims, exempting them from payment of the

pur and Dainajpur,usually following the business of weavers, pilgrim tax.

said to be so termed from giving their leaders a handfid Muddfi, or Mdphi-ddr, H. &c. (;b^_gsU«, ^i l Hilt^ l O One
(Muthe, or JHothi) of rupees from each man's share, in holding any thing exempt from tax, the holder of rent-free

addition to their own. lands.

Mo-ULA, Beng. (ffSTt^) An advance of money for rice in Muddfi-istiwd, H. (from A. Iji^l, equal) A tenure by

the husk. —Mymensing. which waste land is held for a time rent-free, and for a

MowIt, or Mawat, (?) Mar. A class of soils of a mixed further period at a quit-rent, until the given term expires.

kind, and of light black colour. Mdphi-jamin, Mar. (»Tnjft»pft'r) Land revenue free: with

Moyin;, Tam. (GlqITLLJIott) Any payment or contribution the prefix aji (?), it is said to imply land entirely exempt,

to a temple : any establishment See Mudin. and with apum (?), that which is partially so : such land is

Mhiga, S., and in most dialects, but modified as Mrig, Mrug, also distinguished as chakria (?),or exempted under certain
or Mibq (jm) A deer, also the asterism termed likewise conditions, or for certain purposes, and ghair-sharti (from
Mrigardrsha, the deer's head. A.^;Jki , without, and Ja^wi , condition), free from conditions;

Mrigsdl, Mar. ( fliratcs) The Mohammadan year. — the first, again, is distinguished as, Prapanchdrtka,

346
 MUA MUB
(S. IHJ^T^) Land exempted for secular or civil objects, as Mdmledar,0TMdmlat-dar,M.2LX.Gaz. i^[^^^W »IT»T<#ri<R)

in requital of the duties of a Patil, or village servant, or The head revenue and police native officer of a district,

for keeping embankments in repair, &c. and invested as a revenue officer with the duties of realising

Bharmdrtha, (S. V»^T^) Exempted in favour of religious the collections, and remitting them to the treasury of the
establishments (.Devasthdna), or of individuals for perform- superior collector, of generally superintending the conduct

ing religious functions {Dharmadhan, ?). and checking the accounts of the subordinate revenue of-

Mu&dfi-mdmuli, H. (^j^U ^'U^) Established or cus- ficers, of investigating the payments and charges of the vil-
tomary remissions : in Benares, customary deductions from lages, and supervising the state of the cultivation : as civil

the government revenue made formerly to the native col- and police officer, he exercised, under the native govern-
lectors and farmers on account of similar remissions made ments, undefined and extensive powers, which are now limited

by them to their subordinates, or to the cultivators, or of by Regulation : it sometimes denotes a farmer of the revenue.
charitable allowances. Ben. Reg. ii. 1795. Mdmlatddri, Mar. (»n*icSi(<^lCf) The office or duty of a

Mu&Jt^mujrdi, corruptly, Maafy-mujray, H. y;_g\js:r^ ^Jim) Mdmlatddr, the collection or farm of the revenue, the
Lands exempt from tax, assigned to various individuals. administration of a district.

See Mujrai. Mdmldhdl, Uriya (fl|flR.|^|!S.) Circumstances of an affair,

Muddfi-ndma, H. (P. <Cel! , a writing) A warrant or order particulars of a suit.

of exemption from duty or assessment. MU.4TABAH, H. (A.^jJu^), Matabari', Hindi (Hlri«lO) Re-
Muaivfi-rawdna, H. (from AJlj i , a pass) An order or per- spectable, worthy of confidence, a person of credit : one
mit for the transit of merchandise duty free ; an order for who is responsible for the sufficiency of a surety, and who
the free transit of salt for the Upper Provinces. Ben. is liable for the amount, should both principal and surety be

Reg. vi. 1804. defaulters.

MdpM-sdl, Mar. (HIvflHT^f) A year of exemption from as- MuATAK, H. (A. iJut«) An emancipated slave.

sessment on some account, as bringing waste land into MuATTAL, corruptly, Mati'l, H. (A. iJla<M>) Idle, unoc-

cultivation, &c. cupied, applied especially to a public officer who has been

MuA-iN, commonly, Mayin, corruptly, Moven, or Moyen, suspended or dismissed.

H. (A j^yi^Ki) Established, fixed. Mdbadala, H. (a. aIjIjui) Mobadald, or Mohddald, Mar.

Mudin-zdhita, H. &c. (A. iSsA^ tj**«) Established rule, (Hl^f^C*!, •ll'd^cSl) Exchange, interchange, transfer, hence

fixed or legal charges, table or statement of wages or al- applied, amongst the Marathas, to items which have

lowance, list of the public servants of any establishment. been transferred from one head of account to another,

MUAJJAL, corruptly, Moajil, H. (A. (Js*^) Prompt, done and to balances charged to other individuals, villages, or

without delay : in law, prompt payment of a debt, or pay- districts, than those by which they are due ; or balances

ment within a jnonth after it is due : also a dower or carried to a different year from that in which they have

marriage settlement to be paid immediately. occurred.

MuALiM, H. (A. Jjt«) Malim, Mar. (m^rN) A navigator, a MuBAH, H. (A. y-^<) Allowed, indifferent : any action which

pilot. incurs neither praise nor blame : any thing which may be

MuALLAK, less correctly, MuwALLAK, A. (jfl«-«) Suspended, lawfiiUy sold: common property, that which it is lawful

literally: in law. any transaction not closed, as a sale in for any one to use.

MUBAIAT, A. (ci-^jju) Entering into a contract of purchase

which payment of the price is deferred.

MUAAMALAT, H. (A.C:Jt«U«, plur. MuAlMALiT, UrjiUU^, and sale.

Mohai, H. ^jkXX^) Acquired by

iTomMudmaliy^tJ^) MAMLA,MiMLAT, Beng. and Mar, MuVidi, corruptly, (A.

('!rN«Tt,^rN5rs,»nH^,'TI*lQni),MAMLAT,Uriya (fl|9t».El) purchase or sale (any article) : manufacture of salt for go-

Affair, business, negociation, jurisdiction, suit, management vernment by contract. — Orissa.

civil employment under the MubakIt, a. (!il;lx«) Dissolution of marriage by mutual con-
or conduct of public affairs ;

government in the south of India, especially the collection sent, putting away a wife, dissolving partnership.

revenue, and management of a district Mubarrd, H. (A. jjif.*) Released, cleared, exonerated.
of the
347
 MUB MUD
MuBASHiH, A. iji>\x«) A superintendant, an agent : in law, manent, lasting, fixed, continually : in Mar., Positively

the doer of any thing, a culprit, a criminal. absolutely : in Karn. also. Own, as Mudddm-dlu, (Sx)^o
MiJbid, H. (p. i^^yo) A priest of the Parsis or fire-worshippers. ^W) Own servant.
MuBADADALU, Kam. (S^r^SD^^UJ, from the A. Jj«f«, Mudddm begdri. Mar. (g^^RiTITft) A hired porter or mes-
exchanged) A loan without interest : any thing lent to be senger who goes the whole distance to which a letter or

returned. parcel is to be carried, in opposition to one who is relieved

MUCHALKA, or MUCHALKA, MoOCHULKA, H. &C. (i^is*> , or on the road, or the Hdjir begdri.

\^lar< , MuchchilikA, incorrectly, Moochilka,

g^Mtj*!) Muddm-sihandi, Tel. A militiaman or guard permanently

Tel. (^X>'^V~^) A written obligation or agreement, enlisted.

a bond, a deed : it is commonly applied to a counterpart MuDAVA, Tel. (^>3Q^) A place where platforms for stack-

covenant on the part of the proprietors or cultivators of land, ing salt are put up : a platform of earth for piling salt upon.
agreeing to the rates of assessment imposed by the go- MuDDAA, H. &c. (A. lcJ««) Object, intention: Mar. (»!?()

vernment also ; to an engagement under a penalty to observe Evidence, argument, presumption, grounds of conviction.

the conditions of any deed or grant, or to one exacted from Mudddd-bi-hd, H. (A. l^l£.X«) A thing or object sued for.

thieves or suspected persons engaging to desist or refrain the chose in action.

from any illegal acts ; or to one from superior police and Mudddi, or Muddd, H. &c. (15*^^^ > i|<^'^) A plaintiff, a
other officers engaging to be responsible for the conduct of prosecutor, an accuser. Muddai, Mar. (*I^) An informer,

the subordinates appointed by themselves, or to any penal an accuser, one who traces out and furnishes grounds for pro-

recognisance which may be required by a magistrate. ceeding against another. Tel. Mudddi, or Mudddiddr,
Muchalka in-ddrad, H. (from the P. in-ddrad, contains (S>3'g°CXO,.^X)-g°CXX)-S?'5)A'defendant (Daj'O'OuO,
this) A phrase applicable to any agreement, signifying from A. i^'i^t being used to signify plaintiff).

the covenant contains this," but said to have been espe- Mudddi-Ale-hi, H. &c. (A. <ulc ^:i5Ui) A defendant, the

cially applied to a document taken by the Amils or pro- person accused, the respondent.
vincial collectors from the Desmukhs, or Desfdndyas, Mudddiat, H. (A. ei^^iX^) A plaint, a charge, an accu-
stating that the collectors had exacted no more from them sation : a female plaintiff.

than appeared in the public accounts, and than they were Mudddim, or Muddim, Mar. (fl^lfjl) An informer, an accuser.
entitled to demand. Mudd&pattd, Mar. (j^HI^) Evidence, proof, clue, trace.

MxSDA, A.(^iiyc) Atrustee, one to whom property is intrusted. MudddHpand, Beng. (Hj^fl^'W) The office of an accuser or
Mudia, A. (.%idyt) A depositor, one who leaves any thing prosecutor.

in trust with another.

w
MuDDAL, or MuDAL, Mar. (g?[^, 5^^) Capital, principal,
MuDABBAB, or MuDABBiR, A. ijiS^ A slave to whom stock, as distinguished from interest or profits: in Mai.
emancipation has been promised, either with or without written Mutal, q. v.

conditions, on his owner ''s demise. Mudaldmudal, Mar. (*j^g5T M< <^') With the capital only,
Muddbhir-i-tadbir, A. (^iij;JJv«) One who makes a decla- without interest or profit.

ration of the purposed emancipation of his slave or slaves MuDDAT, H. &c. (A. CUA.«, Ji^) Space or length of time,
after his death. interval.

MuDABBlR, A. (jJiy*) A governor, a minister, a master. Muddat-khila, Beng. (^[^^fltSf) Land for some time out
MuDAi, Tam. ((IpOtD^) Ground cleared of wood and pre- of tillage, although not unfit for cultivation.

pared for tillage. Muddat-patit, Beng. {^'^^'tfsvS) Neglected or uncultivated

Mudaipunam, Tam. ((LpCS0^1_ll_|<3t5TLQ) Old cultivated for some time (a field).

ground. Muddatukuyam, Tel. {Sx)g&§Oo:l5o) Land mortgaged

MuDAiN, H. (A. ij^Jj^) A debtor, a creditor. with option to the lender to consider it as his property if
Muddinat, H. (A. c:^JijjiX.«) Selling on credit, giving credit. the mortgage is not redeemed within a stipulated period.
MuDAM, H. &c .(a. ^X^), MudIm, Tel. (&0l5^0), Mud- Kdchi-mudat, Guz. (%im'»J4.<-l) Any time before a bill
DAM, Karn. (Sx>g3o), MuddIm, Mar. (5^) Per- falls due.

348
 MUD MUH
Pdki-mudat,G\xz. (Hl^"^^*^) Due date; date at which a iron, representing the insignia of some deity, as the shell

bill becomes payable. of Vishnu, or the like, as a sectarial indication.

MuB^KAMU, Tel. (JixiOs^X)) A coin of the value of MtJDUPARAi, Tam. (^©UrTfSODjp) The top of the tunnel

ten kds. of a sluice.

M6di,Muda,Morah,Morat,MiJrah. See More, (?) Karn. MuFASSAL, corraptly, Mofussil, H. &o. (A. J-«a.«) Properly
A measure of land, 45 gunt as of 33 square feet each, 49,005 separate, distinct, particular : in Hindustan, a subordinate
13
square feet, or lj55 of an acre: a certain quantity of seed-corn, or separate district ; the country, the provinces, or the sta-

sufficient for a ^iven quantity of land, so that a field is com- tions In the country, as opposed to the Sadar, or prin-
puted by the number of moras or mudes which it requires. cipal station or town : any other place than the ordinary
It is also a weight or measure of grain or rice, sometimes place of office or residence ; as a darogha, leaving a police
said to be equal to 40 pakka sers. (The term Mcdi or station to go to a village in his jurisdiction, is said to

MuRl, usually signifies, in Karn., Tam., and Mai., a knot, a have gone to the Mufassal, and the same is said of a

bundle, or any thing made or tied up in a bunch or bundle villager who has gone from his cottage Into his fields

its application to measurement either of length or capacity is its most usual application in Bengal, however, is to the

not given in either Dictionary, and the spelling and enun- country In general, as distinct from Calcutta. Tam.
ciation, and possibly the proper meaning of the word, though ((lpLJ<ff^) Detached accounts, account particulars.

thus repeatedly given in manuscript lists, are doubftul). Mufassal adalat, H. (A. ci^lsJ*) A provincial court of

Mudigade, (?) Karn. The measure of seed which a field justice.

requires for sowing It Mufassal dimdni-dddlat, (sj^iSc ti'^,-'.'^) A provincial

Nija-mudi, Nijja-moodee, (?) Kam. The estimated number court of appeal whose decrees were final in certain cases

of mudis or moras of seed in distinction to the actual before 1793 ; these courts were then merged into the city

number sown in a field : sometimes they correspond, but and Zlla courts.

for some lands the proportion is but half of the former to Mufassal jamd, H. (A. »>•>»-) The gross amount of revenue
one of the latter. payable to the Zamlndar or Malguzar by the subordinate
Mupi, Tam., Mai., Karn. ((Ipiif) A knot, a tie ; hair tied up cultivators, and, through him, to the government, which is

in a tuft ; a bundle of young rice or other plants tied in then the Sadar jamd, or state revenue.

small bundles for transplanting. Mufassal kharch, H. (A. m-^^ Charges of collection In
Mudippiri, Tam. ((LpL^LJI_51 cfl) A receiver of rents or taxes, the provinces.

or any proceeds of sale ; a money-changer or banker (from Mufassal kdnungo, H. (A. Sj^) A district or provincial

the cash being put up in bags). accountant and registrar.

Mudippu,Ta.m. i(ip\j:).\liu), Mudippa,MaL ((^slo_j),il!f«. Mufassal tadluk, H. (A.

J^) A subordinate or dependent

duvu, Kam. (^^30cyj) Money or valuables tied up in a division of a district or estate.

cloth or bag, especially when intended to be presented to MuFLls, H. (a. ^J*AR^) Poor, indigent, a pauper, a bankrupt.

an idol, or to be paid in to the public treasury. Mufti, H. (A. ,Ji.«) A Mohammadan law-officer, whose

MuDRi, H. &c. (S. j;J^, g'^O, MUDRE, Kam. (&>^Q,') A duty It was to expound the law which the Kdzi was to

seal, a signet, a stamp, a badge, a brand, a stamped coin. execute : the latter, in British India, usually discharges the

Mudrdballa, or -Ula, Tel. (^>3i§2^e^ -^^) A wooden duties of the Mufti also.

stamp for sealing heaps of corn, &c. MugI, Mooga, also written, Moonga, but (?) Beng. ('S[^)

Mudreh&ra, Karn. (&OQ,a do) One who applies a stamp A kind of moth from which an inferior silk, called by the

or seal. same name, is manufactured In Asam.

Mudra-kdran,M&\. (^(3<6ff)0(OfY6) A peon bearing a badge. MijGANDUGA, Karn. (&>0~'Xo(30A) A measure of capacity

Mudrayola, Mai. ((^l^eiCQJOaj) A stamped ola or palm = to about nine bushels.

leaf, admitted as a voucher in the courts of the south. MuhIb, a. (L_>lf«) A gift, the thing given.

MudrMhdranam,Ma\. (S. q^OCOOfOeinoo) Bearing an Muhib, A. (C-^-Of*) A donee, the person to vrhom any

indelible mark on some part of the body made with a hot thing is given.

349 4u
 MUH MUH
MuhAbI, or MuHABAT, A. (UW-^, l*L>IjW«, from (»^»-, to Culation, settlement of an account ; an account, a state-

have afiFection for) Properly, respect, friendship, same as ment of expenses.

Muhahhat : in law, an act by which a man wilfully incurs Muhdsih, H. (A. (.».-%«(W«) An accountant, a calculator,

an additional charge or loss, as by adding to a stipulated an auditor or examiner of accounts.

dower, selling a thing under, or buying at an over valu- Mojabeddr, or Mosabeddr, Mar. (*|1*IH^k) An accountant,

ation ; sometimes done from motives of personal regard, one who keeps or renders an account.

sometirr^es with a view to an ultimate advantage. MuhAzarat, H. (a. s^ls^) Appearing against : in law, suing

MuHAFA, H. (A. <)bW«) a sort of palankin, especially one or arraigning any one in a court of law ; also, disposing

for women. of expected property, or property in reversion, considered

MuHAFiz, H. (A lasler*) Keeping, guarding; a keeper, a illegal : a deed or document signed by all parties present.

guard. JHuhdzir-ndma, incorrectly, Mahazer-namah, H. (P. iteli)

Muhdjiz-i-daftar, (from V.yiS) Keeper of the records, A document, certificate, or affidavit, signed by a number of
the native officer of a court charged with the care of the persons, all of whom are present.

public papers. MuHAZiR, H. (a. j-eUr*) Present, in attendance, in court.

MuHAKALAT, A. (XlsUr*) Sale of corn in the ear, payment MuhIl, a. ((Jok^) Inlaw, one whotransfers a claim made

of revenue in kind : in law, an exchange of corn, for some upon him to another who has consented to be responsible.

which has been reaped, considered illegal. Muhkim, corruptly, Mokeem, H. (A. j^is* , from *^) A
MuHALLAL, A. (tJis^) Lawful, made lawful, that which was native officer formerly employed in the cloth factories, a

not so before ; as, in law, a woman who, having been di- supervisor of the weavers.

vorced, is married to another man that he may divorce her, Muhrim, A. {asst') a prohibitor, an interdictor ; one who
when she may be legally re-married to her first husband. lays himself under certain restraints, or upon whom the

Muhallil, A. ((Jlsr*) One who makes lawful that which was season, as the month of Muharram, or his engagement
illegal ; a man who marries a divorced woman, that he may as a pilgrim, imposes them ; a relative within the prohi-

put her away, and so enables her to be married again to bited degree of intermarriage.

her first husband. MuiiSAN, MuHSANAT, A. {^^j^As* , from sjuisr*) Chaste,

MuHANA, corruptly, Mohana, H. (S. lil^), MuhanA, Beng. continent, especially as a husband or wife : applied in law

(^^•(1) The mouth of a river, an estuary, the conflux of to a person, male or female, whom certain qualifications,

two rivers, the place where a branch separates from the as freedom, sanity, and mature age, entitle to exact or to

main stream. undergo the punishment inflicted on adultery.

MuHAR, or MuHB, corruptly, Mohue, H. (P.^^) A seal, MuHTAL, A. (

JUs^) A person who accepts the responsibility

a seal ring, a gold coin of the value, in account, of six- of one person for his claim upon ahother.

teen rupees. Muhtdl-alehi, A. {HJ^ J^-^ss*) The person who becomes

Muharhand, H. (P. JJ^^) A seal engraver, a die-cutter. responsible for a claim made upon, or a debt due by, another.

MuHARRAM, corruptly, MonuRRUM, H. (A. (^k-«) Sacred, MuHTARiF, A. (i-J,Jis*, from harafat 'iij^, an art, a pro-

unlawful, prohibited : the first month of the Mohammadan fession) An artist.

year, in which it was held unlawful to make war. Among MuHTARAFA, corruptly, Mohterefa, Mohterfa, Mo-

the Shias this month is held in peculiar veneration, as TAHBRFA, MoHTURPHA, MOHTURUPA, &C. H. (A.
being the month in which Hasan, and Hasain, the sons of ii/sr*), MoTARAPHA, Tel. (~2vX>«^6'cp^)^ Motarap-
Ali, were killed : their deaths are the subject of public PA, Tarn. (GLQlT^cruUrT), Mohtarapha, Mhota-
mourning during the first ten days, when fasting and self- RAPHi, Mar. (iftfTCXRJ, *^iRTfir) A tax or taxes levied

denial are also enjoined. on trades and professions, on the artificers of a village or
MUHARHIE, corruptly, MOHUBRIE, MoHERRIE, MoHBER, their implements, as upon the weaver's loom, upon trades-

MoHiB, &c. H. ik.jjs.") A clerk, a writer, a scribe. men and their shops and stalls, and sometimes upon houses :

MuhIsabah, corruptly, Mahaseeba, H. (A. SStJss*), in some places under the Madras presidency, it is properly
MoJABA, MoSABi,Mar. (»f>»I^, ift'EI^T) Computation, cal- a poll-tax upon artificers, the taxes on shops being termed
350
 MUH MUK
Pdndari, and those on the profits of trade Visabacli ; but llujardi kharchti,Kam. (^X)a3Tr3CXOgo5'arb) Deductions
the term is used in a general way to designate the several from the public revenue for religious or charitable purposes.
personal taxes above mentioned : the designation is in a Mvjrain, incorrectly, Mujura-een, Beng. (^>sisii^°) Lands
great measure peculiar to the provinces of the presidencies assigned as an allowance, and not subject to revenue.

of Madras and Bombay, the taxes of a similar nature for- MujRiM, H. (A.
fj^) A criminal, a malefactor.

merly levied in Bengal being included in the general MuJTAHiD, H. (A. i>.^J^<) A jurist, a lawyer, a doctor in

denomination of Sair. law, the highest authority in Mohammadan jurisprudence :

3Iohtarapka-chi-kuJmdr, Mar. (oF^S^'R;, general, universal) a spiritual superior or director.

An account kept by the village accountant of the mechanics MuKABiLA, H. (A. AA'sut), MoKiBiLA.Tei. ("lxx)-s^eser°)
and tradespeople of a village, and the taxes leviable on each. Comparing, confronting, comparison or examination of
Muhtamim-i-band-o-bast,H.(ci-s«*JjiXaj j,x*j^) A settle- revenue accounts, or of judicial documents.

ment officer, an officer of government employed to make a MuKADDAM, corruptly, Mokuddum, MocuDDiivr, Muga-
settlement of the revenue with the different villages and DUM, H. c&c. (a. AiiJl*), Mar. (joB^), Makadam, Uriya
divisions of a district. (?1QQ?I) A chief, a leader, one who goes before : in India,

MuHTASiB, corruptly, Mohtissub, H. (A. (._.-wjjJisr«) A applied especially to the head man of a village or of a caste

superintendant of markets and police, an officer appointed or corporation : in the Maratha villages the head man was

to take cognisance of improper behaviour, as of indecency, usually charged with the realization of the revenue and its

drunkenness, gambling ; also of the sale of intoxicating payment to the district collector, with the superintendence

drugs and liquors, and false weights and measures. of the cultivation, the management of the affairs of the

MuHURTTA, S. &c. sometimes corrupted, as in Guz., to Mtj- village, and the disbursements of its expenses : he was

HAT (>??%) A measure of time, one-thirtieth of a day and also intrusted, to a certain extent, with jurisdiction in dis-

night, or 48 minutes : it is used, though loosely, to sig- putes among the cultivators, and with the police : in Hin-

nify a lucky hour or time for the celebration of any im- dustan, the Mukaddam has, in some places, become solely

portant or festive ceremonial. responsible for the public revenue, having been suffered

MuJAPHAT-JAMA, Mar. (5»TVKiri»IHI, from A. <JjliLa«, ap- to assume the character of a petty proprietor, and being

pendages, annexations) Expenditure on account of presents designated as Mdlik-muhaddam ; under the former

by the state to public officers or to foreign powers : expenses system the title was not unfrequently given to the villao'e

incurred by one district on account of or to the debit of, Zamindars. In some places the term is applied to the

another. hereditary occupant of an estate in a village, immovable

MuJAWAB, H. (A. jjW«) A servant or sweeper of a Mo- as long as paying a fixed rate to the Zamindar or the

hammadan temple or shrine. Raja. The Mukaddam-biswaddr is usually a head man

MtJjiBAT, H. (A. pi. of ^ motive) Grounds of who holds an entire share of a village, and sometimes an
^-^^r''
appeal as set forth in the pleadings of the appellant. entire village, but in some places he appears to have been

MujRi, or MuJARA, H. (A. 1^), Tel. (^aj"^) Any reduced to the state of hereditary cultivator from having been

part proprietor of the village, in consequence of the

authorised deduction, a pension, an allowance. title

Mvjrdi, incorrectly, 3Iujray, H. (A. tfj/?^). Mvjarai, having been appropriated, through fraud or violence, by some

Karn. (Sbo&iO c!CXO) A pension, an allowance, any autho- individual proprietor. In Cuttack, the Muhaddams are re-

rised deduction : applied under the Mohammadan govern- garded in a similar light, but are divided into two classes,

ment to an allowance to the Zamindars of Rangpur for the Mazkuri-mukaddam, who pays direct to government

made by them to the chiefs of the hill tribes, to (the term mazkuri, q. v., having here the reverse of its usual
presents

prevent depredations : under the British government it im- meaning),and theZdti, or Jdti-mukaddam,viho pays throuo-h

from the revenue on account of allowances an intermediate revenue payer, or Mdl-guzdi' the title is
plies deductions
:

contractors, as an encouragement, or of sometimes applied to a farmer of several villages. Where the

to cultivators or

assignments or remissions or grants

of revenue for cha- Mukaddam only represents the village he is sometimes al-

lowed a portion of land, either rent-free or held at a quit-

ritable purposes.

351
 MUK MUK
rent. Ben. Reg. ix. xii. 1805 ; vii. 1822. In Guz., a Mu- revenue rate is permanent only for the life of the holder.

hddam is eomnionly the name of a supervisor, especially Mukarrari-jamA, H. (A. jAa-) A fixed and permanent rate

of one employed by a merchant to superintend the landing of assessment

or shipment of goods, &c. Mukarrari-pattd, H. (from xj^, a lease) A lease for a

Mukaddam-karj, Mar. (oIR»T, from (jo.'i) A debt due by definite extent of land at a fixed sum, not liable to any
a village through its head man or representative. extra charge.

Muhaddami, Mooqudumee, corruptly, Mocudmy, Mocud- Mukarrari-tankhah-rahmi, H. (A. from tankhdh i^^s^S,

dimy, H. \^^6suc) Relating to the office, duties, or assignment, and rakm *Sj , a written order) The fixed
rights of a Muftaddam : dues paid to him by the culti- assessment of the revenue in Cuttack.

vators, or, when the revenue is collected by the state, as Dar-muharrari, H. (.P.jii, in) An estate held under a

a money allowance to the Mukaddam, it denotes, in the holder of land at a permanent rate.

upper provinces, a rate of from 5 to 10 per cent on the Mukatta,H.(A. «kjL«) Fixed rate of assessment SeeMahtd.
collections : it sometimes appears as a deduction of from MukAsima, H. (a. i^*Mi\A<) Dividing : partition of the crop

3 to 4 per cent, on the gross collections. A Muhaddami between the proprietor or cultivator and the state, either

settlement is that made with the heads of villages as re- in kind or value.

presentatives of the village proprietors : a Muhaddami MukAtabat, a. (XjJIs^) Ransom or emancipation of a slave,

tenure is recognised in some places as a proprietary tenure. effected by his own earnings with his owner's assent.

Mukaddama, H. &c. (A. X«ilJi«), Beng. Mahaddama, or Muhdtib, A. (<>_^l^, 5juI^) In law, a male or female
Mukaddamd {>)<*[^v(i, ^I^^), Muhadamd, Mar. (iToK- slave who has been permitted to work out his or her

S*n), Tel. (SiisOzO) Muhadamo. or Bluhardamo, Guz. emancipation according to a hitdhat, or written covenant

('*J%T.'*tl, '*J%"(.^'*11) Business, affair, especially law MukaYAD, a. (J>jJU) Bound, fettered, in confinement
aflFairs, a law suit MukhAgni, S. &c. (*?^f»TT) Fire put into the mouth of

MUKANITAN, Mai. (<5oe61D5io-51CQjnr6) A Brahman of a par- the dead body at the time of burning (from muhha, the

ticular tribe in Malabar, wearing the tuft of hair on the mouth, and agni, fire).

fore-part of the head. MuKAVAN, Mai. (Qo96injnr6) A particular tribe of fishermen

MuKALLAF, A. ((_-so^) A person legally responsible or ac- in Malabar.

countable for his actions. MUKHASA, corruptly, MoCASSA, MOKASSA, MOCASAU, H.

McKARAZ, A. ((_^UU) The person who, in a contract where (iSasW*, irregularly derived from A. )Ja»-, to have as one's

one supplies the stock and the other the labour, is the pro- own: see iTAas), MuK:lsA,Tam.((lpSrT<ff'rT), MukhAsA,
vider of the stock. orMoKHAsA.Tel. (^ar-°c:J-»,~s:xX)ar-°cO-°),MoKAsA,
Muhdriz, A. ifjojjuo) The agent or manager, the active Mar. (JTtoffmi) A village or land assigned to an individual
partner in the sort of contract last named. either rent-free or at a low quit-rent, on condition of ser-

MuKABHAH, corruptly, Mocurkeh, Mocurrey, H. {k.jJL^ vice ; or a village held hhds by the state, the revenue being

Fixed, established, agreed upon ; exact, as a total stipulated paid to the government direct ; or the share of the govern-

sum. ment in a village, or in the revenue paid by it : the term,

Mukarrari, H. (A. i^jjs^ Relating to what is fixed : as as current among the Marathas especially, is somewhat dif-

a revenue term it is applied to a tenure held at a fixed ferently explained by different authorities : according to

and permanent rate of rent when payable to a proprietor, one statement, it was applied to the remaining portion of
or revenue when payable to the government. Ben. Reg. the chauth, or fourth of the revenue of tributary countries

viii. 1793 ; i. 1815 ; ix. 1825 ; Act i. 1845. after the fourth set apart for the Raja had been deducted
Mukarrari-ddr, H. (P. jlii) The occupant of a farm or from this, again, a further portion, or six per cent on the

estate paying a fixed and permanent rate of rent or revenue. chauth, being set apart for certain officers of the state, the

Mukarrari-istimrdri, H. (A. iL^.J'iwl , q. v.) Properly, a remainder, termed Ain Mohdsd, or simple assignment,

tenure held at a fixed rate of assessment, but applied, in was distributed amongst the military 'chiefs in requital of

the upper provinces of Bengal, to tenures of which the their services. According to a different account, the Mo-
352
 MUK MUL
hdsd was the remainder of the whole revenue after a fourth MuKf M, erroneously, Mokim, H. (A. *J^), Mukhimu, Tel.

had been set aside ; this remainder, or three-fourths of the (^>Da5^>0) A. broker, an appraiser ; an officer whose
whole, was subject to the deduction of six per cent, upon duty it was to estimate the value of standing crops.

it, termed Sahotra, and to two per cent, termed Nargaud; Mukiini, H. (^j>«jJU) Brokerage, appraisement, valuation.
the former of which was appropriated to the Pani-suchiu, Mukirr, A. (JJa/o) One who admits a claim, or confesses a

the latter to the different subordinate functionaries : the crime, one who pleads guilty.
several designations were preserved after the lands or vil- MuMrr-hahi, A. (^j^) The thing or claim which is

lages on which the chauth had been levied as a tribute admitted, a crime confessed.

were incorporated with those of the Maratha principality ; Mukirr-lahu, A. (^il«) The person in whose favour a claim
(the term, although supposed to be of Hindustani derivation, is admitted.

is not familiarly used in Upper India, and is chiefly cur- MuKKi.L-PALiSA, Mai. {(^S€^OB^(LABI[aii) A rate of in-
rent, in its vernacular forms, in the south). terest = three-fourths of ten, or 75 per cent, per annum.

Mukhdsa-, Mokhasa-, or Mohdsa-dar, Tel. &c. (from P. MuKKAMPALu, Tel. (^^OeJT^Wj) One-third share of the
j'li, who has) The holder of a village, or of lands, at a gross produce of lands allowed to the cultivators.

quit-rent, or rent-free, on condition of service : under the MukkAvan, Mai. (^cfiff^OOJOb) A caste of fishermen, or a

Maratha government the Mohdsa-ddr had much the same member or it : in Malabar he is sometimes a slave.
powers as the Mdmlat-ddr. MuKKUSA, Tel. (^X>^r6) A measure of capacity, three-
Mokdsi, or -si, Mar. (jftcR^ft -^) The holder of an assign- fourths of a Turn.

ment, the farmer of a certain portion of the revenue of a MuKSA, Tel. (^^s^) A measure of capacity, one-sixteenth
village, either on the part of the state or an individual. of a Khandi.
Kasar-mohdsa, Mar. (od^K, from A. Kasar, q. v.) An ad- MuKTASiB, H. (A. da^MiJiCa) In law, one who makes profit,

dition to the Mokdsa, an enhanced rate of it. a gainer, an acquirer.

MukhtAr, corruptly, Mooktar,Mukhteeab, MooktiyIh, MuKTi, S. &c. (nf^) Liberation, setting free in general, final

H. (A.^Us-*), MukhtyIr, Mar. (flSWiHK) An agent, a re- liberation of the soul, and exemption from future trans-

presentative, an attorney : in Hindustani, the Mukhtdr, as migration.

employed in legal affairs, is not allowed in general to plead MuLA, vernacularly, MuL, S. &c. ( J^ , J^) Root, lit. or

that is the function of the Vakil ; amongst the Marajhas fig., the root of a tree, the origin of a family : stock or

the term is also applied to the person appointed by the co- capital : the authority of a doctrine or faith.

sharers of a hereditary office to discharge its duties. Muladhana, or MMdhan, Karn. (^OS^ai$<6) Stock,

Mukhtdr-, or Muhhtydr-ndma, H. &c. (from P. X«lJ, a capital, original wealth or property.

document) A deed appointing a representative or agent, a Mulaganw, orilfMZ</arew,Mar.(*?35iTH)The original residence

power of attorney : a deed executed by the co-sharers of of the founder of a family, the original village on an estate.

a hereditary office, delegating its duties to a representative. Mulagdr, or Mulgdr, Karn. (^>T^£> A cJO) An owner, an

Mukhtari, H., MuJthtydri, Mar. Agency, representation, original proprietor, one holding an estate originally through

the office or character of a representative. a loan or mortgage : a lessee, a mortgagee : the original

MuKHTASAR, corruptly, Mooktissub,Mukhtessur, Mook- holder of a perpetual lease.

TESSOR, H. (A. j-aji=r*) An abridgement, an abstract: in Mulagrantha, S. (from ^^'^, a book) A work of authority,
Mangalore the term is applied to a deputy, an agent or also a book of genealogies.
commissioner, also to the head man of a caste entitled to An original document, not a copy.
Mulapatra,M^ar. (S351T^)
certain honours and privileges. Mulasddhanarn, Karn. (S^T^yrTOQrOO) An acknow-
MuKHYA, S. &c. (l^ , from nT^, the face) Chief, principal, ledgment given by the principal cultivator to the govern-

the head cultivator of a village, the manager of an estate, ment or the landlord : a grant or assignment to an original

the leader or principal in any affair. occupant or assignee.

Muhhyasthan, corruptly, Muhiasten, Mai. (r^^C/EUirrt) Mulgaini, corruptly, Moolgueny, Moolghenny, Karn.

The head man of a village t a chief, a noble. (^yj~^0~K^&) The tenure of an original occupant, either

353 4x
 MUL MUL
of new and previously uncultivated lands, with hereditary dance ; in law, continued watch over an insolvent debtor
succession, or of a hereditary farm or land at a fixed rate, by his creditors, although he has been discharged by the

corresponding with the tenure of the hereditary non-pro- Kdzi, to discover if he possess or acquire any property
prietary cultivator of the north-west provinces, and in- that may be applied to the liquidation of his debts.

defeasible as long as the stipulated rent is paid : a per- MuLK, MooLK, corruptly, Mooluck, H. (A. jjU), Mul^k,
petual lease. (In the Gl. 5th Rep., Shud-mulgueny is said Beng. ('55^), Mur.tK, Mar. (5^) A kingdom, a prin-
to be a tenant by simple purchase, which is no doubt cipality, a country,

erroneous ; but what is intended by Shud is not verifiable, Mulki, H. (a. ,_5«Ui) Relating to a kingdom or a country,

unless it be Suddh, pure, simple). native, domestic, provincial : the name of an era current

Mulgaini-chiti, Karn. (8<3"^cOj a document) A permanent in Puraniya, the same as the Fasli of Bengal, except that

lease, the document conveying it. it commences two months earlier, on the first of Srdvana,
Mulgaini-gar, Karn. (&0-'O"7?^&"7r3{J) A hereditary instead of the first of Asjvin.

cultivator, a tenant holding a perpetual lease, not re- Mulki-dddlat, H. (A. \jl^\sc) A provincial court of justice.
movable as long as he pays his rent. Mulki-diwani-dddlat, Mulki-faujddri-dddlat, H. (from
Kraya-mulgaini, Mai. (from S. 'gPl , purchase) Tenure of Ci^'iXc ,
justice) A civil and a criminal provincial court
occupancy obtained originally by purchase at a public sale. established at Benares in 1786, for administering justice

M'ulpatta, more correctly, Pattayam, Mai. (@aj<i_l§a2Jo) to the province, exclusive of the city : these courts were

A lease granted to the purchaser of an estate, constituting abolished by Ben. Reg. vii. 1795.
him original or absolute proprietor, with right of trans- Mulki-khazdna, H. (P. ^[^) The royal or state treasury.

mission to his heirs. Mulkgiri, H. (P. i^j^^, taking). Mar. Muluk-giri (»?5r«S-

Mul-vargga, corrvL^ilY, Moolimurg, Mai. (gaJOJC/^, from ftxCi) Taking possession of a country or kingdom, exercising
S. ^^, a class) Original proprietary right to an estate. sovereignty : periodical progress or incursion of a military

Mulya, S, &c. (T3T) Price, value, wages, hire. force for the collection of tribute or revenue by violence

Mulid, Uriya (flRq]) A hired labourer. or intimidation : occasional peregrination of migratory

MujLA, Mai. (^a^), MuLAi, Tam. ((LpOtDeTT) A shoot, a dealers or adventurers.

sprout, a young plant first springing from the ground. MullA, H. (a. jLo) a Mohammadan lawyer or learned man,
MuLAHAZA, H. (A. *l3s-l«) lit., Looking at ; but used as well a judge, a magistrate, the deputy of a Kazi ; applied also,
as MukabUa \Ai\sL< comparison), with the P. shud (Jwi, in some parts of India, to the village Mohammadan school-
has been), as Muldhaza, or Muhdbila shud, Seen, examined, master, who also has the charge of the village mosque,

a phrase written by the proper native officers on public and sometimes acts as butcher for the Mohammadans of
documents. the village: he is more usually styled. Mulana.
MuLAKA, Mai. ((^^<ft) Black pepper, pepper in general. Mulld-hurdni, H. (from ^^l^', the Kuran) The law officer

Mulaha koti, Mai. (c^^A6)(&0S\) The pepper vine. of the courts employed to take the oaths of the Moham-
3fulahamatissUa, Mai. (^^oftiCislc^ai) The pepper de- madan witnesses on the Kuran.

partment of the monopoly of the Raja of Travancore. MuLLA, Mai. (^§_^) A thorn.

MuLAM, or MuzHAM, Tam.((Lp LpUl), MuRAM, Mai. (^Sf o) A Mullavallai, Mai. ('?g^OJg.£l) Thorn money, ?.e. the cost
cubit measured from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. of keeping up orchards or plantations.

Mulakol,Tam.(Cp\pS>OS,rrii),Murakol,Meil.('^<Pe)cB>0£LS) MuLTAKiT, A. (kwiiLi.) One who finds and brings up a

A rod or measure of one cubit deserted child, one who finds a treasure.

Mplana, Mulana, Mar. (HQjflT, TcST'TT, from the A. Mau- MultInia, Thug. A class of Thugs who are all Moham-
Idna) A Mohammadan lawyer, but usually applied to a madans, and assume the character of Banjaras, trading in
Mohammadan village schoolmaster. com, and travelling with their families, but putting most

Mulayan, Mai. (i^g^CCJnrt)) A servile tribe, or individual of of their female children to death : they strangle travellers
it, the same as the Palayan, or the son of a Palayan. with their bullock ropes : they are considered among the
MuivizAMAT, H. (A. Li^l«) Assiduous service or atten- ancient Thugs,

354
 MUL MUN
MuLTAVl, H. (A. i_?jILo) Crooked : fraudulent : postponed, MuNDAN, Mai. (^eiOSa6) The stem of a cocoa-nut tree, from

pending. Multabi, Tel. (SxjeJ^ES) Fraud, trick, delay. which tdri is extracted.

Multavi&t, H. (plur. of (_? jXL«) Suits undecided or pending;. Mundan-hotti, Mai. ((56»->gnf66)(dft,0§l) A gatherer of the

MuLTAziM, H. (a. /yJ^) A tenant or hirer ; a farmer or juice of the cocoa and other palms, or tdri.

collector of tolls or customs. Munda-phobA, Guz.('>JoSyiSL) A Mohammadan mendicant

MuLUMU, Tel. (^^OewSx)) Lands which are cultivated for in the west of India, who, to extort charity, draws blood
various kinds of millet chiefly. from his own head or other parts of his body.

M0Mi.Nl, H. ((JU^) A husband's brother's wife, an aunt. MuNDBANDl, Mar. (l?P^^) In the Dakhin, the partition of
MuMiN, H. (A. ^^yo) Faithful, orthodox, a believer : in the lands of a village among the cultivators, whether pro-

Guzerat, a convert to Mohammadanism : in the Maratha and prietors or permanent tenants, agreeably to certain pro-

Tamil countries a tribe of Mohammadan weavers is so styled. portions, and subject to a collective rate of rent, at which

Amir-ul-m'uminin, A. The commander of the faithful, a title they may be let to cultivators ; it corresponds apparently

adopted by the Khalif Omar, and retained by his successors with the village Zamindari tenure ofthe north-west provinces.

in the Khalifat. Mundpatti, Mar. (t^^iI^) An extra rate levied on the

MuNABAZAT, A. (isJjUUi) lit., Throwing ; a particular custom lands of a coparcenary village (?) (it is probably the same

in buying and selling, by which a person to whom the as the preceding).

vendor threw his goods was obliged to become the pur- MtjNTtnA, H. (IttiJo^, j}1T) Sugar-cane shooting from the
chaser ; considered illegal. roots of canes cut down in the previous season.

MuNADi, H. (A. ^i>Li<i) A public crier ; also the small MuNlMANAMAnUjTel. (5>3ti"6DrO'^(3o) Amale descendant
drum which he usually beats to call attention. of the fourth degree, a great grandson.

MuNASiB, H. (a. l«_..<»«lJU>) Proper, right, expedient, dis- Munimanamaraln, Tel. A great granddaughter.

cretionary. MuNG, or Mug, H. &c. i^^Jiyc, gn, ^"^i S. gi^) A kind

Munanb-jamd,, H. (A. r-*^ A reasonable assessment. of pulse (Phaseolus mungo) much used by the natives of

MuNAFAT, H. (A. e>*aJi-«) Gain, profit. India as an article of food.

Mundphd, Hindi (il'imil) The profits of an estate, the nett Munguttige, Karn. (^X>oXb§^-7?^ from mun, former)
rent. Rent or tax on land paid in advance.

MuNAJJiM, H. (A. fiSXv) An astrologer, an astronomer. Muni, H. &c. (S. (_ji.«,

J^'T) A holy man, an inspired sage.
MuNAKiD, H. (A. JJixXo) Bound, engaged by a contract or MuNiB, H. &c. (a. C^^-^aU) a master, a principal, one who
covenant' of marriage, &c. employs an agent or representative, a constituent, the native

MuNASKHA, H. (A. is*^'^) A table of partition of inheri- superintendant of a mercantile establishment.

tance according to Mohammadan law. Munib-gumdshta, H. (P. from <tjLi,U^) A head clerk or
MuNDA, or, vernacularly, M6nd, H. &c. (Ai«, m^ The manager of a bank or mercantile establishment.
head : a head man. — Chuta Nagpur. Munibdna, H. (<>JU>1«) Fee or perquisite of a manager : a
MuNDA, S. &c. (»T?s) Shaven, shorn, as an ascetic, or, fem., redemption fee paid to the owner of a female slave, for-

a widow. merly, in Sylhet, upon her marriage to a stranger.

MuNDA, Mai. ((^6»~>g) The cloth worn round the waist by Munim, Mar. (g^ftT, corruption of munib) A factor, an
natives of both sexes in Malabar. agent, a deputy, a manager.

MuNDAKAN, Mai. (^Sv-igcfljOrb) Wet or irrigated lands. MuNiGUTTA, (?) Tel. (^X)aXbS^) Illegal collections or
MuNDAKAM, Mai. (S^ef^Sio) A rice crop sown in August exactions, forestalled rent, (if correct, it is a vernacular

and ripe in January. corruption of the A. mand «!«, forbidden).

MuNDAM, Tel. (^^O QO) A stump, a residue. MuNj, or MuNJA, S. &c.

(^, 5^) A kind of grass (Sac-
MuNDAN, H. &c. {(jt^, 5?!3^) Shaving the head, a cere- charum munja) of the fibres of which the girdle of a Brah-
mony performed on the children of both Mohammadans man should be made : it is also loosely and incorrectly
and Hindus the : latter commonly, and sometimes the former, applied to the sacrificial thread worn by the Brahman over
leave a lock of hair on the crown of the head. one shoulder, and to the ceremony of putting it on, or
355
 MUN MUR
Updnayan : the grass grows on sandy soil in the rains, and MuNTA, Tel. (SJOOW) a. grain measure containing three
is cut for making cord from its fibres. s&rs and a half.

MuNKAZi, H. (A. jj.flLv«) Past, elapsed : arrears of payment. MuNTAKHAB, H. (A. l«_«sJ^) A Selection, a compendium,

Munkazi bdki, H. (A. ^\)) The balance of revenue of pre- an abstract in general ; also an abstract of the village ac-

vious or past years, exclusive of that of the current year. counts, shewing in one view the fields situated in different

MUNKIR, H. (A. jG^) One who denies : in law, the defen- parts of the village owned or cultivated by the same in-

dant, the respondent. dividual. In the north-west provinces it is the detailed

MuNNAmAN, or MUNNAMAVAN, Mai. il^CfY^Oanb, C^GfTiO- account of the village cultivation, and is synonymous with
Qo-icab, from munna, three) A third or middle-man, a Khatauni, q. v.

surety, an arbitrator. MuPAN, written, also, Moopen, (?) Mai. A class of agrestic
MuNNILAKARAN, Mai. (c^crn\B^,&,0(Onb) The head man of slaves in Malabar.

a hamlet or village, a petty officer over a village. MiJppAN, Tam. (Qf3LJI_jdOT),Mal. (^a_jnrt)) An elder, a senior,
MUNNAMENINELLAM, Mai. (^CTno6>GlPOl6irOg_jo) A field the head man of a class or business, one who presides

of rice returning three or four-fold. over ploughmen and shepherds ; a head man among the

MuNNlRlPPA, Mai. ((^Pnolfolnj) Former balance, what was Moham madans.

in hand, Muppa-panam, Mai. (@o_ln_lSinr)o) A premium or present

MuNSHi, H. (A. ^mLc) a writer, a secretary ; applied by made to an owner or landlord by the tenant

Europeans usually to teachers or interpreters of Persian M'dppukkalavu, Tam. (^LJl_jS>S6rr6L|) Dues payable to

and Hindustani. the head man of a village : deduction from the revenue

MuNSHiD, A. (i\i£i.x«) A person who points to the place where on that account.
a thing has been lost ; applied either to the loser or the MUPPARA, Mai. (^g_10) A measure of three paras : a cer-

finder. —Mohammadan law. tain amount of tax on land.

MuNSiF, corruptly, Moonsiff, H. (A. i_a^ai«) Equitable, MtJRA, Tel. (SXJ~°0) A cubit from the elbow to the tip of

just : a decider of what is just, an arbitrator, a judge : the middle finger.

applied, under the British government, to a native civil MurI, orMuDAjMar. (>T3T) A quantity of grain ; at Bombay,
judge of the first or lowest rank, the limit of whose juris- twenty-five maunds ; in other places, twenty eight.

diction in Bengal was gradually raised from suits of the M6RA, Mar. {Mt) A concealed vent through which water

value of 50 rupees to that of 300. In Madras a similar oozes: looseness of soil.

extension of the authority of district Munnfs took place of MurIbahat, a. (c:,/^^dl^) Gaining, making a profit: in

from 100 to 1000 rupees, the head men of the villages lawi legal profit on the sale of any article.

acting as village Mumifs in suits of trifling amount. At MuRABBJ, H. (A. i^j^ A patron, a guardian, a manager,

Bombay the office of Mun^f was replaced by that of junior a director, an advocate.

native commissioner, with a limit of jurisdiction of the value MueAhik, a. (jfil^) A youth, an adolescent, one who is

of 5000 rupees ; but the title of Munsif was again resumed. nearly of years of maturity.

In some places the Mundf was an officer on the part of Murai, Tarn. ((tpOTO nj) Legality, lawfulness : turn, alter-

the Zamindar, employed to superintend the measurement native, rotation.

of the lands of a village in concert with the villagers. Murai-nir, Tam. ((LpnjaSDrjcr) Supply of water for irriga-

Ben. Reg. xxiii. 1814; ii. 1821 ; v. 1831. Act viii. 1836 ; tion in settled order or rotation.

vi. 1843 ; i. 1845. Mad. Reg. iv. vi. 1816 ; iii. 1833. MuRAMBU, Tam. ((LpCTLDLq) A salt-pan, a creek of the sea:

Bom. Reg. ii. 1827 ,- xxiv. 1836. a heap or hill of stones and gravel.

Munsif-ddr, H. (P.j^'i> who has) A Munsif or native MurAn, Mar. (gTHfl) Blighted corn ; a field of such corn.
judge (the term is a provincial pleonasm). MurAtib, H. (a. t»^|^, plur. of Martdba, iSift) Digni-
Munsif-kachhari, H. (.i^ji^) The Mundf's court or office. ties, honours.
u
Munsif-nAma, H. (P. lUli) The decree of a native judge or MuRATTAB, A. ((«_.-J;.«) Arranged, put in order ; settled, as

arbitrator, an arbitration bond. an account.

356
 MUR MUS
Muratttb, A. (<w'vy«) An arranger, a director. MtirsA, or MuWAPsi, A. {^yc, ^y^) Commanded or

MuBDA, H. (p. tiij<) Dead: a dead body. devised by will.

Mwda-fardsh, H. (^_^|^^! J^ , from P.fardsk, a sweeper) Mum-bahi, A. U> with , respect to il, the thing) A legacy,

Mwddapharas, Beng. ('Stw^tT) A man of low caste, a bequest.

who, amongst other unclean offices, is the remover of dead M'dnd-lahUjA. (<<! , with respect to him, the person) A legatee.
bodies: (the word occurs a\sQ,Murdafarosh,fcoTaV.farosh, Musi, or MuwasH, A. {^_g^y^ A testator.

who sells). Mudat, A. (Sj-oy«) A testatrix.

Murddr, H. (P.jhj^), IVfar. (jT^) Impure : a dead body :

Musi-FIB, H. (jsIm) a traveller.

in Mohammadan law, the carcase of an animal that has Musdjir khdna, H. (P. <)tili-, a house) An inn, a sardi, a

died a natural death, or has not been killed in the lawful place for the accommodation of travellers.

manner, and is therefore unfit for food. Musi-HIB, H. (a. t_^^»-l.a«) A companion, an associate,

Murddrkas, (?) Mar. A cess upon the village Mahars for an aide-de-camp.
the privilege af appropriating the skins of dead animals. MusAjjAL, H. (A. (Jesf***) Proved, authenticated by a judge.

MurddhAbhishikta, corruptly, Moohdawusikht, S. &c. MusAL, H. (S. J.MJM, 3^155) A pestle, especially a large

(•l^TfWft^) A mixed caste, or a member of it, sprung wooden pestle used for beating grain in a mortar to free

from a Brahman father and Kshatriya mother, and follow- it from the husk.
ing the profession of arms. MusIlahat, H. (a. i^La^) Compromise, reconciliation.

MuBHEN, Mar. (»1^) Mist : the hill country on the skirts of MusIli, Mai. (£ac/30a_n) A brazier, a caster or melter of

the Sahyadri range, from its being commonly in a mist. metals.

MuBi, or Mupf, Beng. (^^) Parched rice. MusammAt, MoosummAt, corruptly,MussoMAT, Mussumat,
MuRi, corruptly,Mooby, Tam. (.(\pr§\), Mai. (^ol) A leaf, H. (cnjUtuMi , from A. 1 Jw« musammd, the named) A
a written bond, a receipt, a bond given with the sale of title prefixed in Hindustan to the names of respectable
a slave; any written relinquishment of property. women in public documents and judicial proceedings.
Murypampu, (?) Tel. Relinquishment of land or property MusANDA, MusAnda, Mar. (g^ST, ^HViO A torrent ; fig.,

in favour of another. the rush of a crowd.

Murippa^iaiyam, Muri-sadanam, Tam. ((Lpn5lLJLJl_- M6sAB, (?) H. A tribe in Bahar from whom bond-slaves are

OCDl— LLJUl, (Lpn^^cB^rrsrjLQ) A promise or agreement in derived.

writing : a bill of sale of a slave. Musdr-khor, Mar. (h^IR^) A hired servant.

Muriyan, Tam. ((IpnJlLLIflOr) A slave. MushaA, a. (Ixma^) Mixed as common property, so that the

MuBi, Mai. (^cfl) A division of a village. shares cannot be distinguished.

Murikdran; Mai. (l^o)tB$)0(Or(b) A villager, one living in MushAhaba, corruptly, Mooshaira,Moshaiba,Mushaira,

a division of a village. H. (A. X;JtLik<), MusarA, MusAhibA, Mar. (j^nTT, V^ft-

MuRiD, H. (a. li^) A disciple, a scholar. f?n) Monthly or other periodical pay or allowance; settling

MiJbis, (A. i-i-fjy^ The person from whom an inheritance or hiring by the month. In Bengal, a monthly allowance

is derived, whether in the descending or ascending line. granted to revenue payers and Zamindars for collecting the

M6BAS, inheritance : an heir. revenue; also a monthly allowance paid to Zamindars from

Muris-ddli, A. i^Kc-f^jyt) A remote progenitor. the proceeds of their estates when deprived of the manage-
Mu RSHID, H. (A. Jwi^) A religious instructor, a spiritual guide. ment of them on their own behalf. Amongst the Marathas, a

MuBTADD, A. (jo;^) A renegade, an apostate, one who has money allowance from the state to the Pdtila.nA Chaughala.
seceded from the Mohammadan religion, and is conse- Mushdhara-kulkarnam, Tel. (?) An allowance granted to

quently an outlaw. the village accountant in the south of India. „

MuRTAHiNj A. {fj^j<) One who takes any thing in pledge, MUSHAKHAS, or MushakhAsi, H. &C. (A. ;,/=s^,^^as**^)
a pawnbroker, a mortgagee. Musakkas, MusAKKAsi, Beng. (^pT^, ^>l^3ft) Ascer-

Mus, Hindi (*w) Land along the high banks of rivers. tained, stipulated: applied to lands or districU for which

Puraniya. a settlement of the revenue has been made : it is also

357 4y
 MUS MUT
applied to subordinate tenures for which the holders engage Mustdbin-marmm, (from A. /»y^) A regular deed or con-

to pay a fixed rent annually upon the whole lot. tract, one executed in the proper legal forms.

Mushakhasi-jamd, H. (A. %*»-) Stipulated revenue, net Mustdbin-ghair-marsiLbm, (A. (»)*u-«ji) A partially irre-

amount of the revenue. gular deed, one deficient in some formalities, and not ad-

MuSHAHiK, H. (A. ufJjL^) A partner, an associate. mitted as legal evidence, but as intimation of the intention

Mushdrihat, H. (A. c:,^liM) Partnership. of the executer.

MusHHiF, H. (A. L_Jy(iMj) An examiner, an inspector, an Ghalr-mustahin, A contract or deed wholly irregular and
officer of the treasury who authenticates accounts and do- invalid.

cuments. MusTADAi, H. (A. j-ci\!w<) A petitioner, a suitor.

MusHRiK, H. (A. jyiMi) The east. MuSTAGHig, H. (A. C-sj«ji«i^) A complainanf, a plaintiff.

MusHRiK, H. (a. ^^jm.^ An idolater, a polytheist, one MustIjir, H. (a. ^^IjLm), Mustajari, Mustajaru, Tel.

who gives an associate to the one God, hence applied by (S^cJ^aiS , S^e^^aiOO) A farmer, a renter, one who
the Mohammadans to Christians. holds lands under a proprietor at a stipulated rate ; also a

MusHT, or MusHTi, H. &c. (^c^^^w«, ^J^mi), also Muth, farmer of revenue appointed to make the collections on
and Mutt HI, (,^, ,<«^, "^t, from the S. vfe) The fist the part of a Zamindar or proprietor, on condition of pay-

closed, a handful of any thing, a hand^s breadth, a mea- ing a fixed sum.

sure equal to four fingers. Mustdjiri, H. (,_^^ljUiw«) Renting, farming, holding in

Mushtigdr, Kam. (^^°^„ A c)0) A man of a tribe in My- farm, settlement in farm.

sore calling themselves Kshatriyas, and following agricul- MuSTAKBAL, Tel. (A. '^^0^6^i::)V) Part of the public reve-

ture, but in some respects resembling the Jettis or boxers. nue paid before it is due (the word, which ordinarily means

Muthliyd, Hindi (H^oji^in) Taking the first handful of seed future, is peculiar, in this sense, to the Northern Sirkars
to be sown. apparently) : it is said also to be used in the sense of

Muthi, H. (13^) A handfiil, a bunch. illegal exactions.

MusHTAai, H. (a. ^JUL-o) A buyer, a purchaser, a buyer MusTARAD, H. (A. iJ^Uk^) lit., Returned, restored : as a law

of land sold for arrears of revenue. term, it signifies reversing the decision of a lower court

Muslim, tl. &c. (A. (»L*fc«) A believer, applied especially to upon an appeal.

a Mohammadan: one who believes in the true faith. MustImin, A. (^jJ-«1jLj-«) lit.. One who seeks protection

Musalmdn, H. (A. jjUlw**, from Jlmj-<) A believer, a Mo- applied, in law, to a stranger and person of a different

hammadan. religion residing in a Mohammadan state under the protec-

Muslim, A. (^Immi) Advanced, paid beforehand, as the price tion of the authorities.

of an article to be subsequently delivered. MusTAUFi, corruptly, Mustofy, H. (A. ^^Lu^) Paying

Muslim-'fiM, A. (<ia, on it) The goods on which the ad- or receiving in full (a debt) : an examiner or auditor of

vance is paid. accounts : the principal officer of the department in which,

Muslim-dlehi, A. ("Uic, to him) The seller to whom the under the Mohammadan government, the accounts of ex-

advance is paid in the kind of sale called Salam, or Silim- collectors or farmers of the revenue were examined.

MussAT, also written Mussad, andMuNSAD, Mai. (g^fW) Mustaufi-gari, H. (^y^ i^Jk*)*.*) The duty of an accountant
An inferior tribe of Brahmans, or a member of it, in or auditor.

Malabar, said to be descended from those for whom Para- MuSTAYiR, A. {jXtii-m^ The borrower of a thing which he

surama recovered the province from the sea. is to return. See Ariyat.

MusTA, vernacularly, MuTHA, S. &c. (5^, J'TT) A kind of MuT, Beng. &c. C^, S. gH^) A sort of grass (Cyperus ro-
^grass with bulbous roots growing abundantly on rich cul- tundus) : a wild leguminous plant (Phaseolus aconitifolius).

tivated lands, and hard to be extirpated (Cyperus rotundus). MutAbik, H. (a. jj^ll**) In conformity, or according to.

MusTABiN, A. (jj^Jjuum) Become evident; but used as a Mutdhih-i-sanad, H. (A. iJsAm,) Agreeably to a grant or title.

technical term in Mohanimadan law in combination with MutdUh-i-tdrikh, H. (A. ^t) According to the date or aera.

other words, as MuTABANNA, H. A. Jj^iU) Adopted (as a son).

358
 MUT MUT
Mutdbannagi, H. (A. P. ,_^j.jL«) Adoption. Mutal pattika, Mai. ((^(tng-jgloSj) An account of property,

MutafabrikIt, H. (A. plur. of ^jkLc) Separate, scattered, stock, or principal.

miscellaneous : the several items of an account : separate Mutalpera, Mai. (^(W6)aJ(0) The head subordinate officer

and scattered portions of land included in a village or or peon at a police station.

estate. Mutalpitti, Mai. (qfZ5)flifc(i_n§1) The office of a treasurer.

Ill

MuTAFFlK, H. (A. JfiJUi) An accomplice, an associate. Mutdlpitti kdran,M.a\.. (^faxoto-nglidftiOranrt)) A treasurer,

MuTAHiD, corruptly, Mutahed, Muthaahed, H. (.A. J>4»«1«) a cashkeeper.

A farmer, a contractor, one who enters into an engage- Mutalik, H. (^jjtjLc) Dependent, connected with, depen-

ment for the revenue of a tract of land. dent upon : a dependant, a servant ; in Marathi (TiTlf^yoF) it

Mut&hud, H. ((>j^) An engagement or contract for the was applied, under the Peshwa's government, to the deputy

revenue of a district. of any person holding a hereditary office, acting for him
Mutdhud-ddr, H. (P. j!j) A contractor or farmer of revenue in his absence, and allowed to use his seal : the deputy or

MuTAH, H. (A. <)tKJU) A temporary marriage, according to agent of a Despdndya.

SMA law. Mutdlakd, or Mutdlaki,M.ax. (A. ^tTn^ToRT -oR't) Deputyship,

MuTi.HlL, A. (tJjSuU) A married man, a man who has a wife. the office of a deputy.

MuTAKADDiM, H. (A. aJJiju) Ancieiit, old; in Moham- Mutdlihdn, H. (plur. of s1j«!L«) Dependants, servants : in

madan law, such an interval between the commission of the Northern Sirkars, daily allowances to the families of

a crime and evidence in proof of it, as to bar the infliction public servants.

of punishment MuTA.SADDi, corruptly, Mootsuddy, Mutseddy, Mutta-

MuTAKAFFiL, corruptly, MooTECOPHiL,H. (A. (Jiil*) Becom- SEDBEE, H. (A. (_fii«flJU) A writer, a clerk.

ing surety ; also the person, a bail, a surety: said also to MUTAWALLI, corruptly, MOOTWALLEE, MoTOOWULLEE, and
signify an auditor of the accounts of the subordinate offices MuTWALLEE, H. (A. jJ^) A person appointed to the care

before sending them to the treasury. and management of a religious building and endowment.

MuTAKHigiM, H. (a. ^/fllisUj) An opponent, an adversary, a MuTAYiN, H. (j^jX»fcL«) Appointed ; a deputy, an agent.

litigant. Mutakhdsimin (A. rfw.) Plaintiff and defendant. Mutdyyana, corruptly ,ilfo<iawieA, H. (A. ijjijtx^) A station,
MuTAL, incorrectly, Mutla, Mai. (^rtnfisb) Principal, capital, a, military or militia post, one of Sibandi or provincial

stock, money, property, original estate, ancestral or landed troops.

property. MuthAn, Mar. (Jl^TJit) A gang, a band.

Mutaldlan, Mai. ((^rtnaiO^rrt) A proprietor of land or any MuTH-THA, also read Muttha, and, incorrectly, M6tah, or

other property. MooTAH,Tel.,Karn.(Sx)'^) The subdivision of a district:

Mutaldli, Mai. (^(Wfi-ID^) A proprietor, a capitalist, a in the Northern Sirkars, a large estate, including several

principal merchant. villages, and corresponding with a Zamindari in Hindustan.

Mutalavahdsam, Mai. (^rtneJaJc*613C/3o) Inheritance, Mutlithaddr, commonly, Mootahddr, corruptly, Motahddi;

right to property. Mutteeddr, Tel. ("^^, P. jb) The holder of a Muththa,

J/w<flZai?aft<i«,Mal.(^(WajQJd9eOC/3l) An heir, an heiress. a landholder, a Zamindar : it is said to be sometimes ap-

Mutalchilava, Mai. (q,f5)fllbxi_naiaj) Receipts and dis- plied to the Pdtil, or head man of a village.

bursements. Muththaddri, Muthaddri, or Mootahddri, Tel. The te-

Mutale-dwppa, Mai. (^(Bi6ia_l§aJ) Revenue, income, profit. nure or office of a Muthaddr.

Mutalhdryyam, Mai. (c^fBifljbAOCQjo) Property in money, Muththawdri, Mutthawdri, or Mootarvdri, Tel. Settle-
*

jewels, &c. ment of revenue, or assessment hy Mutthds, or subdivisions

Mutalpalisa, Mai. ('?|«5'fljbo_l£nc/a) Principal and interest. of a district.

Mutalpatta, Mai. (^f5)g_JOO) Office of head man of the Mutla K, H. (A. Jfiix*) Absolute, principal.

low caste termed Chagon. Mutlak-vakil, or, more correctly, Vakil-i-mutlafc, H. (A.

MutalpattaMranMal (qnna-JOOc6ffl(0n(t)) Theheadman Jj/j) An agent furnished with full and absolute powers.

of the Chagon tribe. Mutlak-vakdlat-ndma, H. (A. P. *^ilJc;^H^j) A full power ^

359
 MUT NAD
a document conveying absolute authority to an agent or MuzAKKi, A. (^yj-*) In law, a purgator of witnesses, one
representative. who testifies the credibility or competency of a witness.

MuTRi, MooTRT, MooTEHEE, (?) H. The designation of a MuzARABAT, A. {hLovj Aco-partnership of stock and labour,

tenure in the Benares district by which a tenant held dif- where one party finds capital, the other management, and
ferent kinds of land, and cultivated various crops at one the profits are divided between them.

fixed rate of money rent to the Zamindar. Muzdrib, A. (L_^ta«) A factor, a manager, the partner that

MuTTAiDE, Karn. (^^5.0?)) ^ woman whose husband is conducts the business as his share of the principal.

living. MuzHiH, H. {A.j^oc) A claimant, a prosecutor.

MuTTAJJA, Karn. (^^5j,§) A great grandfather. Muzhir-alehi, H. (A. KmL^o^ A defendant, one com-
Muttajji, Karn. A great grandmother. plained against.

MUTTIRACHAVADU, orMuTTIRAjU,Tel. (^X)Q T^xSi^J^tkl) Myal, Mai. (Q|3{0d) Land on which rice plants are sown
A caste, or an individual belonging to it: one of the Te- thickly for the purpose of transplanting : land watered

lugu subdivisions of the Sudras. by rain.

w
Mutt A sit, H. (A. (J-aU) Contiguous, adjacent, bounding
(as fields or villages). N.

MuTTUWALi, Karn. (^^aWJa^) Cost, expense. NAbAligh, H. (p. L) , not ; A. j)U , mature) An infant, a

MuTUMHjlT,Beng. (y»M^I«) A short cubit, one measured with minor.

the fist closed. Nabdlighi, H. (^-^UU) Minority, nonage.

w
MuwAJJAL, corruptly, Muwazil, H. (A. J^j^) Deferred, NAbtJd, H. (p. U, not, d%>, was) Non-existence: in Bengal,

as payment, applied to a dower, payment of which is de- a head of account under which remissions of revenue were

ferred till after marriage : the opposite of Muajjil, q. v. formerly registered.

MuwAKKAL, H. (A. iXj-o) A guardian, a trustee. Muwak- NabIra, H. (p. ijiM) A grandson, a son's son.

KIL, A constituent, one who appoints a deputy or repre- Ndbiri, H. (P. (_f,J«f)) A granddaughter.

sentative.
w
Nach, H. (^^, from S. tfTPT ndtya, dancing) Dance, dancing,

MuwAKKAT, A. (c:*Jj.«) Fixed to a stipulated or certain time. acting.

MuWALLAD, H. (A. liiyc) lit, Begotten : applied in Hin- Nachchi-kottu, Tel. (^"^^|4^) The drug Cocculus In-
dustan to an Arab born in the country, whether of whole dicus, also read Nanji-kottu.

or half blood. Nachchu, Tel. (rOiJO) Waste land overrun with knot

MuwizAT, A. (d.***|j-e) A sale by which loss is incurred. grass.

MuwAZZAF, H. (A. i—M>ye) Fixed, limited, allowed : a fixed NAcHNA, or NAcHNi, or, as commonly written, Nachenny,
pay or pension: as a revenue term it means the rent or NATCHENNY,NATCHENNEE,NATCHENy,&C.Mar.(tTr^J!n,
revenue assessed at a fixed rate on a certain quantity of land. •il*^*!)^). NACHCHiNi,Tam.(r5<S'i^(3tJf1) A name ordinarily
Mumazzafa-rdtiba, H. (A. ^Ij, a salary) A fixed salary, given by Europeans to the Eleusine corocana, or Cynosu-

pension, or contribution ; fixed imposts collected by the go- rus corocanus, which is extensively cultivated for its grain,

vernment at stated periods. in the south of India chiefly, although not unknown in

MuYDHONDA, Mar. ('RTIvfer) A stone fixed to mark the Bengal : the plant is not known in general by this name,

boundary of a village. which seems to have originated with Rumphius, who, speak-

MuzABANAT, A. Qm}j«) Sale of corn or fruit, &c. without ing of the introduction of its seeds from Ceylon into Ara-

weight or measure, as it stands in the field or hangs on boyna, calls it Naatsjoni, pronounced, he says, in India,

the tree, or the like : considered illegal. Naachani: the Hindustani name is Magi, vvUgaTly, Maggy:

MuzAHAHAT, A. (|^lla«) A formula of divorce, in which a it is called Chollu in Telugu, and, according to Van
man declares his wife indifferent to him. See Zihar. Rheede, Jettipulugu in Tam.

MuzAHiM, H. (A. (»*-2r«) Hindering, obstructing, a hindrance. Nada, vernacularly, Nad, or NuD, S. &c. (Jo ,
7f^) A river,
Mnzdhim-ddr, H. (P. .lo , who has) One whose rights or one of which the personification is male, as the Sindhu,

possessions are incidentally encroached upon. or Indus.

360
 NAD NAF
Nadam, Tarn., Mai. (S. tTSlL, OOQo) A river, one flowing Nadi, or Nari, Beng. (^T^) A caste, or individual of it,

from east to west. who make ornaments of Idh for Mohammadan women.
Nadi, corruptly, Nuddy, S. &c. ii^i^, "H^) A river, one Nadichil, Mai. (msl.ajlt3fc) Transplanting, a young plant
of wrhicli the personation is female, as GangS,, or the to be transplanted.

Ganges : in the south of India it implies also a river run- Nadila, Mai. (ooslai) Planting, transplanting.
ning from west to east. Nadiga, Karn. (-^?SA) A petty chief
Nadi-mdtrulia-pdlamu, Tel.('<^£)^^7^«^|)^S^e^^) A Nadige, Karn. (rOQ"7\) A leasehold tenure, under which
field that is irrigated' from a river adjacent. half the gross produce is the landlord's share.

iVflSf^anlrKarJjTam.dTSrtljeurfl) A tax levied in the dry Nadu, commonly, Nad, corruptly, Naad, Naud, or Naur,
districts of Trichinapali on lands watered by channels from Karn., Tel. (t^JcJaj) A province, a district, a division of a

rivers or water-courses. country ; a country, a kingdom. (The word occurs also

Nadabhavi, Karn. (.-OCi?p e)t>) A well with steps. in Tamil and Malayalam written with the ceberal t, though
Nada, Beng. (TtTf) Dung of sheep or goats, a pellet of dung. pronounced vernacularly Ndd, and Nddu : in their deri-

NadAj or NarAj Mar. ('^TT) A cord, a rope, especially the vatives, however, the t, single or doubled, is retained. See,

rope of a draw-well, drag-rope of carts, &c. : a coloured therefore, Ndtu, Ndt, &c.
and twisted band worn at the Muharram, by Mohamma- Nddina, Earn. (r3c)QrO) Of or belonging to a country.

dans, round their wrists ; the tie of trowsers or petticoats, Nddina-marydde,Ka.m.(s^'^'^^'0~^^) Custom of the

the rope or pole of rope-dancers, &c. country.

Nddehahurupi, Mar. (wiiN^feM't) A rope or pole-dancer. Nddugauda,coxra.-^\iy,Natgawd,'Kaxa. (J^^SK^Qi) The

Nadali, H. (jJolJ) A stone inscribed with words from the head man of a district, like the Desmvkh.
Kuran, and hung as a preserving amulet routid children's ]Sfddu-sdndbhoga,Ka.Tii.(i^^^^^<^^^^) The account-
necks. ant of a district.

Nadani, or Nadni, Mar. ('^Jlft') Clearing a field of grass Nddu-talavdru, Karn. (rvJSaoSeJcO dOO) The assistant of

or weeds. the head of a district.

Nadae, H. &c. (P.^bU), Mar. (vTI^t), Tel. {^^'^^) Nafa,H. (a. jAJ), Napha, Mar. ("tTOT) Gain, profit, advantage.

Having nothing, indigent, bankrupt, insolvent. Nafa-nuhsdn, H. (A. ^jLaiij ^aj) Profit and loss.

Ndddri, H. &c. (i_S;It)U) Poverty, insolvency. • Nafaka, or Nafka, H. &c. (<lcaaJ) Necessary means of sub-

Ndddr-mundsih, Karn. (from A. L; awIJu , fit or proper) An sistence, supply of food, clothes, and lodging, which, in

item of remission of revenue in Mysore, on account of the law, is obligatory upon certain relations, or the support of a

poverty of the cultivators. wife by her husband, of a child by its parent, of a needy pa-

NAdavar, Karn. (oTSQcO do) An agricultural hill tribe, rent by its child, and of relatives and dependants in general.

who pretend to be pure Sudras. —Mysore. Nafi,, less correctly, NuFiL, H. (A. Jii) Any voluntary

Naeavarava, Mai. (onscurooJ, irom nada,2i temple) The religions act, one not enjoined by the law.
income of a religious establishment. Nafk, H. (A.^), Napharu, Tel. (i<5qj6o), Napar, Tam.
Nadava-sanadu, Tel. (i^TS'OSoJr^.OtOcSo) A release, a dis- (rjl—ICr) A man, an individual, a person; also,inMar. (rfl^O

charge in full, an acquittance from all demands (from A. c«l J). A low menial servant, a groom ; and a term used in count-

Nadavu, Tam. (r^l— 6)-|) Planting, transplanting. ing camels, as, Tint naphar ddhd, ten head of camels: in the
Nadavunafferdlai, Tam. (r^l— Sl-irjl— <oL_rTrT390) An ac- west of Bengal, a slave who, and his offspring, are slaves

count particulars of transplanting. for ever, and are transferable and saleable. In Puraniya,
Nadavu-payir, Tam. (r^i—Q^UUlijlu) Corn in the field the Nafar is usually a domestic slave, but it also some-
newly transplanted. times denotes an agricultural one.

Nada-ulugu, corruptly, Nada-moolungor, Tam. (?) Annual Napfiargatigd, Tel. (rC5qOc5XS-7r°) Individually,man by man.

account of the cultivation. Napharugati-phaisald, Tel. (rC5qJ&X^^aX)6er^) Settle-

Naddaf, H. (A. u_jlo«i) A cotton cleaner. ment of the revenue with individual cultivators : a Ryotwari
Nadh, Thug. A village. assessment.

361 4z
 NAP NAI
Nwpharjaminu, Tel., Napar-jdmin, Tain, (from A. ^j^Li) Nagar-haul, (?) Tel. Plough tenure, land held at an as-
A security for a person, bail or surety for appearance. See sessment per plough, usually for three or four years, for dry

Sdzirzdmm. grain cultivation only. —Northern Sirkars.

Nafi, A. ((_ji!) lit.. Prohibiting, rejecting : in law, the for- NIgaba, Kam. (rTOAO) A snake, a cobra capella.

mal denial of his paternity to a child bom of his wife by Ndgarachavuti, or chauti, Kam. ('^roXoa^'^Sj.^^g)
a husband : rejection or abandonment of a child. The fourth lunar day of the ninth Hindu month, when the

Nafs-ul-h1l, H. (from the A. fj^M , the soul) The essence king of the snake gods, Sesha, or Vdsuki, is worshipped.
or pith of an affair, the real merits of a case. Ndgavalli, corruptly, Nagole, Tel., Karn. (oTOX^S^) The
Nag, or NuG, (?) Mar. A measure of weight for cotton =8 betel-vine, also the leaf, which, with the areka nut and

maunds of 241b. each, or two and a half to a khandi other things rolled up in it, is presented to guests on their

of 4801b. arrival and departure hence it has come

: to mean beginning
Naga, vernacularly, Nag, S. &c. (S. idJJ , ^Ut) A snake, a and termination : it is also applied, in the south of India,

serpent deity, or a class of snake gods inhabiting Patala, to the concluding ceremony of a marriage, which usually
the regions under the earth. takes place on the fifth day, when presents of betel and other

Ndgpanchami, S. &c. (Tlinil^'l'}) The fifth lunar day of articles are interchanged between the new-married couple

the month Srdvana (July-August), in which the Ndgas and their relatives and friends, and the guests are dismissed.

or serpent deities are worshipped : in the south of India Nagauea, H. (Ij^U) a large and handsome breed of homed
offerings are made to snakes, milk, grain, and other articles cattle, native in Guzerat.

being taken to the holes in which they live. Naghoei, Guz. ('^llUl^d) A tribe of Mohammadans in

NIgI, H. &c. (ISlJ) A class of Hindu mendicants who go Guzerat, usually employed in driving carts and keeping cattle.

naked and carry arms, and who form sometimes mercenary Naghu, Thug. A body of soldiers.

bands in the service of Indian princes : a name given to Nagsant, H. &c. ("H^^TT) The head and hood of a snake,

various barbarous tribes inhabiting the hills along the the crest and signature of the Raja of Chota Nagpur.
southern borders of Asam. South-west frontier.

Nagala, Kam. (r^JdXyj A. measure of grain equal to four Nagu, Tel. (c5^Xd) Interest paid in grain on account of

marakdls, q. v. grain lent.

Nagali, Tel. (f^XS) A plough. Nahak, H. (a. Jf*-tJ) Improperly, unjustly, wrong, untrue.

Ndgalikarru, TeL (rC^Xl)^^) A ploughshare. NAHAKjUriya (fll^ilO) A Ndlk, see Ndyak a schoolmaster. :

Nagan, (?) Mar. A contribution from the most opulent in- Nahia, H. (a. <IU»-u) a tract, a territory, a quarter, a coast
habitants of a town or village to defray any heavy exaction Nahe, H. &c. {a. j4) a stream, a water-course, a river.
either of the state or an enemy. Naib, H. &c. (a. C^jL)) a deputy, a representative, a lieu-
Nagae, Nugue, corruptly, NugGuh, H. &c. (^ , S.Nagara tenant, a viceroy, a sub- or deputy-collector.

•PT^ A town, a city : in compounds it is also sometimes Ndib-dwodn,\i. {,h..^Ji%>S) The deputy treasurer or accountant.
changed barbarously to Nagore, as Vardha-nagar be- Ndib-kdzi, H. (A. ^IS) The deputy of the Kazi.

comes Barnagore. Ndib-kdnungo, H. &c. The deputy of the village or dis-

Ndgara, vernacularly, Ndgar, S. &c. {p6 , t^TTR) Relating trict accountant and registrar.

or belonging to, or originating with, a town ; hence a dis- Ndib-ndzim, H. (A. *liLi («-^jU) A deputy governor and

solute or knavish person, one town bred : it is the name, administrator of justice : an officer nominally under the

also, of a tribe of Guzerati Brahmans. Nawab of Bengal, but appointed by the British authority

Ndgari, H. &c. (fem. of Ndgara) Relating to a town or to superintend the administration of criminal justice : the

city ; applied especially to the alphabet of the Sanskrit plan was adopted in 1755, but the office was abolished, and

language, and its modifications in Hindi, Marathi, &c., courts of circuit were substituted in 1790,

sometimes with i)e«a!-divine prefixed, as, DkvandgaA, Ndib-suhahddr, H. The deputy governor of the Subah or
Ndgar,(?)tl- A large heavy plough. — Bundelkhand. (?Ndn- province.

gar, for Ldngal, S. a plough). Nawdh, corruptly, Nurcauh, and Nabob, H. &c. (A, <—'|ji,
362
 NAI NAK
plur. of Ndih, but used honorifically in the singular) A Ndheddr, Mar., Guz. (tTl=(i<lO A receiver of customs or

viceroy or governor of a province under the Moghul go- transit duties, a toll-gatherer.

vernment, whence it became a mere title of any man of Naka, or Nakari, Thug. Sneezing, a bad omen at setting

high rank, upon whom it was conferred without any office out.

being attached to it. Nakara, H. (A. ^(ii) A kettle-drum, the use of which was

Nidbat, H. (A. c>^U>) Deputyship, vicegerency : the office restricted to persons of high rank, as a mark of state.

of a Ndib, or Nawdh. Nakdrakhand, corruptly, Ndhharconnah, H. (P. <ioli-, a

Naikan, (?) A class of slaves In Karnata. house) The chamber where the state drums were struck
NIjai, H. (p. (_sU-li) Deficiency in produce, a tax formerly from time to time, usually an open alcove over the main

assessed in Bengal upon the cultivators present, to make up entrance or gateway.

for any deficiency arising from the death or disappearance Nakar, Mar. (^oKTT;) Refusing, disallowing: rejection of a draft

of their neighbours. or bill, or a writing on the face of it intimating its rejection.

Najdi-tddhud, H. (P. A. Jo-Ut^U-U) An extra cess or Nakdrdi, Mar. (»To|iKT^) The forfeit or money paid upon
Mahtot, formerly levied from the Zamindars in Bengal a bill that has been dishonoured.

on the plea of providing against prospective deficiencies Nakara, or Nakari, H. &c. {ij^^, t/^l^U, »IToRTT:t, 'inirR'i')

in the revenue by some of them, or of the farmers failing NakAra, Karn. (oJc)D~c)0^ Incompetent, unfit, disquali-

to fulfil their engagements. fied, useless, worthless.

Ndjdil Aawa,Uriya(ff|Si|QC5,^S^|) Irrecoverable (as arrears). Nakari, NakAhia, Guz. ("l^^d, "l^i^d^l) Free from tax, ,

NajIiz, H. (A.JjU-U) Illegal, informal, unauthentic, not land, &c. (from the S. kara, tax).

current. Nakb, corruptly, NuccuB, H. (A. L_-%iii) An excavation, a

Najib, H. (a. l«_«W) Noble, either by birth or conduct, breach : breaking or digging through a wall.
bnt the term was applied to a body of irregular infantry Nahhzan, H. (P. yj, who strikes) A burglar.

under the native government; some corps were retained Nakbzani, corruptly, Nuccubzanie, H. (P. ^\, striking)

chiefly as a kind of militia, under the British government, Burglary, breaking, or rather digging through a wall,
for a time, but the designation appears to have become the native houses being very generally constructed of

obsolete. sun-dried clay or unburnt bricks, and therefore easily

Najjar, H. A. (;W) A carpenter. perforated.

Najkari, Beng. (iTte^tSt) Grain crop or cultivation, as Nakd, Nuqd, corruptly, Nuckd, H. &c. (A. liw), in the
distinguished from garden cultivation (probably a verna- dialects the k is commonly changed to g, and a penultimate
cular corruption of H. andj _U1 ,
grain). vowel inserted, as Nagad, or Nugud, Beng. (^'fr), Mar.
Najm, H. (a. Jts') A star, a constellation : astrology : a (^n^), NAGADU,Tel. and Karn. (rC5X6j)^ Nagada, Uriya
horoscope. (5ii?|Q). In Mar. it also occurs, in composition at least,

Najumi, H. (A. ^j*ys') An astrologer. as Nakta, and Nakti. Cash, money, ready money : it

Najsh, a. ((^ac*) Bidding for articles on sale without in- sometimes applies to all personal property except goods

tending to purchase them, for the sake of enhancing their and chattels : in Bengal it implies prompt, ready, as

price, held to be illegal. money, &c.

Naka, H. (l^U), Naka, or NAKEN,Mar. (in^, ^), Nake, Nakdi, Nagdi, Nakadi, or Nogadi, corruptly, Nuckdy,
Guz. (<*ll%) The extremity of a road, also a point where Nvgdee, Nekdy,ll. &c. (^jiiJij, •I'^,vi7t5f))Paid,or to be
two roads meet ; hence the site of a toll or custom station, paid, in cash or ready money ; applied especially to the

where transit duties or customs are levied; also, some- land revenue which is paid in money, in contradistinction

times, the duties or customs so levied : it is sometimes to that which is paid in kind. In Bengal, Nagadi (JITt^)

applied to a subordinate police-station. is applied also to cash, ready money ; and in Malayalim,
Ndkdbandi, H. (j^jij&li) Collections on account of land according to Mr. Graeme, Nigadi (OOlCOonl) denotes the
customs and transit duties ; also, shutting up a road. money revenue payable to the Mohammadan government
Ndkebandi, Mar., ('qt^^^'^) Shutting up a road or avenue. of Mysore.

363
 NAK NAK
Nagadibab, Mar. (»i*i^'Wtw) The heading under which approach, and repeats his > titles ; a kind of herald or
items of revenue payable in money were entered in the chamberlain.

Maratha accounts. Nakird, Mar. (P. HTcifil), Nakhirudu, Tel. (c3-°SO&(X3)

Nakdi-chhitthd, H. (lfUJ-:s-) Cash receipt. Lying waste or fallow (land).

iVVgracii-cM^iMjMal. (oolooraTliiJl^) A document given by Ndkirdsdr, Mar. (tflW^tWT!) Land incapable of cultivation-
a collector to each payer of revenue, stating the amount Nakis, H. (a. ijta\j), Nakas, Hindi («1loh^) Defective,

of cash demandable. —Mysore. deficient : as applied to land, it is said to signify either

Nahdi-faisalat, H. (A. AajS) Settlement of cash balances. land in which wells cannot be sunk without masonry, or

Nakdi-gumdshta, H. {ijJiXjS) A cash-keeper. that which is fit for the cultivation of Bajra : it is also

Nakdi-jinsi, H. (A. j^wia-, sort, kind) Money rent, cal- applied to land that is unproductive and not worth cul-

culated on the value of the produce. tivating.

Nagadi-UkM, Tel. (<<5Xb~0-^) A cash account. NAKKAPANDUGA,Tel. ('^J^o^OOJA) A ceremony performed

Nahdi-mazhur&t^.i^-^^i^'^ uf'^) Miscellaneous items at the salt-pans before the salt is brought from them.
in the revenue accounts allowed for and settled in money. Northern Sirkars.

Nagad-mdl, Mar. (^T^TI^) Ready property, money, or NaKl, Nuql, vernacularly, Nakal, or Nuqul, corruptly,

effects easily convertible into cash, as jewels, &c. ; also, Naccal, H. &c. ((Jjl) , tToirQS) A copy, a transcript, any

the prime or chosen portion of any thing. recorded written document, a register.

Nagad-vihri, Mar. (S.'^iT^^^, from S. f^'^W, sale) Ready- Nahl-i-pattd, or -pattdjdf, H. (from lit , a lease) A record

money sale. or register of leases or revenue engagements : an account

N^agadu-risidi, Karn. (Eng., receipt) An account of receipts kept by the village accountant, giving, under the name of
in ready money. each cultivator, an abstract of his tenure, shewing the ex-

Nagadirsirastd, Mar. ("in^ f^IT^ar, from P. HJmjm) A tent of his farm and amount of revenue, and the name,

general term for various money cesses imposed by the measurement, assessment, and revenue, of each field.

Maratha government. NakldjNuqla, corruptly, Nugld, H. (A.Uaj) A smaller village

Nigadi^shistam, Mai: (03l<£cio, S. f^#, left) A cash ba- dependent upon a larger, or upon an estate, forming a sub-

lance after payment of the government revenue, payable ordinate part of it : (included in the register, or Nakl).

to the proprietor by the tenant or occupier, either under Ndkil, H. (A. (JiL!) A reporter, a registrar.

lease or mortgage. Naksha, or Nakasha, H. &c. (A. doiU, tjoh^ll) A picture,

Nigadi-vittu, Mai. (dJltTTTrj, seed) Money assessment ac- a plan, a map, a general description, an official report.

cording to the value of the seed required for a field or an Naksha-intikdli, H. (A. (_jIlilAil) A deed of conveyance or

estate. transfer of landed property.

Nakd-o-jins, H. (i«JL>-jiJjl)) Money and goods. 'Naksha-i-khervat, H. The draft or transcript of the village

Nahtabab, or Nahtibab, Mar. (>i3iti=f, •T^fN'R') Taxes in register.

money, not in kind. Nahsha-juz-o-kul, H. (^_^^5^<UJJ) Detail of particulars,

Nakhkhas, vernacularly, NakAs, incorrectly, NiKAS, cor- small or great : a report drawn up by the native collector

ruptly, Nuhk as, N0KKAS,Neckas,Nekkas, or Nek A uss, or surveyor, furnishing details of cultivation, the condition

H. (a. ijJjs^) a daily fair or market for slaves and for of the cultivators, the quality of the lands, the mode of

horses and cattle : the sale of living things : a tax for- management, &c., so as to form a guide to the assessment.

merly levied in Bengal, and still in some of the native Naksha-tabdili, H. (A. Jj.'V^, change) Record of transfer

states, upon the sale of horses and cattle. of shares in landed property.

Nakhl-band, H. (from A. {^^ , a young tree) A gardener, Kisht-war-nahsha, H. (A. <::^JiJ, a field) A settlement map,
a maker of artificial flowers. a plan of fields according as they are assessed.

NakhudI, corruptly, Nakouda, Nacodah, H. (P. \SsJS) Naksh-bandiA, H. (LiijJxiiJij) A Mohammadan religious men-

The captain or commander of a ship. dicant, characterised by carrying a lighted lamp in one hand

NAKfB, H. (A, Io^aJu) a servant who announces his master's and going about singing verses in honour of the Prophet,

364
 NAK NAM
&c. : they derive their institution and name from Khaja of a town or district to defray the cost of keeping aqueducts

Baha-ud-din, of Ndkshband. in repair.

NaKshatra, S. («T'8?^) An asterism or collection of stars, NIlaik, H. (p. J^'P^) Unfit, unworthy, improper : as applied

which are classed in twenty-eight divisions, and serve to to land, barren, unproductive, incapable of cultivation.

mark the moon's course through the ecliptic, hence called Nalgoru.Nalkukobu, Karn. (i^ra^5& ,J3-S W&^5&,
a lunar mansion : any constellation. from ndlhu ^^^t^, four) Four shares ; land which, having
Nal, Nul, or Nala, Nulu, H. &c. (S. JJ, t\^) A rod, a been untilled, is let to farmers on agreement that govern-

_ bambu, a reed, a measuring rod : as a standard of measure ment shall have one share of the produce and the cultiva-
it consisted of three IlaM-'jaz or yards of Akbar, but the tors three.

length varied in practice from 7'3 to 9 feet ; a larger rod Nali, Nari, or Nazhi, Tam. (r^rrj^) A measure of capa-
was also in use varying from 26 to 33 feet ; and another city, a fadi, or one-eighth of a marahdl, about 3 lbs. 6 oz.

was known in Bengal of 400 cubits. Nali, H. &c. (S. ^llJ , tTIoSt) A tube, a pipe, a hollow reed

Naliyd, Beng. (hm*)!) A bird-catcher : one who catches or bambu, a drill pipe, a channel, a drain : in Kamaon,
birds with limed rods. a measure of space, half a liisi ; also a measure of grain,
Nal, H. (a. (Jjo) A horse-shoe. twenty of which, of seed, are the contents of a sheep saddle-
Nalhand, H. (jJjijti) A farrier. bag, and should be sown in a bisi of land.

Ndlbandi, H. (,i_gSlAx>) Farriery : horse-shoe money : under Nalish, H. (P. ^J;iIU), Nalist, or Nalisti, Mar. (HTfcTST,
the Mohammadan government, a contribution exacted from -^) Complaint, statement of wrong and prayer of redress,

petty princes or the peasantry, on the plea of keeping up plaint, accusation (in a court of law).

the cavalry of the state, or as the price of preventing the Ndlish-ghair-sarsari, or Ndlish-numheri, H. (from P.

horsemen from devastating the country, but which was i^jMjm summary,, as a suit, or the Eng. word number ')
converted into a small permanent tribute : among the Ma- A regular suit at law, one in which the plaint has been

rathas, the equipment of cavalry for the field, or an ad- duly preferred and recorded according to its number.
vance to a troop when enlisted or sent on service. Ndlishi, H. (P. -AJU) a complainant, a plaintiff.

Ndlddbd, Mar. (rfl^f^) A set of horse-shoes (four) : a Nalishi-drzi, H. (from A. .^^/^ A plaint, the represen-

claim of the state or public officers to a set of horse-shoes, tation of the complainant.

annually, from the village blacksmith, or the money- value Nalki, H. ((jiJiJ) An open litter or palankin used by per-

instead. sons of rank.

Ndlsdhih, H. (c^ss-ta J.*J) A man who runs as fast as he Nallabhumi, Tel. (rC5y^^5a-^SD) Black soil.

can, carrying an artificial representation of a horse-shoe Nalugu, Tel. (c5^yoXb) Staining the hands and feet of the

as typical of the horse of Hasain at the festival of the bride and bridegroom yellow, part of the marriage cere-

Muharram. mony in the Dakhin : rubbing the body with the flour of
Nal, (?) Hindi. A gang or body of the freebooters in Bun- certain grains to cleanse the skin.

delkhand known as Sanorias, or Uthdigirs. Nalva, Karn., Mai. (f^^^) A furlong, a distance measured

Nal, H. &c. (JlJ), Nala, Mar. (tRg) A tube, a pipe, a by 440 cubits.
hollow reed or cane. Nama, also, vernacularly, Naon, Nano. H. (j^^li ,
yli), and
Nala, S. Ac.^'^) The 50th year of the Hindu cycle. Nao, or Nao, Mar. (tTT^). vernacularly, Nam, H. &c.
Nala, or Nala, corruptly, Nullah, H. &c. (ilti , (SS'J, JIII^t) (|»lj , ^Tfl) Name, a name, reputation ; also, in Karnataka,
NALU,NALUvi, Karn.(^TOeW, 5T3e;o^) a water-course, a sectional mark of three perpendicular lines, of which the
a channel or guUey cut in the soil by rain, down which, centre is red, the other two white, made on the forehead

in the rainy season, rushes a considerable body of water by the worshippers of Vishnu : also the white clay used

a rivulet, a creek, a drain, a ravine. for the purpose.

Ndldhandi, Uriya (fflRIQQ) An aqueduct for salt water. Ndmddr, H. (P. iljwil)) Famous, renowned.
Nala, Mar. (jISB) An aqueduct, a conduit pipe. Ndmdvali, Beng. (S. iTt^Tf^^) A kind of cloth, or a scarf or
Nalapafti or Nalfatti, Mar. (r|g5Tj^) A tax on the people belt stamped with the names of a deity, worn by the Hindus.

365 5 a
 NAM NAM
Namaddri, Tarn. (rerTLDSrrrfl) A vaishnava, one wear- N amak-mahdl, H. (JW«uiA^) The salt revenue as a

ing the sectarial marks. separate head of revenue.

Namharan, or Namaharana, H. &c. (S. jji.dUj fTTl«lit^) Namak-, or Nimak-sdr, H. {j\mCaJ ) Salt-revenue, a salt-

Giving a name to a new-born child with appropriate cere- pit, saline.

monies ; one of the initiating rites or Sanskdras of the Nimah-parwarda, H. (P. idjtj^, cherished) A favourite

Hindus. and confidential servant.

Ndmahirttana, S. &c. («ii«i«i>^^T) Repeating the names of NamaskIk, S. &c. (rJU'^ohli;) Reverential salutation, espe-

a divinity as an exercise of devotion : in Bengal, also, the cially to an idol or a Brahman.

insertion of a name in a legal document or deed. Namaz, H. (a. jUJ), vernacularly, Namaj (tTTHrT) Prayer,

Ndmibarda, H. (P. !!i\x<lj) Named, mentioned, aforesaid. especially that prescribed by law to be recited five times

NAonisdn, Mar. (in^»r^'!l) Name and particulars (as a day.

country, residence, occupation, &c.). Namdg-gdh, H. (from P. Jsli, a place) A place of prayer,

iVaow«4, -Mar. (•Tl^f'l^ft) A roll or list of names, also a the part of a mosque where the prayers are read, or a

single name borne upon it. temporary building or platform for the same purpose.

Ndonisiwdr, Mar. (rn^frf^ft^T!) Name by name according Namdz-i-jandza, H. (A. x ;U»- , a bier) Funeral service of

to the roll. the Mohammadans.

Ndoras, Mar. («n^?l) The name given to a child with NAMBi,NAMBi¥AN,Tam. (r5iLi_JI, rjiliJlLurtdnrXNAMBi,
reference to its ^horoscope. or Nambadi, Mai. (cOCYljl , fr)rn_isl), Nambiyava,
Nama, Namu, written, Namah, Nambh, in the Hindu dia- Karn. (rO0£3CXX)S) The title of a caste, or member of it,

lects most usually Nama, &c., H. &c. (P. X«l), qun) A an inferior class of Brahmans, said to be sprung from a

writing, a written document, a deed : its particular appro- Kshatriya mother and Brahman father, and usually offici-

priation is indicated by the word with which it is con- ating as priest in Vaishnava temples in the south of India.

nected, and which usually precedes it ; as, Ikrar-ndma, Nambudiri, commonly pronounced, and written, Namburi.
a deed of agreement ; Mdzi-ndma, a deed of assent Tak- ; or Namboori, Mai. (oocryonlrol), Namburi, Tam.
sim-ndma, a deed of partition ; Tamlik-ndma, acknow- (trilil-LCfl) A Brahman of the highest order in Malabar,

ledgement of ownership or property, &c. : or the terms may also the name of the caste or tribe.

be transposed with the sign of connexion ; as, Ndma-i- Nambu-vetuvar, (?) A class of slaves in Karuata.

ikrdr, Ndma-i-tahsim, but in Hindustani this is less usual. Nambyara, Mai. (COcryjoro) A tribe ofNayars, or Nairs,

Namak, or NiMAK, corruptly, Nemuk,Nimuck,Neemuck, in Malabar, also a member of it.

H. &c. (p. CX«J), in other dialects the form is Nimak Namuchio, Guz. (^f^Ml^L) A man without mustaches,

only, as Beng. (f^^), Mar. (fq»rai) Salt. a beardless man, a term of reviling.

Namah.-, or Nimak-chashi, H. (P. ^_^*^ , tasting) Feed- NamudIr, H. {V.jWy*^ , from namudan, to show) A sample,

in'^ a child for the first time when about six or seven a specimen.

months old, on which occasion various ceremonies are ob- Namuddr, or ddri, H. (i_j^ltV*i) Payment made by a cul-

served also the interchange of trays of sweetmeats between, tivator upon his being exempted from actual measurement,

the families of the bride and bridegroom at the time of- settling his assessment by samples of the crop (?).

betrothment. Namuder-besi, Beng. (•)v)(;iTfl6<l"'ft) Increase of the rate

Namak-, or Nimak-haldl, H. (JL-tfXw) Faithful, loyal. entered on the vouchers exhibited (from P. Oy*i , showing).

Namak-, or Nimak-hardm, H. ( As-lLX/w) Faithless, dis- Namuder-kami, Beng. (•<>i4ixa<<!'5t) Deficiency, or diminu-

loyal, treacherous. tion of the exhibit rate. See the preceding. '

Namaki, or Nimaki, H. (^J-*^i)

Saline, salt: applied in Namuna, Numoona, H. &c. (ij^ , 'JJU'^t), Namund, or

Orissa to land overflowed by the tide, and where salt is Namond, Mar. (•TIHT, I'fttTT) A sample, a specimen, a

manufactured. pattern.

Nimak-daldli, H. (P. JDJ, a broker) A tax formerly levied Namusudra, corruptly, Numoosoodr, (?) Beng. A low

in Bengal on salt-brokers or vendors. caste, or an individual of it, a Chanddla.

366
 NAN NAN
NanIi H. (liU) A maternal grandfather. Ndndi-muhha, or Ndndi-srdddka, S. &c. (tTT<^1^: , -^TTirO

Ndni, H. (ti'J) A maternal grandmother. A commemorative sacrifice or offering to the manes of

Nanad, NanandA, NANADf, Nanadini, Beng. (iRTj, &c. deceased ancestors, as preliminary to a marriage or other

tK?) a husband's sister.

S. occasion of festivity : also, in Bengali, an ancestor.

NiNAK, or NANEjMar. (S. HTO«F, 'n^), NAnu/Guz. (<»IH^) Nandini', H. (S. ^i^^) a husband's or wife's sister.

Coin, a coin, any thing bearing an inscription, money. Nandoi, Nandosi, H. (S. (_?j'^> ^j^i'^) A husband's

Ndnevaii, or -vafli. Mar. Guz. («ITO^^ -^^) A money- sister's husband.

changer. NAngab, Mar. (ytint), Nangal, Beng. (JTt'"^, S. ^T^^)

NdnevattamjMar. (Tn^^), Ndndva^a, Gvix. ("llUlLHi) A plough.

Money-changing, the business of a money-changer : the Ndngarat, -rath, or -rad. Mar. (Hi'Ki -T3 -T?) Newly-
money-market, the place where the money-changers' shops are. ploughed ground.

Ndnaya, or Ndnya, Karn. (orasscOO^ rUc)£3g) Coin, money. Ndngarni, Mar. (»ri'TOsft) Ploughing.

Ndnyagdr, Karn. (r^OtO^ A oo) A money-changer. Ndngaryd, Mar. (^riiT^n) Relating to a plough, a plough-

Ndnyamubadulu, Karn. (i^3c)£^gS3J~°^0O0fJ^Exchanging man, a bullock, &c.

coins. Nanjai, or Nanjey, commonly pronounced Nanja, or

iVaw3/awiMr«j9«<i?,Karn.(i^'c)Q§^X)ODoJSi)'Changinglarge NuNJA,corruptly,NuNJAH,Tam. (r^tS^CSDS', rjOOlGi^LU

for small money, giving change. from Nal r^ffli, good, and shai anS" cultivation), Nanja,
Ndnyaparhhdvani, Karn. (oTOcagoJOaTSara^) Trying Tel. (rooai) Soil that is fit for the cultivation of rice,

ooins, determining if they are full weight and value. admitting of artificial irrigation, and hence commonly
Ndnayavattam, Tam. (jXV16'SS[\UGiM-.L-\ii) Difference in termed wet ground or soil,' in contradistinction to JPunja,

exchange of coins, premium or discount. or dry.

Nanari, Mai. (oOOrOOSfl) A measure of quantity = four Nanjai met punjai, or taram punjai, Tarn. (rjiS^StDB'-
small measures. GLoeb -SCrLQ-l_|OT(3!t3(0') The cultivation of grains not

JV««<iriAa?!<^a»i,Mal. (0O0rO0(pl<:6616»TSo) Sown with four usually requiring irrigation on irrigated soils, but where

measures of seed (a field). the actual supply of water is inadequate for the growth of
NanasAi, (?) Mar. A religious mendicant of a low order, rice : the revenue in such a case is assessed at a medium
who, in the west of India, extorts alms from the shop- rate between that customary on dry and on wet lauds.

keepers and others by importunities, abuse, and threats r NAnji, Uriya (5i^|@) A strip of alluvial land.

(? if intended for Ndnakshdhi, vagrant mendicants pro- NAnkAh, less correctly, Nancah, H. &c. (jKjIo, P. ..U

fessing to be followers of Ndnah Shah, the founder of the bread, and business) In Bengal finance, a term ap-
J^ ,

Sikh religion). plied to an assignment of a portion of the land or revenue

NANCHANEBAEA.Uriya (ffl^CffQIQ) Bribery and corruption of an estate, made to the occupant or Zamindar as an al-

(the first term is more correctly Larich, q. v., the second lowance for his subsistence, usually amounting to about
is probably Lemdra, from H. Una, to take). five, or sometimes ten per cent, on the assessment payable

Nand, Mar. (S. il^) A cant term amongst traders and shop- to the stale. If removed from the management of the estate,

keepers, for an undue profit. the Ndnhar was occasionally withdrawn, in contradis-

Nandana,S.&c. (^^^) A son ; also the 26th year of the cycle. tinction to the Mdlihdna, which was always granted : the

Nandavanam, S. &c. (rj-^g^i) The grove of Indra, but used terms, however, are not unfrequently confounded, or used

in the south of India to designate a garden, the flowers indiscriminately to signify the same thing. The term was
of which are appropriated to some temple. also applied to assignments of land or revenue made as

Nandi, Nundee, S. &c. (^t^) The bull of Siva, a figure subsistence- money to fiscal and village officers. Ben. Reo-.
of whom is usually placed in front of temples dedicated viii. 1793 ; XXV. xxvii. 1803 ; ix. 1805.

to that deity. Ndnkdr-mujrdi, H. (P. i_f],sr^l^U) Deductions from the

NAndi, S. &c. ("TP^t) A benedictory verse eulogising a king revenue, or assignments from it, on account of Ndnhdr
or a deity. or subsistence allowance.

367
 NAP NAR
Ndnkdr mujrdi wdxil bdki, H. &c. ( J'U J^lj i_sV=r« J^[i) Nari, or Nipi, S. &c. (iTt'^, 'HTTt) Any tubular pipe or
An account of the revenue deducted or assigned on account vessel, a blood-vessel, the pulse.

of Ndnkdr : items in the general account of receipts and Ndrifepd, Beng. (^vftjS'H) A physician.
balances kept by the village accountants, exhibiting such Nari, or NArika, S. &c. (^TTt, ^Tftcur), NIlikai, or

deductions. Nazhikai, NIdika, Tam. (rjrrj^ojDS, r^m^j-SiT),

Ndnkdr-zamin, H. &c. (P. iji^ land) Land assigned
, rent- Narika, or Nariga, Mai. (roO^flA) A measure of time,
free to Zamindars or public officers for their maintenance. an hour of twenty-four minutes, or one-sixtieth of the day
Ndwparroarshi, Karn. (oJc)rOoi030 oJ.) A pension, a grant, and night ; also, in Tam. an Indian mile, the distance

a salary or allowance made to a person when incapable of a person walks in a Ndrika,

service. Nari, S. &c. ('JTl^) A woman.
Nap, H. (i-_>U, for Map t-^jU) Measuring, measure. Nari, Mai. (oOOSpl) A measure of capacity, the fourth part
Nap AT, Mar. (rimri) Want of credit or character (among of an Edangali, or sometimes the same as the Edangali.

mercantile people. N A RIAL, Thug. The head. —Dakhini.

Napit, H. &c. (S. U>>jIJ, ''nftra'), along with the original NdRiHAR, Thug. Unsafe, as the place appointed for the

term the dialects have various modifications of the word, murder.

as Nil, H. (<_?lJ), Naida, Nainda, Karn. (oJc)COjO^ Narikela, S. &c. (flTiToir^), sometimes modified in the dia-
fvJSoaooo)jNj5^^^N^iju,NAHAWi,and Nahavi?i, Nhau, lects, as Naryal, H. (i^jj), Naral, NIrali, and Na-
and Nhawi, Mar. (Trras,'qT^, fni^, ^T^T^'t, '?Tgi, 'fTTt) rel, Mar. (''11^35, "TTIiSSt, «IT^35) The cocoa-nut tree

Napig, Karn. (oJd^^A) A barber, a shaver, who usually (Cocos nucifera) ; a cocoa-nut.

acts also as a surgeon : the village barber, and barber- Ndrali punav, or paurnimd. Mar. (j{K^^Vitm, or i|if5Sm)

surgeon. Day of full moon in the month Srdvan, when a cocoa-nut

Napta, NAPTKf, S. &c. (»ntT, "T^) A grandson, a grand- is thrown into the sea, and the monsoon is declared to be

daughter. broken up.

Nar, Sindhi. A large water-wheel. Ndrali utpanna, ? (from S. ^rHW, produced) Amount pro-

Nar, Mai. (OYffiOO) Young corn or paddy fit for transplanting. duce of the cocoa-nut trees of the state, or of the impost on

Narruhdla, Mai. ((J^JnOOOdaiOai) A bed or piece of ground private plantations.

from which young rice plants have been removed. . Ndralmdr, Mar. (^^g5»ire) A cocoa-nut tree kept for fruit,

Ndrrupatti, Mai. (flYZnOOao-lgl) A bed or piece of ground in distinction to the Bandhdrmdr (43R>irs), one kept

in which rice plants have been sown for transplanting. for tdri.

Nara, Tel. (?ra^), Mai. (COOro) The hempen fibres of Ndrikela-tail, Beng. (S. JTi'fl(;<'?«i4S»l) Cocoa-nut oil.

various plants, whether from the stem or the bark, as the Ndrikela-mdld, Beng. (from '^f^rl, the shell of the cocoa-

palm, the cocoa-nut, the aloe, the San, &c. nut) The internal hard shell, a cup made of it.

NIra, or Naba, Beng. (^^) Stubble, the stubble of rice Ndryali, H. \^_^J^) Tdri from the sap of the cocoa-

or other grain after reaping. nut tree.

Naraka, S. &c. («l5Ccfi) Hell, the place of torment for sinners : Naroda, Guz. («lL^l't.L) A tribe of half-caste Rajputs.

various subdivisions are enumerated. NIru, Karn. (fN^OO) The fibres of plants, whether from the

Nar ATT A, Karn. Tel. (rCTBoU) Land broken by chasms and stem or the rind.

creeks. Undi-ndrv, Karn. (^OU^7^Jc>CO') Common hemp.

Nar-, or Nad-gir, Mar. (»n3»fW A revenue officer. Dengina-ndrn, Karn. (Q0^roiNJc)O0) The fibres, or coir,

Ndr-, or Ndd-gaund, Mar. (•Tlfi'ilf) The head revenue and of the cocoa-nut.

police-officer of a district in some of the Maratha provinces, Nulindru, Karn. (rODe)(NJc)O0) Any sort of hemp.
corresponding to Desmuhh in others. Ni.RtJKi.RU, Mar. (»n^«Iil^ The inferior village servants,

Ndrgun, (?) Mar. The head of the shepherds, as holding those comprised under the designation oiAluta, q. v.

a watan or claim on the revenue of a village or district: NiRU, Tel., Tam. (c5^©a3, rjrTgu) Young plants of corn

(it should be, probably, the same as the preceding). fit to be transplanted.

368
 NAR NAT
Narhu, pronounced NATTU,Tara. (rtrrmm)) Plants thickly especially to a deficient crop, either of corn or fruit, from

sown, for the purpose of being transplanted. temporary or permanent injury, as bad soil, scarcity of

Nahhankal, pronounced NIttangal, Tam. (r^rTnp^- water, excess of rain, blight, tempest, lightning, '&c., claim-

rSJarr^) A bed, or part of a field, kept moist, in which ing a proportionate diminution of the assessment.

rice is sown for the purpose of being transplanted when Nashtachandra, S. &c. (TtF^TjO The waning moon.
it grows up. Nashtavdrtte, Karn. (rO^aJDoF") Bad news.

Ndrrunadavv, or Ndttunudavu, Tam. (rjrTnj^rjl—SLl) Ndshtika, S. &c. (•!Tfi?op) Who or what has suffered loss,

The act of transplanting, bereft of property, deprived of an owner.

Nas, or Nas, Mar. (S. 'Hi^, T^TJS) Loss, injury, destruction. Nashus, a. ((^yiij) In Mohammadan law, a woman who
Ndswani, Mar. ('^T^io't, from S. tnJjft, water) Rain out is disobedient to her husband and provokes him to mal-
of season spoiling the crops. treat her ; one who abandons her husband's house in con-

Narta, Dakh. Thug. A soldier or policeman. sequence of a quarrel.

NARwi, incorrectly, Nirwa, Guz. ("I^HD An undivided Nasi'a, H. (a. <ltj.«jj) Delay allowed for payment, credit

village held in coparcenary, and managed by a few of the Nasib, H. (a. (._^A-a!) Fortune, fate, destiny.

chief sharers : applied also to the assessment of the revenue NasihI, H. (l.(fJ^, qftllT) A light plough for ploughing
by agreement with the principal shareholders. light soils.

Narwdddr, Guz. ('*l5.Hltl«() A coparcenary shareholder in Nasihah, or Nasihah-daftah, corruptly, Naseha, (.') An

a village. office under the Mohammadan governments in which ac-

Nasab, Nusub, H. (a. L^^mo) Family, race, lineage. counts of the revenue and revenue alienations were pre-

Nasab-ndma, H. (P. iC«U , a document) A pedigree, a genea- pared for transmission to the supreme treasury (perhaps

logical table or tree. from Nasihat, advice).

Nisbat, H. (A. ^j^-^-j^mS) Relationship, affinity, connexion : Nasihat, H. (a. c:,^s:^-^) Advice, counsel. Nasihat, Mar.

also used adverbially, ia-nisbat, with regard or respect to. (•TWt^il), Nasiyattu, Karn. (f\5a)oS>§j) Cliastiseipent,
Nisbat, Mar. (f«l^l«ni,the same word as the last, but differently punishment.

applied) Charge, care of, custody, control or direction of. Nasl, H. (A. tJ*«J) Lineage, race, descent.

Nisbatddr, Mar. (fflTRn^R) A person or officer having Naslan ba naslan, H. (iLjilo3lM.i) In regular descent or
charge or control of. succession.

Nisbatwdr, Mar. (fV^RTl^t) Belonging to, in charge or Nass, A. (

JJ) Manifesting : in Mohammadan law, a clear

under control of : in the order of the names of those to and express dictum of law which cannot be set aside.

whose keeping things or persons are committed (a Nasti, S. &c. (Tnfttf) Non-existence, annihilation, what is not
list, &c.) (it is sometimes confounded vernacularly with Nashta,

Nasak, Nusuk, H. (a. Jf*»*^)

Order, arrangement : valua- and Nashti, q. v.

tion of a crop by estimate (?) Ndstiha, or Ndstik, S. &c. (rnf^T^ ) An unbeliever, one

Nasakchi, H. (P. ^_^^'^) An officer better known in Persia who denies the authority of the Vedas : an atheist.

than in Hindustan, one attached to the king as chamber- Nata, H. (UU), Naten. Mar. (^fff from the
, S. infiT) Kin-
lain and orderly, and, on occasion, executioner. dred, affinity, relationship (by blood or marriage).

Nasahchi bdsM, H. (P. jjmi'j) Chief chamberlain or orderly. Ndii,Tp\uT.Ndtii/ar,J^dtigal,Tam.(S. (65 IT

^ ,
(ejIT^ LU 17,
Nasha, H. (a. w) Intoxication, the effects of intoxication, ^5j^^^<S5^) Relations by the same father, joint heirs.

a headache, &c. ; intoxicating liquor. Nat A, NuTA, Mai. (ros) Entrance to a house : a temple.
Nashta, vernacularly, Nasht, or Nusht, or, sometimes, Natakdvan, Mai. (cos<ftOojnf6) A sentinel, a guard.

NIth, S. &c. (owIJ, «re) Lost, injured, destroyed: it Nata, Nat, or Nut, S. &c. (ui^i, qj:), Natwa, Guz.
is often used as a substantive, as, (^liHl) A dancer, an actor, a tumbler, a public performer

Nashtam, Tam. (r5Q2»l— 1^). Nashiamu, or NashtJ, Tel. applied also to a tribe of vagrants who live by feats of
(rC5o^^X), '^^^), Nashta, Karn. i'^'^), Nashta, Nashti, dexterity, sleight of hand, fortune-telling, and the and
U W « like,

Uiiya (fl9-, ffflg) Loss, injury, damage, waste: applied correspond in their habits with the gypsies of Europe.

369 5b
 NAT NAT
Naii, S. &c. (y{V() A dancing-girl, an actress. Naurmdli, and Naurrvai, Mai. (rO0§nJ0(fl) A governor,
Ndtaka, or Ndtak, S. &c. (STRToir) Acting, dancing, public a ruler of a district, subordinate only to the Raja, one who
performance : a play, a drama. had command of a hundred Nayars.

NatIi, Beng. (itIbI^) A reel for winding cotton. Nattalan, (?) The name of a class of slaves in Kamdta.

Nata, orNADA, Mai. (ooos), Natu, Tam. (rjIT®) Country, Nattam, NuTTUM,Tam. (jTfB)B)\n) A village, especially one

as distinguished from town, a kingdom, a province or dis- inhabited by Sudras, in opposition to an Agraharam, or
trict : commonly pronounced Nad, or Nadu, q. v. (in the one inhabited by Brahmans ; that part of the village lands
derivatives and compounds of these words the inflected on which the houses of the Mirdsiddrs are built, the site

forms Ndtta, and Nattu, are substituted. of the dwellings of the villagers, as distinct from the lands

Ndtta, Mai. (OO0§) Of or belonging to the country. attached to the village. (This word is written with a dental

Ndftam, Tam. (r5rTL.I_U3) The chiefship of a district. t, instead of the cerebral of all the preceding ; it should

Ndttamhdran, coxxwp\\y,Nautumkar, Tam. (irrTLlL—liia- come, therefore, from a difierent root, but is possibly only

SniJOT) The head man of a village or a district, one a vernacular variation).

who directs and superintends the cultivation, and has chief Nattamakan, pi. Nattamahhal, and Nattamdr, Tam.
authority over the village servants : the Pdtil of the Ma- (rjSSLQSCJOT, rjSSLQITCr, plur.) A subdivision of

ratha provinces ; also the head man of a tribe, trade, or the Valala tribe, husbandmen, farmers.
caste, in some places. Nattapal, Tam. (ressLJ^) A deserted village.

Ndttdn, corruptly, Nautrvdn, Tam. (r5rTL.I_rrOT) The Natawan, H. (p. y;^^ , incapable) As applied to land, un-

chief civil officer of a district under the native administra- productive, yielding a scanty crop : to a person, one who
tion, whose authority is now confined to questions of caste : is insolvent.

the post is filled by the tribe of original settlers and the Natha, or NIth, corruptly, Nauth, Naut, and Nautum,
Mirdsiddrs : the Ndttdn, takes precedence in an assembly S. &c. (*«jlj, tirsr), Natan, Tam. (r5rT^OTr) a lord,

of various tribes. a master, a name borne by some classes of religious

Ndttdnma, Mai. (ooogoena) Superiority of a village. mendicants.

Ndtfdnma-hdran, Mai. (O00§oef>acft0f0nf6), Ndttdnmai- Ndthwdr, corruptly, Nathtawar, (?) Having a lord or
hdran, Tam. (r^mll—nrcobroCDLQarTrJOTr) The chief or master, said to denote certain villages superintended by
head man of a village or district. head men called Naut, or Nautum, probably some error

Ndttdr, or Nddar, Tam. (r^mluiTCr, rjni-Cr) The for Ndtumdri, q. v.

people of a district or a country : the chief persons among Nathi, Nuthee, H. (j<4>J , 'T'ft) Aggregate of papers and
the agriculturists. proceedings relating to a law suit : a file or bundle of

Nattukdran, Mai. (OOO^dBsOfOnrt)) A rustic, a countryman. official papers tied up together.

Ndtiukaranam,Tam. (.r^rr\—®S>SirjS!StS[LD) The registrar Natigdnthd, Beng. (nl^Trt"^) Fastening loose papers to-

or accountant of a district, a village accountant. gether by a string passed through one corner (from ST«,

Ndttukuttam, Mai. (ooo§i^§o) A general assembly of the a nose-ring, and '^°^, a knot : this seems to be the origi-

people of a country. nal of the preceding, although it occurs as so modified in

Ndttumdniyam, Tam. (r^rTL-QlXHTiStSCflLLJLQ) Land held Behar and Bengal).

rent-free as the perquisite of the head man of a village. Nati, H. (^li, from S. tT^, "^^j A grandson, a grand-

Ndtunatappa, Mai. (cO0§OOSa_j) Custom of the country. daughter ; the latter is also Ndtin {^Jrj\ and Natni
Ndttusilavu, corruptly, Nautsellavoo, Tam. ( r5 n ll® <^SD6L|) (u^), or Mar. Ndtin (^lirtlff).

Charges for village expenses and the pay and allowances Ndt'A, Mar. (•Tlil) A grandson.

of village officers under the native government. NlxARtJ, Guz. (^t IftS) The second marriage of a woman whose
Ndttupuram, Tam. (rjrTllQl-jrJUl) A country town. husband is dead or is long absent, or from whom she is

Ndfuppu, Mai. (poOgQ-j) Salt made in the country, in separated, practised by some inferior castes in the Dakhin :

distinction to foreign or imported salt. it is also used for the marriage of a man to a second

Ndtuwdri, or Nadumdri, commonly, Nadwali, corruptly wife.

370
 NAT NAV
Nattu, corruptly, Nuth, Karn., Tel. (f^H^) A platform pirates from Arakan : also to the assessments of revenue

of earth, a bank, a terrace : Sent grass (Agrestis linearis). set apart for its maintenance by the state, or similar as-

Naftuguttige, Karn. ('^W^'^Xjj"^) Favourable assessment signments to Zamindars for keeping up a number of boats.

on land where Sent grass abounds. Namdra-amla, H. (A. iL^r) The establishment of officers

Nattuhaul, Tel. (rOe.X)s~^£)) Land granted on favourable for the superintendence of the flotilla : an item in the
terms, on condition of eradicating the Bent grass on the general revenue accounts of the Mohammadan government
fields. of Bengal, specifying the revenue assigned for the expenses

Natupattam, Mai. (OOgg-JOgo) Land in dispute let out to of the boat establishment.

a third person. Nawdra jdgir,/S.. (P.^^U-, q. v.) Assignment of revenue

Tf ATUVAN, Mai. (oO§OJnf6), A mediator, an arbitrator :• (this for the support of the flotilla, or of single boats forming
and the preceding, are from the Mai. Natu, or Nadu, part of it.

the middle), Nawdra-mahdl, H. &c. (Jl=r*) The boat department, the

Natukur, Mai. (oo§<^o) Allowance made by an owner to establishment of public boats ; also the revenue assigned

his tenant on his planting trees in the lands of the former. for keeping them up.

Nau, H. &c. (y, S. t[^) New, young, fresh. See Nava. Naubat, corruptly, Nobit, H. (A. Cl-Ojj) Turn, succession :

Nau-dbddjCOTTWptlyjNoabad, NowabddrR. (jbly) Recently instruments of music or a band sounding at the gateway

settled or cultivated, as land : in Chittagong, lands not of a great man at intervals.

included in any survey or assessment, and considered to be Naubat khdna, H. (P. aiU- , a house) The chamber, usually
at the disposal of the government, who may rent them to aver the gateway, where a state band is stationed.

whom it pleases : one recently settled on a farm, or in a Naubat-talabi, H. (P. t^^lij, seeking) Applying to be
village, as a cultivator or tenant, or one who cultivates heard in turn in a court or suit at law.

waste lands. Nauha, H. (a. <S»-y) Lamentation over the dead by hired

Nau-hardr, H. ^j[}>.y>)
Land recently made subject to as- mourners.

sessment. Nauji, Tel. (i3~°83) a measure, the eighth of a marakdl.

Nawpatti, (?) Mahdjan, H. (from ^j=>- V> > a merchant) A Naukar, corruptly, Nowker, H. (P.ji'y) A servant.

banker of the highest caste. Ncmkardn, H. (plur. of the last) Servants : lands or re-

Nau-levd, Hindi (%^^) Alluvial deposit left by floods. venues assigned for the maintenance of village and other

Nauroz, H. (F-J)jy'^ New-year's day, held on the sun's public servants.

entrance into Aries. Naukari, H. (P. t^y) Service.

Naushikast, H. (P. u:--ju^<i. , broken) Waste alluvial land Naukari-mdnyamu, Tel. ((5c)SQ^T^r6g^3bo) Land or re-
newly cultivated. venue assigned to public servants either as pay or pension.
Nausirtdldo, H. {^^3jm^) A newly dug tank: (although H., Nava, ve^^acularly, Nau, S. (it^, y) New, also nine.

the phrase Nau-sir, new head, for new, recent, is peculiar Navdnna, S. &c. (H^I^) New grain: a festival observed
to Madras). by the Hindus in the month of Mdgh, upon first gather-
Naudr-tdldo-haul, H. (from Jy, an agreement) A grant ing and eating the cold- weather crop.

of land on favourable terms to one who has dug a new Navdchal, Guz. ('IHl'M.iH) Land newly brought into cul-

tank or well. tivation, and therefore lightly taxed, or free from tax.

Naumaria, Thug. A tyro. Navard, Mar. (tJ^Tj) A bridegroom ; Navari (-nrtt) A

Nau, H. &c. (S. jU, A boat, a vessel.
tft) bride.

Ndvik, Mar. (tnf^«lO A steersman, a pilot. Nava-y or Naurdtri, S. &c. (^MU-^1) The nine nights : a
Ndmdri, Mar. (ifRJ^) A boatman, a steersman. great Hindu festival in honour of Durgd, occupyino- the
Nawdra, corruptly, Nomarrah, H. (P. x,ly) A large boat, first nine days of the month of Asmin : the tenth day is

a barge : under the Mohammadan government of Bengal the Dasahard, q. v.

the term was applied to a flotilla stationed at Dacca to Nau-sdt, H. &c. (cjLy , lit., nine and seven) A division

protect the branches of the Ganges and Brahmaputra against of the crop, in some districts of Bengal, between the Za-

371
 NAV NAY
miudar and the cultivator, the former taking nine-sixteenths or Naykan, Mai. (moccjeejOfb , 0000^06), NIyakan,
and leaving seven-sixteenths to the latter : also Nau-sdt- Tam. (r3rTLLl<5OT) A leader, a chief in general ; also

batdi (from Batcn, q. v., division) the head of a small body of soldiers : in the Anglo-Indian

Nava-, or Nau-taken, Mar. (d^li*) A measure of capacity, army, a corporal: the head or overseer of a. party of la-

one-eighth of a ser. bourers : a title borne by the chiefs among several hill

Nava-, or Nau-tInk, or -tInki, Mar., Guz. (^7T?ir. also tribes, as the Bhils, Kolis, &c. : a military chief under the
Guz. «lHil°%l) A measure of weight, one-eighth of a sir Rajas of Vijayanagar, a Paligdr in the south of India.
in weight : it appears to be used also for the measure of In Cuttack, a subordinate military leader paying tribute
capacity of the like value ; see the preceding, both refer- and service for lands held under a superior chief in the
ring to the coin known as Tank, q. v. Kilajdt: under the Marathas, an officer who assisted in

Navis, or Navisandah, incorrectly, Navishinda, H. (P. making the collections in a district, and who exercised also

i^j^.y, 8»i^'*»iy, from namishtan, to write) A writer, a judicial powers in trifling cases ; also an overseer of govern-
clerk, a secretary, a transcriber : it is similarly used in Ma- ment labourers, or the head of an establishment of horses,

rathi, often abbreviated to Nis. The first is generally used carts, &c., a job-master. In Malabar, the chief police-officer

in composition ; the latter is used in some places to denote of a district, the head of the village watch; sometimes applied
a writer placed by the landlord to act as a check upon the to the head man of a village, sometimes (in Cuttack) to the

Patwdri in keeping an account of the measurement of the village astrologer. Amongst the Marathas, also, an affix

fields. to the names of the Brahmans who follow the business of

Kkush-navis, A good writer, one who writes a good hand, money-changers, as Baldba-naih, &c. In Kamaon it is said

especially a professional transcriber. to imply an illegitimate child ; in Sanskrit poetry and

Jawab-navis, A writer of answers to petitions. the drama, the lover, the hero.
Vdsil-hdki-navis, Writer of accounts, of receipts, and ba- Ndyah-wddi, or -rvdri, Ndik-wddi, or -mart, Tel., Karn.
lances. (cS^OjOSoT^Q) a peon stationed in a village by the
Navite, Tel. (rOD e3) A measure of twelve ser«. — Northern collector or the landholder especially to superintend the

Sirkars. villagers in their cultivation, and see that the produce

Nawa-ae-the, corruptly, Nuwa-ay-tay, H. (^j^j_j!!y) lit., is not misappropriated or stolen : he performs also, on
Those who had newly come : an order of Mohammadans occasion, the functions of village watchman and police-

said to have descended from some citizens of Madina who officer.

attempted to carry off the corpse of Mohammad, and were Ndyakwadi, or -mari. Mar. (tfl'T'ir^Tt) A petty officer in

therefore exiled and driven from city to city : the designa- forts or police-stations having authority over some ten or

tion is peculiar to the south of India : Kdnun-i-Isldm. fifteen men.

NawIib, corruptly, Nawayeeb, H. (A. l«_..otji) Accidents, Ndihvdr, H. &c. ^'j^.^) Under a Ndih, a village, a

changes of fortune : all extraordinary aids beyond the esta- corps, &c.

blished contributions levied by the state upon the occur- Ndikmdri, H. &c. (tCjl^U) Any thing relating to a vil-

rence of any emergency. lage, &c. under a Ndik : (this and the preceding are es-

NavtIsa, NawIsa, H. (P. ^C«tjj, Lw'jJ) A grandson, espe- sentially the same as Ndikrvddi, Sec).

cially a daughter's son. Nayam, Tam. (r5LUlL) Profit.

Nawdsi, H. (P. li*"')^)

A granddaughter, especially by a Nayanashtam, or Nayanattam, Tam. (rjUJrj^lll—lll,
daughter. rjaJr^lll-lL) Profit and loss. Se% Nashta.

Nayadi, corruptly, Naiades, Mai. (OOOCWOsl) The name of Nayah, commonly, Nair, or Naye, Mai. (CY^DCQ)(D) The
an outcaste tribe, or an individual of it : they are found name of the rilling caste in Malabar, professing to be

only in the northern parts of Cochin, and are the most Siidras, but bearing arms and exercising sovereignty.
degraded of all the low tribes. NavilkAvali, Tam. (r^lTuJl^arTeusiJl) Giiarding a

NAyaka, S. &c. (tTRoir), also, vernacularly, Nai'k, as. H. town, or expenses incurred for its protection or security.

(CAjU), Mar. (^«|t), orNAEK, Uriya (ffl-^O), NIyakan, Nayinar, Mai. (ooOCJOjlOOOfO) A chief, a lord, a master.

372
 NAY NAZ
Nayinda, or Nayida, Karn. (^^030300(5, 7Jc)CQ3^6) \ An inspector, a supervisor : in ordinary use, the officer of

barber, the barber of the village. the court who is charged with the serving of process, or

NayudUj commonly written Naidu, or Naidoo, Tel. who is sent to take depositions, and make inquiry into
(,-\Jc)Oa3J(3o) A title added to the names of respectable any breach of law or the peace.

persons among the low or Sudra castes : also, sometimes, Ndzir-ja7ndddr, H. (j^Sx^^JaM) An inspecting officer, a

the headman of a village. head peon or police officer.

Nazm, H. (a. Jiii) Order, arrangement, administration. Ndzirhhdna, H. (P. *jli-) The Ndzir, or sheriff's office.

Ndzim, H. (A. (bU) An arranger, an administrator, a Ndzdrat, H. ((..z^ltJ) Supervision, inspection, the office of

governor, a viceroy, the superior officer or governor of the Ndzir.

a province charged with the administration of crimi- Na'^ir, H. (A. .xlij) Example, likeness, precedent.
nal law and the police, hence applied to the Nawdb of Nazr, Nazae, Najar, H. &c. (jii.i), Najaru, or Nadaru,
Murshidubdd. Karn. (rOajCO^rOCJ3J)A present, an offering, especially one

Nizam, H. (A- *Ui)) Administration ; also, an administrator, from an inferior to a superior, to a holy man, or to a prince :

a viceroy: hence applied to the viceroy of the Dakhin, who, a present in general : a fine or fee paid to the state, or to

although assuming independence, retained the title which its representative, on succeeding to office or property : a

still distinguishes his successors, the rulers of Hyderabad. son succeeding to a father's property was not liable to this

Nizdmat, H. (A. c:^»«Ui>) The office of the Nizam, the fine among the Marathas unless he were a Jdgirddr or
administration of police and criminal law : as a financial other servant of government : in cases of adoption it was
designation it was applied, under the Mohammadan govern- levied from all persons.

ment, to lands paying revenue to the Ndzim, not to the Najardni, Najaru-handi, Na,jarukdnike,KaTn. (roaio dta
Diwdn, or financial minister of a province, termed also rC5aJ6o&Doa, r^&J&D^faO) An extortionate tax, a forced

Nizamat-mahdl. contribution on all the people of a village or district.

Nizdmat-dddlat, (from ci^'ii^c, q. v.) The chief criminal Najar-bkef, Mar. (rlitWZ') A present made to a public
court, or court of the Nizam, applied at present to the officer on being first introduced to his presence, lit., the

chief criminal court of the British provinces, established present of interview : a small offering of about one rupee

originally at Murshidabad in 1772, but finally removed made to the government through its officer by each Pdtil
to Calcutta in 1790. Ben. Reg. ix. 1793. A second Nizd- on settling the assessment.

mai-«d«Zai, for the north-west provinces was established by Nazr-i-dargdh, H. (P. iX'i;t>, a shrine) An assignment of
Reg. vl. 1831. revenue under the Mohammadan government to a sacred

Nizdm-ul-mulk, H. (A. tLlkiAlLUii) Administrator of the shrine, or any religious establishment.

kingdom, the proper title of the ancestor of the rulers of Nazr-i-idain, H. (A. Stf , a festival) Presents made at the

Hyderabad, commonly shortened to Nizd>:i. great Mohammadan Ids, or festivals : the Id-ul-fitr, and

Nazb, vernacularly, Nujuk, H. &c. (A. ^laj) Sight, vision, JBakr-id : presents or offerings sent to the court of Dehli

supervision. on these occasions by the Subahdar of Bengal : a cess im-

Nazr-anddzl, H. (A. P. i^j\di\jaji) Casting one's sight over : posed to defray their cost.

in revenue language, valuation of land, or estimate of the Nazr-i-Imdmdn, H. (A. A^\ , a sacred person) Presents to
value of a crop upon inspection. the Imams, an assignment or grant made to an establish-
Nazr-band, H. (from P. Joj, binding) Kept in view, or ment dedicated to the Imams Hasan and Husain, the sons
under surveillance, a prisoner at large. of Ali.
Nazr-bandi, Najar-bandi, H. (P. i^s'u binding) Surveil- Nazar Nuzzur
, katdi, corruptly, coodai, H. ( JtlaJ, jj) A
lance, arrest, parole ; also, detention, confinement. present made to the farmer or revenue officer by the cul-
Nazr-did, S'mdhi (P. ^liJii, to see) Inspection of crops. tivators for permission to cut their corn.

Najar-pdhani, Mar. (^SttTT^u't) Valuation of land or of Najar-najrdnd, Mar. (<T»n;»T»TT;TqT) Presents to superiors,
crops by inspection. or such as are interchanged amongst persons of rank.

Ndzir, Ndji?; H. (A. pj , ^fsTll), Ndjiri, Beng. (^^1^) NajanpaUi, Mar. ('T'lt'JS^) A tax levied on a village or
373 5c
 NAZ NEL
district to raise money for a present to a public officer newly property that is considered to have lapsed to the state : an

come into office, or to a prince on his accession. office for investigating lapsed claims.

Nazr-i-Ramzan, Najar JRamjarii, H. &c. (A. fj~^ the , Nedi, Beng. (OTW) A cake of cow-dung dried for fuel.

month so named) Presents made at the fast of the Itamzdn- N^G, H. (tL^JJ) A present to relations and dependants on

a tax or fee paid for permission to sell Arak during the festive occasions : the fee of the Patwdri or village ac-

month of Ramzdn, when all indulgences are interdicted. countant : any fee for service.

Nagpur. Nigi, H. {JjS) A village servant, any public servant, or

Nazr-i-piran, H. (P. jj, a religious man) Presents to saints: one who claims a fee or present on particular occasions.

an assignment of revenue for the support of a religious Negi-jogi, H. (A. i/y?-!*^*') Tenants and dependants,

person, or keeping up his tomb. public servants, village officers.

Nazr-punya, H. (from S; tupi, holy) Pious offerings, but Nega, (?) Tibetan. A measure of weight about ten sikka

applied to the presents exacted under the Mohammadan weight. —Kamaon.

government by its revenue officers at the annual settlements Negilu, less correctly, Negalu, Karn. (~5^£U) A plough
of accounts, and carried in part to the credit of the state. with oxen and apparatus complete : a large kind of plough

Nazr-suwdri, H. (P. i^yyu , horsemen) Contributions levied used in stiff soils.

from the cultivators of a district as the price of the forbear- Neige, Karn. {^^CSO^-f) Weaving.
ance of cavalry from riding over their corn. NekdIri, H. (p. from nek '^^, good, and ddri ^j\ti,

Nazrana, corruptly, Nuzzehana, vernacularly, Najarana, having) The general term for the sums or portions of the

H. (A. P. ^|)^, •I'SITT'^TT) a gift, a present, especially from crop, collected from the cultivators of a village for the vil-

an inferior to a superior ; but the term was more particu- lage expenses and payments to the village officers and ser-

larly applied to sums received as gratuities, although in fact vants, as essential to the well-doing of the community.
exacted by the state on various occasions, as fees or fines Nel, or Nellu, Tam. (0r5&, Gr3^60l). Nella, also read

upon an assignment of revenue to an individual, or on Nelli, (but ?) Mai. (61f^§^ , ^f^g^), Nellu, Karn.
appointment or succession to office, or to a Jagir or other ("^oo ) ^^'^^ ^^ ^^^ husk, paddy, fifty-eight kinds of
possession, although hereditary ; also an exaction of ad- which are grown in Malabar ; a fundamental measure,
ditional tribute from a tributary dependant, or a contri- eight grains being equal to the breadth of a finger.

bution in excess of the usual revenue payment levied upon NelU-kandam, Mai. (6)nogJ)ca>©nrgo) The space of a paddy

the people of the country in professed cases of emergency. field between the ridges or banks.
Nazrana-i-hdl, H. (A. (JL»-, present) An actual or recent Ner-hadir, Tam. [Qrx^Si^Tj) An ear of rice.

present, one recently exacted. Ner-kalanjiyam,Tam. (Gr3fT)i5SfT(55<#lLLJU2) A granary

Nazrdna-i-7namur-ganj , H. (from ^jyoxv, a granary or for rice corn.

d^pot so named) A tax imposed by Alivardi Khan as a Nerkuttakai, Tam. (©r5_fY)©S^(3C:)S) A grain rent.

gift to his grandson Suraj-ad-daula, to whom, at the same Ner-kuli, Tam. (Gr5jf)@L^) A grain or rice pit.

time, he granted the tolls leviable at Mansur-ganj, a corn Ndlar, Mai. (6)0Og_Jo) A rice store or granary.

depot and market near the latter's residence. Nellari, Mai. (arog^rtJl) Rice unhusked.

Nazrdna-muharrari, H. (A. jJLa , fixed) A permanent Nenmani, Tam. (©r5COTLQ(3Sfl) A grain of rice corn.

present; a tax imposed by Shujaa Khan, governor of Bengal, Nemnd, Tam. (Gr^OTLorr) Rice flour.

ostensibly to defray the expense of the presents made by the Nelpalisa, Mai. (eroa^eilc/a) Lending grain at interest.

Subahdar to the court of Dehli, but in reality the payment Nelpura, M^l. (6>0Oe_lfD) A store or granary for rice.

of fixed presents by the Zamindars to screen themselves Nellipdtam, Mai. (fflrngJ)Q_jO§o) Rent upon fields of

from inquiries into their receipts and other pleas for extortion. growing rice.

Nazrdna-mbahddri, H. (A. i^yc , a province) Presents made Nela, Karn. (~£J) Earth, ground, soil.

to the court by the Suhahddrs or governors of provinces. Kattdni nela, Karn. (otJa)&)c§£)) A. good soil.

Nazul, H. (a. Jjji) lit.. Descent: in revenue language, Masuhnnela, Karn. {^rO:>tX)^V) a soil between red and
an escheat, escheated property in gardens and houses, any black.

374
 NEL. NIC

iCen-, or Keivpunela, Karn. iP'^-, DOS^cOO) A red soil. NeyyAI.,Neytal, Tam. (Gr3LUUJ^, GrjIXJS^) Weaving.
Bili-nela, or Samlu-nela, Karn. (ffiSiS^Se), ^^a)i§£)) Neyyarhdran, Tam. (GrjLUUJjTjiS&rrcronT) A weaver.

White soil, fullers' earth. NiAMAT, H. (A. Ci^A*J) Favour, bounty •-

an exaction from

Eren.ela,Kappu'nela,Karenela, orEegadinela,Karn.( aJOcOCJ^ the Zamindars by the farmer of the revenue: a douceur,
55&;cSeJ, ^gago.^XaeSe)) Black soil. a benevolence.

Nelli, Tam., Mai., and Karn. (Gr^ffliSiSl, SiCn^,^^) The NiAMAT, Thug. A traveller in the hands of Thugs.

emblic myrobalan (Phyllanthus emblica). NiARA, H. &c. (S. IjLw, apart, separate) The sweep or

Nemi, Thug. A call to speak gently or walk slowly. scoria and ashes left by the melting or refining of the

Nemikharch, Mar. («l*fl'5B#) Fixed expenses, expenses precious metals, from which particles of them are to be

necessarily incurred, and remaining the same. recovered.

Nemndk, Mar. (rJlTOoll) Salary, stipend, allowance, pension, Nidria, H. (Ijilw) A sweep-washer, one who extracts pre-

or fixed payment in money or kind from a specified source, cious metals from the dross and ashes.

granted for past or present services, or as an equivalent NiAT, Neeut, H. (a. c:-~w) lit.. Purpose, intention; a solemn

for allowances formerly received ; also, appointment to an announcement at any religious ceremony of the intended
office or duty (from S. ftTJIH, regulation, establishment) repetition of a certain number of prayers ; a vow or volun-

Nengi, Karn. (^0%) Counterfeit coin. tary obligation to that effect.

Nenta, Karn. (cOOfJ) A kinsman, a relation. NlAZ, H. (A. jLw) Petition, supplication, prayer: an oflfering.

Neota, H. (S. ^JjJJ) An invitation, also the presents sent Niaz-i-dargdh, H. (P. islijij) Grant of money or land to a
with the invitation, or those made by a guest. Mohammadan shrine or mosque.

Ne'ea, Tel., Karn. (^^6), Neram, Tam. (Sr^lTlL) A crime, Nidip-mand, H. (iia.«;b>J) A petitioner, a suppliant.
a fault : fine, penalty. Nidz-i-rasul, H. (A. Jyj) Ofierings of food or alms in

Nerasta, Karn. (cSgOfO„) A criminal. the name of Mohammad.

Neri, or Nedi, Beng. (t«<vM) A female mendicant of a par- Nazr-o-nidz, H. (jLMj^iiJ) Vows and oblations, or the en-

ticular sect ; a female ballad- singer, or a woman who sings gagement on a certain day to distribute food or alms in

at Hindu festivals. the name and honour of God or the prophet, or some cele-

NERPATTAM,Mal.(6^CTOo-10§o) A customary fixed rentonland. brated saints, and the fulfilment of the self-imposed obli-

Nerpatta-cMtta, Mai. (6>m<i!j3§^§) A rent bond, gation.

an agreement to pay a certain amount of rent, or rate of NiBANDHA, S. (fij^^".) In law, fixed or immoveable pro-

interest. perty ; also a corrody, or fixed allowance granted by the

NerpaUd-yoh, Mai. (6^mo!_10§6)a2J9a_l) A deed or bond Raja or person in authority, to be received from the proceeds
for rent or interest. of a manufactory, mine, or estate.

Nerpalisa, Mai. (eonolieJIc/a) Ten per cent, interest. NiBARTTAN, Beng. (S. H<lg»<) A measure of land, the same
Nesakula, Nesabidaku, Karn. (t§?i=6&)e;, ^^^esio^Sj) as a Hghd : a field, each side of which is twenty poles of
A particular class of bird-catchers, also employed as palan- ten cubits each.

kin bearers, having a broad accent, and speaking a corrupt NiBEDAN, H. &c. (S. jjjiiJjJ, ftT^^'l) A representation, a
dialect. —Karnata. petition. Nibedan, Beng. (S. MT^f^) Representation,

Nesati, Guz. Cl^rll) A grocer. statement, giving information respectfully.

Netunnati, Mai. (6)00§^i30f5)1) A particular caste or tribe, NicH, H. &c. (S. ^ , »rN') Low, base, outcaste : it is used
that of the Calicut Raja. in Marathi with names of castes to signify a more degraded
Netturu-kattu-inAmu, Tel. ("^&So^e±icoo?5-°Sbo) or inferior order, as,

Land granted as a compensation to one who has been Nich-nhdwi, An inferior description of barber, whose office

wounded in the public service (from Nettura, blood). is to shave all parts of the body and apply leeches, and
Ney, Tam., Mai. (Gr5LU) Oiled butter, ghee. cupping-horns.

Neytal, Tam. (Gr^LLI^^) A saltish or brackish soil, or Nich-sondr, Low jeweller ; said also to kill and eat wild

situation near the sea. animals, whether clean or unclean.

375
 NID NIK
Nich-jdti, Beng. &c. (S. '^tp^itPs) A low caste ; also of a for the private maintenance of a Zamindar, on which,
low or impure caste. before the decennial settlement in Bengal, no revenue was
NiDAN, Ho Mar. Niddna Used
{^J^, fcI^T^,from S. f^'^i{) assessed.

adverbially ; at the last, uttermost, as price or rate, &c. Nij-tAluJt, H. (S. A. y^^J) Own tdluk or estate: in

Niddn-vriddhi, Mar. (S. fiT^T»I^fir) Exorbitant interest. Bengal, a portion of land of which the proprietor or rent-

NiDANi or NiRAN, Beng. (Im^m) Weeding a garden or field. payer collects the rents from the cultivators direct, without

Niddni, Beng. (flTOl^) A weeding instrument, a sort any intermediate agency ; also the private lands of a Za-
of hoe. mindar, or those cultivated by himself for his own benefit.

NiDHi, S. &c. (f^), Nidi, Tam. ((T^^) A treasure in Nij-tdluMdr, (jljJil>J i) An independent Talukdar.

general : a hoard, a hidden treasure : it is used in the NlJJA-MUDi, or -MORA, (?) Karn. The estimated number
south of India in deeds of conveyance for treasure-ti^ve of moras of seed for sowing a field with, in contradis-

also Nidhdn (frttn'T). tinction to the actual number.

Nidhi-nihshep, Mar. (S. firftlfiT^xi) A hoard or deposit of NiKAH, H. (a. .— KJ), Nika, Beng. (ftr^) Marriage, legal

treasure, &c. : used in deeds and grants to imply the right marriage: in Bengal the term is applied to a sort of left-

of the donee to all hidden treasure on the estate. See handed marriage, as one contracted with a widow, or only
Nihshep. for a given time, considered disreputable.

NiGADi, corruptly, Niggudy, and Nigoody, Karn. (^aQ) Nikdh mitat, H. (A. ijiLo -.^) A marriage for a limited

Instalment: fixing a period for payment: periodical pay- time in cobsideration of a present.

ment of the government assessment on an estate, or of a Nikdh muwakkat, H. (A. ci^^* j-K>) A temporary mar-
tax on property, whence applied to the government demand riage, one for a season, but celebrated with certain forms :

itself ; also, but corruptly, Negatay, and Negady, the net it is void in law, but not unfrequent in practice, at least

surplus proceeds of an estate paid to the farmer or in Bengal.

owners by the occupant (the word is probably a corruption NiKAi, H. (l,sKj) Weeding a field, the price paid for it.

of Nakdi, q. v.). Nikal patra, (?) Mar. Periodical returns furnished by sub-

NiGAHBAN, orNiGAHDAR, H. &c. (P. ^jUal^, jIaaIC , from ordinate officers, showing what has been done in executing

Nigah ilG, watching or taking care of) A keeper, one who orders or petitions referred to them ; (the proper meaning-

takes care of any thing, a guardian, a guard, a watchman, of Nikdl is putting out or forth, expulsion, &c.).

a village watchman : under the Mohammadan government NiKARAMU, Tel. (S)S5^>D) Net balance.

of Bengal, an officer who inspected weights and measures NiKAS, H. &c. (^j«,Kj, from S. nishhdsa, ftrEcirre, putting

and affixed his seal to those which were correct : in the or issuing forth) The skirts or suburbs of a town, or the

south, Nigdvdnu, Tel. (o)"7r=oCr^rOD) A petty revenue- outer boundary of the land belonging to it : adjustment of

officer. accounts, public or private j discharge of a debt : revenue

NiGHAL, Mar. (fH Vdb) The grist which in grinding collects settlement.

in the hollow round the pin of the mill, and which, at the Nikds navis, H. (P. (__;~jy , a writer) An accountant, a

close of the operation, is let through and ground. revenue accountant, one who examines and adjusts the ac-

NiHAL, H. Ph^?^) Alluvial land recovered from water- counts given in by the district
( J.^ , officers.

courses. Nikds patr,H.. &c. (jixJ^) A statement of adjusted accounts,

NiJ, H. (S. J , ffr5l) Own, peculiar : used sometimes in the or of the gross produce of an estate, receivable from the

sense of ISIij-jot. cultivator.

Nycha, (?) Uriya, Land cultivated by the proprietors them- Nikds tahdl, H. ((J.J-flsJ^_J.^,^^) Statement of the gross pro-

selves: their own cultivation. duce of an estate, or the full amount receivable from the

Nij-jot, corruptly, Nijote, Neej-joot, Neejoot, H. &c. (S. cultivators by the Zamindar or farmer.
(SJ^j, from wij and jot, cultivation) Lands cultivated Nikdsi, H. &c. (^_j«;Ki), Nikds'u, Mar. (fV^^TH) Account of

by the proprietors or revenue payers by themselves, and the revenue assessed upon an estate : transit duties, taxes

for their own benefit ; also, land allowed to be set apart on exporte, or duties levied on goods passing out of a town
376
 NIK NfM
or district, or on goods brought from one place to another Nildmddr, H. (P. t't), who has) Holder of an estate by

and taken away again, not having been disposed of. purchase at public sale.

Nikasi chithi, H. (^^!»-^^ZS) A passport, a permit. Nildmhhdsta, H. (from P. IUmA^, desired) Balance of re-

Ntkdxi-kdgaj, Beng. (1^(^1*rWTt^) Statement furnished venue short realized by the public sale of lands, deficit

by a subordinate collector or revenue officer of his trans- on the sale.

actions during the year. — Jessore. NrLAVA,orNiLUVA,Tel. (^^^, o)eDS) Surplus balance.

Nikasi khum, H. (J»-^m^) Gross produce of an estate or NiLLU, Tel. (^^) Water.

village, receivable from the cultivators by the Zamindar, Mllubutta, Tel. (^?2)20jW) a fee paid in grain at har-

according to the accounts of the Patwari or Gumashta. vest time to the village potter.

NiKHAT, Beng. (S. fJI'Stt^) A ditch, especially one dug as NiLuvu, Tel. (n)£U(^^) The unreaped portion of a field

a boundary mark. partly reaped.

NiKiRi, Beng. (flrf%3t) A class of Mohammadans in Bengal Nilum-anchand, Tel. (r3eJJ^e5>Ot5s5-°) Estimate valu-

who live by selling fish. ation of standing crops.

NiKSHEPA, or, vernacularly, Nikshep, pronounced sometimes NiM, H. &c. (S. P. *jJ, vftn) Half.

NiKHEP, S. &c. (t_,sJoik$j, ftT^tj) A pledge, a pawn, a Nim-dna, or Nim-dni, (U I >JJ or (J 1 ) Half an ana : an
deposit ; especially one which is open, or which, if sealed, extra cess levied formerly in Jessore of half an ana in the

is specified as to its contents, in opposition to the Upa- rupee upon the previous assessment of the revenue.

nidhi, or sealed, or unknown deposit : hoarded or hidden Nim-dni patwdri, (t5;'j-'iti'/*Jj) Half an ana on the rupee
treasure ; used like Nidhi, or sometimes in combination given as a fee to the village accountant at the settlement

with it, as Nidhi-nikshep, in the south of India, in deeds of the assessment.

of conveyance or in grants, to declare the right of the new Nimdi, or Nimkhdi, Mar. (ftpn^, ftfR^T^) A half share

occupant to all treasures that may be found in the soil, «r concern in agricultural or commercial transactions, or

or to treasure-trove. in other matters.

Nikshep-hdrah, or -hari, Beng. (from S. cinT«K -ointl', a Nim-hamdla, H. (<sll^*j,i) Half of the subdivision of an
doer) One who makes a deposit, one who pledges an estate termed Hamdla, q. v.

^article. Nim-chauthdi, Mar. (ftpi'^^) lit.. Half of a fourth, but

NiLA, vernacularly. Nil,, S. &c. (s. JjJ) Indigo: blue. applied to one-fourth of the Baiti, q. v.

Nil kothi, H. (|_g^Jiy JjJ) An indigo-factory. Nimhen, Mar. (f^^) Half a bullock or horse load ; used
Nildri, Mar. ('^c5T^) An indigo-dyer. especially in regard to toll or transit duties.

NiUwdld, H. (iltjjjo) An indigo-planter. Nimldl, H. (

Jilj*;") A class of pilgrims to Jagannath so
Nilgar, (?) H. A dyer. termed.

Nilahdran, Tam. (rteOSanTTCSOT) A dyer of blue. Nimsdli, H. (from JU, a year) .Half-yearly.

Nili, H. &c. (S. ,<L.i) The indigo-plant, also indigo. Nimtdhd, Nimtankd, less correctly, Nimtdhi, or -tanki,

Niligutta, Karn. (^^ADC^) A tax levied on contracts for Beng. (^VsrfeW, -fe°^) Haifa rupee : a fee of that amount

dyeing blue. per cent, upon the assessment allowed in Bengal, under
NiLAiKupi, Tam. (r^3S0S@L^) A settled inhabitant. the Mohammadan government, to the Kdnungo, and in-

NiLAM, corruptly, Nillum, Tam., Mai. (r^60LQ) Soil, earth, cluded amongst the authorised deductions from the revenue

ground ; when used in contradistinction to Bhumi, which to be paid by the Zamindar.

is the term usually employed in treating of the rights of Nimtdnd, Mar. (ftn?rn»n) Cutting a few handfuls of rice

the sovereign, it is applicable especially to the rights of from difierent parts of the field for the purpose of estimatino-
the cultivator in the soil it also denotes a separate piece the whole produce by the grains contained in
;
them ; ap-
of ground or a field. plied also, laxly, to testing the accuracy of any work done
Nilattinai, Tam. (r^eOS^IJfiSDQj) Land assessment. in a field by others, as the measurement, classification of

Nilavari, Tam. (r^SOQJCfl) Ground rent, land tax. soil, return of produce, amount of injury, &c.

NiLAM, H. &c. (*L,J , Port. Leilam) Public sale or auction. Nimthal, Mar. (ftl»1'«r5, from S. W^) Going shares in a
377 5d
 NIM NIR
field: division of produce between the owner and cultivator: Nirodukdl, Tam. (r5©rTrT®iEBe&rT^) Low lands over

a half share of a field or its produce. which the surplus waters of a village are discharged.
Nimthand, Mar. (ftpT^'fl) Valuation of a crop after it is Nireruniadu,Tam. i^QU^^ia®) High lands that cannot

cut, by counting the sheaves, and then selecting three from be irrigated.
among them, apparently the fullest, poorest, and middling, Nirkdl, Tam. (rjcraSfTeO) A water-course, a channel for

and taking the average produce of the three as that of the irrigation.

whole number of sheaves. Nirkdnam, Mai. (oolcfiQOOOo) Ratification of a deed of

NiMANDAM, incorrectly, Nimindum, Tam. (r^lLQr^SLO) transfer of hereditary landed property by the proprietor's

Labour in general, especially laborious service in temples, pouring water into the hand of the purchaser or mortgagee.

as carrying images, lights, &c. Nirmutal, incorrectly, Neer Moodil, Mai. (Ooli^fSifiJ) A
NiMAR, Hindi (f«TH^) Having lost its fertility, land. further step in the total transfer of hereditary landed pro-

NimAsham, H. (p. |»ljil/»J) Time of evening prayer, soon perty, in which, on consideration of an additional advance

after sunset. from the tenant, the proprietor, with the consent of the

Nina, (?) H. Low land capable of being flooded, and suited next heir, parts with as much more of his rights as inakes

to rice cultivation. —Dinajpur. seven-eighths of the whole ; the water ' here is used ap-

NlPOTI, Mar. (ftiMlal, from frf, not, and TftJ, the belly) parently typically, the property (jnutal) in it being made

Service in which the person must maintain himself out of over to the new master. See Kudima-nir.

his wages : in the Rajapur district, Nvpoti Rupaye (f^'iftTt Nirpdychumdniyam, Tam. (r^DrULJrTLU<EP(5i'LQrT(5Snfl-

^H^) implies that daily food is allowed in addition to wages. LULq) Rent-free land watered from a public reservoir.

Nipanja, NiPANjit Mar. (fsTmUfilT -»rt) The grandfather or Nirsdvi, Tam. (r5Cr<^rT6LJ ) Destruction of crops from

grandmother of a grandfather. deficiency of water.

NiHA, Mai. (roio) A weight of one hundred palams: a Nirugatri, Karn. (S)5Q3A(0;) An instrument placed at the

weight in general ; adj. in composition) full. sluice of a reservoir, which cuts roots, grass, &c., that might

Nh-achaUva, Mai. (OOlo^^OJ) Full or heaped-up otherwise choke the passage.

measure. Niruvati, Karn. (^^OOSo) Wet cultivation, as that of rice.

Nirandri, Mai. (ooloooO#l) A small heaped-up measure. milubutta, Tel. (I^^^^ti, fi:om ^^, plur. of ^Sj) A
Nirapara, Mai. (rolOn_lO) A full measure or para, basket for throwing up water from a well or pond for

especially one of corn, presented to the proprietor of an irrigating a field.

estate annually by the tenant. Ara-nir, Tam. (iXj rQ, without) Water allowed to flow for

NiRA, S. ("itt), adopted in all the dialects, as Nir, H. (^ ),

irrigation in greater or less abundance, according to the

Beng.(^),Mar.(^T;),Tam.(lJcr, r^Crii), Mai. (OolfO) quantity in the reservoir, usually from the beginning of

NiRU, Tel. and Karn. (^&>) Water. June to the end of August.

Niranikam, Tam. (rjurTCOTrsSLD) A village peon super- Murai-nir,Tam. ((LpSromr^cr, from, (tpCtDjT), turn) Water

intending the water-courses. allowed to flow in turn, for a fixed term, to the fields of

Niranilai, Tam. (r^Ijr^SsO) Marshy ground. each cultivator, from about the beginning of April to

Nirdnambam, Tam. (r^tTrrr^lLuiXi) Wet lands, lands ir- the end of May.

rigated artificially for rice cultivation. Peru-nir, Tam. (from QlJ(r^, plentifully) Water allowed to

Niratiiper, Mai. (0Tlro§l6>n_lfD) The ceremony of giving flow without limitation during the rainy season, or from the

water at the time of transferring an estate, either upon beginning of September to the end of March, or thereabouts.

mortgage or sale, by which the bargain is ratified. NiRAi,Tam.(rfl(3!D nr))Weightingeneral,a weight of lOOpaZamA

Niragdnte, or Nirugante, commonly pronounced Nirganti, NirAli, (?) Mar. A low caste whose occupation is dyeing

Karn. (ti^^Xoii, a^&Xo ei) A village officer who su- cloths of dark colours, or manufacturing indigo.

perintends the distribution of water for irrigation. NiRAN, or NiDAN, Beng. (f^TSir) Weeding a field or garden.
Nirdvatipairu, Karn. (^)?'0~3^Q <O£)O0) Corn grown by NiRANJAN, Beng. (S. MJi°SR) Casting an image into the

irrigation. water after a festival dedicated to its worship.

378
 NIR NIS

NiRAPARADHf, Beng. (S. IvT^talft) Innocent, acquitted, NiRVEDHABHOGA, S. (fTl^V>TtiTt) Undisturbed possession, as
(fiom fH^, not, and ^PKTV, fault). the ground of a title to property.

NiRBADHA-BHOGA, (S. firtwdn) In Hindu law, uninter- NigAB, H. (A. t—jLoi) Capital, property : in law, such an

rupted or undisputed possession, conferring' a title to amount of property, whether in money, goods, or cattle, as

property. being capable of increase, is liable to the payment of

NiRDHASTA, S. &c. (frre, not, and Ifff , wealth) Poor : in zikdt or legal alms.

law, a person not entitled to hold property, as a slave, an NiSAR, H. ( iLu ) Money thrown amongst the people at pro-

idiot, &c. cessions or at festivals.

NiRDOSH, S. &c. (from fifT, not, and ^tf, fault) Free from NisF, H. &c. (a. ( 2-ai) Half, a half, a moiety.

blame, not guilty. Nisf-jamA, H. (A. f*?-, rent) Half revenue assessment,
NiRGAT, Mar. (S. f^T, out, and VK, gone) Gone or taken latterly levied on the holders of resumed rent-free tenures.

out, exported : duty or custom on exports. Nisf-hhirdj, H. (A. «-'/*"' *^^^ Half assessment, remission
NiRiNDRjYA, S. (frc, not, and ^5^, an organ of sense) of fifty per cent, on the revenue.

One who has lost or was born deficient in some one of NiSHADA, S. &c. (fq"^:) An outcaste, applied by Manu to

his organs of sense, and is thereby, in law, disqualified the son of a Brahman by a Siidra female, but generally
for inheritance. to any degraded caste, and especially to wild and barbarous
Nirindriyd, S. (fern, of the preceding) A femalej or the tribes inhabiting forests and mountains in various parts
female sex : deficient in organic vigour. of India.

NirjalaikIdasi, S. (firt, not, sT^y, water, JjoBT^^ft, eleventh) NishIn, H. (p. yjluo) A sign, a mark, an emblem, a signet,
The eleventh lunar day of the dark half of Jyeshtha, an ensign, a flag.

on which so strict a fast is observed that even water is Nishdnharddr, H. (P. .'j^j) A flag-bearer.

not to be sipped. Nishdn-i-DiroAn, or Diwdni,'ii.. ((jjtyj) The official mark

NiRKH, corruptly, Nbrch, Nerk, or Nirk, H. (P. -;-/), or stamp of the Dirvdn, or of his office : the official mark
NiRAKH, Mar. (f;n?a), Tel. (^530) Price, rate, tariff, and date endorsed on a royal grant made in the Dimdn's
price-current, market rate or price : district or pargana office upon its being registered in his records.
rate of price, or of revenue payments, the standard rate at Nishdn-i-huzur-navis, H. (A. P. ,M.>,^jyas~) The official

which the lands of a village or district are assessed : rate mark with the date and attestation of registry made by
of exchange. the Ndzim, upon the back of a royal grant after the
Nirhhhandi, H. (^liJj^-^') A document in which rates or Nishdn-i-Dimdni has been affixed

prices are recorded, a table of rates, a price-current. NiSHKA, S. &c. (fritoii) A weight of gold, of varying amount.
Nirkhddrogha, H. (A. <XcyIj) A clerk of the market, an NiSHKAR, Beng. (S. f^^^) Exempt from tax.

officer who regulates the prices at which articles are sold NiSHKRAMAN, H. &c. (S. ^^JjUi , f^s^SUJa) Going out,

in a public market. taking an infant out of the house for the first time, in the

NirhU, H. {^^J>)> Nirkhyd, Mar. (fqt^m) An officer fourth month, when certain ceremonies are to be per-
who fixes or records the prices of articles. formed.

Nirhhnama, H. (P. iu\i) A tariff", a price-current, a table NisHPATTi, Beng. (S. f^st%) Accomplishment, settlement,
of prices or rates. decision, award.

NiRU, Tam. {jT)^) Lime slaked and reduced to powder. NissAH, Thug. Safe, secure as a residence, a villan-e
; a
NiHUTTARA, S. &c. (f^tjTlO Having no answer, making no place to commit murder, &c.
defence. NiSTAR, H. &c. {JluiJ, ftT^n^) Release, acquittal ; rescue
NiRVANSA, S. (f^*^) Extinct, as a family ; being without salvation.

family or descendants ; unclaimed, as property to which NisuDDHi, incorrectly, NisuDi, corruptly, Neesiioody Tel.
there are no heirs. (rSooO, S. ftl^fs, purification) A mutual acquittance
NiRViSHTA, S. &c. (ftlff^) Profit, wages, interest; gain by or release ; settlement of an account ; relinquishment of a
usury, agriculture, or service. right or claim.

379
 NIT NUK
NitIntAgnyA, Beng. (S.fil^slgt^, from fim'^, final, and (HH), S. &c. (f»nw) Fixed institute or observance : esta-

^1^, order) Sentence, verdict, decree. blished practice; a rule or regulation, a statute : an agree-
NiTAH, Hindi (ftT^) Poor, worn out by over culture — land. ment, a contract or engagement : also, Niydma, but less
NiTi, S. &c. (^fil) Polity, ethics, justice. usually.

NiTU-ASARABHUMi, Tel. (^^©r6'(y°eaT^S5L), ? for ^6o, Niyama, or Niydma karttd, S. (from oR^, maker) A law-
or the inflex. ~^) A field or land dependent for irri- maker, a legislator: the legislature.

gation upon proximity to a tank or river. —Northern Sarkars. Niyamapatra, S. &c. (fffllira) A deed of agreement or

Nitukdluva, Tel. (^ii)-r°ewS) A water-course, a nalla assent, a contract, a written engagement.

(see the last). — Northern Sarkars. Niyati, S. &c. (fq^fir) Rule, regulation, fixed or established
NiTTA, S. &c. (firo), sometimes vernacularly. Nit, as H. practice.

(«.:>j). Mar. (fiTtT, but more correctly, ftjuj), Nittiya, NiYOGA, S. &c. (ftnitn) An appointment, a delegated duty

Tam. (r^S^LU) Constant, invariable, eternal: Nitti- or office.

ya m (adverbially), always, eternally. Niyoga dharma, S. (fH<(lJm*fi) Official duty or occupation

Nitya harma, or Nitya harm, or Nit-harm, S. &c.( ftfrJl- in one sense, the appointment of a kinsman to raise up
^»*J) Fixed and. constant duty : the observance of pre- issue by the wife of a childless husband^ or one deceased
scribed rites and ceremonies, daily, or at defined periods, without leaving children.
in opposition to Naimittika karma, or ceremonies per- Niyukta, S. &c. (ftfirai) Appointed, delegated ; a functionary,

formed occasionally, and at the pleasure of the parties. an appointed or delegated representative.
Nityadattaha, or d.^utra, S. (f>niJ5[^oinj^:) A son adopted Nod, Beng. (wi^) Alloy, adulteration, a debased coin.

in a regular and legal manner, who thereby becomes a Nopi, or Not, Mai., Tam. (Gr^fTL^) A small measure of

son for ever. time, about four seconds.

' Nittiyapadi moyim, Tam. (rtl4^U-"-IUjLGLDrTLL31c5Cfl) Nokichartta, Mai. (eiroOdBeiliUOttlWn) Statement of survey

Daily allowance in money for ceremonies in a temple. or computation from inspection of the quantity of seed

Nityasrdddha, S. &c. (ftrflT^n^) The prescribed obsequial required for sowing a field.

sacrifices to deceased progenitors, and the manes in general. NoNCHA, Hindi ('«f^«1-«(l) Lands abounding with saline matter.

NiVADA, NivIra, or NiWAHA, Mar. (fri^TTT) Settlement, NoNDHA, Guz. (^l*&l) A note-book, a memorandum, a bill-

adjustment, decision, especially on a disputed point. Tel. book in which articles are entered in the order sold.

(cOoJ " Ci") Settlement of revenue : revenue accounts : set- Nor, Mar. («frt) Passage-money for persons or goods, fare,

tlement of accounts with the cultivators, or determination freight.

of the proportions in which the growing crop is to be NoTA, Karn. (r^W), Nottam, Mai. (6imo§o) Seeing,

divided. looking at, inspection, examination ; inspection and ex-

Nivdra fotra. Mar. (ftjcJI^il^) A written judgment or changing of coins, shroffage ; also, conjuring, fortune-telling,

award, or the document recording it. or sorcery. In Tam. Nottam, from Nokka, sight, ap-

NivARA, S. &c. (ift^T) Rice or other grain growing with plies to the examination of coins.
or without cultivation ; also, Nivdra-dhdnyam (from Notagdra, Karn. (jSjSiioK^O) An officer who keeps the

dhdnyam, grain). money accounts of a village ; also, a money-changer : a

NiVAHAN-PATRA, Mar. (ftT^T^tT?, from S. fcJ^TtU, pro- conjuror, a fortune-teller.

hibiting) A prohibitory note to one employed to demand Nottakarippa, Mai. (6)mo§cfio«plg_j) Counterfeit coin.

payment of debts. Nottahdran, Mai. (6)rO0§efiei0fDnr6) A money-changer.

NivARTTAN, Mar. (S. fW^#^, lit., turning back) A mea- Nuapila-charibAr, Uriya (ffSllSSi.Sl£^9|Q) Abandoning
sure of land, 20 square Vansas, or 4000 square cubits. a new-born infant.
Nivi, Karn. (S. S)?S>) Capital, stock. NuGAM, Tam. (rjISlXi) A yoke for oxen (vernacular cor-
NiVESANAMu, Tel. (S. ?f^i(6'^) Ground to the extent of ruption of S. Yugam).
2400 feet square. Nuka, Tel. (r03~°s) Grain of any kind when half ground.

NiYAMA, or NiYAM, also, vernacularly, Nem, H. i^), Mar. NuKSAN, incorrectly, Noksan, H. (A. Loss, injury.
^J^^)
380
 n6l ODH
deficiency : loss upon alienated lands, deficit in the revenue NusKHA, H. (&s*^) A copy, an example, a specimen or

returns. draught of a writing, &c.

Nukscin-i-fdhish, H. (A., from ij^s-li , shameful) Gross in- NuztJL, NoozooL, H. (A. J^ji) Descent : property which

adequacy of price of an article sold, which, according to falls to the state from default of heirs, an escheat.

some lawyers, if effected by an agent, annuls the sale. Nyasa, vernacularly, Nyls, S. &e. (iin^) A deposit, a pledge.

NuL, Tam., Mai. (r5n&),NuLU,Tel.,Karn. (rC^5~°e^-5) Yarn, NyIt, or NyIti, Mar. (WITK, -infil, corruption of S. Jndti

cotton-thread. gifir) Caste, kind, sort.

Nuldta, Nulke, or Nulike, Karn. i<6T-°€-S)t5 , '^^^"'1, NrlY.4, vernacularly, Niao, Niai, H. (jUi, i_yLw). S. &c.

r03~°SD) Spinning. (snf) Propriety, fitness, reasoning, logic : in common use

Nuluvardtne, Karn. ir03~°0SS)U 6 MA cotton-spinning it frequently also denotes justice or judgment.

wheel. Nydyddhikdra, or adhipati, S. &c. ( •*) I A( I P*! ah !<: , nn^TfVjTifir)

Nmke, Nuluvalu, Karn. (fC^~°0-3D, ^^^S^eo^^) A Tel, (c5^§CXXr°QS5S) A judge, a magistrate.

spinning-woman. Nydyddhisa, corruptly, Niadhis, Nyaeedaish, Mar. (S. ?in-

Nultuni, Mai. ((p[a)(5fc((B)6v^) Cotton cloth, calico. ^ITV^) A magistrate, a judge.

NuLi, Karn. (rODc)) Any kind of hempen orcoirstring or rope. Nydyddhid, Mar. (S. ^iITJVt^) Magistracy, the office or

NuMBERDAH, Or, more commonly, Lumberdar, q. v., H. function of a judge.

(-XAJ , the English word ' number,' with P. ddr, who Nydmar, Hindi (sfnis) A tree that has sprung up of itself

has) The title of the person or persons in a village who in a cultivated field, and which the cultivator may cut

represent the community in their financial dealings with the down.

government, and who are registered in the collectors' books

O.
by a number as well as by name.
Numher-kaj-anam, nsei in Tam. (iTLDLJCrsiJCtJrLQ)
' A Obbidi, Tel. (<^^^) Treading out corn, threshing by
village accountant in some of the Tamil districts, who was means of cattle.

paid by a salary, and was numbered and registered in the doA, Karn. (2oa), Odam, Tam. (Ql_lll) A boat, a ferry-boat.
collectors' books when the establishment of such account- Odagdr, Karn. (2oQ A do) A ferryman.

ants was first formed. Odai, Tam. (QCi33L_) A water-course, a tank, a ditch. ,

Numhermdr-kharadd,OT -khardd, Mar. (^i^T^TWT^l, from Odan, or Oran, or Ond, Mar. (ssi^'SlU , ^fti) Deep, sunk
khardd, a diary) A record kept by the village accountant capable of holding water, as ground fit for rice cultivation.

in the Dakhin of the fields of the village he is attached Odana, or Odan, S. &c. (^ft^tt) Boiled rice.

to, their quality, cultivation, and other particulars of the OdavAram, more correctly,UDAvlRAM,Tam. (9L.5IJ IT 171x1)
state of the village, according to a regular system of num- Actual gross produce.

bering. Ode, or Orre, Tel. ("^ O) A rick of corn, or a small pile

Nun, or Non, H. (j^y, from S. lavana) Salt. justs cut with the sickle.

Nunchai, H. (^s^J, from S. '^^T, a heap) A factitious Odeya, Odeyava, or Odiya, or, as used honorifically in the

salt made of the ashes of burnt straw previously steeped plur., Wodeyar, or Wodiya,
and as usually pronounced,
in brine, and used to adulterate culinary salt. Karn. (by&<^, Zo^o3b5, ZoaoSo, Zo^oC5b6o) A
Nunid, H. (Lwy) A maker of, or dealer in, salt ; a salt- lord, a chief, a ruler, a sovereign.

petre maker. Odhan, Mar. (^ftgiff) The balance of a closed account car-

Nuner, H. (;J^y, ^1^) Saline, as soil. ried forward and placed at the head of one newly opened :

NuNE, Tel. (<>53~°"^) Oil, as ready for use. descent (of a belief, practice, usages, &c.) through several

N6bbaf, H. (p. u_jU;y) A Mohammadan weaver, especially generations.

of fine cloth like the Dacca muslin. Odhanbdki, incorrectly, Odambaki, Mar. (A. ^ilj , remain-

NtJRU, Tel. (i5jJ~°O0) Threshing or treading out grain. der) Balance of account carried forward from year to year,

NusAiRi, H. (A. (_f,Jufli) A Mohammadan who believes in the especially in revenue matters, &c. ; account with the cul-

divinity of A li. tivators.

381 5e
 ODI OLA .

Odi, pronounced WoDi, Karn. (<jJ©) A division of a rice (2^)^aj3^^^eu) A slave, especially a predial or agri-

field. cultural slave, a labourer (dlu) attached to the revenue

Odiya, Uriya (l3^aM|, S. ^'5) The people, lang^iage, &c., (jama) lands. —Coorg. Correctly speaking, there are two

of Orissa. chief classes of slaves recognised in the province Bhumi-

Ogal, (?) Hindi. Buck wheat. — Kamaon. jamad-dlu, and Okkala-jamad-dlu : the first are attached

Ogaruvumuta, Tel. (C*^AOO^SX3~°U) An allowance of to the land (ihumi), and only transferable with it ; the

grain given to the measurers of the crop. second are the personal property of their possessors, and
Ogat, Guz. (^lOlli) Remains of grass left by cattle on a may be sold or mortgaged at pleasure.
field. Okkana, Tel. (<^^^), Okkane, Okkanike, Wokkane,
OggA, Kam. (a) Ad) Seed for sowing. &c. Karn. (^B^, ^O^feo) The honorific title placed

Ogha, vernacularly, Oqh, S. &c. (^Tfl) A torrent, a strong at the top of a letter or petition.

current or stream. Okkula, Karn. (^9-*^) A measure of grain containing

Oghal, Mar. (tHIv^') A small stream, a rill, a rivulet ; also, 71 lb. 4 oz. avoirdupois.
a ravine. Oi,, Mar. (^ft^S) Moisture, damp.

Ogudu, Tel. (cOXoiSo) The straw of the great millet. Old, Mar. (^^t) Moist, humid.

Ohdah, more correctly, Uhdah, q. v. H. (A. iSjifC), Odho, Oldchd, Mar. (•aclcSi'^i) Cultivated, produced, &c., without

Guz. (^iHl) An office, whether civil or military. irrigation or rain, from the inherent humidity of the soil.

Ohdahddr, incorrectly, Odaddr, correctly, Uhdahddr, Guz. Oldduhal, or -kdl. Mar. (^ft(gnii.<*c^ , -efiTcJ) A famine, the

Odheddr, H. (P. jtj, who has) An office, a functionary, consequence of excessive rain.

a public servant, whether civil or military. Ol, H., Mar. (^^, Jjl) Personal bail or security, a hostage,

OjajY, Beng. (*S^fT, corruption oi ^\y wasan) Weight, a surety.

measure. Oli-dg, Mar. (^^^nT. lit., wet fire) Any calamity occa-

Ojanddr, Beng. (^«i«4itT3) A weighman. sioned by superabundant moisture, as a flood, &c.

Ojha, H. (l«»-jl , ^*RT) The title of the head priest of the Ola, corruptly, Ool, Olly, Mai. (siBA), Olai, Tam. (spSsO),

temple of Vaidyandth, at Deogarh in liij'hhum. A con- Ole, Karu. (tOO) The leaf of any kind of palm, espe-

juror, a sorcerer. Beng. (^Vi) A snake-catcher, one cially, though not exclusively, applied to the leaf as used

who pretends to cui'e snake bites, and cast out evil spirits for writing upon.

by charms. Uriya (l3^) A schoolmaster : the signature Olapura, Mai. (6iaj(i_l(0) A house thatched with leaves.

of a certain caste. Olapefji, Mai. (6ie_16lQ-J§1) A box in which title deeds

Ojja, Tel. (^§) A teacher, a priest. or other documents written on olas, or palm leaves, are

Okati, Mar. (-iriclidl) An apparatus for drawing water irom preserved.

a well, the transverse beam and stone weight ; also the Olaihudu, Tam. (QSKSSiffn-®) An umbrella or covering

bucket. of palm leaves to keep off rain.

Ok II, Beng. and Uriya ('QRH, corruption of Vakil) An Pattolai, Tam. (UL.(Sl_rT3sO) An edict or official order,

agent, an attorney. any thing written upon palm leaves from dictation.

Okdlat, Beng. and Uriya (^^t^«, corruption of Wakdlat) Olaga, Karn. (c«Jt)A) An assembly, a meeting, holding a

Agency, representative, acting as agent or attorney. darhdr, or levee, a meeting in a hachhari, for public

Okkaliga, or Okkalu, pronounced Wokkaliga and Wok- business : in the latter sense it is also written Oddolaga
kalu, Vuccaloo, Kam. (^§S^, 2oSeu) a culti- (Zod/sCyX).

vator, a farmer, a tenant of the soil, an inhabitant. Olase, Olase, Olise, Earn. (^O^, 20eJ-fo,2oS-fo) Mi-

Okkalatana, orWokkalatana, Karn. {COoeJDoJ) Husbandry, gration of the people of a district through fear of war, pes-

cultivation : residence, residing. tilence, &c.

Okkalihamane, or Wohhalihamane, Karn. (u)g0&sOcS) Ola-utha, Beng. (t3=Tt«^) . Spasmodic cholera (from ola,

A farm-house, any occupied or inhabited house. descent, and uthd, rising), upward and downward evacu-

Okkalu-jamad-dlu, corruptly, Vuccdloo-jummed-aloo, Karn ations.

382
 OLE OTT
OlekIra, Karn. (uDOdDo) a servant, an armed peon. Or, H. (jy) Boundary, limit, way, direction.
Oli, Tel. ("JS) a marriage portion, what is given to a Ora, Oh a Hi, Mar. (^sfkT, 'Wt^^T) One of the portions of a
wife at her marriage by her relations, and consequently field which are ploughed separately by concentric turns of
becomes her peculiar property. the plough.

Olu> Karn. (co£U) A pledge, a hostage, a ransom. Orapu, Karn. (2oOqJ)) Ebbing, going down : a ridge in a

Olugu, Tam. (Q(Le@) An account kept by the village paddy field : a channel.

accountant of the measurement and extent of the fields com- Orati, Oravu, Oravk, Karn. (So^t), ?^6c^, 2o6^) A
posing a village. marsh or swamp ; surplus water running from a tank.

Om, S. &c. (^ft*?) The mystic monosyllable to be uttered pre- Oravinahola, Karn. (2oo?).-0'&M8eJ) a swampy field.

viously to any prayer, but so as not to be overheard by Orbe, Tel. (2o ^) A heap of un threshed grain.
ears profane ; supposed to consist of three letters, a, u, m, OauKA, Mai. {SifSi) An account of lands and gardens in

combined, being types of the three Vedas, or of the three which the boundaries are specified.

great divinities, Srahmd, Vishtm, and Siva. Orukal, Mai. (6iff"<fe(0fc) Flowing or running of water.

Omkaba, S. &c. (^'oRTC) The mystical syllable Om : see Orukha, Mai. (6iff>ce€^) A current, a stream.

the last. Os, Mar. ('?frtf) Deserted, a village ; uncultivated, neglected,

Ombi, Mar. ('^tWt) An ear of wheat. laud.

OjfDA, or Wanda, corruptly, Woonda, Mar. (^fttl, ^) A OsA, Mar. (^ftifn) A blank spot in a corn-field.

billet, a log of wood. OsuL, Uriya (OOR., corruption of wasul) Payment, collec-

Ondapatti, corruptly, Woondaputty, Mar. ('jHim^l) A tax tion ; realized as a debt or as revenue.

imposed in commutation of the labour of cutting logs for OswAL, Hindi (^^t^ToS) The name of a tribe of Jains, chiefly

government use. merchants and bankers.

OnBU, Karn. (COocSo) Alluvial deposit, sediment, soil. Otaki, less correctly, Wotari, Mar. (^>mt^) A brazier, a

Ongalu, Karn. (COoXe^J) An offering by farmers in a caster of vessels of bell-metal, also of brass idols.

field before harvest. Otbandi, (?) Mar. Payment of a fixed amount for the use

Oppa, Mai. (6i<M), Oppam, Tam. (spuum) Signature, of each plough and pair of bullocks. Khandesh. Bene-.
subscription, a certificate. (*8e^F^) Settlement of rent to be paid for cultivating
Oppachdram.j'iam., Karn. (QLJI—irTtg^rTITLD) A contract, waste land. See Utbandi.

an engagement, a bond. Oti, Mai. (eisl) A piece of rice-ground.

Oppandam/Iam. (.e^Clun^SiUiXOppanda, Kara. (2ogoO) Ottadam, (?) Tam. A crop cultivated jointly with other crops
A compact, an agreement, a contract. on the same land.
Oppitta, Karn. (COSjo ^) Consent, agreement, signature, 0'rTAl,Tam.(6pLl(35DI_) A span between the tips of the thumb
subscription. and forefinger extended.
Oppittadakdgada,Ka.m. (u)2j§^oS~3XO) A signed paper, Ottam, Tam. (^ll.l_ili) A conical pile of earth left by
an executed deed or bond. tank diggers as a measure of the depth to which they
OppumoU, or -mozhi, Tam. (QLJl_|GLQrTI^) A written have dug.

agreement between two parties. Ottan, Tam. (fipill_OTr), Karn. Odda, or Oddarava,
Oppvkdnam, also read Opakdnam, Mai. (ao-itftOeyoo) pronounced Wodda (<^^, 2o^^^) a ditch or tank dio--
Fee or present given on execution and signature of docu- ger, a stonecutter. See the next.
ments relating to sale or mortgage of land. Ottlyam, Tam. (gpllu^UUlL) The country to the north
Kaiyoppam, Tam. (fiSJSCUJrTLJLJLQ) Signature, certifi- of Madras, whence the tank diggers come, or, in fact

cate, the act of authenticating a document by subscription, Orissa the Odhra of Sanskrit, the Uriya
: of the cur-
or the document subscribed. rent dialect, whence the people employed in this kind of
Oppadi-tvgayedu, Tam. (spuULg-^csniSGLU®) Abstract labour in the south of India are said to have
originally
statement shewing receipts, disbursements, and balance in come.

hand. Ottam, Tam. (^iIulq) A contract, an agreement.

383
 OTT PAC
Odambadike, Tel. (<-*3QoaDQ A) A contract, an agreement, lute and final transfer of hereditary property, by the pro-
a bond. prietor pouring a little water into the hand of the purchaser.
Otti, corruptly, OoTTY, Tam. (sps^, QjpnJI), Mai. Ottiperrola, and Ottiper^ola-haranam, Mai. (^Ottiper, or

(6iOOl), Karn. {2o8_g) A pledge, a pawn, a mortgage: Attiper, as above, ola (SifiJ), a palm leaf, and karanam
in Malabar it especially designates a usufructuary mort- (o6>(D6inOo), a deed) The written and executed deed by which
gage, or one in which, for consideration of a sum ad- a hereditary property is absolutely sold; hence, also, the

vanced on loan, the borrower makes over the land of which title-deeds of an estate.

he is the hereditary proprietor to a temporary occupant, Ottu, Karn. Whole, total, ' aggregate amount.
(^'^I^-')

who receives the rent or profits in lieu of interest on his Ottuchekacheri,KaTn.('^^^^^^&) The chief post office.
loan, paying the difference, if his receipts exceed the interest, Ottuguttige, Karn. (2oc^Abo^"A) The entire assessment.

to the proprietor : the borrower or lender may transfer the Ottujameyddahana, Karn. (2o|±i2dd3o53-s65b£3) The
occupancy to a third party, under certain conditions, but total collection of the revenue of a district.

the latter is not at liberty to sell it, and is responsible for Ova, Tel. (2o5) Cut corn, but unthreshed.
any damage dope to the trees on the estate. The term is OvANDA, OwANDA, vulgarly, WowANDA, Mar. (TsTl^il) The
also sometimes used for the document of assignment or holding and cultivating of lands which lie beyond the lands
mortgage-deed. (Although written Otti by all the best of the village in which the cultivator resides ; also the lands

authorities, it is also written in Tam. and Mai. Orri, and so held and cultivated: hence the carrying on of any business
Orri (5 ffjnjl , 6iOC5l), both, however, being always pro- at a distance, or part in one place and part in another.
nounced Otti. In Mai. it also occurs, at least' in compo- Owandekari, corruptly, Womand kurree, Mar. (^lisciiO)
sition, Atti, Otti, with the initial short vowel, or o, and A person living in one place and cultivating land in another.

cerebral t. See Attiper: (in Tarn, and Karn. the t is

dental).

Ottidravyam, Mai. (6i§l(^nJ)o, from S. ^, wealth) The

money advanced on usufructuary mortgage. Pa, H. &c. (Ij , abbreviation of Pdda, q. v.) A foot, a leg.

Ottikamparam, corruptly, Ofty-koomprom, Mai. (6i§l- Pdydb, H. (P., fi-om ^Jij>\iydftan, to find) Fordable, a ford.

<&iC<Xj(Cio) A subsequent transaction, in which, for a fur- Pachaka, S. &c. (m^oli) Causing to come to maturity ; also,

ther loan, the proprietor abandoris finally to the mortgagee digestive, cooking, dressing ; subst., a cook.

two-thirds of his hereditary rights and authority over the Pachar, (?) H. The designation of the lands and villages

estate. lying farthest from the banks of the Jamuna in the district

Ottikaranam, Mai. (SiglAfDSvTOo) The deed or instrument of Etawa.

conveying the property to the mortgagee. Pachbheya, Thug. A sect or division of the Thugs.

Ottikurikdnam, less correctly, Kulikanam, Mai. (6i§lc6€1- Pachchadamu, vulgarly, Patch, Tel. (o3gcS^X>) A par-

(fl<ja,36vTOo) A mortgage in which it is conditioned either ticular kind of cotton cloth, generally twenty-four cubits

that the occupant shall be at liberty to relinquish the long and two broad: two cloths joined together.

estate without charge for dilapidations, ten per cent, of PachchAku, pron. PatsAku, vulgarly, Putchuck, or PuT-
the principal loan being deducted to cover all injuriesj or SAK, Tel. (oig^So) lit., A green leaf, but applied espe-

that the owner may reclaim it when he pleases ; in which cially to an aromatic plant long cultivated in India, and

case he is to pay for any additional plantations or other thence exported by the ancients under its Sanskrit appel-

improvements. lation, Kushtha (Costus iddicus, or, as forming a new

Ottikondavan, Mai. (6i^6)(&,0erisn-inb) A mortgagee, lit., genus, Aucklandia costus verus).

the purchaser of a freehold. PAcHH, H. (^?»-Ij) Inoculation, inoculating.

Ottiper, or Attiper, Mai. (6i§)6)(i_10, CSn5§l61n.JO) Free- Pachhal, Uriya (OC^R) A place where saline earth is

hold hereditary property ; it is used laxly for the absolute prepared.

transfer of such property. Pachk.1, Mar. (m'M"*!) A small copper coin equivalent to a

Ot.tiporai^ir, (Mai. oolro , water) Ratification of an abso- Damri, or fourth of a Paisa.

384
 PAC PAD
Pachpach, Hindi («|'^y-«() Soft or plashy, as soil ; rotten samutthdna, concerns among partners ; 5. Dattdpaharma,
vegetable matter and mud. resumption of gifts ; 6. Vetandddnam, non-payment of
PachwIi, or Pachwi, corruptly, Puchwye, H. (t/ljsi, wages or hire ; 7. Samvid-vyatikrama, breach of engage-
i^ysi) An intoxicating drink prepared from the fermenta- ment ; 8. Kraya-mkraydnusaya, rescission of purchase

tion of rice or other grains steeped in water. and sale ; 9. Srvdmipdla-vwdda, disputes between master
Pad, vulgarly, Paud, (?) Mar. A measure of land equal and servant ; 10. Simdvivdda, boundary disputes; 11. Dan-
to twenty kdthis. dttTpdrushya, assault and battery ; 12. Vdhpdrushya, de-
Pad, Pada, PIda, S., but occurring in all the dialects (tj?, famation and abuse ; 13. Sieya, theft ; 14. Sdhasa, vio-

1^1, II^J), the word also occurs, vernacularly modified lence; 15. Strisangrahana, illicit intercourse with women;
in various forms, as, PI, Pai, Panw, pron. Paon, H. 16. Stripundharma, obligations of husband and wife ;

(l), ^b, yL)), Pa, Beng. Ctt), Pi, Pa6l, Mar. (tJT, 17 .'JJdyavibhdga, pa.rlition of inheritance ; 18. Dyutam-
TT^icy) A foot, a footstep. Pada, &c. have other mean- dhvayascha, gaming and animal-fighting.
ings also, among which Pada, implies a fourth, a quarter, PadasanUrna, S. (Tt^Bofi't^) A mixed plaint in a suit at law.

the only sense properly attributable to its modifications, as Pada, S. &c. ('<n^;) A quarter, as before ; but as a term in

Pai, Beng., Mar. (tt^, tn^), Pae, Uriya (a|-g), and Pao, Hindu law it signifies one of the four steps or stages by

H. ("Ij), but these terms are used with great laxity, and which a law-suit is directed to proceed, viz.

often, in their derivatives and compounds, imply also, a foot. 1. Bhdshdpdda, (from HT^T, speech) The declaration, the

Pdda-kdnikai, Tam. (LJrr^srT6SCflo<3ro<3) An offering charge or plaint.

to the feet, applied to a contribution paid to the Guru, or 2. Uttarapdda, (from^W^, an answer) The reply or defence.
head of a religious establishment. 3. Kriydpdda, (from f^TlT, action) The essential matter,

Pddarghya, vernacularly, Paddrgh, or Paddrgh, corruptly, the evidence or proofs, whether oral or documentary.

Pudaruck, Pudarg, H. &c. (S. ^jljo, ^bU, tJT^nS) 4. Sddhyasiddhi-pdda, (from ^^v^, what is to be established,

A respectful offering of curds, honey, &c., to a guest or the fact, and ftjfe, establishment) The judgment or decision.
Brahman ; lit. an arghya, or offering to his feet, whence Pada, S. &c. (H^:) Place, station, rank.

it has come to signify also an assignment of rent-free land Padastha, S. &c. (tJ^^:)! A person of rank or authority.

to a Brahman, a religious person, or a religious establish.^ Padavi, vernacularly, Paddbi, S. &c. ('^cfTt) A title, rank,

ment : in the north-west it is said to be a grant of rent- dignity.

free land to similar objects made by a Zamindar, and for Pada, or Para, Mar. (q^) Fallow land.

the revenue of which he continues responsible. Padahara, or Parkara, Mar. (''IsSohO Lying fallow, a field :

Paddta, Paddti, Paddtika, S. &c. (Tl^if, l^fif, 'J^fil^, being deserted or desolate, a village.

from pada, a foot) A footman, a foot-soldier, an armed Padasara, or Padasdra, Mar. ('JSH^ -TtTt) Uncultivated,

retainer or messenger, whence the vernacular Pidda, and desolate, uninhabited.

Pd'ih, and the English Peon, q. v. Padit,' Mar. ('R^iT) Fallow or uncultivated land.

Pdda-vandanikd, S. (iTT^ and ^^•T, salutation) Property Padiyd, Tel. (oi)?SoIX)~°) Fallow, uncultivated, waste.

given by a husband to a wife at the time of marriage in PadI, or PABl,Mar. (thst), Padagai, Tam. (UL_rT(33D<s)
return for her humble salutation or marks of deference. A cluster of cottages situated at some distance from the

Pddodaka, S. &c. (xii^ and '3^'^ , water) Water in which village to which they belong, for the convenience of carry-

the feet of a Brahman have been washed, and which it is ing on agricultural operations. See Pdrd.

an act of merit to drink. Pada, or ParA, Uriya (Q^j) A village; a ward of a town.
Pddya, S. &c. (TRT) Relating to the feet, water for wash- Padakkam, Tam. (u^<5<5lX)) A certain number of villages
ing them. held in farm in Tanjore under the native government.

Pada, S. &c. (tj^) A head, title, or topic of legal or judicial Padahatdr, Tam. (USSS^smj) The renter or farmer

proceedings, of which eighteen are enumerated by Hindu of a number of villages.

law-givers; as, l.Rindddna, debt; 2. iVi/wAepa, deposits Padakatha, vulgarly, Pah-kath, Mar. (H^oirsi) The lending
3. Asrvdmi-vikraya, sale without ownership; 4. Samhh'dya- of cattle and labour by one cultivator to another.

385 6f
 PAD PAD
Padahel, vulgarly, Parkel, Mar. (Qj^t^) A cultivator that Padittaram, Tam. (uu^S^ifriL) Allowance made to a

helps another with labour, cattle, and the like. a temple.

PIdakal, or Padekal, (?) Mai. Land exempt from revenue. Padiydl, Tam. (UliJ-LUrrerr) A hired servant, especially

Pad ANA, Mai. (a_lsro) A salt pan, a salt-pit. one paid with grain.

Padanayuppa, Mai. (n_lS(TOC8Jci_j) Manufactured salt. PIdi, vulgarly,? ADDY, Malay (j_fjls) Rice in the husk, whether
PApAPPAM,Tani. (Ul—LJLJlii) A town surrounded by villages. growing or cut, before threshing or before the grain is

Padappai, Tam. (lj1_1_I0S5Lj) A yard or inclosure behind separated.

a house. Padi, Beng. ('T^) Tonnage, measurement of boats or ships

Padah, Guz. (H I4i^) Common land, land adjacent to a vil- for cargo.

lage left uncultivated. PAdi, Karn. (oJdS) Difference of exchange in money.

Padaram, (?) Mai. A fee paid to the Raja, or his repre- Padika, Uriya (a§Q|) A measuring rod.

sentative, on a transfer of landed property. PadkA, (?) H. A measure of land, a subdivision of a katthd.

Padahtha, S. &c. ('T^'0, from pada, a name, and artha, Padma, vernacularly, Padam, Pudum, S. &c. (ir!l) A lotus,
object) Thing, substance, a category or predicament, in a large number, a thousand millions.

logic : in Karuata, personal property, money. Padri, (?) Hindi. A capitation tax on artificers and traders

Padasaksha, or ParsAksha, Mar. (»TTFI^) Corroborative in central India. —Malcolm.

evidence. Padri, H. &c. i^Sji^^j Port. Padre) The common term
Padasdkshi, Parsdkshi, Mar. (XR^Tjt) A witness giving throughout India for a Missionary or a clergyman.

corroborative testimony. Padshah, H. &c. (P. isLiiilj) A king.

Pabati, Uriya (a^Ol) Waste salt. Pddshdhi,li. &c. (^Jbl^iilj) Royal, imperial, made or given

Paddu, Tel. ("^Q^) An entry in an account, an item, a by a sovereign, as a grant of land, &c.

memorandum. Pi.DU, Tel. (olT^iao) Waste, uncultivated, fallow ; also, subs.

Pade, Karn. (cOS) A servant, a messenger, a Peon. a waste, a common, a barren or uncultivated tract.

Padi, corruptly, Puddee, Tam. (UL^), Karn. (S3Q) A PddubhumifirPdtihhumi, oxPdtinela,Tt\. (o^^QO viJ~°S)0,
measure of capacity at Madras, one-eighth of a marahdl, (0^iJvJ~°^, aT^63"c3o) A spot of ground near a vil-

being the same with the ndU, or ndzM, and containing lage formerly inhabited, but now cultivated for tobacco.

93.752 cubic inches, or about 3 lb. 6 oz. ; in the revised Padunilam, Tam. (l_l®rfleDLQ) Barren ground.
scale of weights and measures it is identified with the En- Padu, Tam. (urr®) Deficiency on remeasurement.

glish term measure,' the standard being a cylinder of Padugai, or Padugai-satturam, Tam. (Lj®fi33S-,

4 inches diameter and 8 inches deep, containing 100 cubic LJ®(3S3(BbiS'^SlrjLQ) Land in the bed or on the banks of

inches, or 1 . 44 quart, or in weight of water about 3 lb. a river, especially fit for rice cultivation.

6 oz. avoirdupois : a Padi is also a measure of weight Padugar, Tam. (U®<5lj) Ground fit for moist cultivation,

equal to 100 palams, or 125 oz. avoirdupois. In Mysore rice-ground.

it is a measure of weight equal to half a ser. Padogu, Tel. (^&jXb) The lower part of a heap of corn,

Padihattu, Karn. (<0&o^) Weight, measure. or part left after the rest has been carried away. Karn.

Padi, Tam., Karn. (l—IIjIJ-) Bhata, additional or extra allow- A heap of ears of corn piled in a threshing-floor, ready

ance to servants, troops, public functionaries, or establish- to be trodden out.

ments. Paduddral, Tam. (l_l®srT rf)^) Part of a crop decayed

Padichdra, Karn. (<0^3FDo) A police-officer, an armed while standing.

footman. Padunu, or Padanu, Tel. (o^buirODj obatoS) Moisture : a

Padihana, Karn. (oJOJSbK)) Extra allowance in money. certain quantity of rain, sufficient to soften the earth and
Padijita, Karn. (abQsSgq) Pay or allowance in kind. render it fit for ploughing : soil well moistened, miry or

Padippanam, Tam. (ut:j.UU<SJ5Crui) Extra allowance. plashy ground.

Padimurai, Tam. (uu^(\p<5!yirr)) The fixed day or term Padunuvarshamu, Tel. (oJO0raD3o:XF~^X>) Rain suf-

for which extra allowance is granted. ficient to penetrate the soil and soften it for ploughing.

286
 PAD PAH
Padupor,Tam. (uOGUPTD") A heap of corn which has temple, or to the name of the goddess Bhagavati, who is

been cut, but remains unthreshed till the whole is reaped. represented on some of the coins ; but neither rests upon

Paduvari, Tel. (oJaoSO) A spontaneous crop, sprouts sufficient authority).

that have sprung up from grain left by the reapers. Pagri, (?) Land rent-free. — Central India. Malcolm.
Pag, and Pagri, or Pugree, H. (lL/Ij, <_£/^) A turban: PAh, (?) Land which has been three years in cultivation (?).

in the Delhi districts, a poll-tax formerly levied on all Pdh-parti, (?) Fallow land.

males above twelve years of age in villages assessed under Pahal, Hindi ('TT?^) The ceremony of initiation into the

a peculiar system. See Chaubachha. Sikh religion and community.

Pag, Pug, H. (uf^j), Mar. (tpt) A foot. Pahan, Hindi (t|I?>T) A village officer, the head man of a

Pagdandi, H. (t^ijJiXC) A bye-way, a foot-path. village. — South-west frontier.

Pagi, H. (.iX>) A caste, or individual of it, who are em- Pahani, corruptly, Pahny, PahYj^y, Mar. (q ^Hgl , from
ployed to track thieves or runaways by their footmarks. tJ^Ti^, to inspect, to see) Inspection or supervision : in

Pagld, Mar. (tpi^sr) A village servant or officer in the west finance, a revenue survey, an inspection or numbering of
of India, whose duty it was to track fugitives and thieves by lands, houses, &c. : commonly applied also to an estimate
their footmarks from one village to another, which was then of the value of a growing crop by inspection only ; more
to take up the search : wherever the footmarks ceased the correctly termed Najar-pahdni (from Nazr, seeing).

nearest village was made responsible for any property stolen. Pahdna-, or Pahdni-ddr, Mar. (il^mj-, ir^nrfl^TC) A re-

PagA, Mar. (tTPTT) A body of horse under one commander, venue surveyor, an inspector and valuer of crops.
and in which the horses belong to the state ; the stable Pahdni-kdrkun, Mar. (cRTToir^, an agent) A surveyor or
or building where the horses are kept. inspector of crops.

Pdgdddr, Mar. (''ITin^TT;) A horseman, a trooper whose Pahdna khardd, Mar. (from ?3T^, report) A revenue survey
horse is provided by the state. report.

Pdgdnavis, or Pagnis, Mar. (U'|J|H<<lTr, 'mJMl?r) The Pahdnyd, Mar. (T|?npr) A conjuror, especially one who
writer and accountant attached to a body of horse. pretends to be able to discover lost or stolen articles.

Pagadi, corruptly, Pugdi, Kam. (cOXQ), Pakudi, or Pa- Pahar, H. &c. (S.jl^j, TJ^'ra), PlHAR, Beng. ('tt^) A
GUDI, Tam. (Ug)^) Toll, tribute, tax : applied also in mountain, a hill.

Karnata to an extra assessment under the Mohammadan Pahdrgutta, Tel. (from ^§_o, rent) A tax or rent for-

government, or to any addition to the fixed rates. merly paid for the privilege of grazing cattle on the hills.

Pagudikdran, Tam. (LJjg^aarTCrenr) A collector, a Pahdri, or Pdhdri, H. &c. (i_S;l«j) A hill man, a moun-
tax-gatherer. taineer : hilly, mountainous, a tract.

Pagai, corruptly, Pcjggye, (?) Mar. An advance made by Pahar, Puhue, H. &c. (^ , S. IT^, Pahar, Mar. (^l^^;)
government or the collector to cultivators at the sowing A division of time, a watch or period of three hours, or
season, to be repaid at the harvest : (it is no doubt a blunder an eighth of the day and night, four to each, whence Bo-
for Tagai. See Takdvi). pahar, two watches, is either mid-day or midnight.
PagAr, Mar. (Port. 'JHT^) Pay, wages : also a sort of canoe Pahdrd, Mar. (tl^ro) A guard, a body of men keeping
carefully finished. watch or guard.
PagIk, Beng. Ctt'^tt^) A mound, a bank, a drain, a ditch, a Pahdrekari, Mar. (H5TT«li^) A sentinel, a guard.
boundary. Pahari or Pahri, H. d.;?;^) A watchman, a village ser-
PAGHi.iA, H. (V.'>^) A dealer in metals, cloth, &c. vant and messenger, also employed to keep watch.
Pagoda, (?). The European designation of a Hindu temple Pahi, H. (^i>U, ^^), Uriya (a|§) A non-resident cul-
in the south of India ; also the gold coin formerly coined at tivator, a temporary occupant of village land, a tenant at
Madras, from its having the device of a temple on one face, will: (the word is more commonly, but less correctly, written
but called by the natives Sun and Varahd : (the origin of Pdi, for it is derived from the Hindi pdh, for pds, '
near
this term is doubtful ; it is sometimes ascribed to the Por- to,' he who resides permanently, not in the village in which
tuguese, sometimes to the Persian But-hkada, an idol- he cultivates, but in the vicinity or near to it.

387
 PAH PAI
Pdhi-asdmi, H. (|-«lwjl j_^u) A non-resident cultivator, one to a smaller division, or one twelfth, which was formerly
who cultivates lands in a village in which he is not a a money of account, but, since 1835, has been struck of
permanent resident. copper, weighing 33^ grains.

Pdhi-kdsht, H. {l::^«1^|_j8>1j) Cultivation by non-resident Plij H. (t^U , 'Tt^) A non-resident cultivator : (the word is

cultivators or tenants at will : it is rather laxly applied given both singly and in composition by unquestionable
also to such a cultivator. authority, but it is probably an error, or vernacular cor-

Pdhi-malangi, Uriya (CI|^SlSi.Sf) A salt-maker in a village ruption of pdhi, q. v.).

difierent from that of his permanent residence. Pdi-asdmi, H. (^Iwl t^U) A cultivator of lands in a vil-

Pahon, (?) In the Ramgarh hills, the village priest who per- lage in which he is not a permanent resident.

forms the worship of the local deities, and keeps also a Pdikdri, or, more correctly, Payakdri,Tel. (S3oIm"S^6) a
record of the village boundaries, for which he receives temporary tenant who usually receives a larger share of

fees in kind from the villagers. the crop than a resident or permanent occupant.

Pli, H. &c. (t^l). Pay, Mar. (tjro) A foot. Pdikdshf, corruptly, Pykaust, Pykausht, Paikashtee, Pay-
Pdi-band, H. (P. aAj , binding) Fettered, bound : a fetter. kasht, &c. H. (ci^-il^ 1^^) The term usually employed

Pdi-bdki, H. (A. iJ^, remainder, quasi, balance at the in Hindustan for a migratory or non-resident cultivator,

foot, i.e. in hand or in reserve). In Mohammadau finance, the one who cultivates lands in a village to which he does not

designation of such lands as were set apart for Jagir grants, belong by birth or hereditary claim, and holds his lands
if required : also the revenue from lands so reserved not either for a stipulated term, or at pleasure of some member
yet alienated, and of lands which, having been alienated, or members of the proprietary body : in some districts, pro-

had been resumed and paid revenue until a fresh assign- bably with more accuracy, the term occurs Pdhi-kdsht.

ment had been made. Pdihdsht-rdiyat,ll. (A. c:,-J^, a cultivator) A non-resident

Pdi-haki-hhdlisa, H. (from <Ua!l^, the royal treasury) The or temporary cultivator.

revenue of resumed or lapsed but suspended alienations Pdikdsht-zamin, H. (A. ^Ji^ Land held on the tenure

receivable in the public treasury. of temporary occupancy.

PdidaJiktl, (?) A tax formerly imposed by the Zamindars Pdi-nomdd, Hindi (''li^.'iliK^i vernacular corruption for naii-

of Bengal upon the cultivators, to cover the expense of abdd) A non-resident cultivator who engages to cultivate

presents to the revenue-officers. for the current year.

Path, or Pdyik, corruptly, Pyhe, H. &c. (tLblj , from S. Pdi-rdiyat, H. (c:.^>Jj^ ij;\j) A non-resident cultivator.
1^1 PH'*), Pdik, or Pdyak, Mar. (tjt^ , TRcR) A foot- Pdi-sdbeh, Hindi (nT^^tT^eli) A non-resident cultivator who
man, an armed attendant or inferior police or revenue- has held the lands he tills for more than a year : an item
officer, a messenger, a courier, a village watchman ; in of the village rent-roll shewing the rent paid by such cul-

Cuttack the Pdiks formerly constituted a local militia, hold- tivators.

ing land of the Zamindars or Rajas by the tenure of Paiba, Uriya (a|QO|) A debt to be received, money due.

military service, an arrangement not unknown in other Paibdmdld, Uriya (a|QQlt3|Sl|) A creditor, one who re-

parts of India. Ben. Reg. ii. 1797 ; xiii. 1805 ; xiv. 1816. ceives or expects payment.

Pdikdn, H. &c. (plur. of Pdili) Armed militia or watch- Paigasti, Tel. (^CX>DA^)^| from ^ P«'> over) A superin-
men : assignments of land for their maintenance, made tendant, an overseer.

formerly by the Zamindars, of which the revenue was an Paij, Mar. (j^ A bargain, a compact, a wager.

admitted deduction from the total assessment. Paika, Mar. (^oRl), Paikamu, Tel. (^ax>S'^30) Money :

Pdimdl,U. (P. JU ,Jj) Trodden under foot, spoiled, ruined. in Tel. it also means a small coin of the value of five Ms,
Pdimdli, H. i^Lj) Trampling under foot, laying waste, also a quarter of a dab.
(^J^
especially as crops: compensation for damage done to stand- Paikae, H. (;i*Jj) A dealer, a shopkeeper, an intermediate

ing crops by the passage of troops. dealer or agent, a broker ; also one who goes about with

Pai, Beng. (tt^), Mar. (tnt.) A quarter, a fourth part ; in goods for sale, a hawker, a pedlar.

currency, the fourth part of an ana, but applied in Bengal PaimAish, vernacularly, Payimasi, corruptly, Pymaeesh,
388
 PAI PAJ

and PymIsh, H. (P. ij^AajS) Measurement, measuring, varied considerably in weight and value : the Company's

survey. paisd is fixed at the weight of 100 grains, and is rated

Paimdish-ddr, H. (P.^li), who has) A measurer, a surveyor. at 4 to the ana, or 64 to the rupee : in common par-

Paimdish-i-kampds, H. (.i/AxaS, the English word '

com- lance it is sometimes used for money in general. In

pass Survey by European surveyors, a trigonometrical Marathi, Paisd also signifies' a land measure equal to

survey. 7 J bighds.
^oZ-paymtis*, Mai. (Q<fe3<5fcn_\C32jlQ0C/d1) Regular survey, Paisotako, Guz. (H?^5iU%L) Money in general.

measurement by the kol, or rod. PaisAcha, S. &c. (^5JT^, from Pisdcha, an evil spirit) De-
Nok-^ayimdsi,'M.ai..{S)COO<B>rLA<32i\(2iOC/S\) Measurement or moniac, diabolical : one kind of marriage recognised by

survey by inspection and estimate, the most usual method Hindu legislation, violation of a girl when unconscious or

under the native government of Malabar. intoxicated.

Paimdn-kash, Sindhi (P. ;^_/^,jWj) A weighraan, a mea- PAiSALU,Kam.(oJg)'^5^, for Faisala, q.v.) Decision, decree.

surer. Paisar, Karn. ("O^rOdO) Common ground, ground left

Pain, H. (^jJ>-)) A reservoir of water. uncultivated to serve as a pasturage for the village cattle.

Pain, Mar. (§1!I, or ^) A bundle of grass or hay : an im- PA'isHi., Uriya (EHQCII) A grain measure, four of which are

post formerly levied on cultivators in lieu of a portion of equal to one chatdnk, or the sixteenth of a s&i:

hay previously exacted from them. Paita, vulgarly, Poita, Beng. (t^val , Cfvsl) The thread

Pain, Mar. (tTT^lU) A small measure, a quarter of an inch or string of cotton worn by the Brahmans (from the S.

a larger land measure equal to 30 bighds. pavitra)-

Painam, H. (*Ujkj) A denomination under the Mohammadan Paita, Mar. (m^K) A patch of level ground along the skirts

government of the principal divisions of a Subah ; for in- of the hills sown with common grains (in the tract called

stance, the Subah of Bengal was divided into two chief Dang, q. v.)

PaindmStihe ceded lands of 1760, and the Diredni lands of Paitha, corruptly, Pytha, Beng. ((ffSl) A district revenue

1765 ; the latter again was subdivided into 26 Pain&ms : account, in which the several fields of the villages, whether

(the term, although given in the 5th Report, is of doubtfiil paying revenue or exempt, are specified under the names

accuracy, and is possibly a vernacular corruption, or an error of their respective occupants, according to their extent,

for Paimdn, P., a measurement, a measured or definite quality, and produce.

tract of country). Paitrika, vernacularly, Paitrik, S. &c. (^TtoS, from Pitri,

Paincha, H. (UrS!^) A loan payment of a loan.

: a father) Paternal, ancestral, patrimonial, hereditary.

Painth, Hindi (^CS) A duplicate bill of exchange. See Peth. PAiviLASAMU,Tel.(^t>er°fOS>3) Superscription, direction

Paira, Mar. (^tl) A day labourer, one who works by the day. of a letter.

Pairen, Mar. C^i) A day's job for a woman or a boy : a PAiWAST,or Paibast, Beng. (S'^^^,from P. aLw^jj, bound,

woman or boy hired for the day. connected) Added to, or increased, as an alluvial deposit:

Paiba, or Paida, JIar. (''IT^) A small measure, a quarter additional lands from any source to those held in farm.

of an inch. Paiwasti, Mar. (P. tj^^) Endorsement of a letter specify-

Paiei, Hindi C^3^) The slope or inclined plane up and down ing the date of its receipt : also Beng., vernacularly Pai
which the oxen attached to the ordinary well used for ir- basii, additional, as alluvial land.

rigation travel : in some places it seems to imply a ring PaiyA, Hindi (jitVj) An allowance of half an dna on each

or subdivision of a well, and thence the wejl itself. rupee of revenue set apart for the Patwdri.

Pairu, Tel. (SicXOaJ) Growing com. See Payir. PAji, Hindi (xii»It) Share or quota of grain paid to the

Pairudab,, Karn. (oJgjOOUSo) A person whose employment head man and the village servants. — South-west frontier.

is carrying corn, cotton, or other articles, or oxen, from Pajani, Guz. (Hl^/Uil) A brush with which a thin starch

one district to another. is applied to the warp, to prepare it for the loom : the

Paisa, corruptly, Pysa, Pyce, Pice, H. &c. (Lj.j), Mar. warp so prepared.

(^in) A copper coin, which, under the native government, Pdjani-fjaro, Guz. (Hl5/UD.3Kl) A man whose business
389 5G
 PAJ PAL
is to prepare the warp for the loom by starching the - Kachchd-ser of Madras was 11 4 ounces, and of Bombay .

thread. 11 S^- ounces.

.

PajawA, H. (p. IjUi) A brick-kiln, a brick-field. Pakka, Mai. (oJOeflSl) Planting seed thickly: a bed of
PakanIdinavaru, Karn. (pi. o3^D!^Jc)Q(\$^&)) A class young plants for transplanting : betel-nut in a raw state.

of Sudras practising fortune-telling from the district of Pdkkanilam, Mai. (o_13tfiOOOlfiJo) Land on which rice is

Pdknad. sown for subsequent transplantation.

Pakang, (?) H. A cow, or she buffalo, or any herd of female Pakkanam, Tam. (l_J<E5<asncrLQ) The residence of low and

cattle on which a cess was levied in Chaubdchha villages. outcaste tribes.

See Chaubdchha. Paksha, vernacularly, also, Pakh, or Pachh, S. &c. (iT^f),

PakhIl, corruptly, Puckally, H. &c. (Jl^) A large H. (^, ^), PAKKAM,Tam. (usSlL) The half of a

leather bag for carrying water in, usually double, thrown lunar month, or a fortnight of fifteen days : the half from

over a bullock : also a leather bag used for raising water the new moon to the full is termed the Sukla-paksha, the
from wells, being attached to a rope passing through a white or light fortnight, that from the full to the new moon
pulley and drawn up by exen passing up and down an the krishna-pakska, the black or dark fortnight.

inclined plane. Pakuti, Mai. (Q-JtflsnsTI) A share, a portion.

Pakhdli, corruptly, Puckalee, Puckallee, Puckallie, H. &c. PAl, Hindi (iHqJ) Crown lands kept by the ruling family

(jjl^) A water-carrier. in their own hands. —Kamaon.

PakhdlyA, Mar. (USSlcHT) Carrying a water-bag : the bul- Pal, H. &c. ( JIj , ItcS) A dike, a dam, especially the raised
lock or the driver. earth bordering the beds in which rice is planted so as to

Pakhela, Thug. Paper, whether written upon or not. confine the water of irrigation: also a small tent, or a cloth

Pakhi, incorrectly, Pakee, Beng. ('ttF'l) A land measure or blanket thrown over a transverse pole to serve as a tent.

nearly equivalent to a bighd. —East Bengal. Pal, corruptly, Paul, Mar. (1135) Exempt (from tax), re-

Paki, Karn. (<J3^0) A small coin, the twelfth of a Dab. mitted (as a duty or tax),

See Dabbu. Pdlnuk, Mar. (mdb«Jfl>) Exemption from tax, remission of

w
PAKKi, Pukka, corruptly. Pucka, Pukha, H. &c. (Kj, tax or duty.

Tlgl, S. TJlO Ripe, mature, cooked, dressed ; metaph., Pdlpatti, Mar. (iddbM^l) A tax or quit-rent imposed upon
correct, complete, as a statement : substantial, solid, as a the holders of rent-free lands.

building ; also, intellectually mature, intelligent, sharp, Pala, vernacularly. Pal, or PuL, corruptly. Pull, S. &c.

knowing : the contrast in all respects of Kachchd, q. v. i^X H. {(Jj), Mar. (t|^, Tjgg) A measure of time, the
Pakkd-ghar, H. &c. (;^uj) A house built of baked bricks sixtieth part of a danda, or hour of twenty-four minutes,

or stone. and consequently equivalent to twenty-four seconds. A

Pakkd-chitthd, H. &c. ([^k»-Ki) A revised and authentic measure of weight of gold or silver, varying in value, being

account. equal to four suvamas, to four or to eight tolas, or, in

Pakkd-Mseb, Mar. (iT^rf^^) A correct and carefully re- common use, to three tolas two mdshas and eight kattis,

vised account. or about 585 grains troy. In Cuttack, a weight for brass,
w
Pakkd-ser, H. &c. (^1^) A full or Pakkd-ser ; a mea- &c., being the twentieth of a bisha, or equal to four kar- -

sure of weight varying in different parts of India, and for shas, or about 520 grains. In the Dakhin, a weight of

different articles, but always the full or standard measure, twenty-eight dabbus, used in weighing ghee, butter, &c.

in distinction to a smaller or less authentic, or Kachchd- in Kamaon it is a weight of about 520 troy grains. Pala
ser : the standard, or Pakkd-ser of Bengal is fixed at 80 also occurs in Sanskrit writings as the first or lowest mea-
tolas, each of 180 grains troy, and is equivalent to 2.057 lb. sure of capacity, four being equal to one kudava, a mea-

avoirdupois, about 2 lb. 15 drachms. In the Madras presi- sure of 132 cubic angulas, or fingers.

dency the Pakkd-ser of Arcot = 1 lb. 13 ounces, of Ma- PalA, sometimes written, Palla, Tel. [oO^T'^ °^^) A
sulipatam = 2 lb., and this is used in dealing with per- measure of capacity equal to ten marakdls, or 15^ im-
sons from Hyderabad, Calcutta, &c. : the ordinary or perial gallons. See Palld.

390
 PAL PAL
Pala, Urlya (SI|R.) Land immediately in the vicinity, or on LJI_I_(3CD1_) A place where people of different tribes and

the bank of a river. castes reside together.

PALABH6GAM,corruptly,PAULBHdGAM,Tam.(u60SurT<aixi, Palapaftadaikudikal, Tam. (LJeDLJl_l_(3S3l_@Uj.S6rr)

from Tam. pala, many, and S. hhogam, enjoyment, posses- The inhabitants of a town where the right and left-hand
sion) The tenure by which the inhabitants of a village castes live amicably together.

hold their lands in severalty under an engagement among Palsutantaram, Tam. (U rT&<^iS*S r^S CTLO, from S.^ri^)
the coparceners, each being responsible for the revenue of Allowance in grain to village artificers.

his own holding, and receiving the surplus for his own PalAsavidhi, corruptly, Palashwebdee, Mar. (nT^T^f^v)
use : such land may be held by the same individual in The vicarious cremation of a bundle of Paldsa leaves, in

more than one village :. also a village or lands so held place of the body of a person who has died at a distance :

the term is also explained to signify merely possession by in some cases widows were allowed to burn themselves
more than one individual, distinguished as, Samudayam with the substitute.

or where the lands are cultivated jointly and the produce PalAtak, Beng. (t^ft^^, from S. T^HTH) A fugitive, a run-
is divided, and Arudi-karai where the lands are divided away, a cultivator who abandons his lands.

amongst the proprietors and cultivated severally : see Arudi- Palatika,coxTVL-pt\y, Platika,Beug. ('WHs*?) Abandoned,
karai and Samudayam,. uncultivated, land formerly cultivated, but deserted by the
Palaganda, Kam. (ojeJAOO) a bricklayer, a plasterer. cultivators : a column of an account shewing the revenue

Palagorku, Tel. {^^^^) A kind of rake. formerly derived from deserted lands.

PllAl, Tam. (urrSsO) Barren soil. Palathi, Pulathy, (?)' Damaged produce.

Palai, Beng. ('tt^t^) A stack or rick of corn, a granary, PalAwat, Guz. (H^lHii) A tribe of Shils so named.
a magazine. Pale,Palevu, PlLEYAjKarn. (<3^"f', '^"f =^, <i?^"|olD),
PalAiba, Beng. {^Hi^<il , from S. ti^snj:^) Running away, Paleiyam, corruptly, Polliam, Pollam, Poi,lem,Pol-
flight, escape. LiM,Tam. (uSSOLUlL), PALEMU,Tel. (oT*~?^) A tract
Palaka, or PIlaka-putra, S. &c. (illc^cliii^:) An adopted of country subject to a petty chieftain.

son : the vernacular equivalent Pdlak-betd, is sometimes PIlegara, corruptly, Polygar, Polligah, &c. Kam.
applied to a boy who has been bought of his parents and (<;?^"f -TTS^), Palegadu, Paleru, Tel. (oD^~?'A^(So,
is considered a slave. eD^ 9 OO) PaleqAr, Mar. (iJlds'llO, PIlaiyakaran,
Palakosham, Tam. (ueDGsiTS^LQ) A register of land in Tam. (urraSCjlJUSiSrrrjOTr) A petty chieftain: in

the occupancy of different individuals. the south of India, especially in Karnata, the Poligar, or

Palakunda, Tel. (oT^^aJOO) A certain grain-fee given Polygar, of early writers, occupying chiefly tracts of hill

to the cultivators before the grain is measured, or a and forest, subject to pay tribute and service to the para
portion from each measure (lit., a pot, kunda, of mount state, but seldom paying either, and more or lesy

milk, pdlu). independent, subsisting in a great measure by plunder s

Palam, corruptly, Pui.lam, Tam. (ueOlL, from the 8. pala) on the subjugation of the country most of the Palegars

A measure of weight at Madras, variously rated at 546.875 were dispossessed, some were pensioned, and a few were
and 525.75 troy grains: according to the revised table allowed to retain some of their villages at a quit-rent; these

recognised by government 20th Oct. 1846, the Palam is have now subsided into peaceable landholders.

equal to 1 ounce 3 75 drachms avoirdupois

. : it is also used Palaiyapadu, corruptly, Paliapui, Paliput, Puliaput, Po-
in Malabar, 100 Palams, or Palons, being equal to a lyaput, Pooliaput, Tam. (uSSOLUurT®) Lands in the

tulam, and 20 tulams to a khandi. possession of a Pdlegar, for which he now pays revenue
Palan, H. (jjSj) a space of ground left for future disposal to the government.
between two occupied lots. PIleru, plur. Palerlu, Palellu, Tel. (oD^ o6o
PALANCHERU,Tam.(LJSD;650<^^) Ploughed land prepared .3-="^^, a^'t^ A hired cultivator or labourer,
for transplanting. one working with implements belonging to his employer
Palapattabai, corruptly, Pullaputtadt, Tam. (U6f- this is no doubt the same as the Pdlalu of the northern
391
 PAL PAL
Cirkars, agricultural labourers considered as slaves to the UerrffTTO") The name of a low and servile caste, or
Ryots, being attached hereditarily to the lands, and main- of an individual of that caste, most commonly the slave of
tained by the cultivators during the greater part of the year; the Velldlan, or agricultural tribe : they are much upon
during the rest of the time they support themselves : they the same footing as the Pareyan, but hold themselves
are transferable with the land, but are not sold separately : superior to him, as they abstain from eating the flesh of

they may be reclaimed if they quit their employer. the cow.

PALEV,orPALEu, Hindi (tj^^) Landvratered after ploughing. Pallacheri, Tam. (.UGTTGns-Qs-d^) A village of the Pal-
Pali, Beng. ('t^) Alluvial deposit, soil left by inundation. lar tribe.

PAli, incorrectly, Palleb, Beng. ('ttf'I) A measure of grain, Pallarvari, Tam. (uefrsiTCrfflJcfl) A tax upon the Pallar
equal in some places to five, in others to eight sers. in some of the Tamil districts.

Vkhik, Gux. (HIMI^I plur.) Stones marking the boundary Palle, Palli, or Palliya, Tel, (^^, ^^, ^9 oBb),
of a field. Palli, Tam, (u&6ii51) A village, a hamlet.

PIlikapu, Tel. (o^^V^os!)) An under-tenant, a cultivator. Pallehdsilu, Tel. (S3"^^a'tO) Inland or transit duty.
Palisa, Mai. (o-lfiTlC/a) Interest, usury : the following rates PaUevddu, Tel. (S3'^oJ^(&3) A villager, a fisherman.
per 100 fanams per annum are specified as in practice in Talli, H. (^_j1j) a small village. Palli, Palli, Beng.
Malabar by Mr. Grsme. ('trW, 'tMt) A hamlet, a detached portion of a village, a

Ara-palisa, One-twentieth, or 5 per cent. district

Arakdl-palim, One-eightieth, or Ifanam 4 anas per cent. Palligrdm, Beng. ('ffMStN) A village, a country. Tam.
Kdl-palua, One-fortieth, or 2 fanams 8 anas per cent. (UjerTerfliESlcrrTLQLQ) A village belonging to a temple.

Mahani-palisa, One hundred and sixtieth, or 10 awa«per cent. Palli, Tam. (Uefrffrfl), Mai. (n-J^^) A small town, a

JHukdl-palisa, One-thirtieth and a third, or 3 fanams 4 village : in Tam., also, a temple, a school : it is no doubt
anas seven-tenths per cent. the same word as the H. and Beng. terms, but is in more
Ner-palisa, Ten per cent, per annum. general use, especially in combination, when it is corruptly

Palisa-madaka-olakaranam, corruptly, Pelisha-madahom, written poly, as in Trichinopoly, properly Trisird-palli

Mai. (a_l£l1C/9l2lSdft,6iaid9)(D6noo) A deed of mortgage in (^i:fl<^D"CrrTUU6frerfl) the city of the giant Trisird :

which the tent of the estate transferred to the mortgagee is it is also the name of a servile tribe of Hindus in the south,
equal to the interest of the loan, and is so specified, which similar to the Pallar, but who are more especially the

is not the case in the usual Otti deed. — Graeme. bondsmen or slaves of the Brahman proprietors of land.

Palisi, or PIlesi, Guz. (HL&{1^, HLiSrl^) A. policy of Palliyavanu, Kam. (oJ^ CUD'6rC5o) A villager.

insurance. Pallivdsal-mdniyam, Tam. (l—lSTTerfleLirTS'^LDrTOWl-

Pa LIT, (?) Beng. Offerings not fit for Purohits, or family UJLq) Rent-free land attached to a temple.

priests, but for an inferior order of Brahmans. — Sylhet. Palli, Beng. (^w) Land of superior quality yielding crops

PAlki,H.&c.( i3lj),PALLAKKi, Karn.(°^^g) A palankeen. at every harvest

Pallakki-boi,~ Kam. (^0^§?2S/SCXX)) A palankeen bearer. PallinAyal, Mai. (o-l^^smoOCQjrat) A bed or piece of

Palla, Mar. (xrai) A measure of capacity of thirty Payalis ground on which rice plants are sown for transplantation.

= 120 sers, the same as the Paid of Madras : a measure PalUsddi, Tam. (ueTTsrflS'rTdl) A tribe of Hindus.

of. weight of a like amount, or 120 sers, for groceries, Palliyarkdran, Mai. (from o_l^^CEJO , a bed-chamber)

betel-nuts, oil, &c. : also the bag or sack which holds a A chamberlain.

palld of grain. Palliyarvilamban, MaL (o_J^|ric)ajoajl^nn_jRsfe) Con-

Pallamu, or Pallam, Tel. (^^^) Low-lying ground. fidential or private secretary of the Kotiote Raja.

Pallapunddu, Tel. (S3sJ,^<5^&)) Low ground capable of Pallu, or Palhu, Thug. The handkerchief with which
being ploughed. people are strangled.

Pallapupanta, Tel. l^^ciy)t}Oki) A crop grown on low, Pallu, Tel. (°J^) Low ground.

moist, or irrigable lands. Palludah, H. (from ^j , a border of a dress) A fringe maker,

Pallan, plur. Pallah, corruptly. Puller, Tam. (UCTTOTTcSOT, a worker of ornamental or gold or silver borders to dresses.

392
 PAL PAN
Pallut, (?) Yellow soil. — Cachar. of S:§ cubits : the same word becoming Panam in Tarn,

PIlu, Tel., Kam. (cCT^eU) A share, a portion, the culti- and Mai. (l—lfiOTTLCi) signifies money, also a small coin, both

vator's share of the crop, in opposition to the Ambdramu of silver and gold, transformed, by European pronunciation,

or government share : (in composition it also occurs, ver- to Fanam: the gold Panam was properly the sixteenth
nacularly. Pal and Pali. of a Sun, but the proportion varied : the silver Panam
Pdlinavakkalu, Kam. (<^3^£)rOoO doyo) A farmer who or Fanam of the Company's coinage at Madras was rated

shares his crop with the government. at eighty copper has, at twelve fanams sixty lids to an
Pdlugaranu, or Pdlgdranu, Karn. (<3^yJ A dOrOD, Arcot rupee, and forty-five to a star-pagoda.

'^'^^"BOrOD) A sharer, a coparcener. Panbahd, H. (UjJ>) Valuation, estimate.

Pdlugenichittu, (?) Karn. An agreement for a fixed term Pani, Uriya (0^1) A sixteenth of the revenue.

for an equal division of the crop between the proprietor PAn, corruptjy, Paan, or Paun, H. &c. (^jIj , from S. parna
and the cultivator or renter. tr§, a leaf), Beng. (^tt^), Mar. (tn^) The aromatic leaf

Paluhu amarike, (?) Tel. (cJ^eu^O^S^g) Allotment of the Piper betel, or, in common use, a leaf of it rolled

of portions of land amongst the cultivators. round a few small pieces of the astringent Areka nut with

Pdlutirvgulu,Te\. (=2n>ewS6oAbe«) Difference of shares : a little caustic lime, a few heads of spice, and sometimes a

it was the custom formerly, in order to deter the cultivators little catechu, for the purpose of being chewed, acting as a

from neglecting the public lands for the sake of the ad- carminative and antacid tonic : it is presented to guests

ditional portion which the holders of rent-free lands were ac- and visitors, and sometimes sent to friends and relations,

customed to allow to those who worked for them, to carry especially at family festivals, inclosed in gold or silver

the difference between the two rates to the credit of the paper or leaf: it is also termed Pdn-supdri, from Supdri,
government. , areka-nut, and Sird or Siri, S. Vitiha, whence the Eu-

Okkala-,oTllaitara-pdlv,KaTn.{'?^^^'^y^V-^, 6£)SJ^cO^ e«) ropean word betel.

The cultivator's share of the crop. Pdnbatta, (?) H. Distribution oipan on occasions of festivity.
Sdjapdlu, Karn. (O dSjcd^tW) The government share of Pdnddn, H. &c. (P. ^j'li, holding) A box for containing

the crop. betel and its accompaniments.

Palun, Guz. (H^") a dower, a marriage portion given to Pdnguttd, Mar. (mnyWl) Rent or farm of betel gardens.

the bride by the bridegroom or his father. Pdnmahdl, H. (

Jls^^j^U) Tax on betel leaves.

Palv^ar, Pulwar, H. Beng. (;1^j;. '^»i<ilsi) A boat of bur- Pdnmald, Mar. (MMHdbT) A plantation, a garden of the

then, of from 15 to 20 tons, employed for carrying goods, betel-vine.

considered as originally of Dacca build. Pdnpatra, H. &c. (S.'J^, a leaf) The leaf of the Piper betel.

Palwi, Thug. A ring for the finger, nose, or ear. Pdnsupdri, H., Mar.
(,.^J*^J^^, ^^gmri^) A pdn, or the

Pampa, Mai. (o_JOO_j) An agreement : a written order for areka-nut and spices rolled up in the leaf of the Piper

taking an oath. betel ; also, in Mar., a small douceur or bribe of a few

Pampakamu, Tel. (oJOcOS^>3) Sharing, dividing, share, rupees to stir up or refresh the memory.
division. Pdnubdgu, Tel. (oX°rODl3^Xb , vernacular for the Hindu-

Pampalu-jdbita, Pampoola-zabita, (?) Tel. An agreement stani Pdn hd bdgh) A betel-vine garden or plantation.

for a division of shares amongst the contracting parties. Pana, orPANNA, (?) H. A large division, as a quarter or a

Pampu, Tel. (<00<jJ)) A weight equal to five-eighths of a half, of a coparcenary village and Its lands under a separate

ser : a tract of land containing two or three rice-fields (?). head man or Mukaddam: in some places the lands are
Pan, Pun, H. (^^j), Pana, S. (tjjb), Beng. (tiT) A sum of subject to periodical re-distribution among the members of
eighty kauri shells, equal to twenty gandas, and of which the community. — North-west provinces.

sixteen are equal to a kdhan ; whence a Pana is sometimes Pana, vernacularly. Pan, S. &c. (iTOt) Money in general

used, as in Cuttack, for the sixteenth of any given unit, as of (the same as above : see Pan), wages, hire, price : a bet,

the amount of rent or revenue. In Sylhet hurPanas make a wager ; business : an agreement, a stipulation or clause

one raik : it is also a measure of land equal to a square in an agreement.

393 5h
 PAN PAN
Pana-yellata-hdran, Mai. (nLJ6»D'^eJ(maB30fDnr6) The Panchdyattd/r (U;63<9'mXJSsrra') A native court of
creditor of a landed proprietor, upon an agreement that if arbitration, consisting of five or more members chosen by
the loan is not repaid by a stipulated period, the estate is the parties themselves, or appointed by the civil officers of

to be assigned to the money lender. —Graeme. the government, for the determination of petty disputes
Panya, S. &c. (tupi) Vendible, any saleable article. among the people, especially in matters affecting the usages

Panyasdld, S. &c. (from ^cJT, a hall) A market, a mar- of caste or occupation : (however prized by the natives
ket place. when other means of obtaining justice were unavailable,
Panyavidhi, Tel. (o^T^ragt)^) A shop, a stall. wadi-wlasa Panch-parameswara, the Pancha is the supreme
Pan A, Tel. (^ro) A sheaf of corn. deity, was a proverbial phrase in the south of India at ,

Pana, Uriya (£l|Sl) A man of a ,low caste employed in least, there are now few occasions on which this sort of

menial offices out of the house : also the name of a wild assembly is spontaneously had recourse to, or in which its

and predatory tribe on the frontier in the south of Orissa. judgments are regarded as decisive, and this notwithstand-
Panad, Panand, PInandh, Mar. (tjt^, ttr^, ^n^ij) A ing great pains have been taken by the British govern-
lane through a village, or between fields and Inclosures. ment to render it effective. — Ben. Reg. xxii. 1816 ; iii. 1821
Panax, Tam. (LjScCOT) A palmyra tree (Borassus flabelli- vi. 1832 ; ix. 1833. Madras Reg. Village Panchdits, v.

formis). 1816; District Panchdits, vii. 1816. Bombay Reg. iv.

Panayam, Mai. ((UemooDo, from S; iTO joawa, price) A xiii. 1827.) : the term also applies to the proceedings of

mortgage, a pawn, a pledge. the native court, and to the matter in dispute : also to a

PanayakkacMtta, Mai. (n_J6<nocQJdeG1.^§) A document member of the court, an umpire, an arbitrator.

given on a pledge or pawn. Panchditi, H. &c, (^SjWiJ) A court of arbitration ; the

Panayahdran, Mai. (n_ls»^CQ)c6j0rDfY6) A mortgagee, a award of such a court.

mortgager, one who borrows or lends on mortgage. Panchdit-jdti, H. (from S. ^V" > caste) An arbitration by

Panaya-ola-karanam, Mai. (n-iev-oCQJSie-ltjBjfDev-iOo) An persons of the same caste as the litigant parties.

instrument or deed of mortgage written on an ola or Panchdit-khdnagi, H. (P. ,_j6l»-, domestic) Domestic ar-
palm leaf. bitration, a settlement of family quarrels by relations and

Panayapfdta, Mai. (n-l6»DCQJQ_lOS) An article pledged connexions.

or mortgaged. Panchdit-ndma, H. (P. X^, a document) The written

Panayapdttam,, Mai. (n-iemocttjo-lOgo) A mortgage lease, award of a court of arbitration.

or one in which a sum of money considered as the equiva- Panchdit-sarhdri, H. (SxomJ^jM, the state) A court of

lent of two-thirds of the estimated nett produce or rent, is arbitration appointed by the public authorities.

advanced to the proprietor in consideration of his relin- Panchaha, S. &c. (iracir) Five, an aggregate of five, a

quishing the estate to the lender for his usufruct, in lieu tax of a fifth, a tax or cess levied formerly by the Zamln-

of interest on his loan. See Pdttam. dars in addition to the regular imposts.

Panayapdtta-kulikdnam, Mai. (from kulikdnam <feSflt6610- PanchaM, S. &c. (fem. of Panchaha) Cesses imposed in

6VTOo: see kdnam) A mortgage lease, under which the some of the Bengal districts formerly, in addition to the

tenant, when it expires, has a title to compensation for revenue and other regular imposts ; lands held free of such

any improvements he may have made. additions were termed ghair-panchaU, and were considered

Pancha, Panch, or Punch, also, Panch, H. &e. (g*i, as lightly assessed : in some places the term appears to

Jb , from S. pancha t?^) Five, the number five : it is denote lands originally rent-free, but subjected to a small

also used as an abbreviation for Panchdit, q. v.

quit-rent, and thence termed Panchaki-ld-khirdj.

Panchagrdmadava, Karn. (S3oaJ^\^^&(5^) A Brahman Panchdla, S. &c. (t^^T^) An aggregate of five, thence for-

of a tribe of Tuluva Brahmans in the north-west of Mysore. merly applied to the Punjab, or country of the five rivers:

Panchdit,Panchdyat,\ess corTect\y,Punchayet,ll. (c:^ls^) in the south of India it denotes five castes collectively, or

Panchdit, Mar. (v^), Panchdyati, Tel. (SiC5-°oS:)S), those of the goldsmith, carpenter, blacksmith, brazier, and

Panchdyatiu, Tam. (U(65<^rTUJ^^), or the persons mason, who, in Mysore, eat together and intermarry

394
 PAN PAN
among the Marathas they wear the Brahmanical thread :
Panchdnga-mirdsu, Tam. (U{6Tf&rTrijB)\^'\U'rrSi) The

in other places the five castes are of an inferior order, and hereditary fees and perquisites of the village astrologer.

are the carpenter, weaver,barber, washerman, and shoemaker. Pancha-krod, vernacularly, Panchkosi, S. &c. (M-gal^dl)

Panchama, S. &c. (tt^r) Fifth. Panchami, (fem. of tj^Jl) A circuit of five or six kos, especially that distance round

The fifth lunar day of each half month. a sacred city, as Benares, traversing which, and worship-

Panchaman, Tam. (S. LJ(6^S'LQOT) An outcaste, a Pareya, ping at each temple on the way, constitutes one of the

a fifth caste man, not being included among' th'e four principal ceremonies of the pilgrimage.

regular castes. Pdnchardtra, Karn. (<iO^Oa^Tr9(§;) The officiating priest

Pancham-bandham, (?) Karn. Outcaste and servile tribes in the temple of Vishnu in Mysore.

in Karnata, four of whom are named, as, the Pareya, Sal- Panchati (?) Beng. A tax formerly levied in Dacca to

wan, Ckaklar, and Toti, and who are the agrestic slaves defray the salaries of officers employed in examining and

of Brahman cultivators. — Buchanan. stamping weights and measures.

Pancliama-bdnajiga, Karn. (OOar'D3£j£3^A) An out- Panch-chhatdk, Beng. ('fiP^^) lit.. Five chhatdks, a

caste, a man of the fifth order : it denotes also the Pan- fee of that quantity of grain for every rupee's worth weighed.

cham-banijigaru, of Buchanan, traders and religious per- Panch-do, corruptly, Puch-doo, H. (P. j J two) , A settle-

sons of the Lingdit sect, and the heads of the right-hand ment in some places in the upper provinces, in which the

castes in Mysore. proprietor takes two-fifths of the produce- and the cultivator

Pancha-mahapdtaha, S. &c. (i^^J^^Tini^) The five most three-fifths.

heinous sins of the Brahmanical code : killing a Brahman, Panch-hosi, Mar. (ij^olit^n) A cluster of five or six con-

stealing' gold, drinking spirits, intercourse with the wife tiguous villages. See also Pancha-hrosL

of a spiritual preceptor, and association with a person who Panch-ottara, S. &c. (xj^^^) Five in excess or addition,

has perpetrated these sins : in the masc. gender, and ver- five per cent., and the like : (from pancha, five, and uttara,

nacularly, a great sinner, one who is guilty of the five over ; but it is variously modified and corrupted by ver-

great sins. nacular and European mis-spelling as follows)

Panchdnga, S. &c. ('T^^) An almanac, a kalendar, so Panchatra, (?) H. A fee of five per cent, formerly levied

named from its treating of five members {.anga) or topics ;

upon any amount in dispute from the successful litigant.

or, 1. the tithi, or lunar day ; 2. the vara, the solar day, Panchattara, Beng. ('f'SP^sTl) A duty of five per cent, on

or day of the week ; 3. the nakshatra, or lunar asterism inland traffic.

for each day; 4. the yoga, transits and conjunctions of the Panckotara, or Pachotara, H. (iUys^ ,
^ysi) A duty of
planets, eclipses, &c., and 5. the karana, or subdivisions five per cent, on the value of goods in transit : a deduction

of the lunar day : these are the five essential parts of the of five per cent from the estimated gross revenue of a vil-

kalendar; but it comprises other topics, as lucky and un- lage : a custom or toll-house, for inland traffic.

lucky days for undertaking any business, festival days, and Panchotard, or Panchotari, Mar. (li'^iRT -vi) Interest

the like. at five per cent, per mensem : a surplus of five thrown
Panchdnga, or Panchdngi, S. &c. (tJT^T^ , trjt^), Pan- in with a hundred (bundles of grass or the like) : a duty

changan, pronounced Panjangam,Tam.{,\-i lf^& n r&J SLo) of five per cent, on the value of goods.

The almanac maker, the village astronomer or astrologer, Panchotara-kaifiat, H. (ci^oi^i^ %Py^) Increase of re-

who announces fit seasons for commencing to plough or venue from reform of abuses in the inland customs : also,

reap, for celebrating marriages or festivals, or engaging inland duties.

in any business: in the south he is usually a Brahman, Panchotrd, corruptly, Panchoutra, Tel. (Si)03o (^3^) A
who holds his office by descent, and is paid by rent-free custom-house for inland or transit duties : the chief custom-

land, a certain portion of the crop, or other privileges station in a district

and- fees. Pand, Mar. ,(^i^) A land measure, twenty square kdthis or

Panchdnga-mdniyam, Tam. (uiS^^iSTTraJSLDrTOCflUJlii) rods, or the twentieth of a bighd ; the Bisma, or Viswa,
Land held rent-free by the village astrologer. of Hindustan.

395
 PAN PAN
Panda, Punda, H. (1j^), Panda, Beng. («ft>Q'l) The pro- Pariddri, Tam. (UsdcTL-iTcfl) A titular name of a class
prietary or presiding priest of a temple, usually, though of agricultural labourers : a steward, a treasurer. See
not invariably, a Brahman ; the office is hereditary, and Bhdmddri.
in some places, as at Benares, the Panda officiates only Pandavabidu, Tel. (cJ^o<ase5(&^ ftom S. pdndava, re-

on particular occasions, the duties of daily worship being lating to Pdndu, or his descendants) Waste land from time
performed by inferior priests or Pvjdris in his employ immemorial, or from the heroic age or days of the Pdn-
a priest who is stationary at any particular place or shrine. dava princes.

Pandal, or Pandar, corruptly, Pandell, Tam. (UITSeb, Pande, H. (^3sAi , TTR^) A title of Hindustani Brahmans,

UHf^rx), Mai. (Q-J6»^<3fc), Pandiri, or Pandili, Tel. but properly applicable only to a certain tribe, a branch
(oJ0u9, tOOOS) A temporary shed or booth, a struc- of the JBharadmdja-gotra, one of the chief branches of
ture of cloth or basket-work supported on posts, for giving the Kanaujia Brahmans.
shelter to persons assembled on any festive occasion, as at Pandhara, orP^NDHARi, corruptly, Pandree, Mar. (iTT^t,

a marriage : also any shed. ^T3^) The entire village community, whether actually as-

Panda-kaval, Mai. (n_16»^d9e^3aJ(Bfc) A fee of a portion of sembled or considered collectively : the whole extent or

the crop given to a slave or hired servant employed to watch lands of a village or township.

itCfromjpawrfaZ, the shed in which he keeps {kdvaO watch). Pdndhara-patti, corruptly, Pandraputty, and Pandery-
Pandakasdla, Mai. (n-J6v->gde€1C/a3ej) A warehouse, a puttee. Mar. (from ''l^, a contribution or tax) A tax on

magazine, a store-room (vernacular for S. bhdnda, a vessel, shops, workshops, booths, stalls, &c., or upon artisans and
and sdld, a hall). traders, and persons not engaged in agriculture, whether

Pandala, Mai. (n_l6»^oej) The name of a Sudra tribe levied on their persons, implements, or places of work or
in Malabar, of which the Raja of Calicut is a member. traffic, the same as Muhtarafa, q. v.

Pandam, or Bandam, Tam. (t_f(3Bnri_La , S. hhandam) Pdndhara-pesha, corruptly, Panderpeyshe, Mar. (MIgt.it^,
Vessels, utensils : grain : gold : any thing that should be from P. "liwiJJ, practice) A term for classes considered

kept safe in a store or treasury. superior to the cultivator, as the Brahman, writer, gold-

Panddram, Tam., Mai. (u<StrorL.m7Ui, S. WOJlt;) Go- smith, blacksmith, &c.

vernment : the revenue or financial department of the state : Pandi, Mai. (Q_lOffn@l) A tribe of Christian fishermen in

the treasury; treasure; goods and chattels. Malabar.

Panddra-vddai, Panddra-vddagai, corruptly, Pundarah- Pandita, vernacularly, Pandit, or Pundit, S. &c. (^TftBir)

vadiky,Pundarah-vadagay,'Vam.(X-iS!S^L^n^eiJnG!T:i\—, A learned Brahman, one who makes some branch of San-

LJ<5rori_rTD'61-im_dSD<5) A village or lands of which scrit learning his special study, and teaches it.

the revenue is paid direct into the public treasury, cor- PandrI, H. (l^iJoLi , Mii<l) A kind of sugar-cane sown in

responding with the Khalsa or Khds collections of Mo- Jtfdgh, or Phdlgun, and before the rains : the sugar-cane

hammadan and British rule : the Panddra-vddagai is of the next or coming crop.

said also to be a name given to villages in the Paleyams Pandra-polamu, Tel. (oiO\g,ST*ejS>3) Garden ground.

or Paleyagar districts of Madura and Tinnivelly, of which Pandra-vddv, Tel. (S30iQ;oCr°&>) A seller of vegetables.

the inhabitants are Sudras, and hold their lands by pro- Pandu, Tel. (SiOiSo) Fruit.

prietary right. — 5th Rep. p. 826. PanBumu, Tel. (S3ocjo^30) A measure of capacity equal

Pandara, Karn. (S3o^^c5), PandIram, Tam. (uSJTOr- to ten Turns, or Marahah. <

l-rriTlL), Pandari, Mai. (o-iengorol) The designa- Panduri, corruptly, Pandree, Mar. (iri'^Tfi', from S. ilt^SS^,

tion of a class of Hindu mendicants in the south of India pale) Whitish or chalky soil.

of the Sudra or servile caste and Saiva sect, often officia- Panduva, Hindi (ijt|^, S. m^lS, pale) A light-coloured

ting as ministrant priests in the temples of Siva : many are soil, a mixture of clay and sand.

very respectable individuals, and excellent Tamil scholars : PandyI, Mar. (TJTSfT) The writer or accountant of a village

(Brown (Glossary) calls them mendicant worshippers of or district : an officer employed in the customs : in Madras

Vishnu, in which he differs from other authorities). it is sometimes applied to the head man of a district.

396
 PAN PAN
Pandya, Pandi, S. &c. (tira^T, ins^) The ancient Tamil Pangul, (?) Mar. A class of mendicants in the Dakhin.

kingdom, the capital of which was Madura : it was known Panguni, Tam. (urBJQdtsfl) The first month of the Tamil

by the name of Pandion to the Romans in the time of year (March-April).

Augustus. Pani, H. &c. (JU), Beng. (t1^), Mar. (xn^), from Pa-

Panejita, S. (Tnnfini) A description of a slave, one who, by niya, S. ('T'ft'T, from TT, to drink, what is to be drunk,

his own agreement, has become a slave in consequence of drinkable) Water (in composition and derivation it becomes

being overcome {jitd) in any dispute or wager ipana). Pan, Pdn, Pdna, Pdnd).
Pang, Hindi (tipt) Mud left by inundations ; alluvial soil Pdnd, Mar. ('TITt) Spoiled by rain after being cut, as grain,

deposited during floods. especially rice.

Panga, Uriya, (OSfl) Salt prepared by boiling. Pdnddi, Mar. (tlTtT^) A water-diviner, a man who pre-

Pangu, corruptly, PuNG, Tarn. (l_ir5J@),PANKA,orPANGA tends to discover water beneath the soil, and directs where

Mai. (olJ89j) a share, a part, a portion, a lot : a share to dig for it.

in a coparcenary village : the share of an individual Mi- Pdnahyd, Mar. (in<U+ll) A water-carrier.

rdsiddr : any definite or proportionate share. Pdnbhar, written also, Panboor, (?) Mar. Land recently

PangdU, Tam. (l—irLlsnerfl) A sharer, a coparcener, a irrigated by sinking a new well, or such as is watered by

coheir. the surplus drainage of wells or pools not situated in it

Pangulhdgam, Tam. (UFTiSLO , S. WTif, a share) A share, land liable to be flooded, rent of such land.

a portion in village land or other divisible property. Pdnbkaryd, Mar. (xinttH'iIT) A water-carrier.

Pangubddi, Tam. (l—irBJgjLJrTi^) A share, a portion. Pdnbudit, Mar. (ilTO^Thr) Destroyed by excessive rain
Pangupirindavargal, Tam. (urBJ@Ljlcfl^S6LIIJ(E&6fT) crops, &c.

Joint heirs, persons who have divided amongst them patri- Pdnbur, (?) Mar. Rent of land liable to be flooded.

monial property. Panchaki, H. \,S^s*i). A water-mill.

Pangukdran, Mai. (n-J8e3(jBjO(Oa6) A sharer, a partner, a Pdndala, Mar. (mH!I6[^) A place that retains water some
coheir. time after the rains.

Pangumdkii, also, Pangumdlai-hanakku, Tam. (LJrBJ@- Pangdchd, Hindi ('RH'TT^) Fields saturated with water and
mrrdsn , from mdlai, a garland, or any regular series, having it some inches deep on the surface.

a list, a roll, an account ; also with hanahku added, Panhala, Mar. (tt^^) A pipe for carrying off water, a drain,

l_irBJ@LQrTSS0<Si5<55OT(5ig)) A list or roll of shares in an aqueduct.

a village shewing the amount of land cultivated by each Panhard, fem. Panharin, H. Cj^ , io/1r*i^ -^ ^^^ o"'

member of the community, the changes of property, the woman carrying water-pots on the head.

original divisions, the quality of the lands, and whether Panheri, Mar. ,(H»^X^) A place by the road-side for

cultivated by the proprietors or by migratory cultivators. supplying travellers with water : the act of supplying

Panguvidam, Tam. (Ljrlj@6!JSLQ) Share and share alike ;

them.

according to or per share. Pdnikar, Uriya (Q|fflQQ) Rent for irrigation.

Favguvikrayam, Tam. (LJr&J@6lJl<S<EflULIJLQ) Sale of a Panwjdri, Hindi (tlfti^Trct) Inundated.

coparcenary share. Pdnlot, Mar. ('RrCI^tj) A slope that will carry off water :

Panguvihraya-chim, Tam. (urlj(g)QJl<5<EblmU<^l_®) a declivity, as opposed to level ground, constituting some-

A bill of sale ; also compounded with the Sanskrit terms times the boundary of a tank.

Patra and Sdsana in the same sense. Panmdr, Hindi (imhr) Soil submerged by floods so as

Panguvali, or PanguvazM, Tam. (LJrBJ@61JJ^) A village not to be capable of cultivation.

held in common by a certain number of coparceners, amongst Pdnphol, Mar. (iITIIiRl^) Ears of rice empty in consequence

whom the lands are distributed at various times, according of excessive rain.

to the votes of the majority of the sharers, and are held in Pdnpika, Pdnpikakn, Mar. (xminftcif, tii)jj|fqc|i^) Grains
severalty for a given time under such distribution. that must be sown at the beginning of the rainy season,

Pangu, Thug. A river Thug of Bengal. such as require abundance of water.

397 5 I
 PAN PAN
Pdnrah&th, Mar. (''inn^^j) A water-mill. or village officers to whom presents or fees (.ulig) are to

Pansdl, Pansdla, H. (JLJj, JILJd) A place where water be paid, such as the Desdi, Pdtil, &c.

is distributed to travellers. Panjay-taraba, (?) Mai. A class of slaves in Kurg.

Pdntaha, (?) Mar. A small tax on irrigated lands. Panji, PAnjika, Beng. Ctt"^, tt'fe'Pl) An almanac, a
Pdnihal, Mar. (tmsr^t^, from W^, soil) Watered by ir- kalendar. See Panchdnga.

rigation, soil retaining water. Panju, Tam. (\-li^0i) Cotton-cloth : cotton separated from

Pdnmal, Mar. (MKU^ldB) A place or soil retaining water the seeds and prepared for spinning.

some time after the rains. Panjinul, Tam. (u(55<^gxn'^) Cotton thread.
Pani, Tam., Mai. (usccfl, S. mil) Work, workmanship, Panjuri, Uriya (D@^, from S. t^) Five marks representing

business, office, service. a total of five maunds.

Panikkan, Tam., Mai. (LJ<5OTfl(5S(3t3T) An artisan, a Pankti, S. &c. (lif^") A row, a company, especially an as-

workman, ahead workman, a master builder, carpenter, &c. sembly of Brahmans or respectable persons at some religious

Panihhal, Mai. (n-J5<TOlae€1fl5b) A, name given to „udras. ceremony.

Panikdran, Mai. (n-jev-vTlajOrDnrt)) An artisan, a work- Sahhd-pankti, Karn. (S. fO^ daJoO J a company or as-

man, a servant; also an agent or officer on the part of a sembly of persons of one caste, especially when assembled
superior chief, superintending his dependants and admini- for discussion.

stering justice in a village or district. Pannachbri, (?) Sindhi. A tax on cattle grazing on public
Panippura, Mai. (o-JffiTolo_^fD) A workshop, a manufactory. lands.

Panividaihdran, Tam. (Ljencfl6lJl<3fDl_S<E6rTCirOT) An Pannai, Tam. (USJKSrSoocn-) A field, a rice-field: culti-

attendant or ministering priest in a temple. vated ground : tillage, husbandry.

Pani, S. &c. {V^fm) The hand. Pannaikdran, Tam. (u<3dbrSi35Cr<S<srTCrc3?5T) A husband-
Panigrahana, S. &c. (from '?r?l!I, taking) Marriage, part man, the foreman of agricultural labourers, especially of
of the ceremony consisting of the bridegroom's taking the the Pareya tribe, a superintendant of cultivation.

hand of the bride. Pannaixsumai, Tam. iUSS^So'SSt SSies^ia) A bundle of

Pdnigrihitd, or -grihiti, S. &c. (xiTfUNI^IilT, -'t^'a'^) A corn in the straw given to the labourers at harvest timfe.

bride, a wife, one who has been taken by the hand and Paipiair-ydl, Tam. (Ue?roTSc!5JSrUJrT5rr) A ploughman, an
legally married. agricultural labourer.

Panj, H. (P. J»j) Five. Panniah, Punna, Punnah, (?) Mai. (?) An estate or farm
Panja, H. (asJj), Panjd, Mar. (tTSTf) The hand with the the property of the Raja, and cultivated by his slaves.
^ fingers extended : a representation of the same mounted Kurg. (it may be a corruption of the Tam. Pannai.
on a staff and carried in procession at the Muharram, sup- Panniar, (?) Mai. A class of agricultural slaves in Malabar.

posed to represent the hand oi Ali. Panni-malayan, (?) Mai. A servile caste in Malabar.
Panjdui, Sindhi {^^lijj) Two-fifths of the produce levied PanniJ, Tam., Tel. (UOTgtr) Tax, tribute, custom, rent.
as revenue. Panola, Hindi (xjtft^) Land watered after plouo-hinn-.

Pdnj-tan, or Pdnj-tani-pdk, H. (P. (^^i '^^{^^^^ Pansara, Mar. (tjttto^t) An officer of customs, one espe-
The five persons, or the five holy persons of the Shids cially employed to levy tolls or transit duties at mountain
or Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Hasain. passes.

Panj-tirthi, Uriya (from S. ift^, a place of pilgrimage) A Pansari, H. {^JmJS) a druggist, a dealer in groceries,
pilgrim to Jagannath of an inferior class, and who is not spices, herbs, &c. See Pasdri.

allowed to enter the temple. Pansdrhatd, H. (lJift;LJj) Dealing in groceries and drugs.
Panja, Mar. (itiinTi) A paternal great grandfather. Panji Panseri, H. (ti>:Wij , for pancha, five, and ser, the mea-
(m<u»i1) a paternal great grandmother. sure), Pasdri, Pasuri, Beng. (fTTtft, fJT^)
A weight
Panjaita, (?) Guz. A large rake for thinning and weeding or measure of five tirs, used especially for
grain or rice.

corn, drawn by bullocks. PansIj Hindi {vn^) A net for carrying grass or straw.

Panjam-uligdar, (?) Mar. Any one of the chief district or Pansi, Beng. (^fipft), Pansoi, corruptly, Paunchway,
398
 PAN PAR
Pa unsway, H. (^j«*a^) A boat for passengers or goods, Pao, H. &c. (jIj) a quarter.

varying in burthen, having a tilted roof of bambu, mats, Pdon, or Pdun, H. (y;^\; , from Pd, for Pdo, and S. una
and thatch over the aft portion, usually rowed by two or gifT, less,, minus), Mar. (xn'^iTiir) A quarter less : used in

four men, but carrying a mast and two sails, the most composition with numerals, as Pabn-e-do, less correctly,

frequent boat in use on the Calcutta river. Paone-do, a quarter less two ; i.e. one and three-quarters
Pant, Pcjnt, Mar. (tttt) , abbreviation of Pandit) A prefix Pabn-e-do-rupaiya, two rupees less a quarter ; i.e. one
to the titles of the eight great officers of state under the rupee twelve anas, and so on.

old regime, as Pant-pratinidhi, Pant-amdtya, &c. ; when Pdo-taki, barbarously, Powtahy, H. (j-CjjIj) A quarter of
it follows a name it denotes a Brahman who is not a a rupee : in Chittagong, an allowance of a quarter rupee

Sanscrit scholar, but employs himself in accounts and per cent., on the revenue paid to the hdnungo.

writing : in the northern Sarkars it denotes a Brahman Paona, Beng. ('tt^ITl , S. TJTtpij) Due : a debt : what is to

employed as a writer by the government, and is usually be received or recovered.

addressed to him in the plural or Pantulu (Tel.) Pdoniyd, Beng. (Tft^sf^ *) I) One who has a right to re-

Pantoji, Mar. (iTift»rt) The ordinary village schoolmaster- ceive, a creditor, an heir.

Panta, Tel. (lOoej) Harvest, crop. Pdoti, H. C^}^) Income.

Pantacheruvu, Tel. {oJOtJxjQCcQ)) A tank for watering Papa, vernacularly. Pap, H. &c. (l_ .j'-j
, IT'?) Sin, crime,

rice-fields. wickedness.

Pantakailu, Tel. (oJoW^eu) Measurement of the crop. Papar, H. (S. ^Ij , mMi) A thin crisp cake made of the

Pantanirasam, Tel. (oOoU^OrOO) Scantiness of the crops. flour of any kind of pulse.
Pantasdla, Tel. (SJoWoCT^y) A granary. Papar, Hindi (tlTtR;) Fertile soil.

Pedda-panta, Tel. ("SjgSJoW) The first or best crop, Papatamu, Tel. (oD^Si&iSx)) A harrow.

either in time or quality : the rice or Jamdri harvest. Par, Hindi (ir) Coarse rice stubble : lands sown with rice

Panth, Punth, (?) H. The name of a class of Brahmans when measured, and so entered in the register. — Puraniya.
in Kamaon. Para, vernacularly, PIr, S. &c. Vjt) The opposite bank
(J.j,
Panthi, H. (jsf^AJ. A^, from S. itlT, panthd, lit., a road, of a river, or of any piece of water.

or, fig., a way of life, a doctrine) The follower of any par- Pdrmdr, properly, Pdrdvdra, H. (S.^LU, TIKT^t) On
ticular sect or teacher, or Aghora-pantki,one ofthe Aghora both sides of a piece of water or river.

sect ; Kahir-panthi, a follower of Kabir. Para, or PIr, Mar. (tnr) Rate, price-current.

Panthi, orPATHi,Mar. (ni^, TJT^ft), Panti, Guz. (Hl'Hl) Para, Mar. (vix) A bank or mound round the root of a

A share in any business or property. Pipal or Bar tree (Ficus religiosa, or F. indica), where

Pdnthi-ddr, Mar., Pdntiddr, Guz. (tit^^, TtfirJ^^c) A the villagers are accustomed to assemble : hence, a village

sharer, a partner. council.

Pantidro, Pantidlo, Guz, (H°fU^l^l -<Srtl) A sharer, a Para, Mar. (tr) Fallow land.
partner, an associate. ParA, or PadA, Hindi (trt) The boundary of a field.

PANV(rAR-SHiDi,lesscorrectly,PuNWAH-SHADEE,H.(P.t^jLi, Para, Mai. (n_10) A measure of capacity, commonly, though

marriage : the first term, although printed Punwah, should incorrectly, written Parrah, or Purtah, and consequently
no doubt be Pan-, P^w-rwarjlfcAj ,from vdr, or war, in com- confounded with a different measure : see Parra : the
position, according to, after the manner of, and^aw, wages, Para is the common grain measure of Malabar, equal to
hire) A kind of marriage in some parts of Bengal of a 10 yedangallis, and containing 1264 cubic inches, rather

female slave to a nominal or vagrant husband, who, for a more than 4 imperial gallons or 40 lb. avoirdupois : as

small payment, agrees to wed any number of such women : applied to seed corn it denotes the quantity required to sow

cohabitation rarely follows, and the object of the arrangement a certain extent of land so as to produce a given amount
is to provide a putative father for any child the woman of rent by the sale-price of the crop : the land varies in

may bear, by whomsoever begotten, and which then be- extent according to its greater or lesser fertility, sometimes
comes the property of the owner of the female slave. yielding a return of thirty times the seed, sometimes only

399
 PAR PAR
five times: the ordinary range of extent is from about 6400 kudi, q. v. Tam. (^SfTUCTQU^) A cultivator who, al-

to about 9600 square feet; according to Mr. Arbuthnot though not a proprietor, has inherited the land he culti-

(Malayalam selections), lands in Malabar are distinguished vates, and cannot be dispossessed as long as he pays the

under three classes, a field of the first yielding twenty-fold, stipulated rent: (the compound, though so used, is an obvious
or about 40 Paras to two of seed, the second fifteen-fold, contradiction, as the cultivator does not dwell in another

or thirty paras, and the third ten-fold, or twenty paras. place : it is either an error, or is laxly used for TJlkudi).

Para, S. &c. (.VX) Other, different, inferior, strange, foreign, ParoMfara, S. &c. (^it. repeated) One after another, in

&c. (it is used in composition, as is its modification Param, succession, hereditary, traditional ; fem. Parampari, suc-

in all the dialects, in a great variety of terms having refe- cessive arrangement, series, lineage.

rence to one or other of its significations). Parampardgata, S. (si,«i*.i'iiT) Come in succession, in-

Parabattiyam,Taxn. (LJrTl—liS^LLJLQ) Money transactions, herited, descended.

money lent, dealings, and accounts with another person. Parapurvd, vernacularly, Parapurhd, S. &c. (tn,i|||) A
Parabhdrla, Tel. ("-'O^?^^) Referred to another person woman re-married : one who was formerly the wife of

for payment, assignment : placing an order for payment another : seven cases of second marriage, or rather of co-

in the hands of another. habitation, are acknowledged in Hindu law, but in practice
Paradesa, S. &c. (^^I, a country) Another, or a foreign they are restricted to the S'udra castes : 1. when the first

country. marriage has not been consummated ; 2. when a girl has

Paraded, vernacularly, Parded, S. &c. (tl^^^ft) A foreigner, been unchaste and is married to another than the gallant

a stranger, one from another or distant part of the same 3. when a widow is married to a kinsman to raise issue

country. for her deceased husband : in each of these the woman is

Paradesavdsi, Tam. (uiTSScffeUrTi^, from S. gi^ft, a termed Punar-bhu, she who is (wedded) again : in the

dweller) A foreigner, a stranger. other four cases she is termed Swairini, independent, un-
Paradesiga, Karn. (oJOOaX) A foreigner, a stranger. controlled ; as, 4. when she cohabits with another man
Paradwdra, Mar. (8.11^, a door ; but this is no doubt either during her husband's life ; 5. when she has deserted her

an error or a vernacular corruption of ddra ^K, S. a wife) husband for another man, but has been taken back by the

Intercourse with a strange woman, especially with the wife former ; 6. when she cohabits with a stranger after her

of another man : adultery. husband's death, for her own pleasure ; and 7. when she
Paragotra, S. &c. (ifN, a family) Belonging to a different does so under the pressure of some urgent motive, as that

family, whether of the same or of a different caste. of poverty : among the Marathas, second marriages, termed

Paraja, S. &c. ('TTsT) Born of another father : the son of Pat, q. v., are not unfrequent amongst the inferior castes.

a wife appointed to raise issue to a deceased or impotent Pdramva, S. &c. (HR^I^) The son of a man by another's

husband. wife : the offspring of the three first classes by a Sudra

Parahudi, corruptly, Paracoodie, Paracoody, Poorcoodie, female.

Purohoodee, Paragoody,Poodoogoody, Pirakitdi, Pura- Pdra-straineya, S. &c. (VI'L^^'T, from para and stri, a
hudi, having been sadly distorted, Tam. (uD"©l9-,fromS. female) The son of another man's wife, either one born
HT, and Tam. @L!^s an inhabitant) A migratory or non-re- of her during her husband's lifetime, when he is properly

sident cultivator, one whose proper home is in another place, termed kunda, or after the husband's death, when he is

one not a member of the village community and having no termed golaka.

proprietary rights, but holding and cultivating lands in the Para, Beng. (tW) A village, part of a village or town :

village, either for a stipulated term or at pleasure : the it is commonly used in composition to form the names of
Pdhi-kdsht cultivator of Hindustan : see Kudi. villages in Bengal, as Gohul-pdrd, &c. Mar. (xn3T) A
Parakudi-vdram, Tam. (aUfTrjlL, a share) The share of cluster of houses situated at a little distance from the

the crop that is assigned to the cultivating tenant, the rest village to which they belong for the convenience of carry-

being the right of the Mirdsddr, or landlord. ing on cultivation.

Ul-parakudi, corruptly, Parakudi-ul, more correctly, ZJl- Pdrdgdm, Beng. Cft^tN) A village, a hamlet.
400
 PAR PAR
Parab, Guz. ("M.^^, from S. Utrt, from in, to drink) A place Parambu, Tam. (Lj(7LQI—l) Extension, spreading: a board

where water is given to passers by. used for smoothing a ploughed field after the grain is sown.
Parabiya, Guz. CH^nl^) A person stationed at a water- Paramhadikuradv, Tam. (ljIJLQU^iSQIJ®) Levelling
shed to distribute water to passengers ; one who sells water. a field before ploughing. — Chtngleput.
Pakabhava, S. &c. ('HtT«^, from V^ , implying reverse) Parambhattae, Parambhattarak, (?) Conditional sale

Defeat, disgrace, nonsuit : the name of the fortieth year of of a slave. — Tirhut.

the cycle, corresponding in the current cycle with a.d. 1846. Paranch, or Pranch, Hindi (m<N) A vindictive practice

Paraiyan, commonly, but corruptly^ Pariah, or Pariar, in Central India, in which a person conceiving himself ag-
the latter from the plur. Paraiyar, also, Paraiyaui- grieved by another attaches a notice to some outhouse or

KIRAVA3V, Tarn. (USSD njUJOT , U053rr)UJU^'Si^- property, as a barn, an orchard, or the like, belonging to

njeuroi), Parayan, and Patsa, Mai. (n_l(0CQjnf6, OJO) A the offender, announcing that unless redress is granted, or

man of a low caste, an outcaste, performing the lowest compliance with a certain requisition promised, the pro-

menial services : one of his duties is to beat the village perty will sooner or later be demolished ; a threat inva-

drum, Parai (l-JSDD np), whence, no doubt, the generic ap- riably accomplished.

pellation of the caste : the Paraiyas, are not known in Para'ncha, (?) A carrier, a conductor.

India by that name, but they are numerous in the south, Parapu, (?) Tam. A quit-rent, a cess or tax imposed by

where they are usually the serfs or slaves of the Sudra a Zamindar, or by government, upon cultivators.

agriculturists : they are also attached to the village com- Paras, or Paras-pathar, H. &c. (^jy\j,j^x*ij[), S. ^tf^)

munities, performing the duties of scavengers, messengers, The philosopher's stone.

and other low functions, for which they are paid by por- Parasa, Parasu, vulgarly, Parsa,Parsu, Mar. (vj.fl, VXfl)
tions of the crops, and some small privileges, but they are An enclosure round a house, a yard, especially a back-yard.

not allowed to reside in the village, having a place outside Parasurama, S. &c. ('RCTtW, or Mama with the (parasu)

assigned to them : there are said to be thirteen subdivisions, axe) An avatar of Vishnu, to whom the recovery fiom the

named Valluvapparai,Tadafarai,Tangalanaparai, Dur- sea of Kerala, or Malabar, is ascribed, by casting his axe
chdliparai, Kuliparai, Tipparai, Murasaparai, Amhu- from a point of the coast, Mount Dilli, or, more accurately
parai, Yadugaparai, AUyaparai, Valiparai, Vettiydr- in Ptolemy, Purrhus-mons, or mountain of Parasu-rdma,

parai, Koliyaparai. to the extreme south ; the sea retiring from the part
Paraicheri, corruptly, Parchirry, and Patcherry, Tam. over which the axe flew : he gives name to a chronological

(uoSDnjS'SS'nfl) A Paraiya village, or the part out- era used in Malabar, commencing 1176, B.C., and reckoned
side of a village or town in which the lowest castes in cycles of 1000 solar years : the third, or current cycle,'

reside. commenced a.d. 1825 with the sun's entrance into Virgo.

Parajaya, S. &c. (^tI»R, from tto, reverse) Defeat, over- Parasurdma-srishti, S. (from ftfs, creation) The creation

throw, losing a cause, nonsuit. of Parasurdma, the Malabar coast from Gokarna to Cape
Parampa, or, as pronounced, Paramba, incorrectly, Pa- Comorin.

ROMBHA, Mai. (n-lOOOj) A garden, a plantation, espe- Paratana, vulgarly, Partan, Mar. (utTItf , from ItJT^, to

cially of cocoa-nut and areka trees, but commonly used in return) The extent of land that may be annually ploughed

a wider sense, or for an estate in general ; such planta- by the single going and returning of a plough, hence im-
tions forming very often the most valuable part of the pro- plying a small field or strip of land, usually about four or

perty : also, high ground not admitting of irrigation ; also five bighds.

land raised and drained. ParatanisA, Mar. ('Jtrlf'i^ll) Assurance of credit taken
Paramba-pdttam, Mai. (a_lOOO_jo_19§o) Rent of planta- respecting a person for whom another has elsewhere be-

tions or of dry lands. come responsible.

Paramhavdram, Mai. (n_JOrTO_jOJ0r0o) The share of the Paratbhande, Mar. (^il>li^) Return, hire.

proprietor in the produce of an estate which he has let Parava, Mai. (o_lOOOnj) Confinement, imprisonment.
or mortgaged. Pdrdkdran, Mai. (o_J0O0oe613(0nf6) A guard.
401 5 K
 PAR PAR
Pdrdppura, Mai. (o-J0O3g_jfD) A guard-room, a place of Paremudal, (?) Confiscation of smuggled goods.

confinement. Pargana, Purgunu, corruptly, Pbhgunn ah, H. &c. (*^>,

Paravai^kAbu, Tam. (UCTSU^SSn"©) Brushwood. plur. Pargandt fcijLk^j), ParqanA, Mar. (tr^iw), Tel.

Paravalkddu-punjay, Tam. (LJD"6U^iS<5rT®l_|<3OT(ff'LLj) (oJoXra') A district, a province, a tract of country com-

Dry cultivation amidst brushwood. prising many villages, but of which several go to con-

Paravan, Mai. (o_l(Oajnrb) A man of a low caste, or the stitute a Chahla or Zila : the actual extent varies, but the

name of the caste. distinction is permanent.

Paravari, vulgarly, Parwari, Mar. (iR^nf)) The village Pargana-kdrmngo ,11. (j^jiU) The record keeper of a district.
guide and watchman, the Mahdr who performs these duties, Pargandt-i-jamd, H. (A. r^i^) The total amount of re-

in which capacity this is his more respectful denomination. venue assessed upon a province.
Paebhara-hak, Mar- (treWKI^*, from TTtmTJ, interme- Pangandt-i-hharch, H. (A. ^^) The expenses and charges

diately, indirectly) An incidental or occasional claim or of a district to be deducted from the gross revenue.

privilege, as a share of the crop, &c., occasionally the right Pargandt-irnirkh, H. (from ^ji ,
price current) The rates

of a village officer or servant. of the valuation of the crops and the assessment of the re-

Parbhu, Purbhoo, commonly, but corruptly, called PuRVOE, venue and other items of expense and receipt which or-

Mar. (xre»I, TI>J, a chief) The name of the writer caste in dinarily prevail or are established in a district.

the west of the Peninsula, or of an individual of that Parganarvdr, H. (^IjdLii^) According to district : settle-

caste : the JParbhus pretend to be descended from Chan- ment, assessment, &c.

drasena, a Raja of Malabar, and consequently to be by Pari, S. &c. (ift) About, around, back, off, &c. ; (used in

origin pure Kshatriyas ; claiming, therefore, right to the S. and its derivatives mostly as the first member of a com-

purificatory ceremonies, or Sanskdras of the Brahminical pound).

code, to read the Vedas, and to- wear the cord and other Parickha, corruptly, Purcha, Uriya (D^S|) A head officer
distingushing marks of the Kshatrii/a, or primary military or superintendant, one of the managers of the temple of

caste ; their claims are with reason denied by the Brah- Jagannath.

mans, who regard them as of menial origin, and inferior, Pariddnam, S. &c. (ift^*!) Giving back, or in return,

therefore, to the pure Sudras : they are divided into three exchange, barter. Karn. (>OQ^c)(00) \ bribe.

classes, the Chandraseni Parhhus, who are principally at ParidhdvU S. &c. (nftVT^) The forty-sixth of the cycle

Puna, the Patanya, at Bombay and Surat, and the Dha- corresponding in the current cycle with a.d. 1852.

vani (?) at Goa. Parigraka, S. &c. (trft^ff ) Acceptance, taking a present

Parcha, H. (p. *»^Ij) Cloth, clothing, a piece of cloth. adoption : a wife.

Pdrchdi-jiw,Tel. from H. (o3^C3-°r-caDaSoX3) Cloth goods. Parikhd, S. &c. (tjftsgr), Parihd, Parika^Tam. (ucflsrT,
PARCHtJNI, H. (ti)*v.i) Selling flour or meal. LJcfloSDS) A ditch, a fosse.

Parchunid, H. (IjJ^a-^) A seller of flour. Parikshd, S., Mar., Beng. (nO«fT), sometimes modified, as

Pabchuran, Mar. (tlt^tlOr) Coin of various currencies as Parakh, Pdrakh, Parkhdi, H. (,^, -^^'j, ^^y),
distinguished from current coin. Parahhdi, Tel. (ob^aJ^OX)) Inspection, investigation,

Parda, H. (p. XJ,') a veil, a screen, a curtain, especially verification of measurement or assessment, assay of coins,

. one which excludes the women of a family from the gaze analysis, trial, ordeal.

of men. Parlkshaka, S. &c. (irc^ljfoir), Pdrakh, corruptly, Parih,

Parda-nishin, Purdah-nisheen, H. (from P. ^^yiJ^ , sitting, PdrkM, corruptly, Purky, and Pdrkhid, coTm^iiy,Purkea,
Seated behind a curtain, applied to a respectable H- ('^Ji,
seated) lit.,
^J^}-i, ^ji), Parikh, Guz. CniL"!) An
female who observes the rules of seclusion, and who is on examiner, an investigator, a money-changer, a banker;

that account excused from personal appearance in a court whence itis a common cognomen for persons of that class,

of justice. as in the case of GohuUpdrakh, or -pdrik, treasurer and

Pareha. Hindi (T?tf) Land watered after ploughing, or finance-minister of Daulat Rao Sindhia ; also, in S. and
flooded before the final ploughing and levelling of the ground. the Hindu dialects, a judge : in an inferior capacity, an

402
 PAR PAR
assayer, a tester, a guager, as the Parkhia of an opium Parige, Tel. (oiB A) Gleanings of com.

factory employed to examine the quality of the opium. Parina-daftar, H. {P.JxsiidMj\S) Old records.

Parkhduni, corruptly, Purkavani, H. (ij}^ji) Examina- ParIt, Mar. («Kli) A washerman by caste and occupation,
tion, especially of coins, assaying. the village washerman.

Parkhera, H. (Lx^j) A money-changer, an officer whose Paritvdrd, Mar. (il^J^Tl) The washerman's quarter, the
duty it was to examine and value coins paid into the part of the village or town where the washermen reside.

public treasury. ParnIla, H. (^^) A drain, a conduit.

Parinaya, S. &c. (TTfJC^pi) Marriage. Parosi, Hindi, &c. (mC1*<1, S. prati, near, vdsi, a dweller,

Parindya, Parindyya, S. (xtftJirnT, ^^551701) Wealth re- Trfir^raft) A neighbour.

ceived at the time of marriage, marriage ornaments, or the Parpaith, H. i^iji , ^it^) The duplicate of a bill of

like, a woman's own property, exchange.

Paripdlana, S. &c. (ijf'C^^'T) Protecting, cherishing, ruling Parra, Tel. {°^^) A measure of capacity, the fortieth part

over, government. of a Turn : it was also considered equal to five mara-

Parishkdra, S. (mP^MiIO Making entire or perfect. Tel. kdls, or 3735 413 cubic inches
. or one-eightieth of a
(c08oj~°0) Settlement of accounts in revenue matters. gdrisa, = 13. 836 imperial gallons : by other computations
Parhilane, Karn. (S. ojSa^yco^) Inquiry, investigation. it was made to contain 3681 . 640, or 3744 cubic inches

Parivarttanam, S. (irfc^%5i), Tam. (ucfleUCrs^fiSTUi) the present standard Parra is fixed at 4000 inches : it is

Exchange, barter : in the south the term is applied to the still rated as equal to five marakdls, but the marakdl is

deed by which rent-free land is converted into land paying somewhat larger : see Para.
revenue, and an equivalent portion of assessed land is Parra, Tel. (y^^, or °J^ A swamp or salt-marsh.

made exempt. Parra-vuppu, or -uppu, Tel. (°^iQj'^'*S) Swamp or spon-

Parivitti, S. (''jftfMW) A man whose younger brother is taneous salt efBorescence.

married before him. Parre, Tel. (»J^O;) A salt-measure (perhaps the same as

Parivettd, S. (''ift^^j A younger brother married before the Maratha phara, which, for salt, is a man of 64 sers).

his elder. PARRtJ, or PaddiJ, Guz. CHS) Suburb or branch of a vil-

~^
Parivedana, S. (xift^Tl) The marriage of a younger bro- lage or town.

ther before that of the elder, which is considered to be an Parruchitti, pron. Pattuchitti, Mai. (n_loaiiJl§1) A
improper act. written receipt.

Parivrdja, S. &c. (xifcriMJ A Hindu wandering mendicant. Parsai, Pursaee, (?) H. In Central India the village priest

Paritvdld, or Pariya, Hindi. A hired ploughman who is and astrologer. —Malcolm.

bound, by an advance which he cannot repay, to labour Pa RSI, Guz. (HR^) A worshipper of fire : the name of
gratuitously during a portion of his time, for the benefit the race settled chiefly in western India, in the Bombay
of the lender. —Gorakhpur. presidency, who still observe the ancient Magian religion

Parydya, S. (xpiTPl^ Order, succession. they are distinguished as enterprising merchants, ship-
Pariydya,OTParydya,K-dTniojQdSTc)dS:>^oOdSj-Q)—dS2) builders, and traders : their ancestors fled from Persia to

The succession of the eight Smdmis, or spiritual heads of India upon the conquest of the former by the Mohamma-
the followers of Madhmdcharya, who preside over the dans, and settled in the latter in the eighth century :

establishments of the sect in Karnata in succession, and although especially applied to them as followers of a pe-

employ the intermediate period in travelling over the culiar faith, the term properly signifies nothing more than
country, and collecting contributions. a Persian (S. 'IRWtsli), H. (^j^j^)-

Pari, or Padi, Uriya (aff>) Daily subsistence. Partal, Padtal, PartAl, Guz. CHSfl^. M,S<tl41)
PariA, or PadiA, Uriya (a^S||) Land out of cultivation, Waste or uncultivated land.

waste or fallow land. PartIl, Hindi, &c. (iRin^), Uriya (aQE^|R.) Re-measure-
Parid-jamin, Uriya (from P. ^^JJ^ land) Waste or fallow , ment, as a test of the accuracy of a previous measure-
land. ment ! revision of a former land measurement or survey :

403
 PAR PAR
re-weighment: (perhaps from S. pra, intensitive, ani tala, Pdrvana-srdddha, S. &c. ('m^Tsren^) A srdddha, or ob-

surface). sequial ceremony to be observed monthly at the Amavdsya,

Part&l-jarib, H. (from P. t._-^_^, a certain measure of or conjunction, or new moon : at this rite three balls or

land) Re-measurement of land. cakes of rice, pindas, formerly of flesh, are presented to the

Partal-ojan, Uriya (CIQO|R.(3ff5i>) Re-weighment to de- manes of the father and paternal grandfather, and great-

termine the accuracy of a previous weighment. grandfather, and three to the maternal grandfather, his

Parti, H. (ti/i' '^^ "j'^^''^) Waste or uncultivated land. father and grandfather, and the crumbs or fragments of
Parti-kadim, H. (A. *J.Ai', old) Land which has long been each set are presented to the remoter ancestors In each

lying uncultivated. line.

Parthiva, S. ('nfS^) Earthen, relating to earth or land : Parva, Karn. (33^5f~, probably from S.parva) A Brahman,

the name of the nineteenth year of the cycle. one who is connected with periodical rites.

Parugu, Tel. (oJOoXd) a measure of distance, a hos of Pdroiti, Karn. (oJ dt)F~e) A Brahman woman.
from two to three miles. Parvata, S. &c., vernacularly, Parvat, or Parbat, (Tjfii)

Paruki-varaha, Karn. (oJ&O^aO^So)) A gold coin or A mountain.

liun coined by Tipu at Calicut, properly, Fdruki. Parvatiya, Parbatiya, S. &c. (Trffini) A hill-man, a moun-

Parupatya, corruptly, Parpatya, Karn. (S. ^5^&o!bo§) taineer, the hill people of Nepal.

Management, superintendence. Parwa, (?) H. Light sandy soil, of a yellowish tint, ca-

Pdrvpatyag&r, Karn. (t3^&S38§ A iS(6) A manager, a pable of irrigation.^Bundelkhand.

superintendant, the manager of a temple under the superior, ParwaUa, H. &c. (P. "luljj) An order, a written preceptor

a deputy or vice-chief. command, a letter from a man in power to a dependant,

PIrusht^, S. &c. (ini^Bt) Harshness, violence : in law, two a custom-house permit or pass, an order for the possession

descriptions are specified ; as, of an estate or an assignment of revenue ; a warrant, a

Danda-fdrushya, S. (from ^, a stick) Personal injury, license, a writ ; a paper of permission from a Zamindar

assault, battery, manslaughter, homicide. to a cultivator to take up lands, leaving the rent to be

Vdh-pdrushya, S. (from^T^, speech) Verbal injury, abuse, subsequently settled.

slander, calumny, defamation. Parwdna-bdzv, H. (P. j ;u , the arm, ?) An order from the

Parta, Parvan, S. &c. (trf, ^iff), Pare, or Parab, H. Moghul government to the chief financial authority of a

((_j,j), Parbba, Beng. (t^) lit., A joint or point of district to relinquish the collection of an assigned amoimt
junction, but applied especially to certain junctures or of revenue to the person to whom it has been granted with

periods of time, as the days of the full and change of the the necessary jurisdiction.

moon, the eighth, eleventh, and fourteenth days of the lunar Parmdna-guzasht, or P. wd-guzasht, H. (P. from ci..^ J^,
half-month, the solstices, the equinoxes, the entrance of passed) An order of the Mohammadan government to re-

the sun into a zodiacal sign, of the moon into a lunar linquish to a person to whom the revenues of specified

asterism, and the like ; and as these are appropriate seasons lands have been assigned the right of collection, and all

I
for religious observances the word has come to signify also authority therewith connected.

any sacred day, a holiday or festival. Parwdna-i-istahldl, H. (

JliiJUl) An order declaratory of

Pdrvana, or Pdrvani, vernacularly, Pdrbana, or Pdrhani, the right of permanent possession.

corruptly, Parbunny, Purhany, Purbony, S. (xn^, fem. Parrvdna-i-subahddr, H. (P. j!0(U^) An order Issued by

HT^Jlft) Any thing relating to a certain Parva or holiday, the governor of a province for an assignment of revenue,
as a ceremony then observed, especially one description of or any other right or privilege.

Srdddha, or obsequial rite; also the set of progenitors in Parwdnagi, H. &c. (^/i'^), Mar. (q^^T^pft) Permission,
honour of whom it is celebrated : any fee exacted for the leave, license.

performance of such ceremonies : an impost formerly levied Parwdnagi-barddr, Mar. ("n^R'fN^TC) An officer sta-

on the Ryots, by the Zamindars to defray the cost of the tioned In the antechamber of a great man to announce
religious ceremonies and festivities celebrated by the latter. arrivals and obtain permission for them to enter.

404
 PAR PAS
Parrcanagi-cldfhi, Mar. (f-qaT, a note) A licence, a written contain it again : Pasa is properly paste ' or glue,'

pass or warrant. referring to the adhesiveness or tenacity of the soil, which

BdiMt-parmdna, H. (ijlj^ClJUitW from , A. «Jkj, sale : see must therefore be a kind of clay.

Saia) An order or notice of sale, especially on the non- PasXnam, Tam. (USTTcSOTLQ) A coarse sort of rice ripening

fulfilment of the conditions of a mortgage. late.

Parwah, Purwur, H. (P.jjj^, cherishing) A patron, a Pasar, Thug. Place or direction appointed for an expedition.

protector. Pasara, Pasare, Karn. (^i^fec^, S^r^O) A shop.

Gharib-parrcar, H. (C;_.o^, poor) Protector of the poor, Pasari, Pansari, H. &c. (^i:yLl.J, j_j^LiJj) A grocer, a drug-

a common complimentary designation addressed by an in- gist, a vendor of drugs, herbs, spices, and groceries.
ferior or dependant to a superior or master. Pasethi, or Phasethi, Uriya (aSClO, CTGCIO) The head
Parwarda, H. (P. i^j'S) Cherished, protected : a domestic cultivator of a village.

slave. Pashana, vernacularly, PashAn, S. &c. (ittWTO) A stone,

Parmarwh, H. (P. i/^-^i^) Cherishingfprotecting, foster- a rock. Beng. ('tt^W A stone to weigh with. Tam.
ing, bringing up. (urTcffrrsror) A stone, but used in deeds of sale or grants

Parmasti, H. (P. 15^'*'^^') Cherishing, patronising : sup- of land to convey a right to all precious stones, minerals, or

porting old servants or soldiers after they are past work. metallic ores that may be discovered in the land transferred.

Parwi, H. ((_?«y , I4i=l1) A sort of sugar-cane sown in autumn. Pdshdna-chatiirdad, S. &c. (from Mri^^^fl, the fourteenth

PaSj H. (p. i/~'.p Guarding, watching, a guard : a watch lunation) A festival on the fourteenth of the light half
of three hours. of Mdrgasirsha, when Durga is to be worshipped, and

Pds-hdn, H. (^IjuwIj) A watchman, a sentinel, a village cakes- in the shape of stones are to be eaten.

watchman : also, a shepherd. Pashm, Pushm, H. &c. (P. *Ao, tj^r) Wool, hair, for.

Past, H. (|^lj) A watchman. Pashmina, Pashmind, H. &c. (ilxAjijj , Lu/»jio , tj^prhn)

Pa^a, Pasa, Pasi, S. &c. (iim, TiT^, ITT^) A noose, a Woollen cloth.

loop, a snare, a rope, any thing wherewith to catch or tie PIsi, Tam. (urr.^) Duck- weed.
a person or thing : in the sense of a cord or other means Pdsitirvdi, Tam. (un^A^O'SSiSU) A tax on fish

of strangling it occurs also Phdis, or Phdnsa, q. v. Pdsa caught in ponds.

also means dice for gambling with. Pasiki, Tel. (^Sii), Pasike, or Pasige, Karn. (ojhu

Pad, H. ( -«jU) a caste of people, or an individual of it, oOiO~K) A small fee or bribe given to the government

whose occupation is extracting the juice of the Tdri palm, collectors of the sair or miscellaneous taxes.

so named from their using a rope loop in climbing, passed Pasodi, Mar. (TTTHt^) Lit. A sort of shawl, applied to a small

round their bodies and round the tree : any one using a assignment of rent-free land to the Pdiil of the village.

noose, or rope, or snare : a birdcatcher : also, one who plays Passewa, (?) H. A semifluid sediment obtained from the

with dice, a gambler. capsules of the poppy after the seeds are extracted : it

PasIetun, corruptly, Pussaeeta, Pussaita.Guz. ("4.^11^- hardens by exposure, and is used in making up the shells
<r3o) Rent-free lands allotted to the different order? of village of the opium cakes for export : it contains a portion of
servants in Guzerat ; also assignments of the same for morphia.

religious or charitable purposes. Pasu, corruptly, PasHOO, S. &c. (xm) An animal, especially

PaKdetawdld, Guz. CH^Ll^'^'Hlill) An Inferior village- a domesticated and useful animal.

servant. Pampdla, S. &c, (xt^ITnoF) A cowherd, a shepherd, a farmer,

Pasdelun, Guz. CH^ll^^') I.'and exempt from taxation one keeping or tending cattle.

in consideration of military service when required. Pasupdlana, S. &c. (xTSflin^^) Care of cattle, one of the
Pasama, Mai. (a_103Ci) Soil of the best quality ; also said especial functions of the third or Vaisya caste : the duty

to be designated Pasama-kur, from Kur, or Kurt, a pit, of cowherds, shepherds, &c.

as it is said to be a test of this sort of soil that the hole Pasubevala, Karn. (SirODOS^) A merchant, a trader.

or pit from which any quantity has been dug up will not Pasuge, Karn.' (oO^XfK) A shar.e, a portion, a part.

405 6l
 PAS PAT
Pasumai, Tam. (usismin) Greenness, the verdure of Pat, H. &c. (tL>Lj , tot, S. tj^) A plank, a seat, a stool, the
thriving crops board on which a washerman beats clothes : a plant, of
Pasumpul, Tam. (UiaLQl-l^) Growing corn : green grass. which the fibres are used as flax, and from which a coarse
Pasunkakai, incorrectly, Pasungcahay, Tam. (uBirLJS- canvas and sackcloth are made (Corchorus olitorius and
<35DU)lit. Equitable distribution, the joint proprietary of the capsularis) : a sack of coarse canvas, a sack of corn con-

lands of a village by a number of coparceners, who may sidered as a load : also, silk, a cocoon of silk.

either cultivate them in common or parcel them out from Pattvd, H. (I^> TJ^) A silk- weaver, a maker of braid

time to time among the coparceners for their several cul- and fringe, a stringer of beads.

tivation, the right of each being to a definite proportion Pat, Mar. (VTZ) A name given to a second marriage among
of the whole, but not to any one field or piece of land in the Marathas, whether of a girl whose betrothed husband
particular : it is not in his power, therefore, to sell any has died, or of a widow : the celebration is acknowledged

actual piece of the village land, although he may, with as legal among the lower castes.

the consent of the other coparceners, sell his share. Pdtddm, corruptly, Pautdauma, Mar. (tn^^TT) A tax for-

Pasupu, (?) Tel. A gift, a settlement or assignment of land merly levied on second marriages.
to a daughter. Pdtkari, Mar. (Mli<*T?f) The husband of a twice-married

Pat, or Pata, S. &c. (tc) Cloth, coarse cloth or canvas woman.

covered cloth or chintz : a chequered cloth on which chess Patkarin, Mar. (iirjofcOw) A woman marrying a second
or Pachisi may be played. time.

Pat, Mar. (j\Z, S. iljl A roll or register, a list of names, a PIt, or Pata, Mar. imz) A small raised water-course for

catalogue or written statement of particulars. irrigating fields and gardens.

Palmar, or Patwdri, corruptly, Putmarry, Hindi and Mar. Pdtkari, corruptly, Patcurry, Mar. (MlJcdO) The village

&c. (ti^TT;, l|i<4lO) A village accountant, whose duty it officer in charge of the water-courses, whose duty it is to

is to keep and to produce, when required by the govern- see that they are kept in repair, and that the water is fairly

ment revenue officers, all accounts relating to lands, pro- distributed.

duce, cultivation, changes, and past assessment of a vil- Pdtasthal, Mar. (mi^Jilcj) Cultivated ground Irrigated by

lage : (the term is probably derived from Pat, a register, al- small channels turned off from brooks or rivulets.

though the office is extinct, or superseded by the Chaugala Pdtrvar, Mar. (xn^?) A channel to convey water for ir-

among the Marathas ; whilst, on the other hand, Pat, in rigation.

the sense of a register or record, is either obsolete or lost Pata, H. (lij , VZ\) A wooden sword, a cudgel.
In Hindi). The maintenance of the office of Patwdri Patehaz, H. (jLuJi^) A cudgel-player.

in efficiency is the subject of various Regulations in Bengal Pata, H. (li'j) A code or book of regulations for rent collectors.
in some places he is appointed and paid by the Zamindars ; Pata, Beng. {»tt§1) A lease. See Patta.

in the north-western provinces most commonly by the vil- Pdtdri, Beng. (ft§t#t) An agent or factor employed by
lagers : in Kamaon he is a government ministerial officer a landlord to collect his rents.

appointed to the charge of one or more Pattis or sub- Pata, Uriya (a|Q), PAtam, Mai. (n_10So) An open level

divisions of a district, and is paid by a small monthly tract, an expanse of low land or of rice-fields.

salary. Ben. Reg. vi. 1795 ; xxvii. 180.3 ; xii. xiii. 1817 Patai, Hindi (tj^) Straw or grass strewn over a field to pro-

i.l818; i. 1819. tect the fresh-planted roots from the sun.

Pat, H. &c. (uul) , S. xig) A leaf of a plant ; whence it is Patak, Mar. (tts^) A body of horse, usually about a hundred.
applied to a leaf of a book, or of paper, and thence to a Pataki, Patahyd, Mar. {mc^, xjjj^) The leader of a
written paper, a bill, a draft on a banker, a promissory note troop of horse a subordinate officer employed in the
:
col-

or engagement to pay a sum of money at a stipulated time. lection of the customs.

Pdt-bandi, H. (t^JJUi'L) A statement of the particulars of PAtaka, vernacularly, Patak, S. &c. (xmnir) Sin, crime.
the assets and debts of an estate as agreed upon between See Mahdpdtaka.
the heirs and claimants. Pdtahi; S. &c. (TTTiT^t) A sinner, a criminal.

406
 PAT PAT
Patakalagutta, Tel. (oT'O-^oXbi^) Rent or farm of Patm, H. &c. (S. ijij, Tfufi) A wife.

taxes on houses and trades. Pdtnibhdga, (S. iJl!ft«m) Division of property amongst a

PATTAKKAN,Tain. (u^saSOTr) A man of a low caste, an man's widows.

outcaste. Pati, Mai. (n-JOfsTl) A half, a moiety.

Patakwa, H. (S. 'j^jU) a messenger. Pdtika, incorrectly, Pateka, Mai. (n-JOrjnIca) A share, a

Patam, Mai. (n-JfiDo) The portion of the crop given to the portion, especially of landed property, a half-portion.

reapers in pay of their labour. Pdtikdran, Mai. (a-i0n5)\S€)0(Or(b) A partner, a sharer.

Patamma, Putumma, (?) H. A deed of usufructuary mort- Pdtivdram, Mai. (n-JOnsTlnJOroo) A half-share, applied
gage. —Gorakpur. especially to a lease or tenure of land by which half the

Patani, Thug. A sneeze, considered ominous. produce is to be given to the proprietor.

PatahA, Beng. A ration

('tt^a^) of food : a waste book. PdtivdracMUa, Mai. (n-J0(ZnlCLJ3(O^§) A written en-

Patara, Tel. (J~^^0) A pit for preserving grain. gagement in a lease to pay or to receive half the produce.

PatAu, Pat! van, or Pataun, Hindi (.jOii, ^1^, tRT^JST) Pati, also Patti, Beng. ('ttfe^ , fg^) A slip of cloth, a

Irrigation. narrow strip of land : also the part of a market appropri-

Patati-kunwah, Guz. ('4,li'%l^°H«l) The eldest son of a ated to dealers in similar articles: In some places, a vil-

Thakur or Raja in Guzerat. lage or cluster of houses detached from, though dependent

Patela, H. (2bjj) A large iiat-bottomed boat used for mer- on, the original village.

,
chandise on the Ganges. Pati, Beng. (''fttfl') A fine mat : a plant of which such

Path, H. &c. (,^, V^, from S. HpilH) A road, a way, a mats are made (Cyperus inundatus).

path, fig., a doctrine, a sect. Patia, H. (Luj, S. ijf^sirT, a page) The written opinion of

Pathika, vernacularly, Pathik, H. &c. (uL^Jij , irftlcir) A a Pandit on a question of Hindu law.

traveller. Patiab, Thug. The cry of the partridge.

Patha, vernacularly, Path, Hindi, &c. (S. VJZ) Reading, Patiaba, Uriya (asieilQ) Trust, confidence.

a reading, a lecture. Patichoe, Beng. ('ttf^CPtS , from pdti, a little) A petty

Pdthak, Hindi, &c. (S. iitToB) A reader, a public reader, thief

a Brahman who reads the epic poems and Puranas in Pi-TIDAR, Guz. (Hlil'tL-l} probably vernacular corruption

public the: name of a class of Maratha Brahmans : in Orissa, of Pattiddr, q. v.) A hereditary cultivator.

a designation of mixed impure castes : (but this must be Patil, corruptly, Poteel, Mar. (tn^t^), Patel, corruptly,

either a vernacular corruption or error for Pdtaka, a sin- Potail, Poital, H. &c. (Jjlj, TR^), Patel, Karn.

ner, one fallen or degraded). (<0&J?£)) The head man of a village, who has the

Pdthsdld, Beng. (S. 'ftt'tl'Tl) A school, a college. general control and management of the village affairs, is

Patha, (?) H. A measure of seed equal to about two sers, head of the police, and exercises, to a limited extent, the

whence it is applied to a measure of land or as much as functions of a magistrate ; he is also the principal agent

may be sown with that quantity of seed : it is rated at in the realization of the revenue, and the chief medium of

aboiit twenty yards by two, or 240 square feet. —Kamaon. communication with the officers of the government : in

Pathan, H. (^jW*.j) The same as Afghan, but chiefly used in the Mariitha countries the office is frequently held under a

Hindustan to designate adventurers of that nation or their government grant, in many instances that of the govern-
descendants, who have colonised and settled in India, espe- ment of Delhi, and has certain emoluments and privileges

cially in Rohilkhand. attached to it : it is hereditary, and saleable with the con-

Patha R, or Pathah, H. &c. (^L,^4Jib, S. irenO A stone. sent of the government, and the actual occupant may admit

Patharild, H. (a^^j) Stoney, as soil. a partner : the term is principally current in the countries

Pdthariyd, Beng. Ctt^F^VsTl), Pdtharmat, Mar. (in^^) inhabited by, or subject to, the Marathas, and appears to

A stone-cutter or breaker by caste and occupation, a mason. be an essential Marathi word, being used as a respectful

Pathobi, Thug. The chirping of a small owl. title in addressing one of that nation, or a Sudra in general
Pati, H. &c. (S. ijii, ifir) A husband, a protector, a master. it may be derived from Pdt, a water-course, the supply of

407
 PAT PAT
water being: fitly under the care or the chief person of the Patra, vernacularly. Path, corruptly, Potteh, &c. ('Ht),

village ; or from Pat, a register or roll (of the inhabitants. Pattiham, Tam. (l_is^i7ii)) A leaf of a plant or tree,

&c.) of the village. Bombay Reg. xii. 1827. any leaf used for writing upon, as that of the birch or
PdfiK, Mar. (tnfircrt) The assignment of land or perqui- palm, or a sheet of paper or metal on which grants or

sites and allowances of the Pdtil. edicts arc engraved : a written page or leaf, any written
PdtilM, Mar. (TJlftg?^) The office of Pdlil. document, as a grant, a deed, a bond, an almanack.

PdHlpatwdri, Mar. (xnTt^T^Tlft) A comprehensive term Patrikd, S. (trf^cirj), Patrike, Karn (^^§,0) A written

for the officers of a village implied by the designation of paper, a letter, a deed, a document.

the head man and the accountant. Pairudu, Tel. (.oO[^2^CO) A steward, a cash-keeper, a

Patita, or, vernacularly, Patit, S. &c. (^finr) Fallen : lit. or manager for another.

metaph., fallen from rectitude, wicked, vile, outcasts : fallen Patra, vernacularly. Path, S &c. (ttt^) A vessel ; whence,
off, waste, neglected, uncultivated, fallow (as land) : in fig., a fit person, a person of capacity.

Puraniya, a term for a reduced rent on lands which a Ryot Patbavadd, Tel. (^l<^».r°5j) A man of a tribe of hill

is allowed by his lease to retain without cultivating them. people.

Patitdbdd, Beng. (iirsusfTtT) The occupation or cultiva- Patta, S. &c. (tjj) Silk, a band or fillet of silk, especially

tion of fallow lands, or such land brought into cultivation of old the mark of royalty ; as seen on the coins of the

a tenure under which waste lands were held on favourable Seleucidse and their Indo-Bactrian successors : in Karnata

terms on condition of bringing them into cultivation. a plate of brass with magic verses worn for some days on
Patitdbddi-gird-kami, Beng. (from P. gird li^, around, the forehead of a Brahman to avert the conseqences of having

and ^-^^< deficiency; 'tf^«tTtf^'^ft^Tf^1T) Diminution been born under an unlucky conjunction of the stars.

or deficit of rent on waste lands brought into cultivation, Pattar dni, S. &c. (tlJ^Rifi') Pdtrdni, H. (^jlyL) A queen,

in comparison with that levied on neighbouring lands. one who has been crowned or has had the royal fillet on

Patil-kami, Beng. ('jHsvo^^m) Deficiency or remission of her brow.

rent on account of fields left uncultivated. ....

Patta, Putta, corruptlv,
* •
Pottah, current in most dialects,
(^

Pativa, Mai. (o-J(Wloj) A register, a lease, a written docu- sometimes slightly modified, H. (lij), Mar. (tjjt), Tel.

ment given
Patka, H.
to

(Kjo)
Ryots acknowleging their right

a girdle, a sash.
to cultivate. (^tj~°)
ej
Patte,
Patta, Uriya (a|, a8|):
..
\^
Karn. (o^ p), Patto,
it is also read in
Sindhi,

Beng. and Uriya

Patta,

Zari-patiid, H. (IsaJ|_j;j) A gold -sash or girdle granted by with a single t, and in the former with the first vowel

the Peshwa to his chief officers : the national Maratha long, Pata, PatA ('tt^, eiS|), Pattatam, PattA, cor-

standard. See Jari-fathd. ruptly, Pattiam, Pattiom, Tam. (ulII—LUiL, UiIl-It)

PatLA, Tel. (°^^;^) Rice-land yielding an intermediate Pattayam, Mai. (n_l§CG)o) A deed of lease, a docu-

crop between the first and second crops, being under water ment given by the collector to the Zamindar, or by some

during the wet season. other receiver of revenue, to the cultivator or under tenant,

Patmai, H. (,e^*ii Mi*<5) Sowing fresh sugar-cane after specifying the condition on which the lands are held and

cutting the old. the value or proportion of the produce to be paid to the

Patoki, Thug. A small owl. authority or person from whom the lands are held : the

Patoti, (?) H. A lease or agreement between the proprietor term is laxly applied to a variety of deeds securing rights

and cultivating occupant of land, limiting the amount of or property in land, also to a deed of gift in general : also,

rent demandable, and leaving the tenant in possession as in the south of India, to a title or appointment of office,

long as it is paid (perhaps for Pattavati, possession of a or to the office itself, as to that of manager of a temple
Patta). Pattas have been the subjects of frequent legislation. Ben.

Patpar, Hindi (mTI?) Newly-formed land so situated as to Reg. viii. 1793 ; iv. 1794 ; v. 1795 ; v. 1812 ; vii. 1822.
receive an annual accession of alluvial deposit. Madras Reg. xsx. 1802; v. 1822.

Patpari, Hindi (ilriMil) Surface of soft land caked by sun- Pattd-anidni,(?) Designation of a village held under a lease

shine after rain. —Puraniya. by cultivators from government direct. —South of India.

408
 PAT PAT
Pattaddr, H. &c. (jbiL ,
'IfT^R) One who holds a lease PattakdAr, corruptly, Puttuckdar, (?) An officer em-
or engagement for his lands. ployed originally to collect the revenues of government in

Pattd-dahsala, H. (<!tlL.!!OSj) A lease for ten years. Tanjore, and who, in many cases, appropriated the estates

JPattd-jandjdt, H. (cu\.=i-lAs-lL , from S. »Tr(,a man, people) and became identified with the Mirdsiddr — Fifth Rep. 957-
Leases granted to tenants or cultivators individually. (According to the Glossary, the term means lit. book-keeper,

Pattdkdran, Tam. (uill_rTS)SrTCrOT) A leaseholder. accountant, from H. Patak (.<jj"i.^, but there is no such
Pattdkattu, (?) Tam. Agreement of cultivation. See Pat- word in Hindustani in that sense, nor in any other dialect,

tukattu. as far as the dictionaries are authority).

Pattdmdniyagdr, (?) Karn. The principal or managing Pattam, commonly written, Patam, and, corruptly, Patom,
holder of land held by several persons under a Pattd Mai. (n_JO§o) Rent, hire, contract, lease (no doubt the

granted in the name of the principal. Pattd of other dialects, but applied to the thing rather than

Pattdmdniyahdran, Tam. (ui—l—ITLDrTSSCflLlJSSrT- to the document, as by the following) : the Pdtam of an

CTOT) a principal inhabitant appointed for the collection estate in Malabar is a stipulated proportion of the produce,

of the revenue and management of village affairs. paid in kind in the case of grain, in money in that of

-Paiaia/iAa, Uriya (a8|0|R.Q|) A list or register of leases. plantations.

PattdtdluJt, H. (^LoUj) A dependent tdluh, or estate, held Pdtta-cMtfd, corruptly, Patom-chit, Putia-chit, Mai.
on lease, or Pattd, from a Zamindar : such a tenure is (<i_JO§.^§) A deed pf lease, the written engagement given

generally heritable, but not transferable, and the land lapses by the landlord to the tenant, also by the tenant to the

to the Zamindar on failure of male heirs. landlord, agreeing to pay a certain amount of rent.

Pattd-thikd, more correctly, Thihd-pattd,h3xhaivo\xs\y,Pat- Pdtta-kdnam, Mai. (n-J0§aB536VTOo) Rent, tax : rent of a

tah-tucka, 5 Rep. H. (li>Kj.^) A contract or farming lease, property paid to a certain extent in advance. See Kdnam-
a deed assigning lands in farm for stipulated conditions. pdtam.
Pattdvirutti, Tam. (uLll_rreJl(r3^^) Rent-free land Pdtta-kandam. Mai. (n_10§ceos>r>So) Rented corn-fields.

held by Brahmans (from S. viruddhi, opposition, held Pdtta-hdran, or Pdttam-kdran, or, in current use, Pd-
without a Pattd). tamkdr, (n-JO§deeioron6) A tenant, one who holds land

Pattdwat, (?). A Rajput chief who holds land from a su- by paying rent.

perior at a quit-rent, on condition of military service. Pdttakudisdka, Mai. ( n-JO§oesSlo|lcfl3) Arrears of rent.

Patta, Mar. (tif) A belt. Pdttdli, Mai. (n-J3§0^) One who collects the rents of a

Pattehari, or Pattewdld, Mar. (ijj'^^'i', ''%^Tcn') A mes- temple : a victualler at a temple.

senffer with a badgre or belt, a Peon. Pdttanella, Mai. (Q-J0§6^mg_j) Rent paid in kind or in

Patta, (?) Hindi. A bale, a package. rice-corn.

Patta, (?) Tel. A measure of land = 16 gaz. —Northern Pdttapara, Mai. (a_lO§a_lO) A large measure, or para>

Sarkars. used in measuring seed-corn : the produce, and the propor-

Pattadai, Tam. (LJl_'L_(3roi_) Acorn-rick: a portion of the tion as rent.

crop given as a compensation to the ploughman a workshop. : Pdttaparamha, Mai. (n_J0§QJOrO_i) A garden or plan-
Pattadaikalani, Tam. (LJI_l_(3SDl_Si(E6lXi(3tTfl) A culti- tation let on lease.

vated field artificially irrigated. Pdtfapravritti, Mai. (n_10§(Q_Jfy«!Y?yi1) The office of rent-
Pattadaiydr, Tam. (LJL_l_(35DL_UJrTcr) Proprietor or su- gatherer to a temple : the office of a victualler.

perintendant of a manufactory. Pdtjayola, or Pdttola, or Pdttayolakaranam, Mai.

PaTTADI, Karn. ("^W^) A district. (Q_10§6)CQJ0eLl, n_J06^§9aA, n-J0§61CQJ3ej.dB€lfDmo, from

Pattaikal, Tam. (LJI_(3roL_Qrr60) High land irrigated ola, the palm leaf, and karanam, an instrument) A lease
by water thrown up from a lower level. a deed of lease or of transfer of land upon mortgage.

Pattaiyam, Tam. (uI—OSDI—LULQ) A deed of gift either on Marupdttam, Mai. (Gia,Q_10§o) Counterpart covenant of

paper or copper : (see Pattayam, under Patta : it is no lease kept by the proprietor.
doubt the same word with the Tamil nominal termination). Verum-fdttam, corruptly, Veerom-pattom, Mai. (SjOJao-
409 5 M
 PAT PAT
Q-l3§o) Rent without any advance or security, simple written Patni, otPutnee, Beng. ('tg^, 'qw^'t) A tenure
rent ; (from verum, empty). by which the occupant holds of a Zamindar a portion
PATTAM,Tam.(LJLll_Ui,S.q5) Government, authority, king- of the Zamindari in perpetuity, with the right of here-

dom : a head ornament symbolical of authority : a crown. ditary succession, and of letting or selling the whole or
Pattankatii, Tam. (ul1i_ rllSlluj.) A chief: a village part as long as a stipulated amount of rent is paid to
headman of the Paravar, or fisherman caste. the Zamindar, who retains the power of sale for arrears,

Pattdlai, Tam. (uilGt-IT^), Pattola, Mai. (<i-\6)§3aj) and is entitled to a regulated fee or fine upon any transfer :

lit. The crown olai, a royal edict : also government records, the tenure created by an under-letting in the second degree

monthly abstract of the account of public receipts and dis- is termed Dar-patni (or lease within lease) ; and a third

bursements. under-letting is denominated Seh-patni (from the Persian

Pattana, S. (i^^tt), vernacularly, Pattan, the tt sometimes seh, three) : this description of sub-tenures originated in

becomes tt, as Pattan, or Puttun, or Patna, H. (^^aj, Burdwan, being created by the Raja or Zamindar : it has
UL), Mar. (Tipj or V^, Karn. (^^£3, S3^), been extended and sanctioned by Regulation. The word
Tam. (LJL_1_(5CCTLQ) A town, a city, whence Patna in Pattani, or Patni, is not found in any dictionary, and

Behar, and Puttun in Sindh, &c., as being the city, or is differently explained by those who use it : Mr. Harington,
one deserving the appellation the term : is said to have been Analysis 3. 519, says it may be /endered '
settled or esta-

also applicable to a village granted rent-free by a viceroy blished,' which is very questionable. In the Sudder Di-
of a province to a Zamindar (?) : in Orissa it is applied wani Reports 2. 99, Puttun is said to have been incor-

to a village without lands or township, being confined to rectly interpreted dependant,' whilst it really signifies

the ground on which the houses are constructed, and pay- constituting ;' but this is equally doubtfiil. As the term

ing no land revenue, though subject to Chandina, or mis- originated in Burdwan it must be Bengali, but its omis-
cellaneous imposts for ground-rent, &c. In Bengali, Pattan sion from the dictionaries leaves it uncertain whether it

('t^^) also means the first settling of a colony, a village should be written with the cerebral or dental t : if with

or town. the former, it probably bears a relation to Patta, or Potta,

Pattan-kami, Beng. (P. [</, less) Remission or diminution (fgl) a lease ; if with the latter, to Pattana ('l^),
of revenue in favoui- of new settlers on waste lands. colonising : the former seems the more likely.

Patfana-setti, Karn. (S. XJWo'Z)^) The chief merchant Pattani-ddr, or Patni-ddr, Beng. &c. ('t^flJTft^) The
of a town, the head of the traders, exercising a kind of ar- holder of an under tenure.

bitration in disputes respecting caste or usage : corruptly Pattani-ijdrd, H. (IjU-^ a farm) A farm held as an under

Patna-chitty, which, with another corruption wholly un- tenure of the landholder or proprietor.

verifiable, Patna Bogami, is said to have formerly de- Pattani-tdluka, or tdluk, Beng. &c. (P. A. ,sJi>o, a depen-
noted a tax on the heads of the right and left-hand castes dency) An estate, or portion of it, underlet in perpetuity

in a town, in consideration of their being allowed to im- by a Zamindar at an advance on the revenue he pays to

pose cesses upon the castes : under the early financial government ; as long as the stipulated amount is paid, the

arrangements of the Madras Presidency the privilege was estate is heritable and transferable, iu the latter case with

withdrawn from the head men, and the imposts on the castes the concurrence of the Zamindar, on payment of a regu-

were transferred to the government. — ^5th R6p. p. 766. lated fine. In the event of arrears it may be sold by public
Pattanaswdmi, Tam. (UL.L_(33Wei'6LirTLQl,from S. "^vft, auction at the kachchai-i of the collector.

a master) A head man among some of the castes, who acts Pattan, PattanAr, Tam. (urrill-OT, umll_@)cr)
as arbitrator in disputes among themselves or one another. A grandfather.

Pattanwdr, H. (j\jj^i)
A division of the Kiirmi caste Pdtti, Pdttiydr, Tam. (Umll^, uniluj-LLirTD") A
in the vicinity of Nandaur. grandmother.

Pattan, H. (^J>^i) Act of ordering goods from a manufacturer. Koppdttan, or Kodpdttan, Tam. (SarTUUmlL-OTT,
Pattanh H. (,Jwj) Commissioned, manufactured to order. (D<sm_urTl_l_(3nr) A forefather, an ancestor.

Pattani, or Pattani, incorrectly, Puttany, more usually Pattanjama khurd, {dj>- ^*j>-^Jki) A monthly treasury
410
 PAT PAT
account under the Moghul government, specifying the is more usually, as more conveniently, received from one of
receipts and disbursements of each month. their number, the Sadr-mdlguzdr, or Lumherddr, q. v-

Pattar, or Pattara, Mai. (a_l§(b, Q_l§fO) The name given Act i. 1841.

in Malabar to foreign Brahmans who there are usually J'ai^wiJr, H. ( I Ij(Jij) According to shares, asses-sment, &c.

traders and money-lenders. Patti, Mar. (xi^) A share of a village, as above, but more
Pattarai, Tam. (Ul1i_(3JD nj) Land irrigated from wells. usually employed to denote a general collection or contri-

Pattari, Karn. {c03^6) A village servant, an examiner of bution : it was applied especially to an addition made by
tax money and measurer of public grain. a former minister of the Peshwa to the fixed assessment,

Pattemar, Mai. (oosiravs^QOro), Phatemari, Guz. (y?l- thence called the Patti, but subsequently it came to sig-

Ml^CL) A vessel with one mast, used on the Malabar nify any occasional or extra impost or cess, the Abmdb
coast, of from ten to eighty tons. of the Mohammadans : the number and variety of these

Patti, Puttee, corruptly, Putty, H. &c. (,Ju, S. tj^) A Pattis under the Maratha administration were infinite and
part or portion, a division of a village, a division of land mosti vexatious : in the Puna coUectorate alone they ex-

into separate portions or strips : in the north-west pro- ceeded forty : the following are a few of the number.

vinces, an original share in a joint or coparcenary village Ghar-patti, (from trc, a house) House-tax.

or estate comprising many villages : it is sometimes defined Gosdvi-patti, (from jfl^ncft, a religious mendicant) Col-

as the smaller subdivision of a mahdl or estate, the larger lection for a band of religious mendicants on their visiting

being termed Thoka : so in Guzerat it denotes the secondary a village.

share or subdivision of a principal bhdg or share : in Bengal Khusdl-patti, i'^W^, for S. ^^Ic$, prosperity) Tax on a

it also implies the part of a market appropriated to one village by a Pdtil or other public officer on an occasion

description of dealers : in Kamaon it is the nominal divi- of private or public rejoicing, as a birth of a son or the like.

sion of a Pargana. Kulwdr-patti, Karn. (&3$cO o)OS5|5) An extra tax on the

Pattiddr, Putteeddr, corruptly, Puttyddr, H. &c. (iljoUj) people in general; a contribution or subscription for any

The holder of a share in a coparcenary village or estate. public purpose.

Ben. Reg. i. 1795; xxvii. 1803. Act i. 1841. Pdsodi-patti, (from m^fft^, a shawl) A contribution for a

Pattiddri, Putteedaree, H. &c. i,^j^dJJs>) A tenure of a new shawl or a turban to the Pdtil.

coparcenary nature, but in which the lands are divided and Sawdri-patti, (P. i^ty«, a riding) Cess to defray the ex-

held in severalty by the different proprietors, each person pense of a visit by some person of rank or in authority.

managing his own lands, and paying his fixed share of the Pattihana, Karn. (<0&3a3£3) A money cess or contribution.

government revenue, through an accredited representative of Patti, Karn. (?) A measure of land varing with different

the whole, being jointly responsible in the event of any qualities of soil : of dry lands it contains from two to twelve

one sharer being unable to fulfil his engagements : this kurgis ; of moist lauds from one and a half to eight.

is the -perkct, OT Mahmil pattiddri : a modification of this Patti, corruptly. Putty, Mai. (?) A statement of a case

tenure also exists, known as Ndmakmil ( J.*C«li), imperfect a petition filed in court : an account, such as that kept by
Pattidari, in which part of the land is held in common and the village accountant, as

part in severalty; the profits from the land in common being Patti-rvasuli, A statement of the revenue collected and re-
first appropriated to the payment of the government revenue mitted from a village to the district treasury : a list of ac-

and the village expenses ; and the surplus being distributed, counts or vouchers.

or the deficit made up by a rate, or bdchh, on the several hold- Patti, Tam. (Ulluj.) A place; a cattle pen: a small
ings : the principle by which the distribution of the several village.

divisions or Pattis is regulated is very various, and not Pattikddu, Tam. (uilu^iEBarT®) A scattered hamlet.

always well defined ; in some cases it has the character Pattiiiam, Tam. (uL-l^CWln) A small village, especially

of ancestral or of successive partition amongst joint heirs one of fishermen on the sea shore.
in others of usage only : the realisation of the government Pattinavan, Tam. (Ul— Uj.<3t5r6Ll(3OT) A fisherman, one who
revenue, although it might be effected from each Pattiddr, fishes at sea.

411
 PAT PAY
Patti, Tel., Karn. (°^?^) A specification of abuses or frauds Pltr, or Pao, corruptly, Pow, Hindi (?) A natural flood

charged against a public servant : it is also used in the from the drainage of high upon low land in the rainy
same sense as the Marathi term for an extra cess or impost. season. —Bundelkhand
Patti, Tam. (LJrTc^^) A small bed or area : a small corn- PAu, Thug. An acquaintance and accomplice.
field : a salt-pan : a part, a share. Paudha, Paudhela, Hindi (ifNf, ^Sv^) Ground on which
Pdttiyam, Tam. (l—irrS^UJia) Affinity, connexion en- plants have been sown for transplantation.

titling to a share, inheritance '., bail, security. PluLl, Guz. (HIH^) A silver coin, a quarter of a rupee.

Pa<{M/are,Tam.(LJrTL-I.Q.LLl(3t5r) An heir, an administrator : Paunarbhava, S. &c. (^"TH^) The son of a twice married
a surety. woman : see Punarbhu.
Pattige, Karn. (oJ£_j,A) Share, partnership. Pauni, Hindi (^r^) A collective name for the low castes

Pattigey&rambha, Karn. (^S^"AO&rc)oO$, fromS. drani- who furnish the village constables, the barber, washerman,
hha, undertaking) A joint farming or trading concern. shoemaker, and Chanddla.

Pattina-banuu, Mai. (from o-J^rTJ^, ten, and (0S»^, two) Paura, Tel. (?) A good garden soil of clay and lime.

Two out of ten, twenty per cent, interest or profit. PaurnamAsa, S. &c. (TTI^JTra) Relating to the Purnamdsi,

Pattora, (?) One of the village accounts, an account of or day of full moon, or any ceremony to be observed on

receipts and disbursements, made up for six or eight months, that day.

formerly kept by the Patwari. Paurnamdsi, S. &c. (^TO»n?ft) Day of full moon.

Pattu, H. &c. (jji^ tjz) A kind of woollen cloth. Pausha, vernacularly, Paush, or Paus, or Pi5s, S. &c. (^^)
Pattu, Tel. i^\^) Silk. The month Pausha (Dec-Jan.) : it is applied to the winter

Pattu, Karn. (oJUj) A sum received or credited in account. or cold-weather harvest.

Pattukadu, corruptly, Puttcut, Tam. (us^se&rT®) Paushi, S. &c. (liirt^) Day of full moon In the month Pausha.
A fixed assessment or rent on dry land. Pauth, (?) Hindi. A tenure of land in coparcenary villages

Pattukattu,
"
Tel. (°-'l^^po)| corruptly, Putkut, some- under which the fields are subject to periodical re-distri-
C^ CO
times Pattu-kat-eayat, when applied to persons. A bution among the sharers. — Banda.
term formerly in use for the hereditary proprietor or Pauti, (?) Beng. A measure of grain.

cultivator of land in a village paying a fixed assessment Pauti, Uriya (SI|^El) An acknowledgment, a receipt.

to the government, considered the same as the Mirdsiddr. Pauti-JAMIN, (?) Tel. A garden soil containing lime.

— 5th Rep. 832, 977 : lease of land held by an individual Pautra, fem. Pautri, S. &c. (in^, ^1^) A grandson, a

cultivator on terms rated on each field severally, the fields granddaughter, the son or daughter of a son.

being so distributed as to give each occupant a fair pro- Pavada, Karn. (<OoJ dQ) The practice of Jangama priests

portion of good and bad soil : (the term occurs in this sense and Vaishnava mendicants in Mysore of wounding or muti-

as Patkat or Putkut in some of the settlement reports lating themselves to extort alms.

of the north-western provinces, but its origin and correct Pavera, Hindi (tRTT) Sowing seed by hand.

spelling are doubtful : as well as the Telugu word, it is Pavi, Hindi (vi^j A dyke cut to let water either in or out.

probably a corruption of the Tamil Pattukadu). Pavitra, S. &c. (trftfg) Pure ; also sub., sacred grass : the

Pattuvale, Karn. ("-'^i ») Bribery, amount of frauds or Brahmanical cord.

embezzlement charged to a public functionary. Pavu, or PliJ, Tel., Karn. i<^T°'^, from the H. pdo) A
Patu, Uriya (DS) Alluvial deposit left by inundation. quarter : a weight of four sirs.

Patu, TeL, Karn. (t^^tJJ) Labour, work: cultivation. Pakkapdvu, Karn. (<oS<0^"y') A quarter of a ser.

Patunela, Tel. (oT»bo"^e;) High ground. Pdvali, or -le, Karn. (tO^^Q, -S), Pdvald, -li, or Pd-
Patuli, Beng. ('tt|«f^) A large boat used on the Ganges wald, -li. Mar. (ttT^^ -^) A quarter of a rupee.

for carrying goods. PlvuNi, Tel. (o^^c^^) Division of any thing.

Patuni, H. (tiyLj) A ferryman. PAwarA, Hindi (];jlj. '•H^^) The vessel that receives the

Patwa, H. (U^j) Irrigation. juice of the sugar-cane as it is ground.

Patwdzamin, H. (j^J^'y^) Land artificially irrigated. PayakAri, also read PaikAri, and, corruptly, Paycarry
412
 PAY PEJ

PyACAREY, and Puckaree, Tel., Karn. (^0&"S^5) scendants, although not empowered to alienate it by mort-
A temporary cultivator, one who cultivates the land of gage, gift, or sale ; also Ul-kudi, q. v.

another for a stipulated term and a given share of the crop Parapayir-kudi, or simply Para-kudi, or Payir-kudi,
(when little was known in India of the languages, except (LJ(JLJLiJlcr<E&@lfl.) A temporary tenant, one holding his

a little Persian, this word was derived from pai /1j, a land of a proprietor, either for a stipulated term or from

foot, and jjji3.J|0, to labour (it should have been, to sow), year to year : this tenure may be converted into the pre-

in which case the correct reading would be Paikari, but ceding, or a permanent occupancy, by agreement with the

this is no doubt an error, and the word, although now dif- Mirdsidd/r, or by possession undisturbed for several gene-

ferently spelled, should be Payir-kari, or -kdran, q. v.)- rations. — Ellis, Mirdsi Rights, p. 37, Notes.

Paya-kudi, corruptly, Pyakoodie, more correctly, Payir- Payir-sheykai-kdran, Tam. (l_luJlcr©<ffl-U(353(5(S&<SrT-

KUDI, q. V. A temporary cultivator. (TOT) a husbandman, a cultivator, a ploughman.

Payali, corruptly, Pylee, Pahaley, Puheli, Puheelee, Payirsheymurdimai, Tam. (LJLLjlcr0<ffLU(Lp(353rf5(3tDLQ)

Mar. (^rij^t) A measure of capacity containing four sers ;

The business or affairs of agriculture, husbandry.

but the Maratha government, in receiving revenue payments Payir-tolil, Tam. (l-JLiJlljOiarTl^&) Husbandry, farming.
in kind, acknowledged a Payali of 3 5 sirs ; in paying, it Payir-vali, Tam. (uUJlCTQJLpl) Cultivated fields.

considered 85 to be its equivalent : it is used also to denote Payir-veli, Tam. (uUJll70QJerfl) A corn-field.

proportionate land measure, four Payalis being equal to MungAru-pairu,'^axxi. (^>0O A dOO <0^a3)The firstcrop.

one Ruha, the fourth part of a Man or Mun. IIingdru-pairu,K.axn. (000 A dOO oJ£jO0j The second crop.

Payara, or Paira, Tel. (SjoSdS', ^jS), Mai. ((i-lCQJ(0) Kilupairu, Karn. (S^^CJ-Sj^&i) Com.

Pulse, any leguminous edible vegetable. Melupairu, Karn. (^5^^ '^£)&) Fruit.

Payarapanta, Tel. (tOOoDOoJOcJ) The last crop of PAyposhi, Mar. (iTl^^ft, from the P- ,c«^»j\}, a slipper)

the year, consisting, as that usually does, of leguminous A tax levied as a complimentary gift to the head of the
plants. state : slipper-money.

Paz/afiM-jBa/iam, Mai. (o-lCQJOa(i-!0§o) A certain amount Pechchu, Tel., Karn. C^^^) Surplus, excess : surplus of

of rent or tax levied on dry lands. a heap of grain or salt above the estimate : premium on
Paychal, or PaCHAL, Tam. (UrTLU<S'e'&, UrTS'S'^) exchange of coins.

Irrigation : share of the expense of irrigation defrayed by PedbakIpu, Tel. ("SJ^'ff'^, from pedda, chief, elder)

the villagers in common. The head man of a village.

Payir, Tam. (UUjIij), Paieu, Tel., Karn. ("Zi^) Grow- Peddapanta, Tel. ("SJOaJotJ) The great or principal

ing corn : the Tamil term applies also to vegetables of crop, that which is gathered in the beginning of the year.

any kind, sometimes to trees, and, by metonymy, to culti- Peddapuri, Tel. (~SJOc^6) A superior sort of soft sugar,

vation in general. from its being made originally at the village of Peddapur,
PayirJtdran, and Payirhudi, corruptly, Payakdri, Paya- in the Sajamahendri district.

koody, Pyakoody, Parakoodi, &c. Tam. (UUJlfJSSrT- Peddareddi, Tel. (~^^^^) The chief or senior culti-

CrOOT, l—llijlcrSQLa.) A cultivator not holding any vator, the head of the Meddis, or agricultural tribe of a

right by inheritance to the lands he cultivates: he may village, the head man of a village.

hold under an agreement with the Mirdsiddr or hereditary Peddatandri, Tel. (~SJ^«30a,) A father's elder brother

proprietor, or with the government, being placed in pos- the husband of a mother's elder sister.

session in default of the proprietor to pay his revenue, and, Peddatalli, Tel. (~^^^^) A mother's elder sister: the

like the non-proprietary cultivator in Hindustan, this class wife of a father's elder brother.

of cultivator is twofold, viz. Peiieri, -EI, Guz. (\li^ -^) A shop, a place of business,

Ulpayir-kudi, (aerruujllJciBgjUj.) A permanent culti- a mercantile firm.

vator, holding his land as long as he pays the stipulated Pejen, Mar. (ust) One of the two products of a cow or

rent or revenue, and discharges all dues rendered by the buffalo on calving, the milk, as distinguished from the calf.

proprietor or cultivator, transmitting the land to his de- Pejeri-jdupen, Mar. l\i5t,as before, and 5IRq, a calf) The
413 5 N
 PEN PES
practice of placing out to be brought up a young cow or of Harkdra, to denote a running footman, a courier, a
female buffalo until after her calving, when she is to be messenger. Ben. Reg. iv.xiv. 1793; vi.l795; xxvi. 1814, &c.

returned to the owner, the calf or milk, or both, being Pera, Mar. (^T;) Corn strewed on the floor to be trodden

relinquished in requital of the cost of bringing her up. out by oxen.

Pen, Mai. (6)Q_jnf6) A female, a woman. Pera, Mar. (^t) The sowing of seed.

Pennal, Mai. (6)Q_l6inoo6o) A female slave. Peradu, Tel. (~S;0(3o) The back yard of a house.
Pen, written, but no doubt incorrectly, Pane, (?) H. A term Perakudi, Tam. (Gu njSQLj.) A temporary or hired cul-
used in the Dehli district, according to printed papers, for tivator (a different reading of Parakudi, from pera, to

an original undivided share in a joint-tenancy village. have a price : the word also occurs, vulgarly written and
Pindar, H. (P.^b, who has) The holder of an original pronounced Porahudi (0LJrr[J(i&@Lij.).
share in a village. Peri, H. (l5/JJ. ^^) A kind of sugar-cane, that which
PendX, PenbhI, Mar. ("itST, "V}3T) Rice-straw : a bundle of springs up from the roots of the previous year's cuttinn's.

straw or grass. Peru, Tel. &c. ("SjSo) A name.

Pendapatti, Mar. ("^JTR^) A tax upon straw, either in Perumdtra-veppu, Mai. (6)o_l(»Ci0^^ray6)oJoJ, fromj^erM
money or kind : a tax on the produce of fruit trees. a name, and S. mdtra, merely) A deed by which the pro-
Pendai-marakkal, Tam. (GucOTTCCDI-LQCrsarr^) A prietor of an estate foregoes all claim to the lands or their

grain measure containing two and a hsAXpadis or measures. produce, although he refrains from giving water as the final

Pendara, Penbaei, Karn. ( oJO'S^O, oJo'S^S) A ma- mark of ratification, retaining the bare title, therefore, of

rauder, see the next : of or belonging to a marauder. Janmkdr, or hereditary owner.

PendhIra, Mar. ("iTSTt) A body of marauders. Peru, Tam. ((oLJ(rj) A fee paid to a person who is autho-
Pendhdri, corruptly, Pindhdri, or Pinddri, Mar. ("iJdlO) rised to distribute the water of irrigation.

A member of an organised association of mounted ma- Peru-nir, Tam. (from ©[-((TJ, great, and r^U , water)
rauders and plunderers, who from time to time issued from Water allowed to flow from reservoirs without limitation
their villages, and made distant excursions to commit de- during the rainy months, and for some time afterwards.

predations and bring home plunder : they were extinguished Pi^RUMBATTU, corruptly, Peroombut, Perumbut, Tam.
as a body by the measures of the Marquis of Hastings when ((oU(r5LQU^Sl) Land, the proprietary right to which is

Governor-General. (As the word is properly Marathi, Pen- in the hands of the government

dhdra is no doubt a more correct reading than the more Perunahi, Mai. (S)n_lKacoOSPl) A measure of capacity, an
usual one of Pinddri : the term also admits of a more Edangali.

plausible etymology than any conjectured for the latter, as PerunkAl-tarisu, Tam. (GU(r5rLJsrr6fTSi:fl<e>) Land
it most probably, is derived from Pendhd, a bundle of left waste more than fifteen years.

grass, and Kara or hari, who takes ; for the Pendhdris PiRUNiGE, Karn. ( c05&^"A) A gold or silversmith.

were originally nothing more than a body of irregular Perunkollan, Mai. (6)(i_J(ffio6)o9>oa_lfY6) A blacksmith.

horse allowed to attach themselves to the Mohammadan Perya, (?) H. A yellow soil in which sand predominates.

armies, employed especially in collecting forage, and per- Agra.

mitted, in lieu of pay, to plunder. Pesalu, Tel. (plur. "SJ^eu) a kind of pulse called com-

Pendi, (?) Mar. Spirituous liquor distilled from grain. monly green gram (Phaseolus radiatus).

Penta, Tel. ("SJoii) Manure. Pesha, H. &c. (p. i/LJo) Trade, business, profession, prac-

Peon, (?) The term commonly used by Europeans for the tice, custom.

Hindustani Pidda, a footman, a foot-soldier, an inferior PeshIni, H. (p. (jliJij) .lit.. The forehead ; that part of a

officer of police or customs, or of courts of justice, usually royal grant which is left blank, and which, when the deed

wearing a badge, and armed with a lance or sword and is folded up, forms the outer fold.

shield : in some places the term denotes a kind of local Peshgi, H. (^_/iaj, from P. Jlxj pesh, before) Advance
militia holding lands on condition of police or military ser- (of money), payment before hand or on account, money
vice : it is also commonly, though laxly, used as a synonym paid in deposit for rent.

414
 PES PHA
Peshgi-ddr, H. (P. j't>, who has) A lender of money to Petishakik, H. i^>j^^l>.), from pet, the belly) A co-

enable a person to pay in advance, parcener in land (?) —Tinnevelly (?).

PeshkIb, H. &c. (.J^JLj^) An agent, a deputy, a manager Pbttai, commonly, Pettah, Tam, (0Ul_OCDl_), Pete,
in general for a superior or proprietor, or one exercising Karn. ( lO^ eJ) A suburb, a town contiguous to a fort,

in revenue and custom afiairs a delegated authority : in but distinct from it, and usually separately fortified : a vil-

Bengal the native officer in a judge's or collector's office, lage near a town in which a fair or market is held (it is

next in rank to the Sarrishtaddr. Tel., Karn. (~^^o) no doubt the same as the Mar. Peth, q. v.).

A subordinate officer, who is employed to keep the accounts : Pettendar, (?) Tel. A village officer. —Rajamahendri.
a subordinate revenue officer. PetyAl, Beng. (i'tp^TtSl) One included in another's office or

Peshkash,Peshkush, or Peshcush, corruptly, Peishcush, account, a deputy, an assistant

Peshkist, H. &c. (P. iji^yiiijky) Tax, tribute ; lit, what Peu- or Pewabud, Mar. (i|<4°ld) A fee in kind payable to

is first drawn : first-firuits : fine, quit-rent : a fine or present a village accountant, and to the Mahars of a village, by

to the ruling power on receiving an appointment or as- corn-dealers on opening their grain stores, as a compen-

signment of revenue, or on a renewal of a grant or the sation to the former for keeping an account of the deposit,

like : in Bengal, the fine paid to the Mohammadan govern- and to the latter for storing and removing it.

ment by a Zamindar on his investiture : in Jonpur, a quit- Phadya, Mar. (tHSTt) A small copper coin, a Paisa.

rent formerly paid by Mohammadan holders of otherwise Phag, H. &c. (if/l«J, mn, S. TKn), Phagu, Beng. W^
rent-free grants : under the Madras presidency it was ap- Phagu, Uriya (OfSJ) The red powder thrown over one
plied especially to contributions exacted from the great another by the Hindus at the Jloli, whence it comes to

Zamindars in the northern Sarkars, and from the Paligars mean also the act of throvnng, or the manner of observing
of the south, as a kind of quit-rent in lieu of a fixed re- the festival, or the festival itself.

venue : revenue assessed upon lands once held free of re- Phdg-patti, Mar. (MilJIM^I) A cess or tax in some villages

venue, or on the tenure of military service now dispensed for the expense of celebrating the Soli.

with : it is rather laxly applied also in some places to the Phala, vernacularly, Phal or Phul, S., and in most dialects,

government demand upon the land or the land revenue. (m^), H. (J^),Beng. (¥51), Mar. (tr^), Tel. (q^O^X)),

Peshkashi, H. (JiSjtSj) Relating to land held under a Tam. (U LpLo) Fruit; lit, as fruit of any kind, including

tribute or quit-rent. cocoa-nuts, areka-nuts, &c., and fig., as result, consequence.

Peshkash-i-bdzdr, H. (from P.^l;'j, a market) Taxes levied Phalabhoga, S. (from vftJT, enjoyment) Usufruct, receiving

on persons having stalls or shops in a public market the profit or produce of any thing.

Peshkash-i-mahdjan, Sindhi (P. S.), A tax on Hindu mer- Phalhar, Phulkur, H. &c. (/l^) Profits or produce of an
chants and bankers in place of the tax on infidels. estate derivable from fruit-trees growing on it.

Pete, Guz. ( ^,<X) In part payment, on account of Phalagaini, or Phalaguttige, Karn. (qJ£)"7?^&, qio.

Petun,
*
Guz. CM ^o)
si)
A number of items added
_ —
together. ^2^"^^) Holding a lease, or renting the produce of the

Peth, or Pbnth, H. and Mar. (,«1}j, ^'•iw, ^, ife). Pent, areka orchards of an estate in Mysore.

Pbnth, Guz. (H°^> H'i) A market, a bazar, or part of PnlL, or Phali, H. &c. (Jl^ , tRi^, trt^) The blade or

a town where shops are assembled, a trading or manufac- share of a plough.

turing town : market rate and fluctuations : a town at- PhAlA, Mar. (xRI35l) Land-tax, revenue assessed on land.

tached to, but distinct from, a fort, the suburb or Pettah : Phdlani, Mar. (ihldb^l) Settling the amount of land-tax.
a banker's letter of advice announcing his having drawn a Phalguna, vernacularly, PhAlgun, or Phagun, corruptly,

bill or hundi : a duplicate hundi, or one given in lieu of Phaugun, S. &c. (TfiI«>pT) The eleventh month of the
another that has been lost Hindu year (Feb.-March).
Penthpdr, Mar. ("Tj^Tra) A market rate or price. Phdlguni, (nil^Jpft) Day of full moon in the month Phal-
Pethid, H. (La«^) A market, a bazaar. guna, on which the festival of the Moli is.

Parapentk, Mar. (tj^j) A triplicate bill or hundi to Phalio, corruptly, Phalleeyo, Guz. (V^fefl^) A cluster of
supply the loss of the first and second. contiguous houses, a small part ofa town, a neighbourhood.

415
 PHA PHA
Phalpari'a, Uriya (OfCiSl^eil) Cultivable ground allowed Phae, Thug. Any place where the Thugs murder their victims

to lie fallow for a year. or divide their booty.

PhInd, H. &c. (lijl^j) A noose, a snare, a trap. See Phans- Pharjharowa, Thug. A man left behind to clesm a place
PhIndIjH.&c. (^^iXi l^) A bundle of from 50 to 100 sugar-canes. where a murder has been committed, and remove all vestiges.

Phandi, Beng. (tpt°fv5) A police-station subordinate to the >Phah, Phur, H. (_^). Mar. (tJS) Any place of public resort

principal one, a Thanna : the district under a subordinate as a court of justice, an exchange, an auction, &c., a
station. gambling-house, a place where goods are exposed for sale,

Phdndiddr, Beng. W°fv5Tft^) A police officer in charge of or where any business is being carried on ; also, in Mar.,

a subordinate or out-station. a field, a plantation, a spot where sugar-canes and other

Phangola, Thug. Pearls : among the Dakhini Thugs, a cock. articles of agricultural produce are brought, that the quantity
Phangoli, Thug. Small gold coins : Dakhini, a bear. of the crop may be ascertained and the assessment deter-

Phank, Thug. Any useless thing not worth keeping, espe- mined. Guz. (yS, \(0 A distillery.
cially a traveller without property. Pharbdz, H. ii{^ A gambler.
PhankahI, Thug. Cry of the hare when travellers are in Pharhdzi, H. ((_^U^) Gambling.
company, an unlucky omen for the gang, as they must not Pharid, H. &c. (^^j) A keeper of a gaming-house : a

then commit murder. retailer of goods.

Phanph, Hindi (,aU^,'iiiB) Land that requires to be left fallow Phdridmi, Beng. (^FtfvSt^) Retail dealing, pedlaring,

for some time. hawking.

Phans, Phansa, or Phansi, H. &c. (^uJl^i, l-Jl^, ^_5»«Jl«J, Pharhari, Mar. (ifcdohTlt) One who presides over any place
ifira, ifti«l, S. tn^r, •n^), also sometimes Phas, and of public resort : a pedlar, a retailer.

Phasi, Uriya (CF]?! , CflS) A snare, a noose, a halter, Pharnivan,Pharnwisi,Phurnivis,aiw,Yc&kTeii^y,Pharntd,

any thing for catching hold of a person and choking or or Pharnisi,oxPhurnis, commoiaXy Furnees, and Furnavees,

strangling him. Phansi also denotes strangulation, stran- Mar.(Tli3fqft5ft ,TK3ftlf^^'t,and tRSfq^l^ , also TRftl^lt-'^ft

gling, hanging. and '<K3rj'i^, from tJiS, an office, and P. nawis {j^f.^t a
Phand-gar, or -gar, H. &c. (ji -«Jl^ , yli^wJl^), Phansio, writer) A public officer of the Maratha government, the

Guz. (yio^l3) A strangler, a robber and murderer who keeper of the public registers, &c., through whom all orders

strangles his victims by throwing a turban or cloth round and grants were issued, and to whom the accounts from

their necks when off their guard ; the same as the Thag all the different departments of the state were transmitted :

or Thug. (the title is familiarly known as the designation of a cele-

Phdsidebdwdld, Uriya (from debamala, GQQH31RI, the man brated personage in the latter days of the Maratha power,
who gives or applies) An executioner, a hangman. Nana Farnavis, who was many years the prime mover

Phdnsikdt,^eTig. (Tpt°^t^), orPhdsihdth.Unya (STI^OIO) of the policy of the court of Poona) : the term was also

A gallows (from hat, or hath, timber). applied to the head hdrhun or clerk of a district collector,

Phdnsikhamha,\5xiy& (from §1?) , H. U>t>^i, a post) A gallows. who had charge of the accounts, and assisted and advised

Phddhhemagya, Uriya (from S§)?t, hhem, S. hshema ^H, the collector.

forbearance, and SJlSlHl, S. djnd, '5IT?IT, order) A reprieve. Pharpus, Mar. (ih^M'ti) Public or open inquiry.

Phant, Mar. (xfiij) An objection, a flaw, disagreement, dis- Pharpharmds, or -mas. Mar. (mj^ikAt^, ->n^, from P.

crepancy. iu^)}^*ji, command) Fruit, vegetables, &c., furnished to

Phant, (?) Hindi. A village register, a list of occupants and R^jas and high public officers upon their requisition by

their liabilities either as sharers or cultivators. the villagers : remission of revenue on this account may
Phanten, or PhIten, Mar. {XSTZ, Mz) Fire-wood : an im- or may not be subsequently granted by the collectors.

post levied upon cultivators in lieu of provision of fuel. Phaka, Mar. (tS'IT) A measure of capacity for grain or

Phao, H. (jl^) A small quantity given in addition to a salt, consisting of 10 or 16 pdyaUs = a. man or maund:
quantity purchased. in the latest returns the Phard of salt is rated at IO4
Phaoea, H. (i;jl^) A sort of mattock or spade. adhalis, that of grain at 17 pdyalis, and is the eighth of a

416
 PHA PHU
rice in the husk is reckoned by th? moriji of PheridIr, H. (j^>ii^jHi' fr°n> ^ji^'*^° wander) A vagrant,
25 Pharos. a vagabond.

Phari, Mar. {w^) A half Phard. PherppAr, Mar. (from pher, H. &c. _^J^ , again, turn or

PhakchA, or PhabchhA, H. (Ls-^^j , ^^j^ Depisjon, sen- return, and phdr, reiterated sound : ^TTRt^ Difference,

tence (of a judge), settlement of a business. mqre or less, something over or under ;
(a weight or sum).

Phard-phant, (?) H. The register or rent-roll of a village, Phetang, Tibet. A packet pf goldrdust current as coin in

shewing the name of the Padhdn, or head msn, thp dis- the hills at the value of eight rupees. —Kamaon.
tribution of the rent^payers amongst the Padhdns where PHOBYNG-GAUNTHi,(?)Burtnan. Apurcbase4slave, who thereby
more than one, the revenue payable by each shareholder, becomes the hereditary property of the purchaser's family,
the non-proprietary occupants, and names of liabilitipg and Phul, Ppooi.. H. &c.
( J;«^.,
"«pr. S. g^) A flower : amongst

temporary tenants. —Kamaon, the Mohamipadans, offerings at the grave of a, deceased

Pharo, Guz. (V(I(,l) Aipeasure of grain ^qual to lQp4i/alii, person on the tl^ird day after the burial.

or one-eighth of a kh(fndi. Phulbdi, (?) Uriya. A slave girl, a copcublne,

PharsA, Mar. (trs^t) Settlement of an affair, liquidation PhM, H. &c. (^Jj%i) Flowered, having a flower, literally

of a debt, and the like. or as a marlc, as a coin stamped with one.

Phaski, Mar. ('i]W«S^, from A. •J^'^) A handful of grain Ph%di-hun, Tel. A star pagoda.

exacted from each load of grain brought to market by the Phulhhdri, H. ((_S;VJ^)' <"" Phulkari, Mar. (i*jrlofc.l1)

superintendant or the collector ; also a similar quantity A gardener, a florist : alkaline efiBorescence used to adul-

presented by schoolboys to their master, by women to terate culinary salt.

Siva, &c, Phutdmal, Mar. (tstt*JH5. fromTlfJ, S. TO?, separated, broken

Pharsib, Guz. (yR.^>^ , Eng. precept) A writ, a capias. off, burst, and P. amal, ofjice) A share of the assignments

Phat, H. (uu^j , IJil?) The allotment or division pf the made out pf the Chauth appropriated by the person to

revenue assessment amotg the sharers in a joint tenancy whom it was not originally assigned.

village (from S. Bii7, to break or divide). Phutgdon, Mar. (xfiTiira) A village of which the houses
Phatak, H. (C^ly, mz^), Phatak, Beng. i^^) A are scattered : also a detached village, one not included

watchman in charge of a gate : a gate, especially a gate Smpngst those of tjie district in which it is situated, or

in a town separating it intp different wards : a bar in a the lands of an individual to whom the rest belong : such

court of justice, where the plaintiff and defendant stand. » detached portions of villages or lapds are classed together

Phdtakbandi, H. (S. ^fiSubi^U^ , Beng. ¥^°ft) Im- as the Phutgaon of the district or individual.

prisonment, custody. Phul, Thug. Engagement to ipeet again when a gang is

Phataki, Thug, A gun. suddenly dispersed.

Phatki, Thug. A shield. Phula, Thug. The person who takes home money for the

Phatya, Mar. (lRi«n) A stick passed at night from guard to families of a party.

guard, and thus kept constantly circulated: a means of Phulki, Thug. From sunrise to sunset.

keeping the watch vigilant. C/iarti-phulki, From sunrise to midday.

Phaura, H. &c. i]j}^, MiNJi) A mattock, a hpe, a spade Uttarti-phulki, Thug. From noon till sunset.

^^from the A. ^j, opened). PhtJphI, also Phupha, apd Pat a, H. (^J^«J, l^, Ij^)

Phen, H. &c. (i^^jj^, VirV Foam, froth, scum, the scum The husband of a maternal aunt.

which rises in boiling brine, upon the removal of which Pfiuphi, H. (lj^Jj^j) a paternal aunt.

depends the whiteness of tl^e salt. Phupherd-bhdi, H. (^.j^J , a brother) A cousin, the son of

Pheea, Beng. (^<PSil) A vessel of a square shape uspd for a paternal aunt, so Phupherd-bahin, (from bahin ^^ , a
measuring lime, sand, and other dry substances : ;n the sister) A female cousin, the daughter of a paternal aunt.

salt works a square box containing about a maund of dry Phurkana, Thug. A horse, Phurkane, a mare.
salt and 50 to 60 sirs of moist sa^t, u§ed to measure the Phuruwa, Tibet. A measure of capacity for grain, equal to
daily produce of each boiler. eight handfuls.

417 5o
 ph(j PfR
Ph6s, H. ({J"^) Old and dry grass or straw. animals, from which prognostics of good and evil fortune

PiADA, H. (P. jUo), Peaba, Hindi (q^t^) A footman, an

!i are derived.

armed servant, police or militia-man serving on foot ; the PiLi, or PiZHi, Tam. (lJIl^) The fermented sap of the
same as Peon. palm, a kind of tdri.

Peadd-mahasil, Hindi (^^I^Tllftt^) A peon placed over Piliyan, Tam. (lJIj^iXJOCT) A vender of tdri.

defaulters to urge them to pay up arrears, and maintained PiLiQE, Karn. (S3^^ a) Lineage, descent.
by them as long as so employed. Piliga, Karn. (SJ?^'^) A descendant.

PiCHALABAKi, Tel. (So^eT'^J^S , from H. Pichhld,!^,, PiLLAi, commonly, Pilla, Tam. (iJilefr&rT) A child : a
behind) An old balance. respectable adjunct to Tamil names in some of the agri-

PiCOTAH, or Pakota, apparently Portuguese (?) A machine cultural tribes, as Muttusmdmi-pillai.

used in the Peninsula for raising water for irrigation. PiLMUKATTAYlNAM, Tam. (LJl^(LpS^SrTU-Il(5!SOTlll) Land

Fifth Rep. (no such word occurs in any of the dictionaries). paying a light or quit-rent to the government.
PiCHCHE, Karn. i^^) Deficiency in measure or weight. PilpIyI, Uriya (SciC)|CI|) A pillar as a land mark.

Pichche tuka, Karn. (§0^?«5i-°^) Deficient or light weight. PiNATANDRi, Tel. (^roSOig,) A father's younger brother,
Pichche-yalate, Karn. (^gj^O^^S) Deficient measure. the husband of a mother's younger sister.

PicHD,Piju,orPisu,Karn.(805a?b,a35a^, S^^,^) The stringy Pinatalli, Tel. (^^5"^) A mother's younger sister, the

fibres of certain plants, as that of the cocoa-nut, or coir. wife of a father's younger brother.

PiCHOH, Hindi (fl''^) Ground in the rear of a tank. PiNDA, vernacularly, Pind, erroneously, Peend, S.&c. (ftnpt,

PiDABAN, Tam. (l_!ll_rTI75OTr) A snake-catcher: in some iXJj, f^, &c.) A lump, a heap : a ball of rice or meat,

Tamil districts, one of the village servants. especially that which is offered at obsequial ceremonies or

PiDAK-MAJAzi, H. (p. A. lJj^^j>^) a representative father, Srdddhas to deceased parents and progenitors or to the

an adoptive father, or one who has adopted a son. manes in general.

PiDHi, Mar. (fiiel) A generation, a single succession in Pinda-ddnam, S. (^^t, gift) Presentation of the funeral cake.

genealogical descent Pindddhikdri, S. (^fVoFTTfi' , who has a right or title) The

Pidhichd, Mar. (rMdI-Ml) Inherited, inheriting, hereditary. legal presenter of a funeral cake, usually the nearest relative

Pidhi-dar-pidhi, Mar. (fi|<il<^J.rM(i1) From generation to in the male line.

generation. Piriddnwahdrya, S. (fn^JiW^TBl) A monthly offering of

PidMpestar, Mar. (fildlmcii., from P. JxJLm , in advance) cakes to deceased ancestors.

From generation to generation. PindarI, or PxndIri, H. (jyljoj, i_?;^J>J*j) A plunderer.

PlUlTTAM,orPlDlPPU,Tam. (lJlUj.4^l2i, lJ1u^LJ1_i) Stoppage, See Pendhdra.

deduction from a payment. PiNGAiA, S. &c. (fqiTcS:) The fifty-first year of the cycle.

PlGHDAH, (?) Hindi. An under tenure of a charitable nature PiNJARA, Karn.(SDOa3D^), Guz. (Ml«6/Rl), Pinjiara, H.
in Ramgher.
(J;'^^)'
PiNJARi, Mar. (fq«ITtt) A cotton cleaner, one

PlH, Pebh, (?) H. Land in cultivation which has been cul- who extracts the seeds and prepares it for spinning.

tivated for three successive years : (the word also occurs PiNJRA, H. &c. (S. t/^) A cage.

as Puh, but ?). Pinjrdpor, or -pol, also read Pdnjrdpor, or -pal, Guz.
PiK, Mar. (^rhii) The corn or produce of a field ripened (Hi* 6/^ I "H R) An hospital for animals, kept up by the Jains
and gathered, the crop, the harvest. of Guzerat in various places, out of small fees levied at

Pik-nuksdn, Mar. (xTtoF^T^rar^. P. A. ^J.^) Injury of marriages and on mercantile transactions.

the crop. Pin, Peer, H. (P-^f-j) An old man, a holy man : among
Pik-pahdni, Mar. (ijlohM^HU^) Inspection of crops, espe- Mohammadans, a saint, a spiritual guide, the chief of a

cially with a view of ascertaining any deficiency. body of monks or mendicants.

Pilar, or Pizhah, Tam. (LlluirTCr) A basket for throw- Pirdn, H. &c. (^\;^) An assignment of land for the sup-
ing up water out of a reservoir for irrigation. port of a pious man, Or for keeping up the tomb of one
Pilhau, Thug. The appearance or cry on the left of the reputed a saint;

418
 PIH POD
Piratrd, or Pirottar, blunderingly, Pir-hurdr, H. &c. on being appointed to a public office : a lease or document

(I;J;Jo, JjjJj) Grant of land for a religious man, or for authorising the holding of land.

his tomb. Pitipatam, Mai. (oJlsloJODo) A portion of the crop given

Pirottar-mdir mdrid, H. (from OjljjOte , incidental charge) to reapers.

An assignment of rent-free land to defray the contingent ex- PiTRi, nom., Pita, S. &c. (ftlW, ftfjn) A father, the desig-

penses of a mosque orMohammadan religious establishment. nation also of forefathers deceased, the manes either of the

Pirpdl, H. &c. (J1j.jo, from S. pal, cherishing) A grant ancestors of an individual or of mankind generally, to both

for the support of a Mohammadan saint, or for keeping classes of whom Srdddhas, or obsequial worship, is paid,

up his tomb : and attached to a Mohammadan mosque or and food is presented ; the Feralia of the Romans.
shrine. Pitribandhu, S. (ftiN^) A cognate relation in the paternal
Pirlapanduga, Tel. (s:> 6tOOcS.5A) A name given in the line.

south to the Moharram, when especial veneration is paid Pitridatta, S. (from ^W, given) lit.. Given by a father:
to religious Mohammadans, and the places where they are one kind of woman's peculiar property.

buried. Pitridroha, S. &c. (from 'Jt?, who offers violence to) A

Pir-zdda, H. (P. ^lihj^i) A priest attached to a mosque palTicide.

a Mohammadan mendicant, the son or disciple of a Pir. Pitrighdta, S. &c. (from tTTrT, killed) A parricide.

PlRl, (?) Tel. A measure of length, one-third of a gaz. Pitrihdrya, in Bengali pronounced Pitrihdrjo, whence,
PiKAUTi, (?) H. Land allowed to lie fallow occasionally. cbrrnptly, Pitry-kauje, S. (from kdrya oUnS, to be done)

Pisa, Beng. (f'W) A father's sister's husband. Rites to be offered to the manes or to ancestors ; also (from

Pisds, Beng. (f^frtTT, for ftrfrsg^) The nanie by which kritya oFW, to be performed) Pitrikrityd.

a man call his wife's paternal aunt, and that by which Pitripafisha,S. &c. (from XR^, a fortnight) The half month at

the wife calls the paternal aunt of her husband. the end of JBhddra or the beginning of Aswin, according
Pisi, Beng. (fH^) A paternal aunt. as the month is Reckoned, from the new dr the fiill moon
PislcHA, vernacularly, Pisach, S. (ftr^jN) An evil spirit, so termed as peculiarly appointed for the celebration of

one haunting the places where dead bodies are buried or obsequial rites to the Pitrls or manes : also (from paksha,
burnt, and occasionally animating them, or even possess- a side) related by the father's side.

ing living bodies : a devil, a ghost, a goblin. Pitdrtiaha, S. &c. (Old IH?) A paternal grandfather : fern.

PiSAl, H. (i_jU*o) Price paid for grinding. PiidmaM, a paternal grandmother.

Pisdn, H. (^Jm.') Meal, flour. Pitrarjita,S. (from pitri, and arjita ^rf^W, acquired) De-

PiSHANAM, or PashanAM, Tam. (l_jl<?rT(3OTLa, LdS^fTCWLQ) rived from a father ;

property originally acquired by him,

A coarse kind of rice ripening late : also applied to the and therefore disposable by him at pleasure.

harvest or gathering of that sort of rice. Piiriyajna, S. (from 5^^, a sacrifice) Obsequial offerings.
PiSR, H. (.P.jujj) A son, a boy, a child. Worship of the manes.

Pimr-dkhidfi, H. (from A. jJU»-l, by the same mother) A Pitrya, S. &c. (f^J^lf) Paternal, ancestral, any thing relating
step-son, the son of a wife by a former husband. to a father Or forefathers.

Pisr-i-mutdbannd, H. ( 1 juu.«^«jj) An adopted or affiliated Plava, S. &c. (sra) = a.d. 1841.

The35thyearof the cycle

son. Plavanga, S.&C. (jr^n) The 41st year of the cycle = A.D.1847.
PlTBHAHI, H. (i^j1UIJ:^j, ftrw^) An allowance of grain Pod, (?) H. A land measure, a division of a katta —Mai-
made by a Zamindar to the head of a village. mansinh.

Pith, Mar. (S. '"rte) Flour, meal of any grain. PoDDAR, H. (j\iiiiy>) A cashkeeper, a Weighnian, one whose

PiTH, Guz. (MJii) A row or set of shops, a market, the state office it is to weigh and examine money ; see Fbtah.
of a market. PoDi, or PoRi, also written, Paum, Hindi ('Jtlft, ^iW, ^^)
Pf THA, vernacularly, PiTH, S. {'"(ts) A stool, a seat, the seat Stiff strong soil.

of the head of a religious society, that is, his place of abode. Popi, Tam. (GurrUj.) Dust of the earth, pollen of a flower,

PiTiPATA, Mai. (n-DsldJOS) A document given to a person any thing very minute.

419
 POD PON
Popu, plur. PoLLU, Tel. (2T*<So, P^?^) Land or lands variations are from different English reports and Regula-
recently cleared from thiclcet and prepared for ci|ltiv£^tion. tipns].

PoDU, orPoTU,Tam.(©uJ rT^)Commonness, cprnmon property PoLAMU, Tel. (ST'oSx)) A field, especially one in cultiva-
adj., common. tion, or the crop standing on it.

Podunilam, Tarn. (<3UrTSlr^60Ui). Common ground, a Polimera, Tel. (»r> "^ o^Q) A boundary, a limit.
common. Poli, Tam. (0Ljnfii5)) A heap of corn threshed, but not

Podusilaim, Tam. (GLJ rT(g>l<E^g&6L] General charges in^ind ) V^innowed.

on the gross produce, or portions deducted from eacli heap Polikurippu, Tam. (GurTfflJlaQnfJlCJl-^) A note or me-

of grain for fees to village servants, charges qn reaping morandum of the heap of corn that has been threshed.

and, watching, and allowances to tepples, or for repairs of PoLEYAN,or PoLAYAN, also written Polian, andPooLiAN,(?)
tanks and the like. A caste pf don^estic or agrestic slaves, or a member of such
PoGADi, Karn. ("lirsXa) Tribute. caste, in Malabar : the husband in this caste resides with

PoGANEA, S. &c. (xft^^) A boy, oiie bptvyeen fiv? and his \^ife, although she belong to a different master, and

fifteen. their children inherit the rights of the mother.

PoHA, Hindi (Ujj , i^tfT) The cattle of a village tliat are per- PoLlCHCHJiLUTTU, Mai. (6)<i^0aXl6).^a_J(3vZQ) A fine or fee

mitted to graze upon waste ground. paid to the proprietor by the mortgagee on the periodical

PoHONCH, less correctly, Ponch, Mar. (lll^i*, ^ft^, from H. renewal of the mortgage : a new deed or bond.

Uas^}^, to ^.rrive) The coping to hand of monies dije : an PoLiCHCHiLA. Mai. (gn-JOe-ri,gJlaj) Increase, augmentation.

acknqwledgment, a receipt. Polichchilava, Mai. (6)a_10eJ1.^e-iaj) Particulars of

PoiLi, Uriya (GDIQCll) A slave. money expended.

PoKTAN, PoKTANi, Beng., Uriya (ftt^t^, i'tl^iJlt) The PoLlKATAM, Mai. (61n_10an<^5Sp) Usury: money-lending.
boiling of salt. Polikatakdran, M^l. (Sla-JOfiLjIe&SoejafDnrf)) A usurer, a

Pokhtdnibhayd, Uriya (Ga|S10|ff1Qa|) The writer or ac- money-lender.

countant of an aurang or salt manufactory. Poi.lSA, also Palisa, Mai. (©n_10£llC/9) Interest, usury.

Pohhtdni^darogd, Uriya (GaiSIEII^I^GQISfl) The head PoLLAi, Tel. (ST'OT'OCO) Allowance of grain given to the

officer of a salt manufactory. (.Pokhtdni, like Poktdn, is village servants at the measuring floor.

properly derived from the P, pukhtan jJiasi , to mature, PoLLAE, Tam. (GlJIT^SOIj) The caste of shoemakers, or

to cook or boil). workers in leather, considered impure.

Pol, Guz. (Hl'H), Hindi ('ftcy) A court-yard : a quarter or PoLLu, Tel. (S3~°^) Empty ears of corn : corn that has

ward of a town having its own gateway : a gate. not come to maturity : chaff.

Polid, Hindi (^^fcS'sn) A g^ttekeeper, a porter, PoHupavutam, Tel. Blighted corn.

PoLA, Mar. (Tftgg) A bull set at large, usually stamped with Poluiikdran, M?i.(.?) (eip-loaJraflajOfOfYi) The steward or
a trident or discus, as dedicated to Siva or Vishnu. manager of an estate on behalf of the proprietor.

PolA, Mar. (ift^) A festival held on the new moon of PoMBAHADA, Karn. { cvJ/®oeOoO) A money-changer, a ««?•«/".
Srdvana or Bhddra (july-Sept.), in which bullocks are PoMALO, Gu«. (HLMill) An itinerant blapksmith.

exempt from labour, and are decorated and led in pro- PoN, Karn. ( qqi/SO) Gold, money ;
^ gold coin, perhaps
cession. for Sun.
PoLA, Karn. ( 'i2/®P) A field for dry cultivation. PoNAM, Mai. (6)(iJ0rOo, corruption of S. vanam ^tt, a wood)

PoLA, Thug. A mark made at a place where cross roads High land overrun with underwood, but which is capable

meet, to denote the direction which the foremost of a gang of cultivation ^fi^r long intervals with particular kinds

have taken, as a guide to others left behind. of grain sown in holes dug 'with a spade.

PoLACH, spelled variously, Polich,Politch,Polist,Pulich, Ponakandam, cormTptly, Ponicando, Mai. (6)(i_lO(D<fl>6*^o)

and PuLiJ, Hindi (Tft^S^) Land constantly in cultivation, A hill tract or fields cultivated amongst the hill jcmgal.

never requiring to be ' left fallow : [it is written as here Ponamvdram, Mai. (6)n-J9OOonJ0(t)o) Rent or landlord's

given in the useful Hindi tract termed Khet-karm: the share of the produce of jangal cultivation.

420
 PON POT
PoNGAL, incorrectly, Pongol, Tarn. ((SurrrllS^, from the PoRAS, Hindi (xfl^^) Stiff or strong soil.

verb pongu-kiraku, to boil or bubble, to boil rice) A PoROMBADOM, (?) Mai. Rent of an estate in lieu of interest

boiling or bubbling up, the boiling of rice, whence it be- on mortgage (?).

comes the name of a popular festival held by the Hindus in PoRtrpu, written also, Pooroopa, and Poroopu, (?) Tam.
the Madras provinces on the entrance of the sun into the (0UrT(rKLJI_|) A low or quit-rent levied from lands origi-

sign Capricorn, or on the 12th of Jan., the beginning of the nally granted in Inam, or rent-free. — Fifth Rep. 765.

Tamil year, when rice is boiled and distributed ; the fes- PoHWAL, Hindi (ij1<'4TqS) The name of a trading or mer-

tival lasts several days, but the chief celebration is confined cantile caste in Malwa, being one of the 84 gachchas or
to the three first days, which are distinguished as follows : families of the Jains : there are also amongst^ the number,
1. Bhogi-pandikai, (<ol_jrTt5£ll-J5nBTL£jL(3JDS) The festival of families denominated Por, and Porwdr. '
,

enjoyment, when good wishes and presents, new-year's com- PoSEHOYYAVADU, Kam. ( ft2/2>~?J'^=^0&)g^So) A cere-

pliments and gifts, are interchanged, and Indra is wor- mony among the cultivators in Mysore at the beginning

shipped. of tillage, putting some seed in a vessel filled with earth

2. Perum-pongal, (GU(r5Ui0urTrUJS^) The g7-eat fes- placed on a plough, and letting it germinate.

tival, when the sun is to be worshipped, and quantities of PosHAK, H. &c. (P. t^Ui^J . TftTjIToir) Clothes, vestments : in

rice are boiled in milk in every family, of which a portion Marathi especially, fine clothes.

is given to the deities and cows, and the remainder to the Poshdk-patii, Mar. (ift^lToB^t) A tax or cess on the vil-

guests and inmates. lagers to defray the expense of a present of fine clothes to

3. Mdttu-pongol, (LDml®GurTrLJ<5^)Theca«Zefestival, any great man or public fiinctionary visiting the district.

when Krishna, the cowherd, is worshipped, and the cattle, Poshyaputra, S. &c. (ifrnnr^, from poshya ift^, to be
painted and decorated with garlands, are led in procession and cherished or fostered) An adopted son.

treated with especial veneration, and exempted from labour. Poshyaputratwa, S. &c. (xffBig^i#) Adoption, the relation-

Pongali,TA. (S3^0A£)) Boiled rice, with milk and sugar, ship of an adopted son.

and other ingredients. Post, H. &c. (c>*-jJ "ftw) , A poppy head or capsule.
Pongati-pandaga, Tel. {p^o7\k5t:)0(iX) The festival of Posti, H. &c. (^JUi^j, tft^) One addicted to opium, or

the Pongal, as above. any dull sluggish person.

PoNDEAPEHALLU.Tel. (S3^0 I^S^"Sjc5ew) Dry land belong- Post, Mar. (xfrttf) Money given to dependants and servants

ing to dealers in vegetables. —Northern Sarkars. on particular occasions, as at the Holi festival, or for

Pone, Karn. (~%i/®S) Bail, security. extra labour, for the purpose especially of enabling them
Portsgdr, Karn. ( e»J/®P3 A dO^ A surety, a bondsman. to procure spirituous liquor : drink-money.

PoNGRHANi, Burman, A bond-slave, one serving in discharge Pot, Hindi (xfhl) Assessment on cultivated fields.

of a debt until it is paid off, or the stipulated term expires. Pot, Mar. (Tfl7), Potta, Tel. (ST»^) The stomach, the

PonkhAlu, Tel. (ST^oaT^^, from S. TO, mud) Stiff soil belly, any cavity or hollow analogous to the belly.

or mud. —Northern Sarkars. Potgi,M.siT. ('itzifl') Personal maintenance, allowance to vil-

PoPADU, Guz. ("H I'M. S) Neglected or uncultivated land. lage officers when they proceed on duty, or to public officers

PoR, Tam. (Sl—irrcr) A heap, a heap of grain or straw. at a distance.

Por-kurippv, Tam. (©Urrcrgjjrjll—ll-j) Account of the Potchak, Mar. (tft^^op) A field within a field constituting

crops heapied but not threshed. a separate property, but included in the same registered

Kadirpor,Taw. (s^ (jSl—irT Ij) A heap of corn not threshed. number as the larger portion.

Nerpor, Tam. (GrjcrOl—irTcr) A heap of rice-grain. Potkhardbd, Mar. (TftmsfU'^IT, P. kkardb, bad) Bad and
PORABATU, Tel. (ST^S^O^Uj) a mistake. unfilled land lying amidst cultivated fields.'

PoRAKULA, Karn. ( a^/^OoDO) An outcaste. Potkharcha, or -kharchi. Mar. (ift713^, -^) Personal ex-
PoRAPAD, PoRPAAD,PoRPAUD,{?)Mal. Net Or surplus rent: penses for support on a journey or a mission, forming an

balance of rent after deducting interest of advances, and item in the village charges, and sometimes including the

the government revenue. cost of public entertainments.

421 5p
 POT PRA
Potpadit, Mar. (iflyTThl) A portion of cultivable land left PoTNi, Thug. A waistband.
unsown amidst land under cultivation. PoTTAL, Tam. (0umll_^) Barren land.
PoTABANiK, Beng. (j'ti«<iI^<P,from S. ^fteT, a boat, and^ftURT, PottarAju, or, commonly, PotrIz, Tel. (ST'UTT'ai^) A
a trader) A merchant who trades by sea, a voyaging local deity worshipped by the agricultural classes in the
merchant Telinga provinces.

PoTADAR, commonly, Potdah, corruptly, Podar, and Poth- PoTTD, Tel. (ST°^) ChaflF, husk.

DAB, Mar. &c. (tflK^^: see Fotaddr) A money-changer, PoTUVAN, Mai. (6)Q_lD(2)aJn(6) A barber: one who per-

a weigher and assayer of coins : he is also the village sil- forms funeral rites.

versmith : in Karn. it is written Pottadar, Pottdr, and PoTWAD, Mar. (iTtTT^) A term applied to the land situated

Pottdri, and is said to mean an inferior sort of money- on slopes and declivities in the hill country, or Dang :

changer, one in a hamlet. the third and last year of its being brought into cultivation

Potchdl, corruptly, Potheychal, Mar. (iJtrl^^) The cur- after lying fallow for some years.

rency in which the public revenue is received. PozHAKADAi, or PoLAKATTAl, Tam. (©UrTmaSLlsCDl—)
Potddri, Mar. &c. (xftrii^l^) The business of a weigher or A small portion of ground, or a yard adjoining the dwell-

assayer of coins : money-changing, banking. ing of the Mirasiddr, held rent-free, used as a kitchen-

Poien, Mar. (ydti, P. ^^, fotah, q. v.) A bag, a money- garden, or one for vegetables requiring a richer soil, as

bag, the public treasury or treasury bags, the bag of re- tobacco, sugar, turmerick, &c. : it is not transferable ex-

venue, the money made up by the village and forwarded cept with the entire Mirdsi property and rights.

to the manager or collector. Prabhava, S. &c. (w^) The first year of the cycle of sixty

Potnis, Mar. (iftWifft^) An officer of the treasury, the cash- years.

keeper or accountant. Prabhu,S.&c. (ji»t) a master,a lord, a leader, a military chief.

PoTAMEL, Guz. (H l*^ L"*!^) An abstract of monthly or annual Prachi, S. &c. (uI^^) The east : the country east and south-

accounts. east of the Saraswati, the country from about Dehli to

PoTARA, Thug. A horse : Potari, a mare. Benares.

Potaraiat, Thug. A man on horseback. Prdchyd, S. &c. (lirsiT) The eastern people : the inhabi-

Potaraiati, Thug. Pulling a man off his horse and stran- tants of the Doab and adjacent provinces.

gling him. PradhIn, vernacularly, PadhIn, Pudhan, and Pardhan,

PoTHA, PoTHJ, H. &c. (t^J^, ^^^,> S. 5^^) A book: espe- PuRBHAN, corruptly, Purdhaun, S. &c. (ll>ir!l) Chief,

cially a manuscript book, or one formed of separate leaves principal, a chief or eminent person, a minister, a prime
of paper or palmyra, connected sometimes by a string- minister : the common title of the eight chief civil and
through the centre. military officers of the Maratha state, as established by

PoTHLA, Hindi (^ft^^l) A porter's load, especially of grain. Sivaji : the term is also sometimes applied to the head man
—Mherwara. of a village, or to a principal farmer or cultivator : in

PoTl,Mal.(6)a_10Sl),PoDl,Tel.(S3^2S)Dust, powder, a fragment. Uriya, Padhdni (Ctyiff) is applied to respectable Sudra

Pofivita, Mai. (6^n_10slaJlf3)) Sowing on dry land. cultivators or under proprietors and middlemen, differing

PoTi, incorrectly, PoDi, Mai. (61o_19raf!) A bundle, a pack, little from Mukaddams : in Garhwal the Padhdn is the

a load, a sack for loading bullocks : a measure of grain person holding the revenue engagement {Patta) with the

= 30 Edanffulis, or 4 Paras. government, either in his own right or by election of the

Potipdta, Mai. (ein-iafirTlfLJOS) An extent of land requiring shareholders of the village lands : in communities divided

a Poti of seed to sow it. into clans each elects its own chief, and all the Padhdns
PoTiKALLALU, (?) Tel. Land recovered from jangal. are responsible, jointly and separately, for the whole re-

PoTiPATTU, (?) Mai. A tenth of the seed corn formerly paid venue, unless their individual responsibility has been ad-

to temples in some places, biat merged in the general as- mitted by authority.

sessment on the Company's survey without any compensa- Hak-padhdn, H. The privileges and rights of the head man,

tion. — Graeme. either in land or fees. —Kamaon.

422
 PRA PRA
Padhdnchdri, H. The office and emoluments of the the dark half of Pausha, in honour of the manes : ex-

Padhdn. piatory gift of cows to a Brahman.

Pat.ta-padhdnchdri, Padhdn-khdnagi,oi HaJi-padhdnchdri, Prajotpatti, S. &c. (lJ»i^rDlff) Begetting children : off-

H. The deed from the government district officer held by spring, descendants.

the Padhdn, setting forth his liabilities, duties, dues, &c. Prajdwat, vernacularly, Parjdwat, or corruptly, Purjote,

—Kamaon. and Purjosh, H. (.CDj^sy^) A quit-rent, a cess levied by

Ghar-padhdn, H. Privately appointed manager of a Za- Zamindars upon the Ryots on festive occasions, as at mar-

mindari village, or a village with absolute proprietors. riages ; a house-tax levied by the Zamindars upon the in-

Kamaon. habitants of a village, not cultivators, for the ground on

Praddni, or, as written, Pirddni, Tarn. (LjIcrSFTOnfl) A which their houses stand : ground-rent.

minister, usually applied to the third in rank, or the trea- Prakaran, Mar. (HoRTTil) A department, a province, a

surer. separate business or office.

Pradvivaka, S. dnsftRToK:) A judge, the chief justice, the Prakarshit, Beng. (S. 2l<i?r*i\», lit., drawn out) Surplus

representative of the Raja in the royal court. produce of a thing pledged for usufruct above the interest

Pragwal, Hindi (titit^T^) A Brahman who conducts the of the loan, which is to be repaid to the borrower.

ceremonies of the pilgrimage at Allahabad : the ancient PhakIsavikraya, S. (irai^, open, public, and f^WI, sale)

Praydga, shortened vernacularly to Prdg. A public sale.

Praja, sometimes pronounced Parja, corruptly, Purjah, Prakatana, Tel. (S. ^stJcO) Publishing, making known,
S. &c. (^7>-;J , ll»n) Progeny, offspring : subjects, people, proclamation, notification.

tenants, dependants : in Kuch Bahar, a cultivator at will, Prakatana-kdgidamu, Tel. (^stj(^'T°%OM0^ from P.
who has half the produce of the land for himself, but is re- lyacla, paper) An advertisement.

movable at the pleasure of the proprietor, to whom he is Prakirnaka, S. (jIcB'^^'li) A decision at law on a case not

usually in debt for advances, and is more like a serf than provided for by the law-books.

a free agent: in Cuttack the term is applied to various Prakrita, S. &c. (in«liH) Common, natural, vulgar : not

low castes, as the barber, washerman, fisherman, weaver, polished or refined ; said either of language or of people :

leather-worker, iar«-gatherer, &c., who sometimes sell a man of a low caste.

themselves and families into slavery until they can repay Pramada, S. &c. (TWT^) Carelessness, negligence, stupidity.

the purchase-money : the children born during this period Pramddi, S. &c. (xiHl^) A careless or stupid fellow : the

become the property of the purchaser, and, with their 47th year of the cycle.

parents, may be bought, sold, or let out for hire until re- PramAna, S. &c. (tWTIi) Authority, proof, proof in law, by

deemed : the. Parjds do not forfeit their' caste or forego ordeal or oath, by evidence oral or documentary, and by
their occupations, living apart from their master, and retain- possession : proof in philosophy, by perception, inference,

ing a title to their hereditary possessions. similarity, authoritative or scriptural assertion, presump-

Prajdhhdg, Mar. (inn>nn) The share of the produce as- tion, and non-existence: also measure in general: in the

signed to the cultivator. dialects of South India, as Te\.{^^>^^<^}, Tam. (LJltT-

Prajdli, Beng. (St^fWl') An under-tenant. —Rangpur. LarrSOTTUj), it usually implies an oath.

Prajdpdla, or Prajdpati, S. &c. (from S. ^TcT, a cherisher, Pramdnika, or, more correctly, Prdmdnika, S. &c. (jWlftjcfr,

or TTfir, a lord) A king, a ruler : the fifth year of the ItTTrftirSF) Authoritative, of weight or authority established

cycle, in this series a.d. 1811-12 : a name of the deity by proof, true, just, right : a person whose opinion is to be

Brahma. respected : a president, a principal, the chief or head of a

Prdjd/patya, S. &c. (XJTSnTiit) Relating to Prajdpati, the caste or trade. Pramdnikam, Tam.^lJltJlCin (5Sdf\S)S)U:i)
name of a form of marriage, the gift of a girl by her Truth, faithfulness, honesty. Pramdnikan, Tam., (Ljlo"-

father to the bridegroom : a particular sacrifice performed LDrT<snnfl(ScE&OT) A trusty or upright man. Mai. ((n-J3-

by a man destitute of male issue before appointing a QOeorSltanrf)) Head of a caste or trade. In Beng. it is

daughter to raise issue for him ; a festival on the 8th of modified also as Pardmdnik (t'^tSftfll^), in the sense of

423
 PRA PRA
the head man of a tribe or trade, chief of an assembly, kindness : it is commonly applied to food or sweetmeats
head of a village, and the like. An order from the su- which have been oflFered to an idol, and which are then
preme authority, a precept or grant summarily issued. distributed amongst the worshippers present, 'or sent to the

Pram&ni, S. (MHHiA) A period or thing of authority. Mai. houses of the friends of the establishment, and persons of
((o-JfflOffnoi) A person of weight in a village, an umpire consideration, including Europeans ; for all castes may par-
or arbitrator in petty disputes. take of the Prasdd of any image : hence the feeding in
PramItamaha, or, f. MAHi, S. &c. (jRTrrra? -*l^) A ma- common of the pilgrims at Jaganndth is a practice not
ternal great grandfather, or great grandmother. peculiar to that shrine, though exhibited there on a large

Pramathi, S. (uni^) The 13th year of the cycle. scale : the food there distributed is termed Mahdprasdd,
Pramoda, S. &c. (Tpft^) The 4th year of the cycle. or, the great favour.

PrAnayama, S. &c. (nuirNW, from frmia Tlllir, breath) A Prasadapatra, S. &c. (from X(^, a leaf) A deed of gift.

religions exercise with the breath, in three operations : Prasethi, Uriya (g]GCl6, from S. IJ, and wt. chief) The
1. Mechaka, exhaling by the right nostril, whilst the left head man of a village.

is closed by the fingers of the right hand ; 2. Puraka, Prastha, S. &c. (JTW) A measure of capacity for grain,

placing the thumb of the right hand on the right nostril, equal to 4 kudavas or 48 handfuls ; considered by Capt.

raising the fingers from the left and inhaling through it Jervis the same as the s&r.

and 3. Kumhhaha, closing both nostrils : different sects Prasiddhipatra, Mar. (S. "O^f^i^^tiroxaprasiddhi, pub-

vary the succession of the operations. licity) A paper giving publicity to any matter, a hand-bill,
Pranava, S. (lTO=r) The mystic syllable of the Hindu ritual a notification, a proclamation.
or OM. Prat, Prut, Mar. (jlil) A copy (in all its English signi-
Prdnnydya, or Pragnydya, also Purvanydya, S. (Ul^'<(|t|, fications) : the original which is to be copied, or the copy

or TTPTOIRl, and H^TIfl^, from prdh, or purva, prior, and made : a specimen : a set or class, an order or grade, a

nydya, judgment) In Hindu law, one who revives a suit lot or parcel, an assemblage of bodies of like merit, the

formerly decided : also the plea of *

formerly decided' by largest or richest of the parcels in which presents to guests

the defendant when a charge is repeated. are distributed on festival occasions, intended for the most

Phant, S. &c. (ci^Uj, TTPff) Limit, boundary: amongst the distinguished persons. [In these senses it seems to be a pure

Marathas it is commonly applied to a large division of Maratha word ; in the sense of ' to, towards, or reverse,' &c.

country, a province, a Zila. it is an abbreviation of the Sanskrit prep, prati (fffiT)].

PrapanchIrtha, Mar. (S. Jtxp3. the world, or worldly Pratbandhi, Mar. (Uil^vt) Classification : arranging by

business, and '^%, for, or on account of) Land exempted classes or lots.

from revenue attached to some secular function, as that of Pratwdr, Mar. (HrRK) According to classes or lots.

Pdtil, or any village officer, or for the purpose of keeping Pratibhu, S. &c. (nfiw) A surety: in Hindu law, three

up useful constructions, as reservoirs or embankments, &c. kinds of sureties are most usually specified, but a fourth

Prapita, S. &c. (jrfTKT) A paternal grandfather. is sometimes added.

Prapitdmaha, S. &c. (TTfllTR?) A paternal great grand- 1. Pratyaya-praiibhu, A surety for confidence, one who
father. engages for the general honesty and responsibility of another.

Prapitdmahi, S. &c. (uftifrwi^) A paternal great grand- 2. Darsana-pratibhu, A surety foi' appearance.

mother. 3. Ddna-pratibhu, A surety for the repayment of a loan

Prapabtra, vernacularly, also, Parputra, Parpota, &c. or fulfilment of an engagement.

S. &c. (TPIT^) A great grandson. 4. Drdvydrpana-pratibhu, One who engages to give up

Prapautri, (inn^t) A great granddaughter. property belonging to the debtor if he fails to pay the debt.

PR.ipTAVYAVAHlRA, S. (TTITI, obtained, a|g^t, affairs) A The two first sureties are liable for any loan or advance

young man come of age, one able to conduct his own made upon their credit if not paid by the borrower : the

affairs and responsible for his conduct. responsibility of the two last, or the engagement to pay

PrasIda, vernacularly, Pbasad, S. &c. (nm^) Favour, or to deliver up property extends to their sons also.

424
 PRA PRA
Prdtibhdvya, S. &c. (urflMTSl) Surety, security, the act of Pratimdi, or -hddi, S. &c. (nfiraT^I) A respondent, a re-

becoming surety. plicant, a defendant.

Pratibh'ugrahanam, S. (from il^4i|, taking) Acceptance of PrativAsi, S. &c. (nfjT^IEft) A neighbour (from ItfiT, near

security by the court. to, and ^ftR. who abides).

PratidIna, S. &c. (irfir^ti) Giving back, either as an equi- Prativesi, S. &c. (nfin^) A neighbour (nfir, near to, and
valent or recompense, or as a refusal or repayment. ^, entering).

Pratigraha, S. &c. (nfifSH?) Acceptance of gifts, the privi- Prativedkatmam, S. (nfrt^%«lu#) Neighbourship : in law,

lege of receiving gifts, one of the peculiar rights of the pre-emption from vicinage, or the right of a neighbour or
Brahman : a ceremonial acceptance of a son for adoption coparcener to purchase any property in his vicinage which

who is resigned by his parents. is for sale, in preference to a stranger, on agreeing to give

Pratijna, commonly pronounced Pratigya, S. &c. (Tlfn^tl) the same price.

Promise, assent : a bet, a wager ; in law, a plaint, more Pratyabhiyoga, S. (JTRtfiPTtT) A counter plaint or plea : a

especially afler it has been recorded in writing by the counter action brought against the prosecutor.

officers of the court. Pratyakalita, S. (iTTrarf^il) Interposed in a suit of law,

Pratiloma, S. &c. (ufrt^ft'l) lit-j Against the hair : con- the deliberation of the court upon the pleading, and the

trary to the regular course or prder, inverse, reverse. determination which party is to produce proof.

Pratilomaja, S. (JlfilcytTSr) Born or begotten in the in- Phatyaksha, S. &c. (iffiT^) Perceptible, what is before the

verse order of the tribes, as the offspring of a Kshetrlya eyes : perception, the first proof of things.

man and Brahman woman, of a Vaisya female and a Sudra Pratyahsha-darsi, S. &c. (^^, who sees) An eye-witness.

father, &c. Pbatyarthi, S. (l|)<|vjf) A defendant, an opponent.

Pratinidhi, S. (irfilfilfv) A deputy, a representative, a vice- Pratyarthi-avedana, S. (from "StT^^'T, information) The
gerent : a title sometimes, but incorrectly, written Priti- verbal information of the defendant in a suit which is

nidhi, borne by a distinguished Maratha family, the an- written down by the officers of the court.

cestor of which first received this title from Raja Ram Pratyavaskanda, S. (TIHT^^f^:) Special plea at law, ad-

placing him above the eight Pradhdns. mission of a fact, but qualifying or explaining it so as to

Pratinyasa, S. (irfirHira) Reciprocal deposit, interchange make it no ground of accusation.

of deposits. Pratyuttara, S. &c. (wrat) A reply in general : a re-

Pbatipad, or Pratipat, S. &c. (irfini5 -tQ The first day joinder or reply to a reply.

of a lunar fortnight, either the day of full or new moon. Vnkt, or Prahu, commonly. Prow, or Proa, Malay (%»/>,

Pratipaksha, S. &c. (HPrimsj) An adversary, an opponent, !s|y>) A term for all vessels between a canoe and a square-
a defendant. rigged vessel.

Pratipatti, S. (irfirtrf^) Acquirement, gain : in law, ad- Pravara, S. (jRi;:) Subdivision of a gotra or family, race,

mission of a claim. lineage, descendants.

PratisIra, S. (tlfif^K) A wreath, a bracelet, dyed strings Pravarttaka, Pravarttika, Pravartti, corruptly. Par-
or threads tied round the wrists of the contracting parties butty, Parpatti, Prevatah, S. &c. (n^t^, IRft^,
at a marriage, or round the wrist of a boy at the perform- IR^, from fra, over, and ^, abiding, presiding over)

ance of other ceremonies. Any one who manages affairs, whether for himself or others:
PratishthA, S. &c. (nfritfl) Consecration or setting up of a superintendant : a judge, an arbiter : it is used, modified

an image, or a temple: a ceremony performed on the com- vernacularly, chiefly in the south, where it is applied to
pletion of a house before it is inhabited ; also, purification the head man and manager of a village, especially one
or re-consecration of an idol, house, or temple that has held by Brahmans, also to a subordinate revenue officer:

been polluted. the neuter nowa. Pravartiakam, or Pravarttikam, is used

Pratiti, S. &c. (inrlfir) Trust, confidence. also to signify the general or joint management of a vil-

PratitIda, or vernacularly, -bAda, S. &c. (nfdMl^) Reply, lage by the principal proprietors, or one of their number.

rejoinder, defence. Pdrvatyam, corruptly, Parpatya, Mai. (oJOoligjo), Pdr-

425 5q
 PRA PtJL

lattiyam. Tarn. (urrcrus^lUJli) A subordinate col- PujA, S. &c. ('pn) Worship, adoration : (it occurs verna-
lectorship, stewardship, superintendence. cularly also with a short u, Pujd).

Pdrvatyaharan, or Pravrittihdran, corruptly, Prowar- Pujaimichcham, Tam. (QjOSiiffuSld'S'lL) Unexpended ba-

«iAar,Mal.(o_l0o:jgjce619fDnt), (a-jcynWj?1ce610(Or«6),P^r- lance of pagoda allowances.
hattiyakdran, Tam. (urTl7U^41l-U<5ianTTOTr) A Pujdri, H. &c. (i_£^l»-^,J » m»iiO) A priest in a temple, one
subordinate officer in the revenue department, a native col- who conducts public worship and receives the offerings
lector under the Tahsilddr, having charge of the collec- either on his own account or that of the proprietors of the

tions of one or more villages : it is sometimes applied to temple : he is sometimes a man of low caste, and, when
the head or manager of a village, or to a government a Brahman, is held in disrepute : the village officiating

officer appointed to conduct the affairs of a village vfhich priest.

has no hereditary chief : also to a bailiff or manager of Puju, Tel. ("^"^aa^) The yoke of a plough.
an estate on behalf of the proprietor. PUKHTA, corruptly, Pokhta, H. (P. 4Jtsi) Baked, burnt, as

PravAsa, S. &c. (n^^,) Residing abroad or away from bricks, whence it is applied to a brick wall or house.

home. PuKKACHiTTA, Mai. (o-jdaffiiiJlg) A receipt, a written en-

Pravdsdsedha, S. (^I?rV, restraint) In law, prohibition gagement.

against removal, ne exeat.' Pukkamuri, or Pukkamdra, Mai. (a-^di6)C^d), a-JdeeinJOO)
Pravrajya, S. (nasTl) Wandering about as a mendicant. A receipt.

Pravrajydvasita, corrupted extraordinarily to Perberja- PuL, H. (p. (_).j) A bridge, an embankment, a causeway.
besheet, S. ('Sl^^nr, terminated) An apostate mendicant, Pulbandi, H. {i^sXAi) Keeping bridges or embankments
also one who adopts a life of mendicancy : in either case in repair : the public department having that duty ? a tax
the party forfeits his rights of inheritance. imposed for the purpose : in Cuttack the term is also ap-

Prayaschitta, vernacularly, Prayaschit, corruptly, Pbais- plied to the bridge or dam.

CHITTO, S. &c. (irnrfts^) Penance, expiation, punishment, Pulguzdr, H. (P. j\^) A bridge-toll.

fine. PuLA, Hindi (tJ^t) A small bundle of plants or sticks.

Prayoga, S. &c. (Tlli^n) Principal, as distinguished from Puld, or Puli, H. (J!^^ , ^^) A bundle of grass or straw.
interest : a loan bearing interest. PULAIMAKAN, Tam. (l_|^LDa<5nr) A man of very low

Prayojyam, S. &c. ('lI'^Ttj) Capital, principal : a loan. caste, a Paraiya or Pulaya.

Preta, S. &c. (mi) Dead : a corpse : a ghost, an evil spirit. PulIkam, Mai. (o-ieJOces^o) Shrivelled grain.

Pretasrdddha, S. (nKWg) Obsequial ceremonies to be PuLAM, Tam. (L_|eOm) A field of corn.

offered to a relative during the year of his demise : fifteen PuLAYAN, corruptly, Polayan, Poleyan, Polian, Pool-
are required. YAN, Mai. (n-4eJCEjnf&) The name of a low and servile

Pritidatta, S. (pftfil, affection, and ^^, given) Property caste, or of an individual of such caste, in Malabar : in

or valuables presented to a female by her relations and this caste the husband resides with his wife though she
firiends at the time of her marriage, constituting part of may belong to a different master, and their children in-

her peculiar property. herit any rights the mother may possess.

P6cHi, Tel. ('6r~°"^) Responsibility. PulachcM, Pulakalli, or Pulayi, Mai. The female Pu-
Hdtp4cM-lekhhalu, Tel. (^S-^«^'^-^-^~Sa3_£;o) Accounts layan, or the wife of a slave so termed.

necessary for current business. Pulakottil, or Pulamddam, Mai. (a_iaa61oee)0§l(5b, a-jej-

PuDA, or PurA, Beng. (^W) A denomination of a land QOSo) a slave's hut.

measure in some parts of Bengal : the same as Bighd (.'). Pulappati, Mai. (o_iaJira_lsl) A place where slaves place

PuEi, or PuRi, Beng. ('f^l) Straw-coloured variety of sugar- stones in memory of deceased relatives.

cane. PuLAS, (?) H. Straw, fodder.

PUGAIVAHI, Tam. (L-|<3SDS65Jcfl) A tax on houses. Puli, H. {^j>, 1^^) A small quantity of com given at

PuGAM, S. &c. (xni) The betel-nut tree : a multitude : an harvest to the village officers and servants.

assemblage of men of different trades. P6li, Tam. (?) A lease, a deed.

426
 PUL PUN
PuLiCHi, (?) Mai. The name of an outcaste tribe in Malabar PuNAM,Tam.(L_l(3l5rili) High ground not fit for rice cultivation.

residing; in the woods, and not allowed to approach a re- PuNARBHU, S. (Tltfil, from TTq^, again, and H, who is) A
spectable individual, or enter a village : they announce woman married a second time.

their wants by cries at a distance, when charitably disposed Punarvivdha,S.(''lw{K, again, aTiA f<<m^) A second marriage.

persons place food for them at the foot of a tree and with- PunIsa, Punas, Tel. (o^cS^iO) The first crop of the year,

draw •
they then advance and receive the donation. which consists of the smaller grains cultivable on dry

PULINAR, PrjLINAR, PuLAINAR, Tam. (l_)5rfl(5tSTI7, L^ffTfl- soils, and

(ff^D", l_j(3tD6rr(55l7, plur.) An outcaste and barbarous Pundsa-fad, H. (A. i.}^, a season) The season of the

race, the same as the Vedar. small grain crop: also the cotton harvest (?).

PuLiNDA, S. ('Hfcji^) A barbarian, an outcaste, one inhabi- PuNCHA, pron. PuNJA, Mai. (ojeirajj) A crop sown in

ting forests and mountains. Nov.-Dec. and reaped in April-May.

PultndA, H. &c. (UjIIj) a bundle, a parcel. PuNCHAKRUSHI, Mai. (n-^jergu Acfit^l, for S. 'aifq) Culti-

PuLiVATTU, Karn. (o^SS W-') A fund set apart for religious vation of wet land.

purposes. PUNCHANILAM, or PuNCHAPPATTAM, Mai. (o-JS'SLJOOlaio,

PuLLAR, Tarn. (t_|^e&l5r, plur.) A low and servile caste Q_j6»2Ug-->0So) Wet land, or land capable of irrigation

employed in agriculture. and bearing rice crops : (the analogy of Puncha or Punja
PcLLAsAN, Mai. (n_Je^OrOnf6) A man of a low servile to the Tamil Punskey or Punjai would suggest the sense

tribe, a Paraiyan. of dry, not wet, land ; but it is so explained in the

PuLLiYAR, corruptly, Puliah,Poolleb, Tam. (l_|^ei5lLIJIJ, dictionary).

plur.) A low outcaste tribe classed with the Paraiyar • PuNDA, Mar. (vfs) A freebooter, a marauder.

(this and similar designations are perhaps from pulai, and Pundapal, Mar. (js^'ncS') The chief of a gang of robbers.

paluvu, flesh, the several outcaste tribes feeding upon PuNDA, Beng. ('f"^) A storehouse, a granary : a seller of

every kind of flesh, even carrion : the word is no doubt the vegetables.

same as the Mai. Pulayan, PuNJ.i, S. &c. (4»t), Punja, Mar. (ipit) A heap, a quantity.

Pdllu, Tel., Kam. (^^), Pul, Tam. (q^) Grass. PuNJADA, Guz. (J^o(j/^L) A class of Mohammadans in Gu-
Pullari, Tel. (ocD^Q) A tax on pasturage. zerat, sellers of vegetables.

PuUudinela, Tel. iS(i)a^?i>~^V) Land fit only for occa- PuNJAM, commonly, but incorrectly, written and pronounced

sional cultivation. Panjam, PuNJUM, Tel. i^Oid'&X)) A certain number

Pulvari, Tam. (l_|606Llcfl) A tax on grass-land or pas- of threads, whence it has come to denote a class of cotton

turage : (the Glossary, fifth Report, gives Pillwany, from cloths varying in quality according to the number of threads
Tam. pillu, as well as pullu ;
pil is a common vulgarism in the woof : they were formerly very extensively exported

for pul, grass, and many is evidently a mistake for roari). from the Madras coast to Europe.

PULUDI, Tam. (ujrLg^) Dry earth turned up by the PuNJi, H. (^js'ji), PuNJi, Beng. Mar. (^°#, 'jift) A heap,
plough : land prepared for dry planting. a small heap, stock, capital, a fund of any thing.

Puludikddu, Tam. (l_|^^<SQrr®) A ploughed field. PUNSAVANA, S. &c. (5W^»l) A ceremony observed when the
Puludinattu, Tam. (l-l^Lg^rjl—®) Plants growing on dry first signs of conception are manifested ; the first of the
ground. Sanskdras, or essential Hindu rites.

Puludiviraippu, Tam. (l_l(Lg^5ljl<3JDI7UL_l) Sowing seed PuNSHEY, or PuNSEY, pronounced, Punjai, and written
on dry ground previously prepared. PuNJAi Poonja, Punjab, Punjee, Tam. (l-IotGS'LLJ
PcjLUKKAi, Tam. (l_](LO(Sl(3J5DS) A slave. from Pun L^OOT for Pul l-\id, deficient, inferior and
PuMBA, H. (P. Hkij) Cotton. (SiAe?/ GiffLU , cultivation) Punje, Karn. ((^083) Dj.y
PuMSTAM, (?) Tam. The office of priest in a temple. land or cultivation, land not admitting of complete
ir-

P6n, PoON, Karn. A coin or measure of value : (possibly rigation, and therefore unfit for the growth of rice, bearing
an error or vernacular corruption of l£un, or perhaps Pon). dry grains of inferior value : the converse of JVanjai : it is

PUNAKULAM, (?) Tam. Land fit for gardens or plantations. sometimes applied to a sterile soil.

427
 PUN PUR
Punsheykddu, Punjaikddu, Tarn. (l_|OTG<ffLU(E6iSbrT®) PuE4, vernacularly, Pun, corruptly, Poor, and Poke, S. &c.

Cultivable dry ground. (yni A town, a city ; it is used most frequently in com-
Punsheytottam, Punjaitottam, Tarn. (l_l<3t5T0<&lJjs(DSrT- position as Sri-rdm-jiur, vulgarly, Serampore ; Pundra-
O O \
L-l—LQJ Gardens or garden land on which any dry crop is pur, vulgarly, Punderpore, and the like.

sown. Puri, S. &c. (''rtt) A city, a small city.

Punsheyvari, Punjaivari, Tam. (l_lC3CTG<S'LU6Llcfl) Tax Purseth, or Pursethi, Beng., Uriya (^^^RT^^T, ^[az^^,
on cultivable dry ground. from S. VX, and '^T^, chief) The head man of a town,

PuNYii, vernacularly, Pun, S. &c. ivwO Virtue, moral merit, or of a ward of a town : in Cuttack, the elected head and

holiness ; also, adj., pure, holy. representative of the people of a village, who was admitted

Punyd, corruptly, Puneah, vernacular corruption oi Pun- to engage with government for the rent of the ground on
ydha, q. v. H. (Luj), Beng. ('^ITl) In the lower provinces which the village was built, and was thence sometimes
the day on which the revenue for the ensuing year is set- considered as the Zamindar, having a title to any diffe-

tled, or an annual meeting of the direct revenue payers at rence between the sum he might receive from the villagers

the office of the chief collector, or of the cultivating tenants and that which he paid to the government.

at the court of the Zamindar, to determine the amount of PuhA, (?) H. A local term for a measure of land, apparently

the assessment ; the assemblage of the rent-payers forming the same as a highd. —Maimansinh.
a kind of festival or holiday : the term is also applied to PurA, Hindi (trct) The grain of, corn full formed in the ear.

the day on which the first instalment of the annual rent PuhAja, pronounced Pukadza, Tel. (S^oaj, p. Tijji, an

or revenue is paid : in some parts of Bengal the Zamin- account) Daily account of the receipts and disbursements

dari accounts and receipts are ante-dated if the Punyd in- of a village : also sea-customs.

stalment has not been discharged ; i. e. if the rent for the PuEAJARi, Mar. (gt'TR'f, from S. ^TC, before, and A.. ^j\j^
Bengal year 1249 had been paid before the Punyd of that current) Restoration of an Indm, or grant of rent-fi:ee land

year it would be entered as paid in 1248. which had been resumed : allowing it to go on as before.

Puny aha, Hindi, Mar. (S. tnpt. and ^Tf^, a day) A holi- PuRAKA, S. &c. ('«l^o|r) Filling, completing, any terminating

day, a sacred day, or one on which religious observances act, as the last presentation of the funeral cake to an in-

are enjoined ; also the day on which the rent or revenue dividual deceased before the performance of the general

for the ensuing year is first settled, or on which the first Srdddha to ancestors collectively.

instalment is paid. PUHAKALAM, Tam. (q nfjaasTTUi, from S. 1^, fiiU) An

Punydhachithi, Hindi, (ij|uil^r-«lil) The summons from the allowance of grain to the agricultural labourer after the

Zamindar to his tenants fixing the day for the settlement crop has been measured.

or payment of the rents. PuRAM, Mai. (cLj^fDo) A large piece of water, a lake.

Punydhakharch, Hindi (^Tnj1^5HT:^) A charge for sweet- PuRAMANAi, Tam. (qjT)Ui(3t3t5r, from puram, out, outside)

meats given to the Ryots on settling their rent. Land lying beyond or on the outskirts of an estate or district.

Punydhapdtra, Beng. (^j^flt^flT^) The tenant who has the PUBAMBOKU, or PURAMPOKU, COrruptly, PoREMPOCO, PuR-
privilege of being the first to settle for his rent at the HAMBOKE, Tam. (l_| nrjlxiGurrSjg) , from l-| njlii, out, ex-

prescribed period. cluded, and ©LjrT<S5@, a place) Such portions of an estate

Punydhavdchand, Mar. (MJIHI^^T^^) A preparatory or pu- or village lands liable to revenue as do not admit of cul-

rificatory ceremony performed at marriages, or on other fes- tivation, and are therefore exempted from the assessment,
as sterile, or waste land, rock, water, wilderness, site of
tive occasions.

Punydhasuni, Beng. (*[Hlt^^, from S. ^tT, empty) Non- dwellings, and the like : also common land near a town

payment of rent at the customary day. any place situated out of or beyond certain limits. Pu-
Punyahshetra, S. &c. (JTPT^^, from ^^, a field) A place HAMBOKKA, Mai. (o_JO6)fTu0d96l) Extra expense.

of pilgrimage. PuhamkIdam, Poramkadam, (?) Mai. Final payment or

Irrigation of fields by water drawn from loan on which the proprietary right of the owner trans-
Pub, Hindi (tji;) is

wells in a large leather bag. ferred to the lender or mortgagee.

428
 PUR PtlR

PuRANA, S. &c. (tJTTO) lit., Old : the especial designation Mai. (q-J«J^q-J3(®o) a vessel filled with clothes, orna-

of a class of works of which eighteen principal are enu- ments, &c., to be scrambled for at a festival : a vessel full

merated in which the ancient traditions of the Hindus, of rice, properly equal to 236 handfuls.

and legends and doctrines belonging to the chief sects, PurodIsa, S. ('TTt'ST^r) Clarified butter offered in oblations

as Saivas and Vaishnavas, are embodied. to fire, especially with cakes of ground rice which have

PURANBATA, PURAVARAMBA, PUKAVELI, Mai. (o-iOfii^eS, been baked or roasted and then well steeped in it.

Q_JOOJ(00O_l, o_J O 61 OjeJI) A large internal embankment PuROHiTA, vernacularly, Purohit, corruptly, Prohit, Up-
or bank. ROHIT. S. &c. (iJTlf^TlO) in Tam. it is spelt Purokitan,
PurInt, or PurInt-bAki, Guz. (*^^L»<rl, ^^tloft^lL^^) (L.^G[jrT<ESlS(3nT) A family priest, one who conducts the

Balance in hand, stock. domestic ceremonies of a tribe, a household, or family : the

PuRAT, Guz. (M^<^) a bride's portion, a dowry. office is sometimes hereditary ' in the south of India it is

PuElTANABipu, Tel. (^"S^«^i<5?S&) Waste land, land also applied to the village priest and astrologer.

long left fallow. PauroMtyam, corruptly, Pawrohetum, S. &c. (iflCir^i<i)

PurattIsi, corruptly, PretAsi, Paratasi, Tarn. (l_|[jl_- The office of family or village priest.

l_rT(^) The seventh Tamil month (Sept.-Oct.). PuRONi, Tel. (^i^fo) A note, the chit of Bengal : a bill,

PuRAVAM, Tam. (l_] nfjeULQ) Hilly ground, also a wood or a note of hand.

woodland country. PuRSis, Mar. (141,511*1 or gi:^^ , P. ^jLtMji) A questioning

PuRDARA, Hindi (tlT;^Tl) The highest average rate of the or interrogating as of parties or witnesses in a dispute.

rent of a village. PtJRTTA, S. &c. (tlffi) An act of pious liberality, as digging

PuHi, H. (S. i^j}i) A kind of cake fried in butter. a well, planting trees, building a temple, &c.

Puridn, H. {ij^.jjl<
plur. of Puri) The sending of fried PuRUSHA, vernacularly, Purush, S. &c. (''I^K:) A man, a

cakes by the bride's relatives to the bridegroom a few days male : embodied spirit : eternal spirit.

after the betrothment, one of the marriage customs of the Purushdnukrame, or Purushhrame, Beng. (fi-om S. gsi,

Mohammadans. order, succession) By or in course of succession, in the

PuEiALAM, (?) Tam. A class of Paraiyar. direct or male line.

P6BKAYATH, Beng. ("tlT^lTrsr, from S. TTt, full, perfect, and Purushdhan, Beng. (S. ^[^^) Property belonging to the

cirnreT^ The Patm&ri, or village accountant ; also any man or husband in contrast to Stridkan, or that peculiar

skilful scribe or accountant. — Sylhet. It is applied also in to the wife.

Bengal to the Brahman who performs the ceremonies at PuRVA, vernacularly, P6rba, and PtJRAB, or Poorub, S. &c.

the Punyd. (^W) Before, prior, first : east, eastern, the east.

PuRNABHiSHEKA, S. (^^StTh^oF:, from Purua, full) Full Purvaja, S. &c. (^, and »T, born) First-born, the eldest

consecration or initiation, the complete inauguration or son ; applied especially to the son of the first married

coronation of a Raja : it is now applied to complete initi- wife, although he may be born subsequently to the sons

ation into mysterious rites, especially those of the Vdma- of other wives : plur. Purvajdh (irfirtO Ancestors, pro-

chdris, or left-hand worshippers of Sdhti, the female prin- genitors.

ciple, when flesh is eaten and spirits are drunk, and other Purci, Purviya, or Pdrliya, i^^> , li^) Eastern, as a

impure acts are practised. native of the eastern countries, or those lying on the east

Purndbhishikta, (S. ti;§, full, and ^fnft^. inaugurated) of the Ganges, beginning from Bahar : also the bhdshd,

An adept, one fully initiated. or dialect of those districts.

PurnamIsa, S. (tj^iTT'd) A religious ceremony performed on PuRVAi, H. (l^IjjJ , 3^^) The completion of the sugar-cane
the day of full moon. harvest.

Purnamdsi, corruptly, Poorun Mashee, S. &c. (''J^iinft) PiJRWA, (?) Hindi, Subdivision, or a dependency of a village :

Day of full moon. a detached cluster of houses from the principal village, for

Purnimd, S. &c. (ijf5t>n) Day of full moon. the convenience of agricultural operations. —North-west
P'&rnapdtra, S. &c. (Tnnxn^) A full measure or vessel : in Provinces.

429 5r
 PUR PUT
PuRWANi, Mar. S. (^t.^t) Fitting up or supplying a part ing him, who is either an orphan, or has been deserted by
wanting : a supplement, an appendix. his parents ; 5. Gudhaja (from gudka iTZ , secret) Son of
Purwani-hand, Mar. (^['grJlft. and ^, a sheet of paper) concealed birth : one born of the wife during the absence
A supplementary sheet, the paper on which a supplement of a husband, or under circumstances which leave the father
is written. doubtful; 6. Apaviddha {^nf^, lit., deserteA) A found-
PuRwi.R, Mar. (^t^TK) Substantiating by evidence. ling : one deserted by his natural parents and adopted by
Pus, Poos, H. (ij*.ji)
The name of a month (Dec-Jan.) : a stranger ; 7. Kdnina (from kanyd oiraiT, a virgin) The
see Pausha. son of a girl, yet unmarried, or before consummation
PusHKAKiNi, S.&c.(5«5|rPl3!ft) A large pond or piece of water. 8. Sahodha (from saha ^, with, and udhd ^HSl, a bride)

PusHT, H. (p. ei^) The back : ancestry, progenitors. The son of a pregnant bride, who, being accepted with the
Pusht ha pusht, or Pusht dar pmht, H. (ci^-io ^ oAj, woman, becomes the son of the husband ; 9. Krita (gfhf)

LlL^ijd ^::,^X Pust dar pust. Mar. (q^i^l.Mw) Gene- The son bought, one purchased of his parents ; 10. Pau-
ration, by or after or according to generation. narbhava (see Punarbhii) Son of a twice married wo-
PusHTA, H. (p. alio), PostI, Beng. (ctt^) A bank, a man ; 11. Swayamdatta (from smayam ^^R , self, and
buttress, an embankment, a wall or building of masonry datta, given) A son self-given, one who, being without
on the bank of a river or a piece of water. natural parents, or being deserted by them, offers himself

Pushtabandi, less correctly, Pushtibandi,ll.&c. d^iiJu^lio) for adoption ; \2.Pdrasava (from para, XTO, another, and

An embankment : repairing embankments : an extra cess sava 51^, a corpse) The son of a Sudra mother by a man
imposed formerly upon the revenue payers for the expense of the three first castes. Another description of son some-
of keeping embankments in repair. times enumerated as one of the twelve, to the exclusion of

PusTAKA, vernacularly, Pustak, S, &c. (vi^TSfi), Puttakam, the last, is the Putrikdputra or son of a daughter
Tam, (l-I^SjSlc) A book, a manuscript. (ilf-ilohl), who, by agreement or adoption, becomes the son
Pustdkpdnat, Mar. (uW<*Mlti7) A general term for books of her father : of these, in the present age, besides the son

and papers. lawfully begotten, the son given, or adopted son, is univer-
Puttakddr, correct reading of Puttuckddr, (?) Tam. (l_|S- sally recognised ; the son made, or Kritrima, is acknow-
SSSfTlj) A kind of collector or Zamindar in Tanjore ledged in some places, as in MithUa : the admissibility of

in charge of a district : lit, a bookkeeper. — Fifth Rep. the son bought is disputed: the rest are universally rejected.

PuTH, (?) H. Small sand hillocks commonly found at the Putrahhdga, S. &c. (TnriTPT) Division of inheritance

extremity of a village where the country ceases to be level amongst, or according to, sons.

sometimes the whole area of the village is of this descrip- Putrapratinidhi S. (llfilf«Tfil. a substitute) Any affiliated

tion. —Agra. son other than the son begotten: an illegitimate son, or

PuTRA, S., but universally adopted, or, vernacularly, P£rT, one who, without being legally adopted, is treated as a child.

(tra: , itit) A son : in the old Hindu law the term was ap- Putreshti, S. (iT'gfF) A sacrifice performed in order to ob-

plicable to twelve objects of affiliation ; 1. Aurasa (from tain male children, one performed at the time of adoption.
uras ^iMt the breast) A legitimate son, or one born of Putri, or Puirikd, S. &c. i'V^, jf^oKT) A daughter.

a wife of the same class ; 2. Kshetraja (from 'S|'g , a field, PuTTAN, Mai. (o_jn5i'3>nr6) A coin current in Cochin.

i.e. a wife, and if, born) The son bom of a wife duly PuTTi, PooTY, corruptly, Poottie, Poddie, Poody, Tel.
appointed to raise up issue to a husband who is incom- (c|J)ej) A measure of capacity equal to twenty Turns,
petent, or has died childless ; 3. Datta or Dattaha (from and containing 14941 653 cubic inches . : the same as the

^, given) A son given by his parents for adoption, ac- hhandi or candy : in the northern Sarkars the Putti is of

cording to prescribed rules : a son lawfiiUy adopted : in smaller dimensions, consisting of 3635 413 cubic
. inches.

some cases the natural father retains a right in his son, — Jervis : but there is also one larger termed Malka Putti,
when he is termed Dwydmushdyana, or the son of two It is sometimes applied to a measure of land of about
fathers, and is heir to both ; 4. Kritrima (from ^171, made) eight acres.

A son made : a boy of the same class as the person adopt- Puttidosillu, Tel. (^^^^^) A fee of two handfuls

430
 PUT RAF
from each putti of grain paid to the village servants, pro- RAcH, Asam ('SIf) A loom.
hibited at present, but frequently levied. Racha, RAchavadu, pronounced, RatsawIk, corruptly,

PuttimdnikS, Tel. (^|5^?~°o) s) A mdnike, or measure RACHBWAH,RAISWAR,R0WAH,Tel. C^^ , lT'l5oJ^&!)

so termed, or 160th part per putti distributed in charity. probably from the S. XJWl) The name of a military and
PuTUVAL, Mai. (og^oJtab, from putii, new) Newly in- ruling tribe, or of an individual of it, claiming descent from
closed or cultivated land. the pure Kshatriyas of the Hindus, established chiefly in

Putuval-pdtam, Mai. (Q_J^aJfljba_lD§o) Rent of newly the northern Sarkars, and remarkable for their high sense
cultivated land. of honour, and the desperate acts by which they expiate a

real or imaginary insult.

R. Rabd, or RuDD, less correctly, Rad, or RuD, H. &c. (A. lij)

Rab, corruptly, Raub, Hindi, &c. (xj^) Inspissated juice of Raddu, Tel., Karn. (°^) Rejection, repulsion, refu-

the' sugar-cane : also, in Mar., ground prepared by the tation, reply : repeal, abrogation, making null and void

burning of leaves, grass, sticks, &c., for sowing : also the sometimes, erasure : in Mohammadan law it applies espe-

crop raised on the ground so prepared. cially to the return or surplus of an inheritance which

Raba, Thug. Any trick practised on travellers. remains after the legal portions have been distributed among
RabIdi, or Rabahi, Guz. (i(.^ljl) A caste of cowherds and the sharers, and which, in default of a residuary heir, re-

milkmen, or an individual of the caste, who attend on and turns, or is to be divided amongst the original sharers.
graze cattle, and sell the milk of both cows and camels, Rad-bdtel, Guz. (i(S>4l<Ti6l) Null and void : in law, abro-

and the ghee made from it gated, repealed.

Rabni, or RabntJk, Mar. (^(«Ji!)l, <m'4U«h) Culture, tillage, Radd-ul-jawdb, or Radd-i-jarvdb, H. (A. i__>i^Ij,) Re-
the operations of husbandry generally. joinder, reply to a reply, refiitation of a defence.

Rabta, incorrectly, Raptee, Mar. (il^rtl, from ^^%, to Radd-ndma, H. (P. &«U, a document) A deed of rescission,
labour) The practice of exacting labour on public service, one abrogating a former engagement

or for public functionaries, from the Mhdrs of a village : Baddu-mddida-hdgada, Karn. (5&)^XTSa^a^X(5) a
a tax in commutation of such labour: it also occurs as paper or voucher on which the writing is erased.

Mdhtd-mhdr. Radh, pronounced Rabh, Beng. ('Stl?) The part of Bengal

Rdbtyd, Mar. (u°li<(l) The village Mhdr compelled to give which lies on the west of the Hugli branch of the Ganges.
his labour on public work, or pay a commutation tax. Rddhi, Rddhiya, or Rdrhi, Rarhiya, Beng. (^tfp, Tt^V^)
Rabb, Rubb, H. (a. ilij) A lord, a master. Belonging to the country of Rdrh ; applied especially to

Mabh-ul-Arg,^, (A. (,jo^\(1jj) A landholder, a proprietor one of the two principal divisions of the Brahmans of
of land. Gaur, or Bengal, subdivided into fifty-six branches or fami-

Sabb-ul-mdl, H. (A. JUjltllj,) An owner or possessor of lies, of which six are considered as Kulinas, or Brahmans
property or capital. of family : their designations are Mukhuti, vulgarly Muk-
Rahh-ViS-salam, H. ( JLuJil-^) A purchaser who pays for an harjia, Ganguli or Gangoli, Kanjelala, Ghoshdla, vul-
article in advance or anticipation. garly Gosaul, Bandhyagati, vulgarly Banerjia or Bon-
Rabia, pronounced, Rabi, commonly, but incorrectly. Rub- narji, and Chatati, vulgarly Chattarji, Chatoji, or Cha-
bee, H. (A. j^), Hindi, Mar. (T^, X^) The spring, turjia : these, if correctly given, are proper names with-
the months of March- April : the spring harvest or crop out any peculiar signifiation : also an armed messenger
sown after the rains and reaped in the first three or four or attendant, a Peon, a Barkanddz ; also the name of a
months of the year ensuing : a name common to the third low and servile caste in Cuttack.

and fourth months of the Mohammadan year. Ra FA, corruptly, Ruffah, H. &c. (-*,, ^t) Settlement of
Mabid-ul-dwal) H. (A. JjSl«^) The first of the two months an affair or dispute.

termed Rabid, the third of the Mohammadan year. Rafdndma, H. (():-«U«i,) A deed of compromise, one by which
Rabid-us-sdni, H. (A. tiUll-^) The fourth month of the a dispute is settled.

Mohammadan year, the second

431
Rabid. Rafd-dafd, H. (jiJji;), Raphe-daphe, Mar. (if^ ^ Settle-
 RAF RAI
irient of an affair, liquidation of a debt, deciding a dispute: Rdhzani-hd-kMn, H. (P. y;^, blood) Highway robbery
sometimes used adjectively, settled, decided. with murder.

Rafiai H. (a. «^ , from «j; , elevation) High, noble ; used Rdhzani-bd-zakhm, H. (A. *i-5 a wound) Robbery on , the

commonly in forming titles, as, Bafid-ul-darjdt, the high road with personal injury.

in degree ; Rafid-us-shdn, the high in dignity, &c. RAHAi, H. (P. (_jvib^) Liberation, escape.

Rafizi, or Rafzi, H. (A. (_j^|;j

i_f^^ ^ heretic, com- Rabat, or RAni.T, also,vemacularly, Arhat, and Harath, q.v.
monly applied by the Suni Mohammadans to the Shias. Hindi, Mar. (T?T, X^JZ) A machine for drawing water
Rafugae, H. (a. P.^ji, fromji), darning) A darner, one from wells, a beam connecting two wheels so employed,
whose business is to mend or darn cloth, silk, shawls, &c. or the Persian water-wheel.

Ragada, Tel. C^XiS) Black clay soil. Rahdtdgar, Mar. (t^TTFR) A plantation irrigated by water-
Ragi, vulgarly, Raggy, Karn. (^'^), Mai. ((DOCOl), wheels.

Ragulu, Tel. (plur. TT'^eu) A kind of grain, a sort Rahdt^gddgen, Mar. (T?13^TS5i) A wheel with a wreath of

of panic commonly termed also Nacheni : see Ndchni. pots round it for drawing up water from a well, the

Ragon, Thug. An omen, good or bad. Persian water-wheel.

Ragnauti, Thug. Taking the auspices. Rahdti, Mar. (t^tJ) A water-wheel worked by the feet.

Rah, Rah, H. &c. (P. Xj, i\j, t?, ^If), also Raha, Mar. Rakdtwani, Mar. (Tl^limul) Water supplied by a water-

iv^) A road, a way : (in its compounds in Hindustani wheel from a well.

it may be written with either the short or the long vowel, Rahn, incorrectly, Rahin, H. (A. ^J^) A pledge, a pawn,

although, as the latter is in general more used, it is here property given as security for a loan, but of which the

given in that form only in the words of that language). usufruct is not enjoyed by the lender, nor can it be trans-

Rdhhar, H. (P. j^^J) A guide, a conductor ; Rahbardn, ferred or sold.

plur., an item of deduction formerly allowed to the Za- Rahanndmd, incorrectly, Rahin-ndma, Uriya (Q^g1Si>lS)|)

mindars to cover the expense of providing guides for A deed of mortgage, a deed of pledge.

the safe conduct of travellers and traders through their Rahan-tamassuk, Uriya (from H. i^imaS) A mortgage-bond
estates. Rdhin, H- (A. f^^u) A borrower on a pledge or pawn.

Rdhddr, H. (.IjJfcl;) A collector of tolls or transit duties. Rah'&n, H. (A. j^jJb))- The thing pawned or property mortgaged.

Rdhddri, incorrectly, Rddarree, Rahdarry, and Rahdurry, RahnI, Thug, lit.,

'
To remain,' a temporary grave.

H. &c. ((fjlAa^, from (_f;li>, having, keeping), Rahddri, Rahita, Rahitu, Karn. (SSos^ oSoS:)) A farmer, a cul-

or Rahdddri, Mar. (^^i^nff , T^T^TCt) A passport, a custom tivator (a corruption of Raiat).

pass or permit : transit duties, tolls and duties collected RahwA, H. (ijaj) A slave, one not purchased.

at inland stations upon grain and other articles, levied for- RAHWAf, H. (i_yl}!fcf, from rahnd, to remain) House rent

merly by the government, or sometimes by the Zamindars Rahwdid, H. Wfy) An inhabitant, a householder.

on their own authority. UAi, corruptly, Roy, H. (l^;^ ^^^> Hindi (jpt), Ri.Y, Beng.

Rahddri-, or Rahdddri-jaMt,Ma.r. (.X^vCt -t^l^thr^iT) (JC\V) A prince, being a provincialism for Raja : under

Transit duties : in Sindh, Black mail, a fee paid to escape the Mohammadan governments it was a title given to

plunder. Hindu civil officers of high rank, whence it became a

Rahddri-chiti, Tel.
({^^"S^S-^&S) A custom pass spe- family designation, as, Rammohun Roy.
cifying the duties to have been paid. Rdi-rdydn, corruptly, Roy-royan, H. {,J^}j ij\j) A prince :

Rahddri-pullari, Tel. i«(S^Q) A tax or fine levied for- lit., prince of princes, but applied as a title to Hindu civil

passing over fields. functionaries of high rank it was the title borne by the
merly on cattle :

Rdhgir, H. (;J^|;) A traveller. financial minister and treasurer of the Nawab of Bengal,

Rdhkharch, H. (P. ^j=;al;) Way-expenses, travellingcharges. and was assigned by the British government to the chief

Rdhnumd, H. (P. UJJt)j) A guide. native revenue officer whom they appointed in 1772, on

Rdhzan, H. (P. ^^jl>\J) A robber, a highwayman. abolishing the office of Naib Diwan.

Rdhzani, H. idj^\)) Robbing on the road. Rai, or RAai, corruptly, Rye,H. (A. ^\j) Rate, the local rate

432
 RAi RAJ
of assessment, the standard rate at which the lands of a each actual cultivator of the soil for a given term, usually
villag^e or district are asssesed, according to their several a twelvemonth, at a stipulated money rent, without the in-
qualities. Reg. ii. 1795. tervention of a third party : it is the mode of assessment
Bai-handi, Ryhvndee, H. ii^'^.^^j) A statement or table which prevails chiefly, although not exclusively, in the
of rates, a document shewing the rates at which different provinces of the Madras Presidency.
descriptions of land are usually assessed in any particular Rdiyatwdr-jamA-bandi, H. (from t_fi\AjjeA2^) Statement
district of the revenue settlement made with each cultivator.
Edi-kankuti, H. (iJ^^^j) Lands of which the assess- Raydni-muchchilika, Tel. (A. ^CO0-°^&0g)S-S^) An
ment was rated according to the value, or a fixed or cus- engagement entered into by the villagers for the cultivation

tomary rate, of produce per bighd. of the lands.

Raigar, H. (.^}j) a caste or tribe of Rajputs : in Mherwara Raj, H. (_.1) , S. Rajyam XJl^) A kingdom, a principality.
it is applied to a low caste working in skins and leather, Raja, H. (S. \»-\j) A king, a prince, a title given by the
or employed as labourers. native governments, and in later times by the British go-
Raij, H. (a. A^j) Customary, usual, current. vernment, to Hindus of rank : it is also assumed by petty
Mdij-ul-maJtt, H. (A. i^lI^^'^J;) The practice or custom chiefs in various parts of Hindustan, and is not uncom-
of the time. monly borne by Zamindars. (In Sanscrit compounds Rdjd
Raikat, Beng. (?) A title given in some places to the pos- makes the final short, as Rdjadharma, the duty of a king :

sessor of a Zamindari, as the head of the family and right- and in the spoken languages this is vulgarly abridged

ful heir. to Rdj, as Rajdharm, Rdjdanda, &c. : it is, of course,

Raiyat, vernacularly, Rayat, and, corruptly, Ryot, H. (A. more correct in all cases to retain the short final vowel,

C1."J£;> plur. R&dya, or Rata., or Hay a, \>\c-j , from j-c, but in compliance with current use some of the following
to pasture, to feed, to protect), Hindi and Mar. (T^ixni), terms are also given without it.

Raiyat, Beng. (3rt^«,), R ayutu, Tel. f?r°dXx3elo) A sub- Rdjabhdgam,Tel. C^Zi-^Ko\orRdjbMg,Ma.T. (tnwi»T,
ject, but especially applied to the agricultural population, from S. bhdga »nn, a share) The government share of
a cultivator, a fafrmer, a peasant. the revenue or of the crop.

Mdyatdwd, Mar. (tTlirr^) Subjects or peasants collectively, Rdjaki, Mar. (^T»nift, from S. tTlT^R^) Royal, relating to
people, peasantry. royalty ; especially as vernacularly used in an evil sense,

Mdiyat-azdr, H. (P. jljl, who torments) Tyrannous, op- oppressive, tyrannical.

pressive, an oppressor. Rdj akrdnti, or Rdj akrdnt. Mar. (TT?rgitfiT,from S. yHl riil F>if ,

M&iyati, or Rayati, corruptly, Ryotee, H. i,^^j , Xmfi), attack) Hostile invasion, depredation committed by an

Rdiyati, Beng. (iTtf^I^t) Relating or belonging to a enemy, alarm attending it ; also regal oppression, tyranny.

Raiyat : applied also in Bengal to lands of which the Rdjdbansi, Rdjbansi, Beng. (^1^^=^, from S. vansa, or
revenue is paid in money, in opposition to the Khamdr bansa '^, a race ; of royal-race) The name of a low agri-

land^, of which the revenue is paid in kind ; also to a cultural caste in Rangpur : in its literal sense it is ap-
settlement direct with the cultivators ; also, subjection, plicable to any of the royal or martial tribes, as the
tenancy. Rajputs, &c.

Rdiyat-ndma, H. (P. ^U, a document) An engagement Rdjbahd, H. (S. from U^ , to flow) The principal or com-

given by the cultivators to the landlord or proprietor. mon branch of a canal.

w w
Rdiyati patid, corruptly, Ryotee pottak, H. (IL
^>^J) Rdjabhent, H. (ciL^Ju^ , a visit) A present to a great man
A lease given to a peasant or cultivator. on waiting on him, or a fee paid to a public functionary
Rdiyat-parrvar, H. (P. jjj>, protecting) A benevolent for permission to begin to reap.

sovereign or landlord. Rdjdanda, Beng. (ITl'SiTf^Q , S. ^) A fine or penalty in-

Rdiyaiwdr, corruptly, Ryotmar, H. (V.Jt^^.::,^,) Accord- flicted by the prince or ruler.

ing to or with Ruiyats, familiarly applied to the revenue Rdjadhdni, or Rdjdhdni, H. &c. (jjlajvs^L S. THnnrft)
settlement which is made by the government officers with A capital city, the residence of the governing
authority
433 5s
 RAJ RAJ
in Rangpur Rdjdhdni designates the neighbouring pos- Jaisalmer are members. The Tudr tribe is of doubtful
sessions of the Raja of Kuch Bahar. origin, although boasting ofVikramdditya as a member; it

Rdjdhuti, Beng. ('Ste^T^t) A piece of cloth, such as is worn is usually considered a branch of the Yadu race. The Agni-
round the loins, presented to a Zamindar by a tenant ion hula races are origiaally four, the Pramdra, Parihdra,
receiving permission to marry. Chdluhya, Chauluhya, oxSolanM, and Chauhdn; the first

Rdjguru, or Rdjgur, Hindi (tt»m^) The spiritual adviser contains thirty-five Sdkkds, of which the best known are
of a prince or chief ; considered as belonging to a parti- the Mori, supposed to be the same as the Maurya, which
cular caste in the Dakhin : in Guzerat the Brahmans who would include Chandragupta,. or Sandroeoptus, the Soda,
officiate as the domestic priests of the Jharejas. Sanhld, Khair, Umra, and Sumra (now Mohammadans),
Rdjik, Mar. &c. (jX^n), Rdjikam, Mai. (fOOSUcftio) Op- Vehil, Maipawat, Balhdr, Kaha, Omata, Rehar,
pressive tyranny, any distress arising from bad government Bhundha, Sortiah, and Harir : all these are in fhe west
also the calamities of hostile invasion. of Malwa and the desert of the Indus ; 2. the Parihdra
Edjkar, Beng. CSl^^^, S. ZRT:, a tax) The government tax has twelve divisions, but is little known ; 3. the Chd-
or revenue. luhya race was once of great power in the west of India
Mdjakumdr, or Rdjkumdr, or Rdjakumdra, Hindi (t;1»I- and Guzerat, as still testified by numerous inscriptions,

^nX., from S. cKHTt, a youth, a prince) The son of a dated in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries: a

Raja, a prince : the name of a numerous and opulent caste more ancient branch also was powerfiil in the Dakhin
in the north-west provinces, following agriculture, though sixteen branches are specified, of which the Bhagel tribe is

claiming to be of the military or regal tribe : the Raj- the best known ; 4. the Chauhdn, or Chdhumdna, com-
kumars in the district of Benares were notorious for the prised twenty-four branches, of whom the Hdras, giving a
murder of their infant daughters. name to the district of Sdrdwati, and numbering amongst
Rdjaput, or Rajput, commonly, Rajpoot, H. &c. (cyy^l its ranks the Rajas ofKota andiBundi, is the most eminent.
TTSTOT, from S. TV^, and putra Vri, a son), in some The Khichis of Raghugarh, Deoras of Sirohi, Sonagaras of
dialects, as in Gviz.,Rajput, orRujpootHs/UCl) A prince, Jhalore, and Pamaichas of Pawagarh, are also distinguished

the son of a Raja, the general designation of the races in branches. Besides these, the thirty-six royal races include

the north and west of India, who pretend to spring from many whose origin even fiction has not ventured to ac-

the ancient dynasties of the sun and moon, forming the count for, as the Chaura, or Chdmara, the Tdk or Tak-
Suryavansi and Chandravand tribes, or from a sacred shak, the Jit of the Punjab, and Jdt of the Jumna and
fire kindled on Mount Abu, by the saint Agastya, and Ganges, who, nevertheless, is never styled a Rajput, the

who are thence termed Agni-hula, of the family of fire : Mun, the Kdtti, the Bdtta, the Jhalamakwahana, from
from these sources thirty-six primary royal races are sup- whom Jhdlawdr is named, the Gohil, Sarrvaya, or Sari-
posed to originate. The solar dynasties are, 1. the Grahi- aspa, the Jetwa, or Kamari, Bdbi, Gor, Doda, Gerhwdl,
lote, or Gehlote, of which the Rana of Udayapur is a mem- Chandela, Bundela, Bir-g-ujar, Sengar, Sikharmdl, Bais,

ber: it is subdivided into twenty-four iS«Ma«, or branches, Dahia, Johya, Mohil, Nihumha, Rdjpatij Bahirya,

of which the Sisodhia is the most distinguished, sometimes Bahima : the lists of these races, however, differ materially,

giving a title to the whole race ; 2. Rahtore, said to be and some of the tribes pretend also to trace their descent

descended from Rdma, by Kusa, his second son ; but this from the solar or lunar dynasties : of those best known
is sometimes disputed: it has twenty-four branches: the Raja almost innumerable subdivisions are to be met with in

of Marwar, or Jodhpur, belongs to this tribe ; 3. Kach- different parts of India, but especially in the Upper Pro-

wdhd, also said to spring from Kusa, to which the Rajas vinces, extending from Bahar and Benares to the north and

oi Jaypur belong : it comprises twelve Kothris, or houses. west of the Punjab, in Malwa, and in the region to which

There is but one race said to spring from the moon, through they give their name, Rdjasthdna, or Rdjputdna, spread-
Krishna, or that of Yadu or Jadu, comprehending eight ing to the Indus and Sindh westward, and southward into

branches, of which two are well known and powerful, the Guzerat and Cutch.

Jhdreja, and Bhatti, of which the Rajas of Cutch and Rdjasdsanam, Mai. (S. fOO^OBOOrOpoo, from S. ^mif,
434
 RAJ RAK
an order) A royal edict or command, regal government Rak AT, H. (A. O*^") Repeating or reading a number ofprayers
a royal grant, especially a grant by some prince or public of theKuran, accompanying it with various gesticulations)

officer, inscribed on plates of copper. as prostrations and genuifliexions, which may be either com-
Mdjasrva, Beng. (S. fll«t<i, from S. ^, own) Tax or manded, or traditional, or voluntary ; the orthodox attitude

revenue due to the government, royal or public revenue. consists in bending the body forwards as horizontally from
Mdjrodr, Mdjwdrd, Beng. (S. TTt^^l^, sTt^^j^) In the hips as possible, resting the palms of the hands on the
Rangpur, the territory of the Kuch Bahar Raja, as dis- knees and fixing the eyes on the great toes. See Itukicd-

tinct from the Company's. Rakba, Rukba, corruptly, Ruckbah, H. &c. (A.&iJj, (.etcm)

Sajwdro, Guz. (^s/Hl SI) The country of the Rajputs, Inclosure, area : the lands comprised within the boundaries

Marwar, &c. of a village or township, or constituting an estate or

Raja, Thug. The loud call of the large owl. farm paying a money-revenue : the measured or ascertained

Rajab, H. (a. 4-_*vs-j) The seventh month of the Moham- extent of such lands : (the notion may have been bor-

madan year, also called Rajdb-ul-murajah, the sacred or rowed from the original radical Makaha, meaning to put a

holy year, as hostilities amongst the Arab tribes were pro- chain or collar round the neck, whence the substantive,

hibited during its continuance before Mohammadanism. a collar, and thence an area) : thence also, in Mohammadan
Rajia, (?) H. A grain-measure. — Gorakhpur. law, a slave, a purchased slave.

Rajaka, Rajak, S. &c. (^oS) a washerman. Rakhdbandi, corruptly, Ruckbabundee, H. (A. ^^JjJMj ,

Rajm, a, ((»T^() Stoning to death, by Mohammadan law the ^«h'«(N<^l) A statement of the area of any estate, village,

punishment of adultery. or township, one of the accounts that should be kept by

Rajat, H. (a. Li-sjtsy) Return, return of the person di- the village accountant, shewing the total quantity of land

vorcing to the person divorced. belonging to the community, the portions that pay or are

Raji, H. a barbarous tribe in Kamaon. See Sawat. exempt from revenue, and those which are cultivated or

Rajivanaru, Rajiyavaru, Karn. (TTagS^SJaJrOOO uncultivated, or incapable of cultivation.

O^aS^COOaoOjplur.) A class of ^!<rfrffl« employed under Rakbazamin, H. (from P. ^^^f-*;) The ascertained whole
the former government of Mysore as armed jseows; a class of extent of the lands of a township paying revenue.

people in Kamaon speakingTelugu, and pretending to descend Rakh, H. &c. {^\j, X\'m, S. XX^O Ashes.

from the Kshatriya caste, practising medicine and other arts. Rdkhrdngoli, Mar. (tra^Pft^l) Total devastation of a

Raka, H. &c. (S. 1^1^) Full moon, also day of full moon. field, country, &c., as if it was reduced to ashes.

Rakam, Rakm, or RuKUM, H. &c. (A. Jj) A writing, a Rakshana, S. (xi'^Jir), in the dialects the s is rejected, and
handwriting ; a mark ; a peculiar method of notation with the first vowel sometimes made long, as, Rakhan, H.
the initials of Arabic names of numbers : kind, sort, manner
(^J;^!;),
Rakhan, Beng. Mar. ('^''IJI) Preserving, guard-

an item of an account ; any fixed or stipulated sum ; a ing, protecting, keeping : tending, as cattle and the like

fractional share of an undivided estate : rate of assessment sometimes, also, the hire or pay of a guard or a present or

in Kamaon, rent, revenue. fee for protection.

JRakamsiwdi,!!. (ij\y^Jj, A. ty«, except, besides) What Bdhhnd, Mar. (^Ti^TlIT) A guard, a watch, a person set to

is over or in excess of the stipulated sum or revenue. tend cattle.

Itakami, or Bakmi,Il. SccC^^j) Written, noted, registered: Rdkhanddr, Mar. (Trt^JJJ^Tt) A watch or guard over a
according to kind or sort; according to usage: estimated, com- house, field, &c.

puted, not exactly determined ; or sometimes it means settled, Rakhanhdr, H. (h>ij^j) A watch, a guard.

fixed, permanent, especially as applied to the land tax. Rdkhani, Beng. (Tt'^tpT) Hire or pay of a guard or watch.

Raham-vdri, Tel. (OSO.vJn'S) According to sort or kind, Rdkhdl, Beng. (^"SttST) A shepherd, a cowherd, one who
especially as to coins of different currencies. tends cattle, &c.

Mdkim, H. (A. Jil;) A writer, the writer of any document. Bdkhd, Guz. (^l"ll) The purchaser of a bill of exchange,

RakIna, Mar. (^cRt'Tl) A division or colomn made on a sheet one who pays a sum of money to a banker and receives

of paper by folding it longitudinally. a bill of exchange for the amount.

435
 RAK RAM
Mahhi, H. (^^J) Tribute paid for protection, a kind of Edkshasa, S., vernacularly, Edkhas, or Edchhas, (XX^^,
black mail ; also a protector. Xl'^'JS) Relating to a demon : one form of marriage an-
Mdkhi, Hindi, &c. (t;T^i S. t;^) A piece of thread or ciently recognised, where a maiden has been carried off

silk, or tinsel, bound round the wrist on particular occa- by force after her kinsmen have been subdued or slain,

sions, especially on the full moon of Srdvan, either as a fiend-like marriage : the 49th year of the cycle.

an amulet and preservative against misfortune, or as a Mdkhasi held, or Rdkshas held, H. &c. (Lkja«j.^i^li, I.HsmQja i)
symbol of mutual dependence, or as a mark of respect Twilight, about an hour and a half before dark : time
amongst the Rajputs it is sometimes sent by a lady of rank when evil spirits are abroad.

or family to a person of influence or power whose protec- Mdchhas-biah, H. (silw^j*.^]^) Violent seizure and abduc-

tion she is desirous of securing, and whom she thus adopts, tion of a girl.

as it were, as a male relative or brother : in Puraniya, Rakht, H. (P. =y ) Goods, chattels, effects.

JRdkhi implies the portion of the lands of the village as- Rakht matda, P. A. (elXe;C>^) Personal property ex-

signed as the watch or charge of each Sakhrodld : in My- clusive of cash or bullion, or negociable stock ; more pro-
sore the term is also applied to the actual cautery. perly denominated Mdl, although Mdl, used in a com-
Jtdkhipurnimd, Hindi, &c. (TJ5fhrf5S*Tr, from S. 'itPSt, day prehensive sense, includes all personal property.

of full moon) The day of fiill moon in the month Srdvan, Rakt, Rukt, H. &c. (S. \^j, tS) Red, blood.

on which the Hdhlii is sent to, or brought by, friends, or Raktdhshi, S. &c. (tliT^jt) The 58th year of the cycle

by Brahmans, and bound round the wrist with a suitable lit., the red-eyed.

mantra or prayer. Raktakodige, KaxD. (pOj^Qtr^) Grant of land rent-free

Rakhopa, Guz. (ij.'^L'M.) A tax paid for protection against to the family of a servant killed in battle.

thieves. Raktamdnyam, Mar. (T^m^^) Free-rent lands granted for

Makhopo, Guz. (^.'^I'HO Money paid for watching or wounds or for services in war : blood-money.
guarding goods or houses, &c., a watchman, a guard. Raktwdn, Mar. (|.^c(|<t) A person whose occupation is

Rakhwdr, Makhwdl, or Rakhmdld, H. &c. (j'j^j, i}'^j, selling ink ; a servant whose duty it is to supply ink and
Sl»4^) A guard, a watch, a keeper of a field, one who has provide and place the leaves that are used as plates at a meal.

charge of the standing crops to prevent their being injured Ramaa, a. GU,) Usury.

or plundered, a tender on cattle and the like : a protector, RamXrami, Tel. (5^0-°5tU) An average: or, adv., upon
a guardian : in some parts the term is also applied to one or according to an average, more or less, according to guess.

who is supposed to be capable of counteracting the evil RAma, vernacularly, RAm, S. &c. (jjn) A name given to

designs or practices of malevolent beings, or witchcraft, three of the ten avatars, or Paramrdma, Rdmachandra,
and the like. and Balardma (the latter being substituted for his brother,

Makhwdli, H. (^\j^j) The office of watching, guarding, Krishna) : the name by itself is, in current use, applied

&c., the hire of a guard or watch : money paid for pro- especially to the second, the prince of Ayodhyd : in compo-

tection against depredators, or for refraining from depre- sition it sometimes intimates excellence or superiority, as

dation, black mail. Rdma-, or Rdmrsdli, a superior kind of rice.

Maltshdbhogam, Mai. (S. ro<jMii06)(30C/Oo) Tax or fee paid Rdmalild, vernacularly, Rdmlild, H. (tm^f^, fi-om S.

by an inferior to a superior for the latter's protection. ^^, sport) A dramatic epitome of the adventures of

RakhAts Hindi (TPBTTT) Lands set apart for grazing. Rdma, performed publicly in the month of Aswin ; in

Puraniya. some places, as at Benares, with great splendour.

Rakhle, incorrectly Rakhile, Mar., (T^^B^) A word used to Rdmanavami, or Rdmnavami, H. ( JL IH q^ift, S. 7r^ift,the

denote the purchaser of a hundi or bill of exchange, he ninth lunation) The ninth day of the light half of Ckaitra,

by whom the money has been paid, and in whose favour the birth-day of Rdma.
it is drawn. Rdmamat, Hindi (i:R?riT) An ascetic of the Vaishnava sect,

Rakshas, S. vernacularly, Rakhas {t^, tS^) Rachiias, following the doctrines of Rdmdnand, and thence termed

H. (i/»^|^) An evil spirit, a demon, a goblin. also Rdmdnandi, who taught the especial worship of Rdma

436
 RAM RAN
about the end of the 13th century : his followers are col- are sure to be complied with: prayers offered on the

lected in maths or monasteries, and are very numerous in 19th, 21st, and 23d, are also supposed to possess peculiar

the district of Benares and adjacent provinces. efficacy.

Mdm-bdn, Mar. (ilM'ifUJj, from S. vdna, an arrow) An RAn, Mar. (t;T5t) A wood or forest, a waste, wild or uncul-

engagement or promise that will certainly be kept (sure tivated land : also in compounds, wild, as,

as the arrow of Mama). Mdnat, or Mdnrvat, Mar. {XX^, tR^) Sterile, unfit for

Ramhatdi, H. (|_sUj*M Division of the crop between the cultivation : wild, growing spontaneously.

landlord and tenant. Mdndemd, blunderingly, Mdmdrvd, Mar. (tT!T^^) A fee

Mdmdave, Guz. (^L'H^H) A pilfering- Brahman. formerly paid for leave to cut wood in the public forests.

Rdmduhdi, H. ((.jlfciVoK) An asseveration or oath by Mama. Mdnkela, Mar. A wild plantain, and the like.

Mdm,-iidm,W.&c.(JjJj) An exclamation proper to be addressed Mdnmdrjdr, Mar. (S. iraK, a cat) A wild cat.

to a Vaishnava ascetic : it is also used as an exclamation Mdnwd, Mar. (t:R^t) Woody or waste ground, a tract left

of astonishment or aversion : among the Marathas it is to its spontaneous produce, especially in the vicinity of a

the usual interchange of salutation between the common town or village.

classes : in a note it answers to respects, compliments, &c. Rana, H. (UK, ^I»TT, probably a corruption of Mdja) The
Mdmjani, H. ((Jus*!,, from S. ^*n, beautiful, and 'SnT, a title of Hindu princes in Central India : it is borne espe-

person) A dancing girl : it is applied also in Bengal, cially by the sovereign of Udayapur.
under the corruption of Mamjohnny, to a prostitute. Rani, H. (^jh, S. Mdjni TTsft) A princess, the wife of a

Ramasi, Thug. The slang of the Thugs. Raja.

Ramia, Guz. (plur. ^["HL^L) Deep wells requiring large Rand, also Randa, H. &e. {^]j,]33j, THIS, T?^), Rande,
buckets for drawing water. Karn. (P0&) A widow : in Maratha it is used con-

Ramnah, or Ramna, H. it\xtj, Uu,) A park, a preserve temptuously : also, a woman, a slave-girl, a courtesan.

for game : used sometimes as the general name of grass Mdiidgd,titid.Mdndchhandi,MaT. {xifU,XX^^) Addicted

lands. to women, libertine.

Ramosi, or RImosi, incorrectly, Ramoosee, Mar. (u^Tl^d Mandd golak. Mar. (t^H^?'''') A widow's bastard ; also

or -^tft) The name given to individuals of a low and semi- Golaka, q. v. : the name of a caste among the Marathas,

barbarous race, found chiefly in the Maratha country south in which the parents are both of the Brahmanical order.

of Puna, who are thieves by profession and habit, but are Mandemaga, Karn. (OOQDOA) A son of a widow, a term

retained usually in the villages as watchmen : they speak of abuse.

a dialect of Maratha, in which they differ from the Bhils, Ranua, Beng. ('3*9) A man who dies childless : a barren

whom, in other respects, they resemble : they are not found tree, barren.

farther south than Kolapur. Rdndd, H. (lj>j[;) Barren, applied especially to unproduc-

Ramp, Guz. (^loH) A plough used for clearing weeds and tive trees, as the male palm, &c.
stubble. Mandkd, or Mdndhd, Mar. (^ioFT, ^13^1) A widower.
Mdmpri, Guz. (^l°Hil) A plough, smaller than the former, Mdndmund, Mar. (t;T3^, from S. i!^(3, shaven) A widow,
for hoeing, worked between the furrows when the grain used contemptuously : a strumpet, used as a term of abuse.

is ripe. Mdnd rdndeli, Guz. (^loS"ll°S^l) Devoid of ornaments,

Rampi, H. {^e^\)1 £"
isi^l;) ^ knife for scraping and clean- as in widowhood.

ing skins and leather. Mdndwadd, or Mdndreald, Mar. (tt3^3T, tTT^cST, from S

RamzAn, H. (a. ^jLioj) The ninth Mohammadan month, ^rrafoS , a row, a string) Pouring forth a torrent of abuse

during which eating, drinking, and any sensual gratifica- upon a woman, calling her by all sorts of opprobrious

tion is interdicted between dawn and the appearance of the names, as, whore, strumpet, trull, &c.

stars : the communication of the Kuran is fabled to have Mdndyd, Mar. (tJS^t) Libertine, addicted to women.
begun on the 27th of the month, thence termed Lailat- Randhaniya, H. (U^Jbji!;) A cook, a confectioner, a baker-

ul-hadr, or night of power, and prayers on that night Randi, H. ((_yi>0;) A woman.
437 5 T
 RAN RAS
Bandibdz, H. (jIjl/iW;), or Rdndbdj, Mar. (th^^sT) A Ranwatya, (?) Mar. (i.4!mi<l() A grant of land made to a

wencher, a libertine. family whose progenitor has been killed in battle.

Eandibdzi,ll. ii^j^^'i^j), Rdndbdji, Mar. (<U«Jn1) Whore- Rapat, Hindi, &c. (j^, Eng., report) An official statement

dom, fornication. or report, but commonly applied to a motion or petition

Rang, Rung, H. &c. (S. lL^, tn) Colour, dye, from, to a judge in court.
kind, sport, diversion. Raphtanibhaya, Uriya (QCfOlflRIO^I from , the P. raftan

Rangdi, or Rangwdi, H. &c. (i_f IXjj , i^S^j TTT^,

, TJT^T^) ^JiJ>J , to go) An officer whose business it is to superintend

Price paid for dyeing, colouring-, or the like. the despatch of salt.

Rangdri, Karn. (^O'TTcJS) A dyer. Rarain, Thug. Noise of a pack of jackalls, a good omen
Rangi, H. &c. (lA) A. dyer : chintz of which the colours on the left at night, a bad one on the day of starting : on
fly in washing. the right it is bad any time between sunrise and sunset.
Rangmahal, H. &c. (Jas*^) An apartment fitted up for Rari, Hindi iXiXi) A coarse hard grass infesting poor soils.

festive meetings. Rls, H. (A. (^1;) Head : used technically in application to

Rangrez, H. {ySJj) A dyer, a colourer, a painter. cattle, as, I!k rds gdo, one head of cows, i. e. a cow ; do
Rangrezi, H. (i_?JJ;^) Dyeing, colouring, painting. rds asp, two head of horses, i. e. two horses.

Rangak, Hindi (ttn^) A name borne by the Rajputs in Rds-ul-mdl, A. (JU3lj^_^l;) In Mohammadan law, Princi-

the south and west of Malwa, and in Mewar : (according pal, capital, fund or trading stock, the original price of an
to the Marathas the word is derived from 7'dn, a wood, article (from Rds, the head, caput, or capital).

and gari (jl€\), a man, implying a semi-barbarian, or man Ras, H. {{^J) Adoption, the ceremony of adoption ; Rds
of the woods : the Rajputs derive it from ran (xjn) war, bithdnd, or lend, to adopt a son, or, rather, to hold a meet-

and gark ^^s), a fort, but in that case it should be Ran- ing for the purpose of adopting a son.

garh, not Rdngar) : in the north-west provinces the Rdn- Rds^ishin, H. (j^J^ir"];, fi^om P. A. ^Jj^, who sits)

gars are a class partly Hindu, partly Mohammadan, but An adopted son, because he sits in his adoptive father^s seat.

agreeing in disorderly and dishonest habits. Ras, Mar. (^ra, corrupt for Rdsi TX^jPi) A heap, a pile.

Rdngari, Hindi (TCinrt) The dialect of the Hindi spoken See Rdsi.
along the south and west of Malwa, and in Mewar : its Rdsmdthdm, and Rdsmdthyds, Mar. (tV*IHlMr, TmH|sti|ra)

limits are the Indus on the west, Bundelkhand on the east, After harvest : after the gathering and piling of the grain.
the Satpura hills on the south, and Jaypur, Jodhpur, and R AS, H. (i/'y , VS) A kind of grass that overspreads fallow fields.
Jaisalmer on the north. —Malcolm, Central India,' 2. 191. Ras, H. (i/"') ) XX^ Corn after threshing, the grain separated

The name is also applied by the Marathas to all the from the chaflf".

Brahmans of Central India, except those of the south. Ras, or Rash, (?) Beng. The name borne by an individual
Ibid. 123. In Cuttack, Rdngri is the name of a low ser- when engaged in religious rites, it being the custom in

vile caste. some parts of Bengal for an individual to have two names,

Rangvta, Thug. A Sipahi, from his red coat. one his Rds name, as Tdrani-charan, when he is engaged

Ranku, Tel. (OOSO) Adultery, fornication. in religious acts, and the other his Ddk name, as Kesav-

Rankak, less correctly, Rakar, H. (^]j, TXWS) Stony dds, on all other occasions.

ground, or soil abounding with Kankar nodules. RAsA, vernacularly RAs, S. &c. (Xl^) A circular dance, per-

Rao, H. &c. {tij , JJ^) A Hindu title for a chief or prince formed by cowherds and by the worshippers o? Krishna,

(probably derived from Rdja, through Rat) : amongst the in imitation of one he is said to have danced with the

Marathas it is given as a title to distinguished persons, Gopis : a dramatic representation, of which the subject is

whether military or civil, and is assumed by a caste of commonly taken from the stories of Rdma and Krishna.
Sudras pretending to be descended from the primitive Rdsaydtrd, vernacularly, Rdsjdtrd, S. (tWTI^) A festival
kshatriya, or military caste. held in Kdrtika (Oct.-Nov.) in honour of Krishna, when
Rao-kriskak, Hindi ('JJ^=!Weir) The head man of a village : dancing and dramatic representations take place.

lit., the chief cultivator. Rasad, H. &c. (P. liMiJ) A store of grain provided for, or

438
 RAS RAS
sent to, an army : in Bengal and Hindustan the word was Melurdsi, Tel. ( oX)eWCr=&) a heap of winnowed grain

early applied to a progressive increase of revenue settle- (from melu, good).

ment —Reg. viii. 1793, sec. 71 ; but it also denotes a JJbhayardsi, Tel. (^^O&TJ^^) A heap of grain com-

progressive diminution, and likewise implies the amount of prising the shares of government and the cultivator (from

increase or deduction : in Maratha it denoted money paid S. uhhaya, both).

into the public treasury by the native collectors as the Rasi, Mai. (iO0C/9l) Mixed soil consisting of sand and clay

amount of their collections. (from S. Rdsi, a heap, the quality of the soil being tested

Rasad-heshi, H. (^^jji\«j)) An increase of revenue, a gra- by its again filling or being heaped in a pit or hole from

dual increase in the amount of assessment. which it has been dug : if light and poor it will not fill

Masadi, corruptly, Russuddee, H. ((_f A«j; , ^^) Progres- it ; if heavy and solid it will more than fill it.

sively increasing or decreasing, as the annual amount of Rdsi-Mr, Mai. (ro0C/3l<^O) Poor light soil, consisting of

revenue: Mar. (^^) Held on payment into the public loose sand chiefly.

treasury of a sum supposed to be equivalent to its revenue, Rdsi-pasama-kur, Mai. ((00C/3l(i_lC/aQ(^O) Soil of an

a vUlagCi &c. equal or middling sort, a given quantity of which will

Rasadi-jama, H. (**»-(^i3>wj.) A progressively increasing exactly fill a pit or hole from which it has been dug on
or diminishing total of assessment. being replaced in it. See Pasama.
Rasavo, Hindi (^^^) Dressing a field, pulverising and Rasi, S. &c. (tlf^) A sign of the zodiac.

smoothing the soil, and leaving it exposed to the air some Rdsi-chakra, S. &c. (tlf^l-'isfc) The zodiac.

days before sowing. Rasid, H. (.Sj^j, T.-^), Rasidu, Karn. {6^&>) The En-
Rash AD, A. {S^J) Rectitude, direction : in law, the judicious glish word '
receipt,' a receipt.

and discreet management of property. Rasm, H. (A. fMj) Custom, usage, law.

Rashid, A. ("Xjjii) A director, a guide : in law, a person Rasmi, H. (A. ^-«^) Usual, customary.
competent to the management of aflFairs. Rasv/m, or, more correctly, Rusmn, Rusoom, or Roosoom,
Rasi, S. (tlf^r), so also Beng. (^tH), Tel. C^^^), and Mar. corruptly, Russoom, and Rushum, H. (A. |»y*<j, plur. of

(Tr%), but the latter has also Ras (XJM), which is like- .mj). Mar. (^WT), Tel. (OXXi^M) Fees, perquisites, cus-

wise H. (|>~K), corruptly, Rash, Rass. A heap, a pile, a tomary payments and gratuities, commission or allowances
heap of grain, a heap of salt, intending thereby a defi- upon articles bought and sold made to the purchaser or

nite measure in use at Bombay, and equal to 40 tons, or, the servant or agent of the buyer or seller : in Kanara,
with allowances for waste in shipment, 35 tons : the esta- also, the allowances in a crop of grain falling to the vil-

blished rates are \O^Adholis = l Phara,\OQ Pharas = \ lage corporation.

Ana, 16 Anas = 1 Rds : in the Konkan the proportions Rusum-i-chaudhari, H. ((^Jbii^, a head man) Fees and
are somewhat differently reckoned, or 4iV«<was = l Adholi, perquisites of the head man of a trade or of a village.

24 Adholis = 1 Phard, 20 Phards = 1 Ana, 16 Anas Rusum-i-gathri, H. (.i^j^, a bundle) A fee levied under
= 1 Rds : as the Nitroa = 33.553 cubic inches, or by the Mohammadan government on all bales and packages
weight 1.081b. avoirdupois, the Ana = 6220.8 lb. and passing through the custom-house of Murshedabad.

the Ras to 442^ tons : by another mode of reckoning, the Rusum-kdnungoi, H. (^yl^, q. v.) A small fee on the

Ras is equal to only 10 tons. — Jervis on weights and revenue collections allowed to the Kdnungo.

measures, 48. Rusum-i-khazdna, H. (j6\js>-, a treasury) Fees charged at

Rdsi-adugu, Tel. (TT'lesSoXb, from eSiSoXb, the bot- the public treasury on all receipts and payments.
tom), also Talardsi, Karn. (S^tTS^) A small quantity of Rusum-i-khaednchhH. (,_s^]j^i a treasurer) Fees or com-
grain remaining after a heap has been measured, which mission payable to a cashier or treasurer.

is given to the cultivators. Rusum-i-nazdrat, H. (ciJ,LflJ) Fees payable formerly to

Akkirdsi, Karn. (656^01)^) A heap of rice. the Nazir or head officer in charge of remittances from the

Bhugara-rdsi, TeL (w~°A013^s) A heap of grain before coUectorates to the treasury ; now, the fees payable to the

it is winnowed mixed with dirt (hhugara). Nazir of a court on serving a process.

339
 RAS RAT
Mus'dm-sazdTvali, H. (^^}}j*") Charges formerly levied Rath, or Ruth, corruptly Rut, S. &c. (t«l) A chariot, a

in Bengal to defray, in the first instance, the expense of a carriage : in common use applied to a covered carriage

Sazawals, or revenue officers employed on special and tem- used chiefly by women ; also to the car in which idols

porary duty, as collecting the arrears from defaulters, but are conveyed.

afterwards converted into a permanent charge upon the Rathaydtrd, or, vernacularly, Rathjdtrd, S. &c. (t^Pn^)
revenue-payers. The festival of the procession of Krishna as Jagannatha,

Musum-tihdi, H. (from the Hindi ^l^ , a third) A fine or held in the second lunation of the moon^s increase in

quit-rent levied formerly on rent-free lands inBundelkhand, Ashdrh, July-August.

supposed to be a third of the usual assessment. Rathakdra, S. &c. (i:5reliTt) A wheelwright, a coachmaker,

Rusum-zamindari, H. (Srom j\SJo.^j, a landholder) The a man of a mixed caste sprung from a Mahishya father

fees or perquisites allowed to the Zamindar by the Mo- and Karan mother.
hammadan government, or by a commission generally of Rathor, or RIthaur, Hindi (tTTIT, Xxiil) The name of

5 per cent, on the gross collections ; or it sometimes desig- one of the principal Rajput tribes, the origin of which is

nates his Mdlikdna, q. v. ; also fees levied by a Zamindar doubtful : they trace their descent from Kusa, the son of

on his tenants, either on particular occasions, or as a fine Mama, and should consequently be of the solar line, but

or quit rent. they are usually classed with the lunar families : they are

Musumddr, H. (from ilJ, who has) The holder of certain found in considerable numbers in Hindustan, and, at the

fees or perquisites. time of the Mohan\madan conquest, furnished sovereigns

Rashti, H. (^_5-^; , ^^t) An addition or bonus paid by to Kanoj : at present the Raja of Mdrredr or Jodhpur,
the cultivator over his rent for permission to take into and most of his feudatory chiefs, belong to this tribe.

cultivation any waste or uncultivated land which he may (Colonel Tod writes the name Rahtore, which is derived,

find on the estate, and of which there is no claimant. he says, from raht, the spine of Indra ; but the word is

Puraniya. usually written in the native characters as above : the same

Rassi, or Rasi, Russee, Rusee, H. ((_^> TWt), Beng. authority specifies twenty-four Sdhhds, or branches, of the

(ar^) A rope, a cord, a rope or line used in measuring, tribe, which are, however, different clans of Mdrwdr, sprung

usually about 80 cubits long. from the Rajas Chonda, Ranmdl, and Joda, of whom
Rasta, RastA, H.. &c. (p. hImj , ll«l;) A road, a way. severally three, twenty-three, and ten, are still extant : the

Bastdbandi, H. ((_? JaJ<SA*«;) Making or repairing roads. popular nomenclature of the subdivisions of the Rathors

Rastij, Hindi (ttfef*!) Provender furnished by the villagers is probably different in many respects from both).

to troops passing through the country, and deducted from Rati, commonly, Ruttee, tfil, trft), S. (Tf^ieRl) The
(^Jj,
their payments to the government or Zamindar. — Puraniya. seed of the Abrus precatorius, used as the basis of weights

Rastikanta, Uriya (Qg,Oei) Exact weighment (from P. for gold, silver, and drugs : the seed varies, but from
. . 5
rdsti, correctness, and Beng. hdnta, a balance). various trials appears to average about I fgths of a grain

Rasul, H. (a. J^-y) A messenger, an ambassador: the the artificial weight has been found to average nearly 2x
messenger (of God), Mohammad. grains, being one-eighth of a mdsha, rated at 17.708

Raml-namd, Rasul-shahi, H. (from P. UJ, showing, or xLt, grains. As the mdsha in use, however, averages but about

a king) Classes of Mohammadan fakirs 15-2 grains, the eighth, or one Rati, will weigh rather

Ratan, Ratan, Ratal, Ratil, Karn. CC^Wea, IT^kJ^Zi less than 2 grains, or 1.938. Jervis makes it 1.953.

TTBU^j Tr9&3^, corruptions, probably, of Rdhat) A The terra is also applied sometimes, as in Midnapur, to

machine for raising water, a spinning-wheel, a round- an estate or landed property.

about. RItib, H. (a. (._^j1^) Daily allowance of food to labourers

Rdtdnadahdvi, Karn. (^D-BtTSQ^EO-SS)) A well from or to animals, as elephants, camels, &c.

which water is raised by a machine. Rdtiba, H. (A.. Il'^\j) Salary, pay, allowance, pension.

Rath, (?) H. Separate nominal division of a coparcenary pro- Rdtibakhor, H. (j^iJjij ) A stipendiary, a pensioner.

prietary ; commonly, a clan. — Kamaon. Ramdiib, H. (A. t»^'j,, plur. of Rdtib} Necessaries of

440
 RAT RAY
life, as clothes, food, and furniture : in Mohammadan law, force in the decision of law-suits, although contrary to the

salaries, allowances, &c. written law.

Ratikattu-bhumi, Tel. (Tr°&3^^^^tXD) Stony ground Rawdj-ul-wakt, incorrectly, Ruyaj-oql-nmqt, H. (A. c:.^^^)
(from rdi, a stone). Current, customary, according to the time.

Ratl, H. (a. JJs)), Ratal, Mar. (ttT^t) A weight, variously Rawal, H. (J^I;, XX^^) a title borne by some Rajput
rated at 12 to 16 ounces, a pound : at Bombay the Ratal princes and chiefs ; a tribe of Brahmans in Central India

is said to be equal to thirty-six Surat rupees : in the Red in Kandesh it is said to designate a tribe of Rajputs : in

Sea the Rottolo, as it is corruptly called, varies from 10 Kamaon, the title of the head priest of the temple of Ba-
to 24 ounces avoirdupois. darindth, who is invariably a Namburi Brahman from-
Rattam, Tel. ("^§^o) A spinning-wheel. Malabar.

Rauhi, Thug. A policeman, a constable, or Chauki-ddr. Rav^aliya, (?) A low caste of Hindus following the occu-

Raukah, Thug. A banker : quasi Sdhukdr, q. v. pation of horse-keepers and weavers, and sometimes agri-

Raul, corruptly, Raoul, Mar. (^T^SS) The name of a low culture ; they are said also to be mendicants : perhaps the
tribe said to be descendants from a branch of the Yogi same as the Marathi Rdiil.
mendicants, makers of coarse strips of cloth and of tape. RaWANA, corruptly, R0WANAH,R0V7ANNAH, H. &c. (P. "Sil) ,.

Raul, Thug. The clamorous cry of a number of jackalls, t^Rr) A passport, a pass, a certificate from a. collector

always a good omen. of customs authorising goods to pass without payment of

Raut, Mar. (u*h) a horse-soldier. Guz. Rdwat (^["H^l) further duty.

A horse-keeper : a title borne by some families of dis- RawdnagiyU.d^^'ij) Passing, proceeding, despatching; the

tinction in Katiwar who keep studs. purport of a permit or pass, or authority to proceed. Mar.
Rauza, H. (a. ^jj) a mausoleum, a shrine, the tomb of some (K^TRift') A gift to a visitor on sending him away ; a hint
reputed saint at which prayers are recited and offerings to depart : also, export.

presented. Ramdnagi-chitld, Mar. (^3T?T»rif^) A pass, a passport,

Ravanio, Guz. (l(.lHUll^ l) A village watchman or guard. a port clearance.

Ravisu, Ravesu, Tel. (otir6D, <S tiiio) Customary fees Rawdndpatti, Tel. (H. ^cJ^oJ^SlbfeJ) A passport, a per-

or perquisites (from P. (Ajj). mit, a port clearance.

Ravi, vernacularly, Rabi, corruptly, Rubbee, S. &c. (tf%, Mdppurawdnd, Tam. (LQrTUi_ia"6Urr(^n)) A pass or per-
tf%) The sun. mit for goods to pass duty free (from the A.
Muafi).
Ravivara, vernacularly, Ravi-, or' Rahiredr, or -bar, S. &c. Mdtturawdnd, Tam. (uarTS^ljQJrTffitSS)) A pass for

( <r«<NH. ) Sunday. goods on which the duty has been paid.

Rabikhanda, Beng. ('af^'St'Tf) A crop ripened by the sun Rawdnd kahdr, H.

(J^^\}j) A low caste of Hindus, espe-
without rain, a cold-weather crop. cially from the province of Behar, where they pretend to

RavtA, H. (P, ]jj) Passing, going, allowable, lawful, cur- be descended from Jardsandha, king of Magadhd in the

rent. Paurdnik times ; now best known as palankin- bearers

Rawaddri, H. (P. ^J^ii, having) Approbation, sanction. also termed Rawdna-behdrd, either from H. bahdr, the
Rawaiat, written also, Revaibt, H. (P. ci^tj i) A writ- province, or Beng. (4<i^lsii) a (palankin) bearer.

ten legal opinion by a Mohammadan law officer, a treatise Rawat, H. (?) The name of a tribe, considered to be the re-

on points of law, a dictum or opinion of the Dasturs or mains of the aborigines in Kamaon, leading a wanderino-
priests of the Parsis, a narration, a history. and uncivilized life in the forests on the eastern borders
Rawaj, H. (a. ^^), RiWAJ, Mar. (ft^sr) Usage, custom, of the district : it occurs also as the name of a caste in
currency •
also castomary, current. Gorakhpur.

Rimdj-jdsti, Tel. (SoJ'aiS^aD^ , from P. i,}\ij, more) Raya, Karn. (^D^oSd), Rayadu, Tel, (TTSoSbSo), Rayan,
More than customary, more than the survey valuation. Tam. (crrrUJOTr) A king, a prince : Rdya, in Mysore, is

Rarvdj ul mulk, H. (A. (.1AL»J)-.1|^) Custom of the country, also used as an honorific afiix to the name of a Brahman.
usage, which> when clearly established, is held to be of Rdyalu, incorrectly Rayel, the pi. of Rayadu, or Rdya
441 5u
 RAY REG
only, was also the title of the Hindu sovereigns of Vija- Rdzi, also vernacularly, Rdji, H. &c. (ic^\;, TTSft) Consent-

yanagar or Bijnagar, the last Hindu principality of im- ing, agreeing to, contented or satisfied with: also Rdji,
portance in the south of India. Tel. ("0^83) Consent, agreement

Bdyabdra,Edyabhdra,orE&yabhdrike,Ka.m.C^^^^^^~^^, Razdmand, H. (P. liXcUa,) Willing, consenting, assenting.

D-SQ^D^-SeJ, ir3oS3?rseO) Regal government or Razdmandi, H. (P. ^jil>A.«l.Oj) Assent, acquiescence, being

authority. Rdyahdramu, Tel. Negociation, embassy. willing.

Rdydbhdti, Kam. CO^C&^rsfeS) The king's high way, Rdzi ndma, H. (iLMi^iu), in the dialects, Rdji-ndmd,
a principal road. Hindi, &c. (TIsft^nTl) A written assent, a deed of agree-

Rdyasam, Tam. &c. (OTTLUS'Ui) The business of a secre- ment or concurrence, a testimonial signed by a plaintiff

tary, especially of a secretary of state (the word occurs in at the end of a suit that he is satisfied with the decision

all the dialects of the peninsula). a deed of compromise by which the plaintiflFor prosecutor

Mdyasakaran, or Sdyasan, Tam. (ijrTLUS'SSrriJOtJr acknowledges that he has been satisfied by the defendant,
rrrTLUffOOT) a secretary, a secretary of state : also Mai. or a written declaration that he will be satisfied with the

Rdyasakdran ((O3caJC/9<fij0(Onr6). decision of a particular person or persons : the execution

B,dyasadava,'K.&Ta. (o dOXlfOOa) A public or government of a Rdzi ndma usually implies an amicable adjustment.

secretary. Rdjirajdwantim, Mar. (T:i»flT»n^fft^, from and

^_J^5;
Sdyasamuvdru, corruptly, Moysum, Roysam, Tel. (ty°0a3. i_jJ>JL«li.) With or by the permission or assent of: used

rO^JXDoIT^Oj) A. writer, a clerk, a secretary. in bonds and notes, &c., commonly in connexion with
Ratudu, Tel. (Tr°O&0(^) A title adopted as a surname Ahalhusharine ('^[^^'^'^Xi^), with sound mind, with free

by the Velma caste in the Northern Sarkars. will ; with full and unbiassed or unextorted consent

Raz, vernacularly, RAj, H. &c. (P- jj;, or _1^, TJ^) A Rebandi, or Raibandi, (?) Hindi ^X^^, or ^^) Mea-
bricklayer. suring a crop by weighing the produce and allotting the

Raz, H. (p. ;];) A secret, a mystery. government portion. —(Mherwara).

Rdzddr, H. (P. .IJjt.) A confidant : in law, an accessary Rebabt, Guz. (?) A shepherd, or a caste of shepherds, lead-

after the fact, one cognisant of a criminal transaction and ing a partially nomadic life, rearing camels, sheep, and
not making it known. goats, and subsisting chiefly by the sale of the milk and
Rdzddri, H. (P. (^syiijij) Privity to any criminal act, know- wool, not of the animals themselves.

ledge of it and not giving information. Reddi, commonly Rbddy, incorrectly Rheddt, Tel. ('^^)
Rdzddri-mdjard, H. (from A. Ks-U, what had happened) The name of the principal caste of Telinga cultivator^ : a
Cognisance of a criminal transaction, being accessory to a chief farmer or cultivator, especially the head man of a

crime. village in the Telinga country, who is more properly desig-

Rdzddri-bdd-mdjard, H. (from A. I^UiJo«J , after the event) nated as the Pedda-reddi, the senior or great Reddi or

Cognisance of a crime after perpetration, being' accessory villager.

after the fact. Reddiselaga, Tel. (^§ <Oe)A) Fees or perquisites enjoyed

Rdzddri-kabl-i-mdjard, H. (from the A. Ls-UJoii , before by the head farmer or principal cultivator and head mau
the event) Cognisance of an intended crime, being acces- of a village.

sory before the fact. Reddivadu, plur. Reddivdru, vulgarly, Reddymar, and,
RazAa, H. (a. P^;> from »A, sucking, as an infant) erroneously, Rheddysar, Tel. ( OQ<J^(30) A head man
Fosterage, which, in Mobammadan law, constitutes a bond of a village, a principal or respectable farmer, a man of

of affinity between persons nursed By the same female, the Reddi caste.

analogous to consanguinity, so that whatever is illegal by Reg, H. (P. tdJij) Sand.

virtue of consanguinity is equally so by that of fosterage. RSgada, or RSgadi, vulgarly, Rigur, Tel. ("SX^, "SXa)

Razid, H. (A. t^j) A foster-brother. Regati, Kam. (O^Xeo) Rich black loam or mould, a

RazA, also vernacularly. Raja, H. &c. (A. Li,', T,»It) Assent, soil in which cotton is usuitUy planted, and thence com-

consent, permission, leave of absence, dissmisal from office. monly termed cotton soil.

442
 REH RIH
Reh, H. (^j, t?) Fossile alkali, impure carbonate of soda Rent, Guz. { ^»ft) A monopoly, a contract: lease or retit

used as soap, abounding in some soils, and rendering them of a house, field, &c. (no doubt in this sense the English

unproductive ; even grass will not grow where it impreg- word).

nates the soil. Renti, Karn. The common plough used in Karn&ta.

Rehar, H, ij^J) Barren (as land). Res, Guz. ( R.^) The twenty-fifth part of an ana, or four

Rek, Beng. iZ^) A measure of a ser and a quarter ; also hundredths of a rupee.

a basket used to measure grain : in Sylhet, a land mea- Reshm, H..(P. ff^j) Silk.

sure, a square of three cubits, four of which are equal to ReshaniTvdlo, Guz. ( <J?,1'*1H1411) A dealer in silk, or silk

one Jet. thread.

Rekan, Hindi (ToRIiT) Land beyond the reach of river-water- Ret, H. S. (c>J>j, VS) Sand.

— Puraniya. Retal, or Retar, corruptly Rettar, H. ((JiV)) Sand, sandy

RekhA, S. &c. (^^), also, vernacularly, Rekh, H. &c. (^j, soil, containing eight-tenths silex.

tS), Regh, Mar. ixm), Rekke, andREKHE, Karn. (°?D Retld, or Retli, or Retild-li, H. (IJoj , ,JmJ) Sandy, soil
o^) A line, a row, a furrow. Ir^kai, Tam. (^(ScrctDS) of a ligjit description, containing a considerable proportion

Amount of assessment or tax. of sand.

Rekha, incorrectly, RekA, Karn. (S. 0?aJ^), also termed Reti, H. (^Ji^J) Sandy, sandy soil, sands.

Rdya-r&khd, from Itdya, the title of ih&Vijayanagar rulers Reua, Beng. (iflS^i) The name of a tribe who live by for-

the fixed standard assessment of the lands of Karnita ac- tune telling. — (Rangpur).
cording to a survey measurement and classification of the Revu, Tel. ( 0<^) A ford, a beach : a division of salt-pans.

soils, and a register of the money rates of payment drawn Reza, Rezagi, H. &c. (p. ^^j, ,_^^), vernacularly, Reja,
up by order of the government of Vijayanagar in the reign and Rejagi, (^WT , ^at'H) A scrap, a fragment, a fractional,

oi Krishna-ray a: the account was so arranged that the as- division of a coin, as a quarter or half rupee.

sessment of each spot of land was shewn on a separate line, Rezagi, or, vernacularly, Rejki, Sindh. A tax on retail

whence the term, RSkhd, a line or row ^ this assessment dealers.

is also termed the Mdya-rekhd-, or Rekhi-mdr, from Mar, RiAYAT, corruptly, Reyayat, H. (A. o.'.^;. frotn ^j, to

a measure of land, q. v. rule) Protecting, favouring, doing kindness to, whence it

Mekhd-jha/liti, corruptly, Reka-jurtee, Karn. (oaJBo:^. is especially applied to a remission of revenue, or an abate-

OS) An account prepared in Fasli 1210 (a.d. 1802), ment of the government claim.

by order of Col. Munro, of the total of the land cultivated Ridyaii, H. (A. f^j^j) A favoured tenant or cultivator,

in Kanara, shewing the assessment rated on each individual one to whom remission or abatement has been granted.

in kind or money, the proportion due to government, and Ridyati-besM, H. (P. ^^w.^, excess) Surplusages remitted

the amount of rent-free land, omitting the waste : the ac- to the cultivator.

count was apparently made up from the record of Hyder's RijisAT, incorrectly, Riyasat, H. (A. ui^x^ibj) Government
assessment, and not from inspection, nor was it brought rule, a term affected' formerly by the opulent Zamindars

down to the time of the Company. when speaking of their own authority.

Rdja-rikhd, Karn. The standard fathom of the Vijaya- RiBA, or RiBBA, also Ribah, or Ribah, A. (U, _ji, —U)
r^agar government, equal to four cubits and a half. Illegal excess in exchange between articles of a similar kind

Rdja-rehhi-bighd, Karn. A bigha, of which each side was which may be weighed or measured: this comprises in-
measured by the standard fathom, originally 90 hdths or terest on money, or increase of the sum borrowed, which
cubits jn length, but subsequently extended to 112 hdths, is considered usurious and unlawfiil.

or about 181 feet. Rich, also Rik, or, in composition. Rig, S. (^^) A stanza
Ainti-rekhd-sistu, commonly, Ain-reka-shist, Karn. C®"^^- especially of the Veda : the first and principal Veda, the
f\X)Qgar3g<03) The total standard assessment or revenue. Rig-veda.
Rel, or Rela, H. &c. (oij, tij, X^, T^ST) Flood, inunda- RiHA, also Raha, H. (P. \&j) Released, set at liberty, free,

tion, a torrent, a stream. Rihdi, or, sometimes, Rahdi, H. i^j^J) Liberation, release.

443
 RIJ ROK
RiJAT, H. (A. i::,'Ma.j) Restitution, return : in Mohammadan two month.s, dividing the year into the six seasons of Va-
law, the receiving back of a divorced wife, and restoring santa, STpr'mg, Ghrishma, hot weather, Far-sAa, rains, Sa/)-at,

to her her legal rights according to the circumstances of autumn, Hemanta, cold, Sisira, dewy or foggy -
also the
her repudiation. season of women, whence it is applied among the Mara-
RikAbi, H.
(^_J^j)
An inferior kind of rupee current at Luc- thas to the time at which a girl, having attained maturity,

now, but not the regular coinage : (it was probably struck is conducted to the house of her husband : any fit season,

on some emergency, whence its name from Rikdb, a plate, as that at which the conductor of pilgrims to Gaya should
or a stirrup). arrive at any town at which he proposes to collect them,
RiKAZ, A. (j_^0;) Treasure or precious metals or coins dug and which extends from the beginning of the Dasahara
up from the ground, whether deposits found in mines, or festival to the full moon of Kdrtika, an interval of 3.5

buried treasures. —Mohammadan law. days ; the privileges he may claim on this occasion he has
RiKBA, also Rakba, A. (Lu,) Expecting: in Mohammadan no right to at any other time of the year, which is thence

law, expectancy, as of a gift to take effect at the death of termed by him Kuritu, the bad (Am) season.
a donor, or to revert to him, or to be annulled, in fact, RizK, H. (A. Jm) Food, wealth, subsistence : allowance dif-

on the death of the donee : such a gift is considered invalid. ferent from pay, subistence-money, a pension.
RiKTHA, S. (ft'^) Property, wealth. RoA, RoALi, Beng. (tfStsi, ^^iPl) Planted, applied espe-

Rikthagrdhi, Rikthahdri, or Rikthi, S. (from tj^, or ^, cially to ground on which the young rice plants have been
to take) An heir, one who has a claim to, or succeeds to, planted, in opposition to that on which grain has been sown.
property. Robin, or Robbin, (?) A term used in Malabar for a mea-

Rllf A, vernacularly Rik, S. &c. (^J!J) Debt of any description. sure of grain : according to Mr. Graeme, it is the same as

* Rindddnam, S. (from ^ITSfTtT, taking) Recovery of debts by the Morah : a different, but anonymous authority makes

process of law, one of the titles of judicial procedure. it a fourth of a Khandi, or Candy ; in that case it may
Rinaddsa, S. (from ?[TO, a slave) One who becomes a slave be a barbarism for the Arabic Rabd, or Arbd, four, a fourth.

to his creditor until his debt is paid. RogAra, Hindi (Ct^lIM) Crops having a healthy appearance.

Rini, and Rinika, S. &c. (^jljfi, ^iffleir) A debtor. —Puraniya.

RiNi, (?) H. A measure of land, the same as a Bisi. —Kamaon. RoK, H. d^jj), Beng. (TSrt^), Rokkam, or Rokkamu,

RiSALA, H. &e. (A. <ldL,), Resala, Beng. (Z^TW), Ra- Tel. C^^^^^O), RoKKA, or Rokhkha, Kam. (6jS0,
SALO, Guz. (^^LSll) A troop of horse. &/Eia3) Ready-money, cash, in contradistinction to goods :

Risdladdr, corruptly, Rissaldar, H. &c. (^1 J*IUwj) A native prompt or cash payment.
officer commanding a troop of irregular horse. Rokad, or Rokar, H. Cj^jJ), Mar. (^t^lisr) Money, cash,

RiSHi, or, as pronounced in the south, Rushi, S. &c. (^fi^) specie, jewels, or valuables readily convertible into coin.

An inspired sage, the author or teacher of those works Beng. (Z^t^^).

which are considered sacred : in ordinary use it is applied Rohadd, Tel. (c5^s25°) A purse, a bag of money.

to any Hindu ascetic of supposed superior sanctity. The Rohadyd, Mar. (TtoBgjT) A person employed by bankers to

name of a low caste. —Malda. carry money from one place to another.

Rishta, H. (P. IUmiJ) Relationship, connexion. Rokariya, H. (Si^^J), Beng. ((ifli<pn»<)) A cash-keeper, a

Rishtaddr, H. (P. ^ItJ&i,) A kinsman, a relation. treasurer.

RiSHWAT, also Rashwat, H. (A. trjjw,) A bribe. Rokarbahi, H. (^«?J^w^ ^ cash-book.

Rishwat-khor, H. (jys-ci;^) One who takes bribes. Rokddayam, incorrectly, Rokhadayam, Tam. (Gljrrs-
RiTAD, Mar. (ftlTT?, from ftKT, S. ft:3i, empty) A body of SITSmULQ, firom S. ^^TX[, taking) Ready iponey, col-

beasts of burthen, carts, or the like, returning empty : the lections from other sources than land, as timber, orchards,

emptied pots on the descending side of a water-wheel. fisheries, bazar fees, and the like, some of which are now
RiTi, vernacularly, Rit, S. &c. (Tftfll) Custom, usage : prac- abolished : although used in some of the Tamil districts

tice of a family, tribe, or community. in this and similar compounds, Roka does not seem to be

Rittj, vernacularly Rit, S. &c. ('^jt) A season, a period of a Tamil word ; it is borrowed from Telugu or Marathi.

444
 ROK ROZ
Rokkahusagai, Tain. (GQTTSSSQfl'iffanScS) Ready- Rot, (?) H. Grant of land on the field of battle for military

money, cash. exploits. —Kamaon.

Bokkamdniyam, Tam. (GtrrTSSLorTflSflUJlli) A grant or RouND-GASHTf, Or, vernacularly, -gasti, H. &c. (^^jiiio JJjy

allowance of ready-money. from English round, and P. gashti, passing) Patroling,

Rokh, Mar. (^t^) Consisting of money or cash (property), going the rounds.
ready, prompt (as payment). Roz, H. &c. (P. j^j), in the Hindu dialects, Roj, (^), Roja,
Rokhd, Mar. (CJ<s<|) A written acknowledgment for money or RoDZU, Tel. QS^^) A day.

borrowed : an order from the state issued to an individual, Roj, Mar. (^f3l) Daily hire or wages, daily pay of a messenger
to a village or district, to make a specified payment, or of government, or of a creditor sent to levy arrears, or a debt.

furnish certain certain supplies. Roz-Addlat, H. (A. e:^lj>£, day of justice) A court for-

Mokhdrokki, Mar. (^Ct^l^^) Ready-money transactions, merly held by the Nazim of Bengal every Sunday, for the

trade or business carried on on the principle of receiving administration of criminal justice.

and paying ready-money ; also doing any thing smartly, Rozdna, H. (fS^jjIj/) Daily wages or allowance.

promptly. Rojbandi, Beng. (fsTt^"?^) A daily register or diary.

Rokhi, Mar. (tls^) Ready-money dealing : also cash, or Roz-, or Rojgdr, H. &c. ijojjj, jC|'»{'IIO Fortune, the

coins as an article of traffic. source of subsistence : service or employment as a means

Mokhthok, Mar. (^JSTtoS) Prompt (as payment), told down of subsistence.

at once (money). Rozi, H. &c. (i^j}j , '(tWi) Daily food or subsistence : daily

Mokhvikri, Mar. (rt^ft^) Ready-money-sale, either sell- allowance or expenses, hire or wages for a day, &c. Karn.

ing for cash, or receiving prompt payment. (^JS?^) Work.

RoLLDAR, H. (jl'Jjjn, from English roll and P. jlj) One Roxina, Bojind, H. &c. (il0bjV,,7&*ft»n, or <\^^r\0,Rojind,

who is entered on the collector's roll or record as pro- Tel. (p'ZScS^) What is allowed or granted as a daily main-

prietor. tenance, a daily pension, a daily allowance to poor or re-

Rop, Mar. (S. rt<l) A young stem, plant, or tree, intended ligious persons ; a deduction formerly allowed in Bengal

for transplanting. to the Zamindars to cover the expense of daily charitable

Ropai; Hindi (^t^^ Transplanted rice : a rate in a lease allowances: pensions assigned by government in 1781 to

for crops of rice raised by transplanting. various persons in the province of Benares. Ben. Reg.

RoRA, RoRi, H. (}<u i^JiP The name of a caste of shop- xxxiv. 1795 ; xxii. 1806.

keepers and traders in the north-west provinces pretending Rozina-, or Rqjina-ddr, corruptly, Rozenddr, H. &c. (P.

to be kshatriyas and commonly using the designation of jlJ , who holds) One receiving a daily allowance or pen-

Kshatri, or Rora-khatri, or Khatri-rora. sion: T^\.Rozinaddrdn, incorrectly, i?o«mdaraw, lit, holders

RoRA, H. (It))) A fragment, a piece of broken brick, such as is of pensions, applied to the deduction formerly made in the

used in making the roofs of houses or Macadamising roads. revenue levied from Zamindars in consideration of their

RosAL, or RoSALi, or RosLi, less correctly, Rausli, or being burthened with pensions to poor or religious persons.

RouSLBE, H. (iJm^}j, ^^ij^ ^5, Tt'B^yt) Light soil Rojkird, or Rojkhardd, Mar. (^»I^f , ^t*re?3T) Daily

of a good quality though mixed with a considerable portion account of receipts and disbursements, a rough diary or day-

of sand : sometimes considered little inferior to the first book : one of the accounts formerly kept by the village ac-

quality, or ddkar, and assessed at the same rate. countant of money daily received from the Ryots and paid

RosHNi.1, H. {iJJJStjj, from P. ^J^^, light) Lighting, il- to the government officers.

lumination ; the lamps kept burning at a Mohammadan Rozmarra, incorrectly, Rozemera, H. i^j^jfj , from A. 8-o

shrine or tomb. a turn), Hindi (0»(»in), Rojmard, -mdrd, or -murd, Mar.

Roshan-chmU, H. (^Jy^u^y> li'-. light-station) A band (^t^mn -»ITO -W3), Rqjumarrd, Tel. (cS^a*'^^^^)
of musical instruments playing at the residence of the chief Daily proceedings, an account of them, a diary, a journal,

Mohammadan authority, or, with his permission only, at a day-book: also, pay, wages, daily pay or allowances.

the houses of opulent individuals. Rojmel, Guz. (^16/ n41) A cash-book.

445 5x
 ROZ RUP
Mozndma, or ndmchttt Sojndmd, H. &c. (&«^jji
*^^JJJ R'ujua-m^n-as-shahddaf,k.{^JlJS^^iMt\^^f*:i-J) Retractation

O^^Wl) , Eojundmd, Tel. ("U^a^KT'SSj^) A daily of evidence, which is allowed by the Mohammadan law
account-book, a diary, a journal. under certain, restrictions, as before sentence ; or, if after,

Bozndmakhdld, H. (5l^<uljjjj) A ledger, an account made the witnesses are liable to make good any injury done to

up from the daily accounts. the party against whom a cause has been decided.

Moju, Karn. (o-'S?&^') A daily account-book. RuJU,Mar. (''5^) Ready, willing, accepted, approved, admitted:

MSjugdr, Karn. (O/S^aj^ A dO) A servant, a workman. present, made or become present. Ruju, Tel., Karn. (Oifti^)

RozA, H. (xjjj) A fast, fasting, especially the fast observed Proved, established ; also subst. proof, conviction, a signa-

in the month Ramzdn. ture ; (there can be little doubt that these words are of A.

Rozaddr, H. (j'l-*^; j) One who observes a fast, one who derivation, but there is an evident vernacular confounding
keeps Ramzdn. of two radicals, raj A r^j-, returning, or turning to, and
Ru. Roo, H. (P. (j;) The face. razu yhj , consenting, assenting to).

Ru-ba-kdr, H. O^jj > from ru, with, bah, to, or towards, and Ruj'Agudasta, Mar. (^sTT^^, from P. nXit^j Approved

kdr, business, lit., turning- the face to the aflPair) Engaged and passed in the past year (an account).
in, intent on, proceeding with, before the constituted au- Rujmnukdbald, or -mohdbald. Mar. (iJsPIoR'RcSl -jftekRcJl)

tiiorities, as in a court of justice ; plur. Rubahdrdt, causes Confronting or bringing together in order to investigate

or matters brought into court. or compare, &c.

Rubakdri, corruptly, Roohicaree, H. (P. (.uS^jj) The writ- Rujdvdta, Mar. (^ST^TIt) The state of being confronted,

ten record of a case, stating the particulars and the grounds compared, or collated, &c. (either with respect to persons,

of the decision drawn np and authenticated by the judge articles, documents, or the like).

in a Company's court, on passing sentence. Rujuvddahana, Karn. (OOfti^cO o)0&£3) Current coin.

Ru-ba-rd, H. (P. jjijj) Fa^ to face, in presence. Ruj'uvu, Tel. (ojai'c^) Proof, conviction : also adj., proved,

Rd-ddd, or R'&iddd, corruptly, Roedad, Roidad, H. (libj;, established.

C^li^J^J, from P. d\d, giving) Narrative or record of pro- RuKA, Tel. (OCT'S) Money in general, a. fanam, whether of

ceedings, statement of facts or occurrences : report of a gold or silver.

subordinate officer deputed to inquire into any affair : return Ruka; incorrectly, Rookka, Mar. (^^) The twelfth part of

to an official inquiry. an ana : a measure of land, varying in different places from

Ruposh, H. (i/ijJj) , from P. yjiXjjijj , to conceal) One who 2^ to 10 bighds.

is in hiding, a person who has absconded. Rukaa, H. (^j), Roka, Rokha, barbarously, Roggee,
Ruposhi, H. (^j^jJj;) Hiding, absconding. Karn. (6vS0, ^^aTS) A letter, a note, a draft, a bill.

Rui, (?) Karn. A small copper coin, three equal to a Paisa. RuKHSAT, H. (a. ci-'^^) Permission to withdraw or de-

—Mysore. part, leave of absence.

RuARAN, Thug. Any call of the jackall. RuKN, H. (a.

^^J)
A pillar, a prop : but in common use,

Rub A, H. (A. ^J) A fourth part ; the fourth part of the gross figuratively, to form titles of Mohammadan nobles, as,

produce of the lands declared by Akbar to be the propor- Rukn-ud-daula, Rukn-us-xultanat, the pillar or prop of

tion due by the people as the right of the state ; this was the state, &c.

commuted for a money payment. Rukn-as-sarikat, A. (i5^|)*,l|^) The prop of stealing, -

RudirodgIri, S. &c. (^^Tten!t) The 67th year of the cycle. i.e. secresy in carrying oflf property, which, in Moham-
Rubra, S. &c. (^) One of the names of Siva. madan law, is essential to constitute an offence of larceny.

Raudra, S. &c. (fi^) Relating to Rudra. Raudri, the RuKUA, H. (a. ^yj) The proper attitude of prayer, stooping

54th year of the cycle. forwards and resting the hands on the knees.

'R.ti, H. (tfji) Cotton, carded cotton. RuLLA, or RuLL, Hindi (^w) Land that requires to be lefit

RUJUA, corruptly, Rujoo, H. (A. f^j) Return, recourse, fallow for a year or two to recover its vigour.

appeal, reference : bringing into court, as a suit : counter- RuPANiYA, Thug. The . cry of the hare at night on the left,

part statement or engagement a good omen.

416
 RUP RUP
RuPABEL, Thug. The water wag-tail> as an omen. and Farakhabad rupee, from their being coined at those

R^JPiYA, commonly, Rupee, H. i^}j, from S. ^tiT, rupi/a, cities respectively : the Beiiares rupee ceased to be struck

silver) A silver coin, the general denomination of the silver in 1819. At Madras the rupee of the Nawabs of the Car-

currency of India, and the standard measure of value : the natic, struck originally at Arcot, was the currency of the

coin was first struck by Shir Shah, and was adopted by Company, and retained its name although coined at Madras
Akbar and his successors: it was of the weight of 175 grains or at Dacca and Calcutta, being current also in Chittagong

troy, and was considered to be pure, but in the decline and Dacca, between which places and the Northern Sar-
of the Mohammadan empire every petty chief coined his kars an active traffic subsisted : its value underwent some

own rupee, varying in weight and value, though usually slight modification in 1818. At Bombay the rupee of the

bearing the name and titles of the reigning emperor : this Nawabs of Surat became the Company's coinage, and for

practice was observed to the last, and in the reign of Shah a while it was coined concurrently with that of the Nawab ;

Aalam a great variety of currencies bore his name, and the but irregularities occurring in the latter, the coinage in

years of his succession, until 1773, when they were sup- 1800 was restricted to Bombay, and the value of the coin

pressed in the territories subject to the Company, and a rupee was fixed, which was slightly modified in 1829. The entire

was struck, entitled the Sicca rupee, with the following in- inscription on the Arcot rupee was, on one face <^\x« hCmi

scription on it, ji lij hLm 1&\ ^y^ iAuj Js/icr* ^^JJ l<«I*- jj'.SJIc Sassto ^J>^i\ JjVc t/;^ Jilinib, the auspicious

sLijU Jlc xLi .^/i>3 ci..>A», Harm, din-i-Mohammed, coin of the heroic monarch Aziz-ud-din Mohammad Aalam-
sdya fazl Allah, sikka zad bar haft kuhmar Shah Adlarii gir (the father of Shah Aalam), and on the other '-r>r'
Padshah. '
The king Shah Aalam, the defender of the faith (-,JIj C>^^ i^y^ '• ^^ '~^°i'j struck at Arcot in
of Mohammad, the shadow of the grace of God, has struck the 20th year of the auspicious accession : that of the Bom-
this coin, to be current through the seven climes. Rev. bay rupee was latterly on one face, Jlc <xLpii tiJ;LiU i^u^

II (^jil« Ci-i^AJ-e (^ji*- <iU»« ii\j\i^Mj^

*-rit^' struck
I r 1 6 (_j;lc islili jb , the auspicious coin of the heroic monarch
at Murshidabad in the 19th year of the auspicious acces- Shah Aalam (Hij) 1215, on the other, l=l <UUj t^** S->j«e

sion. The unvarying date, the 19th year of the reign, re- l^^yLo c:^<A4>A« U^!^ ' struck at Surat in the 45th year

mained unaltered, in order to put a stop to a practice which of his fortunate accession : but these coins, as long as they

the money-changers had introduced of levying an arbitrary were coined on the native plan, in common with the coins
rate of discount on rupees of previous dates, without re- of all native mints, bear but a portion. of their legends, it

ference to any actual diminution of weight by wear ; in being the practice of the native mints in all cases to fabri-

like manner the place of coinage remained always nomi- cate the die of twice or thrice the diameter of the coin, in

nally the same, or the mint at Murshidabad, that of the striking which, consequently, only such portion <fi the letters

Nawab of Bengal, although the rupees were coined also as its surface could contain were impressed upon it : as, also,

at Dacca, and finally only at Calcutta, for the same reason, it was entirely- accidental with which part of the die the

to guard against the depreciation of the money-changers, blank coin came into contact, the portion of the legend

according to the difference of place of coinage. Although which it received varied with every piece. In 1818 the
the actual medium of exchange, the Company's accounts, standard of the Sicca and Farakhabad rupees was altered,

were for a long time kept in a different valuation, or that but their intrinsic value was unaffected, as they continued

of the Chalani, or current rupee, the origin of which is to have the same amount pf fine silver. In 1824 a slight
somewhat obscure, although it probably expressed the state change of the latter was made, and of the former in 1833
of the currency at the time of its adoption, 100 Sicca but in 1835 the coinage of the Company was entirely re-

rupees, supposed to be of the standard weight and value, modelled, and a coin, thenceforth termed the Company's
being reckoned as equivalent to 116 current rupees. The rupee, with its proportionate subdivisions, was struck, to take

Sicca rupee served also as the unit of weight, 80 Sicca the place of all the former Presidency currencies, being of

weight being equal to one Ser, and 40 Sers to one Man the same weight and fineness throughout, and bearing in-

or Maund. Beside the Sicca rupee there were current scriptions in English, or, on one face, the head and name

under the Bengal Presidency two other coins, the Benares of the reigning sovereign of Great Britain, and, on the re-

447
 RUP SAB
verse, the designation of the coin in English and Persian, Sabhe, Karn. ((Ov) An assembly, an assemblage of

with the words East-India Company in English. The weightj persons of rank or respectability, or the place in which

intrinsic purity, and value in shillings of the present British they assemble, as a hall of audience, a court of justice ; i

currency of these several coins are as follows : also, a gaming-room or assembly.

Weight. Pwe contents, a. d.
Mdja-sabhd, S. (tTSRWT) A royal court, the chief court of
sicca rupee, 1773, Tr. grs. 179.666 . 175.923=2 2
justice, at which the king or his representative presided
Ditto, 1818, „ 191.916.175.923 =2 2
other courts under the ancient Hindu system were the
Ditto,a823, „ 192.000.176.000 = 2 2
Aranya-sabhd, (from aranya, a forest) A court for deciding
Benares, 1806, „ 174.760 . 167.000=2 0|
disputes among foresters and hermits.
Farakhabad, 1803, „ 173.000 . 165.215 =2 0^ Sdrthika-sabhd, (from sdrtha, a company) A court for dis-
Ditto, 1819, „ 180.234 . 165.215 = 2 Oi
putes amongst travellers or kafilas.
Ditto, 1824, „ 180.000.165.000=2 05 Sainika-sabhd, (from send, an army) A court-martial.
Madras, „ 176.400 . =2166.4*80 0| Grdmdpyubhayavdsi-sabhd, (fi'om grdma, a village, afi,
Ditto, 1818, „ 180.000.165.000 = 2 01 conjunction, ubkaya, both, and vast, a dweller) A court
Bombay, 1800, „ 179.000 164.680 = 2
. 0| for deciding boundary disputes.
Ditto, 1829, „ 180.000 165.000 = 2
. 0^ TJbhaydnumata-sabhd, (from ubhaya, both, and anumata,
Company's, 1885, „ 180.000 165.000 = 2
. Oi assented to) A court of arbitration elected by both the con-
As, however, silver is subject in the London mint to a
tending parties.
seigniorage of nearly 6 per cent., the London mint produce
GrdmO'Sabhd, (fi-om grdma) A village court composed of
of the Company's rupee, if of full weight and standard value
the principal inhabitants, with the head man presiding.
(11 dwts. fine) should be Is. lid.
Paura-sabhd, (from pura, a city) A court composed of
JRujnyd-daskduri, Beng. O'fl^ll^t-ti^tf^) . A cess so de-
citizens, a common-council court
nominated, or an impost of ten kauris per rupee in ad-
Gana-sabhd, (from gana, a number) An assemblage of
dition to the original assessment levied in Jessore previous
families, tribes, or priests.
to the perpetual settlement.
Sreni-sabhd, sreni, a corporation) A court of artisans and
RuPLA, (?) A tribe of slaves in Coorg so called.
traders.
Ruvu, Karn. (OJ~°i^) A coin of the value of five has.
Chaturvidyd-sabhd, (from chatur, four, and w<?ya, know-
ledge) A court of learned men versed in the four vedas,
S. or in the four sciences of law, ethics, logic, and religion.

Saa, a. (cL«) a measure of grain about seven or eight pounds. Varga-sabhd, (from varga, a tribe) A court composed of

Si.AT, H. (A. u:,^Lm) a moment, an hour. different classes of people.

Sabakhia, (?) The name of a class of gang robbers in Orissa. Kula-sabhd, (from hula, a family) A court of the members
Sabalia, Gaz. (^l^&ll^L) The name of a low caste, or a of a family.

man belonging to it, usually employed in tending cattle. Kulika-sabhd, (from kula, as before) A court of the elders

SabArasi jarib, Uriya (QQIQICICI^O) Measurement of all of the same lineage as the litigants.

lands of whatever description (probably sahd, for sarva, all, Niyukta-sdbhd, (from niyukta, appointed) A court held by

rasi, a heap, and jarib, measurement). a judge distinct from the king's court.

S AB At, or Sa BT, H. ( A. lijbj ^^>-jS) Firmness, stability, proof.

, JSfripati-sabhd, (from nripati, a king) A king's court held

Sdbit, H. (A. c:..^^) Firm, proved, substantiated. informally in the presence of a king, but without that of

-
Sab4t, H. &c. (A. CLfyU), Sdbud, Beng. ("tt^), Sabut, or of the judges.

Sdbud, Mar. (^n^), Sdbuta, Uriya (CIIOE)) Proof, evi- Another enumeration makes the public courts but four:
dence, conviction. Sdja-sabhd, the king's court, P4ga-sabhd, an assembly of

Sabat-bhai, Uriya (£l|QOiS^Q) A half-brother. persons inhabiting the same place, but of different tribes and

Sdbat-bhauni, Uriya (CI|Q£)SJ.®6l1) A half-sister. professions ; Sreni-sabhd, a corporate court, one formed by

Sabha, S., used in all the dialects, sometimes modified, (WTT) persons of the same business, and Kula-sabhd, & family court.

448
 SAB SAD
Appeals might be made from either of these in succession, blishmeut or district, and keep the records : he was one
but before it reached the king's court a Niyukta-sabhd, of the eight subordinate officers of districts or departments :

or special court, was appointed to pass a judgment. the clerk or registrar, also styled Daftarddr.
Sdbhakrayamsanam, S. (WTraW^^T't) A deed of corporate Sab^s, corruptly, Seboos, H. (P. ^j^^) Bran.
sale, in which the Mirasidars of a village divest one of Sabzi, vernacularly, SabjI, Subzee, or Subjee, H. &c. (P.
their number, who may be a defaulter, of his share, and ij}*Mi, ?l^»ft, from Uam, green) Greenness: vegetables,
divide it amongst themselves, having been made respon- greens : the larger leaves and capsules of the hemp plant

sible for the revenue due. (Cannabis sativa), and more especially an intoxicating be-

Sdbhandyak, or Sabhdpaii, S. &c. (from !ni«Ii, a leader, verage prepared by washing them, afterwards drying and

or xrfir, a master) The president of an assembly, th^ master reducing them to powder with black pepper, cardamoms,

of the ceremonies, the keeper of a gaming-house. and sometimes poppy, cucumber, and melon seeds and
Sabhdsad, S. &c. (WTTO^) One who is present at an as- sugar, and then infusing the mixture either in milk and
sembly, a member: an assessor in a court of justice: amongst water, or cold water alone.

the Marathas, a public officer whose duty it was to keep /Sffl6si-«iaA«Z,H.(

J W«,_yjJUj) A tax on the sellers of vegetables
a register of petty suits, and report them to the Mdmlatddr. the sale of the hemp mixture was also an item of the Abkdri.

Sabhika, S. &c. (SHfinir:) One who presides at an assembly, Seo-sabji, Mar. (^=ra^»rt) Tax in kind on vegetables, levied

the keeper of a gaming-house or tables. on those brought to market.

Sabhya, S. &c. (?r«i;) Any member of an assembly : a mem- Sach, or SachkAb, Mar. (^R, W-«(*lO Earnest-money.
ber of a court of justice, as the Prddvivdka, or chief judge, Sachak, H. (jji'js-Ui) A ceremonial at a marriage, sending

and the Dharmddhyaksha, the expounder of the law, or the paraphernalia of the bride to her husband's house, also

a Brahman so qualified, and the Sabhdsadas, properly the day on which this is done.

so termed, or assessors, who may be three, five, or seven, Sachiva, vernacularly, Sachio, or Sachitj, corruptly, Sucheo,

in number, a kind of jury ; the Purohita, the king's family and SuCHEW, S. (wF^) A minister, a councillor : among
priest ; a Lehhaha, a writer or scribe ; Sddhyapdla, the the Marathas, one of the eight Pfadhdns, or chief officers of

bailiff or officer appointed to enforce the decree ; the Swa- state, originally designated Sarnis, the general record-keeper

purtisha, a messenger or officer who called the parties into he 'was also styled Pant-sachio.

court ; and the Aniyuktah, unappointed persons, spectators Sad, H. (JLs) The Arabic letter fjc s, the initial of the title

and assistants : under the Maratha government the term of Subahddr, affixed by him as a cypher to Zamindari
was applied to an officer who kept a register of petty suits, grants as their authentication.

and reported them to the Mdmlatddr. Sad, H. (P. dui) A hundred.

Sabhdtdmbulam, S.,hiit used especially inKarnata,(<J^ ^- Sad-mdr, plur. Sadmdridn, corruptly, Sadmarain, Sadrva-
S^oaJXr^OO) Betel distributed at a public assembly. nian, Sedrvarrain, H. (j)jS^, ^^Ujl.Jws) An aggregate, or

Sabi, plur. SiBiAN, H. (A.(_jA^ , ^J^*;*^X A youth, a minor. a company of a hundred : an item, individual, or indivi-
Sabik, H. (A. ^"") Former, prior, past, as time ; an old duals of a century : in the Northern Sarkars, pikemen, so

established rate of assessment. named from being formed in companies of a hundred, and
Sdbikdn, H. (A. jj^IhjLi) Formerly, as formerly, agreeably formerly employed by the Desmukhs in revenue affairs.

to former or past practice. Sada, Hindi (TI^) A foreigner, a respectable man.

Sabil, H. (a. {JMm) a road : water or other drinks dis- SadA, S. &c. (^r^) Always, perpetual.

tributed along the streets or roads to the people at the fes- Saddchdra, S. &c. (^^'^tc) Fixed and perpetual obser-

tival of the Moharram : sheds in which such liquids are vance, the daily and regular practices of the Hindus.

placed for distribution. Saddvartt, or Saddvart, corruptly, Sadabirt, Hindi, &c.

Sabnis, Subnees, Mar. (^RHt^. from sab, for subah, or (^I^T^, from S. gfT, a vow, or ^fl", maintenance) Dis-

perhaps the H. sab, all, and the P. namis, a writer) A tribution of provisions daily to passers by, mendicants,
and
public officer whose duty it was to pay the local militia paupers : in Kamaon, a grant of land to provide for the

and garrisons of forts, or the public servants of an esta- distribution of food at certain fixed spots to pilo-rims.

449 5 Y
 SAD SAD
Sada, or Sa-rA, Hindi (^3T) Rotten, as the surface of land Sddhya, S. &c. (^nq) The thing or object that is to be,

long under water and covered with smooth decaying vege- or may be, accomplished : in law, the matter to be proved
tation. — Puraniya. or substantiated.

SadA, Uriya (^l^l) Unstamped (perhaps from Beng. («ttTfl) Sddhyapdla, S. (WlumicS:) The officer who executes a decree.
white, blank). Sddhyasiddhi, S. (^ntflf^feO The accomplishment of what
SadaikAl, Tarn. (iffCSai—SarT^) Land of an abandoned was to be done : the determination of the merits of a suit.

betel-garden. Sddhyadddhvpdda, S. (TTTKlftrfetn^:) The decision, the

SadangI, SahangI, incorrectly, Sakinga, Beng. ("tvF"'!!) judgment in a suit at law.

A canoe, a small flat-bottomed boat. Sadhakana, S. &c. (^rkiriC!!) That which is common, as a

Sadaeo, Gruz. C^lit^) A shirt worn by the Parsis, the as- common property, a specific or genuine character, posses-

sumption of which is part of the ceremony of their ad- sions in common : the 44th year of the cycle, a.d. 1850.

mission to the faith. Sddhdranopdrjana, S. ('HTVItsftlT^'l) Joint earnings pro-

Sadaru, pi. Karn. (r^Oii)) a class of Sudra farmers. '

perly acquired by brethren living together as an undivided

Sadd, H. (a. Jg*i) Hindrance, obstruction. family.

Sadd-i-ddwi, H. (A. i^jCiiSm) Bar to a claim. Sadhu, vernacularly, Sadh, S. &c. (^TV, Tftv) Pious, vir-

8add-i-jawdb, H. (A.^jI^Jsm) Reply to a reply, rejoinder: tuous, good, applied also to a person leading a pious or

(more usually Rad-i-jawab, but this form is allowable). religious life, a mendicant, an ascetic ; also the desig-nation

Sadde, Kam. (f^^) a. sowing machine with only one aper- of a member of a sect of monotheistical Hindus who pro-

ture, used by the hand. fess moral and personal purity : a respectable trader or

Sade, or Sake, Mar. (^TTS) Certain ceremonies about the merchant : in Bengali, a usurer, a money-lender.

fourth day after marriage, when, after worshipping various Sabhava, S. &c. (iBV^) A married woman, one whose hus-

objects, presents of clothes are made to the married couple, band (dhava) is living.

and the bride is given over to her husband's- relations. S A DHOWA,(?)H. Stipulation or deed for payment of a balance due.
Sadhana, vernacularly Sadhan, S. &c. (^BTVT), SAdanam, SADii, Uriya (C1§S1|) Cultivable (as land).

Tam. ((BTTSOSTLQ) Accomplishing, effecting, the means of Sadir, Tam. (S'^D") Boundary, limits.

accomplishment, instrument, materials : in law, also, execu- Sadka, or Sadaka, plur. Sadakat, H. (A. luS^,s.::J^Xe)

tion, enforcing the delivery of a thing, inflicting and levy- Alms, properly dedicated to pious uses, voluntary alms,

ing a fine ; also, proving, substantiating ; also means of in distinction to those imposed by law: also, propitiatory

proof, a voucher, a document, a deed, a bond : also, in Tam., offerings to avert sickness from a friend or relative in-

a village exempt from taxation, a royal grant or patent, the disposed.

same as Sdsanam. Sadkafarz, A. ((_>a^<ti'ii-o) Ordained or obligatory alms.

Sddhani, Mar. (S. THTV^rt) Means of effecting, or accom- Sadltafitr, H. (A. JaiiJsd^) Alms bestowed upon the poor

plishment, means of proof, a document, a bond, or the like. by law, at the Id-ulfitr, or festival which terminates the

Sddhanpatra, Mar. (S. ^IV'TT^) A document, a written fast of Ramzan : obligatory alms.

voucher, or means of establishing any thing, a written SadkanaflfA.. ((J>aJi!U iXo) Voluntary alms, not imposed bylaw.

decree or decision. S ADR, SuDR, vernacularly, Sadar, Sudur, corruptly, Suddeh,

Sddana-muri, Tam. {STy^SSl(}pr§0 A promise or voucher and SuDDUR, H. &c. (jS^, ^^ Eminence, superiority,

in writing. chief, supreme : the highest or foremost of any thing : the

Sddana-patrihai, Tam. (<5'rT^(35rus^i:f1oC5<s) A bond, chief seat of government, the presidency, as opposed to the

a deed, a will. provinces or Mufassil ; but the term is most usually ap-

Sddandntaram, Tam. (<ffnr^(6C)r5^l7lL) An additional plied in India to denote establishments or individuals em-

document or voucher, a fresh or additional count in an ployed in the judicial and revenue administration of the state.

indictment. See Addlat,

Sddhansdri, incorrectly, Sddamaree, Beng. (S. TtST'TtSl) Sadr-, or Sadar-dddlat, corruptly, Sudder-adamlat, H. (A.

The details of the rent-roll of a Zamindari. — Sylhet. UU^IiXcjA^) The chief court of justice, the Company's

450
 SAD SAD
supreme court, and court of final appeal in India : the term Sadr, or Sadar-kd^i, H. (^jc\J>jS^) The chief kazi or Mo-
'
Sudder Court * has latterly been made applicable to the hammadan judge.

courts of highest civil and criminal jurisdiction in all the Sadr, Sadar-kistbandi, H. (t^jJula«»5|4X<e) The engage-
Presidencies. Act viii. 1842. See Adalat. ment for revenue instalments payable to government by the

Sadr-dimdni-dddlat, H. (tJiJlj>c^ilj;i3,Jotf) The chief civil principal revenue payer, as distinguished fi"om those entered

court. into with him by his under payers.

Sadr-faujdai'i-, ornizdviat-Addlat^. (u:^l'i>C(_S)l'i>s>-ji.J««) Sadr,oT Sadar-mdlguzdr,H. (;)i>SU|iJ^) The chief revenue

The chief criminal court. payer, one who pays it either into the government treasury,

Sadr,oT SadarAmin, commonly,5Mtiderj4.Jweew,H.(jjX«|) A^) or to the collector of a district, immediately, and not through

A chief commissioner or arbitrator, the title of a class of any other agency : the head man or representative of a

native civil judges under the British government, distin- joint;tenaney village, who engages for and pays the revenue

guished as Sadr Amins and Principal Sadr Amins. due from the community to the government.
After various extensions of their jurisdiction, the Sadr Sadr, or Sadar Panchdyat, H. A supreme Panchdyat,

Amin in Bengal was empovvered to pronounce judgment in one appointed to superintend other similar bodies, where

civil cases to the extent of 1000 rupees, and the Principal there are many, and report their proceedings to the go-

Sadr Amin to that of 5000i which was afterwards extended vernment officer.

to an indefinite amount in suits referred to him by a city Sadr,ox Sadar-sarrishta,H.(jijJ^jMjSja) The chief revenue

or Zilla judge. A limited criminal jurisdiction was also office ; in a district, that of the collector ; on an estate, that

conferred upon both. Reg. xxiii. 1814 ; ii. iii.1821; v. 1831; of the proprietor or chief manager.

Act XXV. 1837. At Madras, Sadr Amins have civil jurisdic- Sadr, or Sadar-us-sadur, A. (jjS^)jii^) The chief judge,

tion to the extent of 2500 rupees, and criminal jurisdiction the chancellor: under the Mohammadan government he was

in referred cases : the designation of a superior class of officers especially charged with the investigation of the cases of

styled native judges was subsequently changed to that of all those who applied to the sovereign for grants of re-

Principal Sadr Amins. Reg. iii. 1833; vii. viii. 1827 Act ; venue: he had also charge of waAf property or religious

xxiv. 1836. At Bombay, also, the designations of Native endowments, and the appointment of kazis and other law
and Principal Native Commissioner, were changed severally officers.

to those of Principal Sadr Amin, and Sadr Amin, with Saddrat, H. (A. CDj\s,e) The office of chief judge or

similar powers. Reg. xviii. 1831 ; Act. xxiv. 1836. chancellor.

Sadrat-patra,lI.(Ji'j'iji^) An assignment or grant under the Sadar, Mar. (^IT^ A chief court, &c., as above ; but it is

authority of government, or recorded in the collector's office. also used as a term in papers of accounts to signify the

Sadarhdrgir, Mar. (^It^MIVllO A trooper stationed on general heading or statement at the head of several columns

guard at a court of justice. of detail : also, adverbially, in the general, on the whole.
Sadarhhet, Mar. (^B^WJ) Presents to government officers, Sadar-raham, Mar. (^^T^oSH) The total amount, the head-

forming an item of charge to every village in addition to ing or sum of the several items of an account

the assessment. Sadara-hi, Tel. (rOOOoX") Aforesaid (referring to a

Sadr, or Sadar-jamd, corruptly, Sudder-jumma, H. (A. previous specification).

j^*jsyi^) The sum total of revenue payable to the go- SadaraM, Mar. (tT^'C^ According to the head or specification.

vernment direct, exclusive of the charges of collection. SadirwAbid, corruptly, Saderwared, Sadurwarid, H,
Sadr, or Sadar-kachkari, corruptly, Sudder-cutcherry, H (A. J^lj-iil/fl, from sddir, what goes, and wdrid, what
^j^jS^) The principal revenue office of a district or comes) A traveller, a guest : in the south of India where
estate, that of the collector or Zamindar. it is in more general use, sometimes vernacularly modified,

Sadr, or Sadar-kharch, H. {-.^jS^) Expenses of the prin- it is differently applied, and means commonly various con-

cipal authority or establishment. tingent or incidental charges borne by a village or a com-

Sadr, or Sadar-kdnungo, H. (j^yl^iX^) The chief native munity, as in the following.

registrar or accountant of a district or coUectorate. Sddaravdradu, Tel. («3^00oJ^OcSo) Charge made to the

451
 SAD SAH
Ryots for supplying the public kacheri with ink, paper, Sag, H. &c. (iiJl**<> Tn»T, from S. ^mir) Greens, potherbs,
oil, and the like. edible vegetables.

Sddaravdr, Sdddlavdri, or Sddalvdri-kharchu, Karn. Sdg-pdt, H. (cyUci/L) Petty dues paid in kind, lit.,

greens and leaves, to village officials. —Kamaon.

Contributions for a public entertainment : expenses of an Saga, H. (IXw, from S. sagotra), Sakkha, Mar. (^ref^)
annual feast in honour of GanSsa : kacheri charges for Related by the same parents : a relative.

stationery, &c. Sagdhhdi, H. (S. i_s^\^) ,Own brother, one by the same
Sddirrudrid, Sddilwdrid, Mar. (^rftfT^TTfi^, Tnf^^S^Tfi:^^) father and mother.
Incidental village expenses, including periodical festivals, Sagdi, Sagdiwat, H. (S. ^^Xm CJ^ICm), Affinity, especially

occasional allowances to village officers, to religious esta- by the same parents : betrothment : second marriage of a
blishments, to religious mendicants, or the like, all which woman of low caste.

were defrayed by extra assessments, restricted in some places Sag AM, Tel. (^Xo) A half.

to six per cent, on the collections : in Marathi the word SIgaha, vernacularly Sagar, corruptly, S augur, S. &c.
is used in combination, as, Sddirwdrid-, or Sddilmdr- (ftUW;) The ocean, applied rather loosely to the low lauds

kharch, &c. forming the western portion of the Delta of the Ganges,
Sddilwdrid-, hr Sddilmdr-patti, blunderingly, Sddit-puttee, where the Hugli branch falls into the sea.

Mar.(;RTf^<^c( | ri.({»I^T',wf^cJ=IKMg})Extra assessment above Sagatu, Tel. (rSKt^) An average.

the public revenue levied formerly by the revenue offices SAgni, or Si.GNiKA, & &c. (^BtlfTcl, ^fnToF:) A Brahman
on the pretext of defraying local district charges, termed who preserves a perpetual household fire.

also Mahdl-sddirrodrid, not provided for otherwise by the Sagotra, corruptly, Sagotr, S. &c. (^it^^) A kinsman, one
Maratha government. allied by community of name and descent, a gentile relation.

Sddar-kharchu, Tel. (c3^O0aD0tSb) Remission or allow- Sagotra-dasdntara, S. (from ^, ten, and S.S»ri<, within},

ance by the native government of a certain per centage also with the vernacular form Dasdntil, corruptly, Sugoir-

of the revenue raised from a village for repairing tanks, dushantil, Mar. (wil'Tl^'^lTHi'^') A kinsman of the same
alms to mendicants, and other incidental charges. —Northern descent within ten degrees : also such a degree of relationship.

Sarkars. Sagotramdtra, corruptly, Sugotrmatr, S. &c. (from *rra,

Safat, Safat, Safahat, A. (.'ii^ , isia«< , d-^li-*) Foolish- merely) A kinsman by the same descent, but within what
ness, folly : conduct which, according to some authorities, degree is uncertain.

renders a person subject to restraint. Sogatrasapinda, S. &c. (^pft^ltrftnss) A kinsman by com-

Safih, A. (,&JAim) A fool, a madman, one unfit to have the mon descent who is also connected by obsequial offerings.

management of his own afiPairs. Sagubadi, Tel. ((O^XijU^)^ Saguvali, corruptly, Sagoo-
SafaRjH. (.A.jAto) The second month of the Mohammadan year. VELLY, Sagwally, and Sagnally, Karn. ((Oc)Xb^^)

Safha, H. (A. ieJ^) A page. SAgubadi, Tam. (aTTQUL^), also read Sakupadi.
Saphd, Hindi (^HRl) A column or page of accounts. Cultivation, tillage, farming.

Safi-khat, corruptly, Suffie-kHut, H. (A. lai-^J^) A Sdguhadi-dittam, Tam.(<B^rT@LJL^s^L.L_lli) Statement

receipt, a deed of acquittance. of lands settled to be cultivated in the course of the year if

Sdfi-ndma, H. (A. A^li^jil*) A deed of acquittance, a deed the season permits : settlement of, or order for, cultivation.

of release or of acquiescence in the terms of a Rdzi-ndma, Sdgubadi-kamku, Tam. (<S'rT@LJU}.ii6€BCCCT(i6@) An ac-

of which it is the counterpart ; the latter, or deed of consent, count of the cultivation.

being executed by the plaintiff, the Sdfi-ndma, or deed of Sdgubadi-rdji-ndma, Tam, (from the A. P. <ulj^«lj) A
acquiescence, by the defendant. deed of lease of cultivable land.

Safina, H. (XJUAui) A blank book* a common-place book. Sdgusantu, Karn. (n3c)XDiO0aJ) Farming, cultivation.

(English), Subpoena. Sah, H. (S. Ii\m) a merchant, a banker, a tradesman.

Safka, A. (ijOA^) Concluding a bargain, usually done by Sahagamana, vernacularly, Sahagaman, S. &c. (u^ilHti,

shaking hands Uafh). from ^, with, and TpnT, going) The burning of a
452
 SAH SAI

widow with her husband s corpse •

accompanying him in import. Guz. (^t^l) A term of assent ; also a signature,

death. a written attestation.

Sahaj, H. (#"), Beng. (^H^), Mar. (tT?^) Easily, naturally, Sahm, pi. Saham, incorrectly, Sbham, Suham, (|*^*«, i»^»*')

without effort. Uriya (q^Cl) Slight, petty : (from S. ^f?, A lot, a portion, the share of a person entitled to a part

with, and '31, born). of the inheritance.

Sahajdghdt, Uriya (S. ^^Ciei|CI|e>) Slight wounding. Sakm-batwdrd, H. (l;'^-^ , sharing) Division of an estate

Sahaj-chori, Uriya (^^QGOIQl) Petty larceny. amongst the coparceners according to their several portions.

Sahamabana, S. &c. (tt^*i<lll) The burning of a widow with Sahobha, S. (^I^^:) The son of a pregnant bride, one of the

the corpse of her husband. twelve sons formerly recognised by Hindu law.

Sahan, H. (a. fjs^) The area of a house, the ground on Sahodaka, S. &c. ('(t^i^'ir) Related by libations of water

which it stands : a court-yard. to deceased kinsmen.

Sahanak, Mar. (A. ijJSs^ , a dish) A grant of rent-free Sahodara, S. &c. (^^^t) Uterine, a brother of whole blood.

land for subsistence. Sahodari, a sister by the same mother.

Sahah, H. (a. ys*") The morning, the dawn ; the meal taken Sahotra, erroneously, Sahootra, Mar. (ui^-^l, from TCV^ ,

by the Mohammadans just before day-break in the mouth for K^T, six, and '3^TC, above) Six per cent, whether by

of Ramzan ; also Sahargdh and Sahargah. the month or year : a fee or perquisite of six in a hundred

Sahasan, vernacularly, Sahas, corruptly, Shahesh, S. (w?W) given to a public officer : an item of the Maratha chauth,

Violence : in law, injury of three degrees ; slight, as de- or six per cent, of the balance of the collections, after set-

struction of fruit-trees, &c. ; middle, killing of animals ;

ting aside one-fourth to the Peshwa, assigned to the Pant
atrocious, as wounding and murder. Sachlva, or minister so termed, to whose representative

Sahhat, or SiHHAT-NAMA, H. (from A.is^, being in health) the Sdhotrd in certain cases is still granted. '

A certificate of a person's being alive at any given date. Sahu, also Sahukah, H. &c. (ycL,, ^l^y&L, 'HT?! WgchH.)

Sahib, H. (A. (.^^s-'ui-), Saheb, Beng., Mar. (Tfe^, w|^) Sav-, or Saukar, whence the vernacular forms, Soucar,
A master, a lord, a conipanion : in Hindustani, the usual Sowkar, Saukar, corruptly, Showkah, Mar. (TtNoSnT,

designation and address of a respectable European, like as well as 'BT?'^rre) A banker, a dealer in money and ex-

Mister, Sir, &c : when European authorities are spoken of changes, a merchant in general : [these words are no doubt
collectively, they are sometimes termed Sdhibdn-ddlis/idn, from the S. sddhu, good, respectable, but a facetious ety-

most exalted gentlemen : an assistant judge or collector is mology in Marathi refers Sdvakdr to sd, six, and vakdra,
termed in native patois, Sa\ib-shistant. the letter v, that is, to the six words beginning with v

Sdhiba, H. (A. .Us^-Le) A lady, mistress, madam. which characterise the opulent banket vastra, dress, vapti,

Sahdbat, plur. of Sdhib, (iols^) Companions, especially the portly person, vidyd, knowledge, vinaya, decorous de-

companions of Mohammad, through whom his sayings have meanour, vdni, fluency of speech, and vitta wealth : it may
been handed down, forming a body of traditional law in- be observed, that although the terms are known to most,

ferior in authority only to the Kuran. if not all, of the dialects, they are especially in use among
Sdhib-i-muruwat, A. ^ijj* ^ js-ta) The possessor of polite- the Marathas].

ness : in law, a gentleman. Sdiikdrd, or Sdhukdrd, Mar. (w^^^, ^TOoRTtl) The body
Sdhib-nisdb, A. ((_j'...aJ C—-^*- La) The possessor of so much or corporation of bankers or monied men in a principal

property as renders him liable to pay Zikat, or established town : extensive money dealings.

alms. Sdiikdri, or Sdhukdri, Mar. (w<4*lO, ^n!«Rlx!i') Dealings

Sahifa, H. (A. isL^sf^) A book, a leaf. in money and exchange : adv., relating to a banker or bank-

Sahhdf, H. (A. (-jls*^) A bookseller, a bookbinder, a ing : mercantile, as business, usage, interest, &c.

librarian. Sdhukdr-ki-tip, vulg., Sowcar-teep, H. ((__^' X1^»aLi)

Sahih, H. (a. gs-*) Right, proper. Sa-i, Mar. {^ A A banker's bill of exchange.

word attached to written documents to signify acquiescence, Si'i, Hindi (^n^) Earnest-money. — Chota Nagpur.
or uttered at the close of verbal statements with a similar Sai, SAJii, Hindi (t, f ^T, from S. ^t) A hundred.
453 5z
 SAI SAJ
Salhra, or Sainkra, H. (flchjj, L^Aw ^^RTt)
, A hundred items of the income from landed property not comprised
'
per cent. in the produce of cultivation, as rent from fisheries, from

Saibat, a. {iS^MJ A female slave or she camel set at liberty timber and fruit-trees, bees'-wax, &c. : it also designates

under a vow : the word is used in the formula of manu- certain admitted manorial rights or prescriptive fees and
mission, as Anti-sdibat, thou art free. cesses levied from the residents in a village, or from the
Saiba, or Sayiba, A. {^*^) A woman who has had in- cultivators by the proprietors, which have been long esta-

tercourse with man, as opposed to a virgin, in Moham- lished, and are upon record ; the former of these additions

madan law. are usually taken into account, the latter not, in fixing the

Said, written also Sayi'd, and Saiyid, H. (A. J>x«) A lord, rate of assessment. Reg. xxvii. 1793. In A. and H. Sdir

a 'chief; a designation assumed by a number of Moham- is also a tax on personal property, and in Marathi it also

madans who pretend to be descended from Husain, the signifies the place or stand where the customs are levied.
A
son of Ali, and grandson of Mohammad. Sdir, or Sdyar bakhsh bandar, H. (jdM i^sijAm) Duties
Saidrzdda, H. (from A. Siijj, born) The descendant of a on markets, and customs on goods, levied at Hugli {Bakhsh-

Said, or of Mohammed. bandar), under the former government of Bengal.

Saikal, H. (a. J.«^_-«), Sikal, Mar. (f^joS^), Sikal, Beng. Sdir-chalantd, H. (Ijuda-j^l.*) Transit duties formerly levied

(T"N^) Polishing metals, cleaning arms or tools. by the Zamindars on goods passing through their estates.

Saikal gar, H. (^JiLj^), Sikalgar, Beng. (f^t^^tTf^), Si- SdMr chuna cahly, (?) The title formerly given to the duties

kalkdr, or -gar, Mar. (fsjW^^l'^, -TK) An armourer, a and taxes levied in and around Murshidabad : (the epithet,

cleaner or polisher of arms or tools of metal. which is obviously an error, perhaps for Chuna-khdli, lime-

Sail, H. (A. (J-}*w) A torrent or flood. creek or wharf, may have been taken fi:om the site of the

Saildb, H. (A. P. i_.j2Umi) A flood or torrent, an inundation. custom-house).

Saildbi, Sindhi (A. P. jJIaw) Land watered by inundations. Sdir-jamd, H. («^t.*-_^ljj) The total amount of the revenue

Sail, H. (A. (JjI«j) A petitioner, one vfho asks or begs: one in addition to the land-tax.

who interrogates, an examiner. '

Sdir-jahdt, erroneously, Sairjdh H. (c:^lja>|^_Li) A tax on
SAiMA, pi.. Saw AIM, H. (A. JuAm, *i}yM) Herds of camels, boats, an inland toll ; the Sdir duties collectively.

oxen, goats, or other animals, subsisting chiefly on pasture; Sair-i-kharch, H. (_^iyAuj) Expenses of the collection of

Saini, Thug. Signal for murder. the Sdir duties.

Saindhi, (?) The fermented juice of the wild date- tree (Elate Sdir-kharch, H. Extra or miscellaneous expenses.

sylvestris). Sdir-panchotara, H. (jj3r*i^,U«) Five per cent, levied on

Saip, Thug. Any trick practised upon travellers ; also the the transit of goods.

exerior, when respectable, of a Thug or traveller. Sdirwdlo, Guz. (^ly ^HLfrlD Collector of customs.

Saip, corruptly, Sayp, Sayhe, H. (A.^U), Sayer, Beng. Sais, H. (a. ^mAui) a groom, a horsekeeper.

(TTte^), Sayab, Mar. (TTTUt), Sayaru, Tel. (.<3^oS:}6:)) Sait, Thug. Parole of rendezvous.

In its original purport the word signifies moving, walking, Saithawah, Hindi (^V(|c||0 A division of the Kurmi or

or the whole, or the remainder : from the latter it came to agricultural tribes in Hindustan, located chiefly in Gorakh-

denote the remaining or all other sources of revenue ac- pur and Benares.

cruing to the government, in addition to the land-tax, from Saja-jama, (?) Beng. Amount of rent in kind (?).

a variety of imposts, as customs, transit duties, licences, Sajal-sthal, S. &c. (n, with, K^, water, and ^^S, land)

fees, house-tax, market-tax, &c., in which sense the term A term used in deeds of transfer or sale of landed pro-

is current throughout India : the several imposts under perty to denote the absolute alienation of the whole.

this name were abolished by the British government;, with SAjalu, Tel. (plur. c^^aieu) Labourers in salt-works.

the exception of government customs, duties on spirituous Sajav/li, Karn. ((OeJD^Q, probably from the A. Sazd-
liquors, and other minor specified items : the privilege of wali, q. V.) Restraint on a person to enforce payment of

imposing local taxes included in the Sdyar, was also taken a debt, or prevent his running away.

away from private individuals, but it still applies to various Sajgani, SajgAni, Mar. (^^^^D'^, fl<i'll4ut) A couple of

454
 SAJ SAK
Paisas, or copper coin so termed; also, a measure of land Sakh, or Sakhi, Mar. (mn, Wm\) Mercantile credit, a good

= six Mukds. reputation in business.

Sajha, H. (l^lvj, ^^I'tlrit) Partnership, association. Sakha, S., and in all the dialects, sometimes expressed Sakh,
SdjM, H. (j^^j^Lu, S. 41^1^1) A partner, an associate, a Shakh, (S[n'OT) lit-> A branch : metaphor., a division or

coparcener in landed property. branch of any tribe, sect, family, school, or caste, and the like

Sajja, Mar. (^'Sn) A continuous tract of cultivated cfround. Sdkhdvali,S. &c. (^T^l^^, from Avdli, a row) A pedigree,

Sajjada, less correctly, Sijjada, H. (A. tii\sf*') A mat or a family.

carpet on which Mohammadans kneel or sit whilst pray- Sakhi bhava, S. &c. (^KNIhn, from Sakhi, a female friend)

ing : see Sijda. A sect of Hindus in Upper India who especially worship

Sajjdda-nishin, H. (P. f^^J^, sitting) The sitter on the Mddhd, the mistress of Krishna.
praying carpet, usually applied to the spiritual superior Sarin, H. &c. (^Li) An inhabitant, a pernhment resident

of a mosque or religious endowment, as distinct from the in any place.

Mutamalli, or secular superior and manager, although the Sakka. H. (a. law) A water-bearer, sometimes one of the

two offices are not unfrequently united in the same person village servants in Hindustan who supplies the villagers

also any religious ascetic of the Mohammadau faith. and travellers with water, and is paid by an allowance of

Sa JJi, Sa JJi-MATi, Sajji-nun, incorrectly, Soojee-matee, H. grain at harvest.

( -as*", jXOffi^, i^^.xJae*', ^fttejrr) An impure carbonate Sakshi, S. &c. (?fT^), Sakhi, H. (^^^Lj), it is also pro-

of soda called Sajji earth, or Sajji salt, extracted from the nounced in other dialects, although correctly written, Sakhi,
soil in various parts of Hindustan, especially in the Doab. A witness, an eye-witness : it is also used, less corrrectly,

Saka, or Saka, vulgarly, Shuk, or Shuku, S. &c. (.T^, for witness or testimony in general, for Sdkhya, q. v. In
^Tloir) An aera in general, but the term is applied especially Mai. (Cr09c8j3al) it also means a fine or forfeit of ten per

to that which is reckoned from the reign of a prince of cent, on the money advanced when a mortgagee wishes to

the south of India named Sdlivdhana, commencing in the give up the land he holds before his term expires.

79th year of the Christian aera, and to be identified with Sdhshiddr, Mar. (WBJj^^T^) A witness.

the latter by adding 785: thus the current Saka year 1772 Sdhshigdr,andSdkshiyava,Ka.Tn. (ri^Dj^"7r35 JO^S^^oXd^)

began towards the end of March I80O. A witness.

Sdkdbda, S. (^oKT^), Sagdttam, corruptly, Sagartham, Sdkshikkdnam, Mai. {.C(X),&Si£\S^Osrr)o) Fees paid to one
Tarn. ((ffSrTS^LQ) Any year of the aera of Sdlivdhana. who witnesses the execution of title-deeds.

Sakak, H. (A. till^) A cutler. Sdhshya, S. &c. (ttt^), also, sometimes, Sdkhya, and Sdkshi.

SakAm-badh, Uriya (qQ|?l96), from S. Sa-thdma, viiiYi will, Evidence, testimony, deposition.

and badha, killing) Wilful murder. Sdhsha-d^sayaru, Uriya (9|^8||CtC|,'^) Circumstantial evi-

Sahdm-samdn-ladh, Uriya (9QIJI9fl|ffQ£l) Culpable homi- dence (from *lia<<, and the K.jAm, remainder).

cide. Sakti, S. &c. (^f%i) Power, ability, the personified power of

Sakalati, or Sakalatu, Tel., Kam. (^Ser°S, ,'Cf§er°&, a divinity, a goddess.

apparently from the English '

scarlet ') Woollen or broad- Sdkta, S. &c. (^n^ Relating to the female nature or prin-

cloth. ciple : the designation of a sect who worship the female

Sakalaya, and Sakalaya-basi, Kam. (^O^o53Trc;3, principle according to the ritual of the Tantras : there are

from S. Sahala, all, and rdsi, a heap) The whole of the crop two chief divisions of them, i\ie Dakshindchdri and Fa»re«-
before partition between the government and the cultivators. chari, or right and left-hand ritualists : the worship of the

Sakah, Mar. (U<lil0 Acceptance of a bill, endorsement in former is public, and no otherwise noticeable than as ad-

proof of acceptance. dressed to the goddesses, especially forms of Durgd, as-

Sahardi, Mar. («<*|.||) The charge made by the cashier of Bhavdni, and Pdrvaii, also to Lakshmi or Mahdlakshmi,

a bill of exchange. and others, commonly objects of adoration. The left-hand

Sakara, erroneously, Sukra, H. (S. ^, with, oIR, tax) Sub- division worship, in preference, the Tdntriha Impersona-

ject to revenue payment, paying tax. nations of Durgd, as Devi, Kali, Sydmd, &c., or a woman
A5^
 SAK SAL
representing the Sdkti ; their worship is private and un- venues of Bengal on account of annual allowances made
avowed, and is celebrated with impure practices : it is said to the Zamindars in Sylhet.

to be most numerously followed, and branches into various Sdlidna-hdsil, or -tahsil, H. (A. J-sW, profit, Jj-as*, col-
subdivisions. lections) Yearly collections from a district or estate.

SAKHTU,Tel.(?dBa33, P.e:.^L) Manufacture, construction. Sdlind, Mar. (P. «(i<j>lin) Annually, year by year.
SaIvULYA, S. &c. (^W^) a kinsman, or, more usually, a dis- Sdljharti-jamd-kharch, H. (^j»-M«»-|cJj?f- JL*-) A yearly
tant kinsman, not nearer than five, seven, or ten degrees.-^ account of receipts and disbursements, a debit and credit
Sal, H. (P. JL), Salu, Tel. (c3^e;j), SALE.Karn. (?^^) account.

A year. Sdlkari, Mar. (Ml'^i cfc'O) The individual who, among a

Sdldbdd, Sdldbddi, Mar. (^TTcSRT^, 'HT^RI^) Permanent number of joint proprietors, is in possession or has the
collections or charges: used generally with the substantives, management of the common stock for a given year.

as Sdldbdd-jamd, the permanent or perennial revenue ; Sd- Sdltamdmi-kdgaja, Uriya (g|S5.CS11910|S|£^, from A. ^UJ,
Idhdd-hharch, the permanent or fixed charges, as of a vil- entire, and lico, paper) The yearly accounts.
lage, for establishment, charities, festivals, &c. Sdlrvdr, H. (jI^Im) By or according to the year or years.
Sdldbddu, Tel. (c3-°er°t5^(!l>) Annually, year by year. Sdlwdr-wasul-bdki, H. (A. ^}yOj , collection, and ^l; , re-

Sdl-dyinda, H. (P. sJajT, coming), Sdlu, or Sdle-aindd, mainder) Accounts of the annual collections and balances
Tel. (c^-^eu, ^"Se303JOl5') Next or ensuing year. for a series of years.

Sdl-ba-sdl, H. (JLjJL), Sdl-dar-sdl, Mar. (^T^^T^TT^y) Sala, or SALAStiLA, Karn. (FO^O, T^RiVc^^^V) Debt.
Year by year, annually. Sdlagdra, or Sdladdra, or Sdladava, Karn. (rJc)eJ A c)5
Sdl-handi, Mar. (^5!^^) A settlement for a series of years, S=>^, or -^^) A creditor.

or the papers detailing it, as affecting recurring engage- Sdlagdra,o'[Sdladali-hiddava,"Sjaxa.(s^^'T^'^, J3DeJ^8-

ments, as contracts, leases, &c. : the arrangement made by S)^5) A debtor.

joint inheritors or proprietors for the successive enjoyment Patrasdla, Karn. (<0^t\Jc)eJ) A debt contracted upon a

of their property. bond or note.

Sdlevdr-Miarchu, Karn. (r^OoJ^C^MarOF-) Annual dis- Baddisdla, Karn. (S^OiNraeJ) A debt bearing interest

bursements. Maisdla, or Sukhasdla, Karn. (^g)^e), ^SOT^V) Bail

Sdlgira,H. (from 2^, a knot) The anniversary of a person's for a debt.

nativity, when a knot is tied on a string or thread kept Sala, H. &c. (^[m, ^TT^ST, ^^s) A wife's brother, a brother-

as a record of his age. in-law : to call a stranger by such an appellation is one

Sdl-guzashta, H. (fi-om P. <SjI<ijl, past), Sdl-gudast, Mar. of the most aggravated terms of abuse in Bengal.

(^rr ^JJ^w) , Sdlugujastd, Tel., Karn. (c3-°e)Xb3dc3-^) Sdli, H. &c. (j_jjUu , ^iic^l) A wife's sister, especially a

Last year. younger sister.

Sdli, H. &c. i^\M,'^[^) Annual, relating to the year: Sdldpo, Beng. (*fWZt1) A wife's brother's son.

land taken up for the year : a rate in the cultivator's lease Salaf, H. (a. 1 aLw) Ancestors, predecessors : money ad-

when two or more crops are raised from the soil in the vanced for merchandise.

same year, that is to say, when the ground is worked through- Salaqa, Karn. (rOOA) A chief or head man.

out the year, not in one season only. Salagrama, or Saligram, commonly Salgram, S. &c.

Sdl-irhdl, H.( Jl*. JU),/S«Ze-/t«ZM,Tel.,Karn. (=3-°"3^e)J) (Ult^U'lX, WfsnrTH) A stone found in the Gandhak river,

, The present or current year. a sort of ammonite supposed to be a type of Vishnu, and

Sdlidna, H. &c. (AjULi) Annual, yearly: an annuity, a worshipped by his votaries (it is derived from sa, with,

yearly salary or pension. ala for ara, a ring, and grdma, a multitude).

Sdlidnaddr, H. {¥.Ji^, who has) A pensioner, an annuitant, SalAhiyat, Hindi (^^Stf^Mrt, from the A. (.::^a»-2Lo, fitness)

one who receives an annual allowance, stipend, or pension. Information sent by the village accountant or collector to
the chief police authority of any criminal occurrence in
Salidnaddrdn, corruptly, Saliandarum, H. (pi. of the last)

the formers tatement of the re- the villaare.

.
Annuitants : an entry in
456
 SAL SAM
Salai, Mar. (?raE^, from S. salaki, a pin, a stake) A sample, tached to the head of a corporation of merchants, carrying

as a bundle of grass, a single fruit, a log of wood set aside as a badge a large ladle with chain and bell on his shoul-

from the mass in counting or weighing the whole, to mark ders, and whose duty it is to assemble the merchants on

the completion of the tale at each pause, and then counted public occasions, &c.

to test the total : it is usually thrown into the bargain, or, Salavu, Tel. (^y<\5) Leave, dismissal, permission to depart.

when it is the tale of the crop, the bundles become the Tel., Karn., Expense, expenditure (probably from A. i—i/^-

perquisite of the village accountant SALEVADU.corruptly, SALWA,andSABLEE,Tel. (<nJ^ Oo^T'QO)

Salaka, Tel. ((OOS) Ameasure of capacity equal totwoTwrns. A weaver.

Salake, Karn. ((OWD) Delivering over, payment, paying'. Sali, (?) Beng. A description of land, that paying rent in

Salakh, H. (A. 2^) The last day of a month of thirty days kind (?)

day of new moon. Sali, Mar. (iJIJb)) A particular class of weavers in cotton

SalAku, Tel. (fOer°SJ) A dent or mark on a coin denoting and silk, or an individual of it.

its goodness. SAli, S. &c. (^rrf^s) Rice in general.

Salam, written also Silm, and Sillim, A. (JLj) A descrip- Sali, pron. Shulee, Beng. ("tf^) A measure for grain con-

tion of sale in which payment is immediate or in advance, taining 20 sers : eight Sails = a Map (^'t).

and the delivery of the purchased articles may be deferred. Salik, H. (a. (4^Uu) a class of Mohammadan devotees who
See Muslim. observe the law, and lead a domestic life.

SAlIm, H. (a. JLm) Peace, safety : salutation (Implying a Salike, Karn. (fOSO) Payment.
wish for a person's safety and health) used as a civil term SAlis, corruptly Sallis, H. (A. LlJU), Beng. ("ftfsPT) An
on meeting or parting, as Sdheb-saldm ; and more espe- umpire, an arbitrator (lit, a third, or one of three, from

cially, in the Arabic exchange of compliments, Saldm-dli- Solas cJj, three).

hum, peace be with you; Ali-kum-salam,vi''i.\h you be peace. Sdlis-b'il-hhair, H. (j^i it CiJU) An impartial arbitrator.

Salami, H. (A. ^g^Lu) Relating to compliments, or a sa- Sdlisi, corruptly, Sallisee, H. (^U), Beng. ("tH^) Ar-
lutation, especially a complimentary present, a douceur, bitration, award.

the first receipts of an appointment tendered to the person Sdlis-ndma, H. (<!uU t.i-Jlj) A deed of arbitration, a written

through whom it has been obtained : a present to a superior award.

upon being introduced to him : a gratuity or offering on SAl-jamin, (?) Mar. The best sort of copper-coloured or red

receiving a lease or settling for the revenue, or on re- soil. — J. Sel. 4. 556 : (it is no doubt a blunder for Ldl,

ceiving any favour real or implied : a fee or fine levied red-earth.

annually on the holders of rent-free tenures as a quit-rent SAlmal, (?) Mar. An inferior caste of Hindus said to be the

applied adjectively to tenures so held. descendants of a Brahman by a slave girl ; whose business
Saldmi^i-kkdna-bdri,H.(i_si\jl6\^^^lM) Apresentmade by it is to prepare and sell Pan, or the betel-leaf and nut, &c.

the Raiat to a Zamindar in Bengal on his erecting a new for mastication.

hut, originally a free-gift, subsequently converted into an Salono, H. (^I^Sl'ft) Day of full moon in Srdvan, when the
Abwdh, or regular impost. Rdhhi is tied on. See Rdkhi-purmmd.
Salam, Hindi (iiIj^h) Good fertile land. —Puraniya. Salotab, or Salotahi, corruptly, Salistri, H. (^JjILj, from
Salan, SAlnI, H. ((Jlwi UILm) Meat, fish, or vegetable CMrry. S. ^f^^^^) A farrier, a horse-doctor : also Sdlotari,

SalAt, H. (a. cuLo, or iljLe) Prayer, the repetition of which Farriery, veterinary practice.

is directed five times a day, or, 1. at the Subh, between SAmAdaskat, Guz. (ltll'*ll^^i5<t) An account opened by
daybreak and sunrise ; 2. Zahr, immediately after noon a person in his creditor's book; a promissory note, a receipt
A
3. Axr, in the afternoon, shortly before sunset ; 4. Maghrib, Samadhi, also, vernacularly, Samadh, H. &c. (S. TBTlfti,
A
evening, before dusk ; and 6. I&hd, on retiring to bed Vmn, ^OU*-) Religious abstraction in general; that per-

these are the ordained seasons of prayer, but other prayers formed by Jogis, by which they pretend to be able to sus-
and other seasons are also recognised and recommended. pend the connexion between soul and body : the self immo-
SalavAdi, Karn. ((OOoJ dG) A kind of beadle or crier at- lation of a member of the Jogi order of mendicants, by
457 6a
 SAM SAM
. burning or burying himself alive : the ceremony of bury- expiation for the fault by which he had been degraded.
ing, or sinking in water, the corpse of a deceased Jogi; This, or Samanvayi, is probably the correct reading of
a small and low shrine or tomb erected over the grave of what appears in some lists of Sdmandyi, which has no
a Jogi, commonly surmounted by a standing-place for a satisfactory etymology.

Tulasi plant : also a reconciling of differences, settlement Saman, or Sumun, H. Beng. (^^JAM, *f!R) The English
of an affair; word summons.'
Samagi,"Samage, Karn. (i^^^, r6^'A) A person wear- SamAr, Hindi (iEIHK) Crop-ploughing.

ing a trident sectarial mark, ^nd sometimes acting as priest Samaras, Mar. (JBJRTO, from T:i5ft, a heap) Produce of a
to Sudras. field collected and stacked, but not divided among the

Samagbi, H. (S. (C^Lj) Furniture, tools, apparatus. sharers ; undivided property in general.

Sama-ik, Samaik, Mar. TTH^'*, lilHl^^eh, S. ^JIHlDjeh', from Sama RP ANA, vernacularly, Samarpan, S. &c. (^PT!^) De-
?WIi agreement) Held under compact or in conjunction, livering, entrusting to : delivery, transfer.

as lands, tenements, &c. ; cultivated in common by joint Samasta-deh-jana, corruptly, Sumvust-dehijin, and Su-
proprietors or sharers, without actual divisiop. MUST-DEHIJIN, Mar. (from S. WTKf , whole, f^, a village,

SamAjik, Mar. (wnftnii, from S. ^'RTsT, a community) Held and »nT, people) The entire village proprietary, the vil-

in common : belonging to a society or community. lage community or corporation.

Samakhya, Tel. (r6;6T^a5~'§, tm <^ |) i A statement of SAMASTANAM,Tam.(^LD6nJ^rTc3!jriL, S. &c./San«f/jawa,q.v.)

facts or opinions authenticated by a number of persons, an A metropolis, the residence of a prince or person of rank

agreement entered into by two or more individuals. it is used in a collective sense in the south for a family

Saman, or Sama, S. &c. (^UHtT) The Sama Veda. of rank and distinction, a noble house.

Samana, vernacularly Saman, S. &c. ('BJTR,

^J'*^»^)
Equal, Samasthala, S. &c. (wreq^f), Santhal, Mar. (iH'Zl^) Level

like, same. ground, table-land.

Samdnagotra, S. (from ift^, family) Of the same lineage, Samatu, vernacularly, Samat, Tel. (lO^So) A division of

a gentile kinsman. a district.

Samdni-^riddhi, S. (^WRft^fs) Moderate interest. Samatuddrudu, or, vernacularly, Samatddr, also, Samud-
Samdnodaka,' S. (from TRTT. and 3^, water) A kinsman ddrudu or Samudddr, Tel. (?6^&)iy&&, ?6Sx)'g°.

connected by offerings of water to deceased ancestors; for O^^,) A 'jrevenue-officer employed by the government
the first seven degrees the Samdnodaka is the same as or by a Zamindar to superintend the tillage of a district, or

the Sapin^o, ofiFering cakes and water ; the former affinity of a certain number of villages, to settle disputes among the

extends to seven degrees further, in which water only is cultivators, and communicate with the district collector.

presented. Samavarttana, S. &c. (^wra§»r) The ceremony- vphich takes

Samdnodarya, S. (from 3^, the belly or womb) A brother ,

place when the young Brahman has completed his course

of whole blood. of religious study, and returns home : amongst the Mara-

SAMANi H. &c. (p. ^jULi) Furniture, goods, effects, apparatus. thas it is said to be a ceremony in which the munja, or

Saman, Sumun, incorrectly, Simmin, H. (A. ^j*X) Price, girdle of grass, is loosened, "sixteen years after it has been

value : in Shia law, gold and silver only are intended. put on.

SaMandaskat, Guz. (^L'Hlot^^*^- H. Sdmne-dastkhat) Samdvritta, S. &c. (WI<Jri:) The religious student who has

An account opened by a person in his creditor's book, also returned home after completing his studies.

a receipt, a promissory note or a writing passed by one Samaya, S. &c. (vn) Compact, agreement, engagement.

contracting party to another. SamayarAya, Karn. (.=6^oSD-D-ao5D) The high priest of

Samandab, H. (?) A small land measure. — Midnapur. the Dasari caste.

Samanta, S. &c. («1Hn)) Bordering, neighbouring, a neigh- Samba, or Sambanellu, also read Shamba, and Chamba,
bouring or adjacent village or town. Tam. (e'lLurr, <S'UiurrGr5^6^) a superior kind of

Samanvaya, Beng. (JT'SJ^, S. W{, with, and ^»^, succes- rice with white and well-flavoured grains, it is sown in

'sion) Restoration of a person to his family or caste after July, transplanted in October, and reaped in February.

458
 SAM SAM
Samba, or Shamba, Beng. (*t^) Second ploughing of a field. Sammai, H. (^_J-*^M, ?OT^) The pipe (a hollow bambu) of
Sambala, Kam. &c. (S. tOOa^) Pay, hire, wages : provender a drill plough.

or stock for travelling expenses, provisions for a journey. SammAnam, Tam. (fPLDLarrOOTLQ) Lands exempt from all

Sambalagdr, Karn. (r6oaD^ A dO) One who is retained or fax : (from S. TIW and JTHT, respect, a mark of respect).

hired. Sammatapatra, vernacularly, Sammadipatram, corruptly,

Aramane-sambala, Karn. (e3S^^E35r6o£5^) A person in Summadibuthrem, 8. &c. (*lMlri, assented, and tR, leaf)

the pay of the government. A deed of acquiescence, permission, or agreement,

Sambal-adl, Tam. ((ffLDLJerraLOTr) One who serves for Samohi, (?) In Arcot, the designation given to the villages

monthly wages. or lands of a community held severally under periodical

Sambandha, S. &c. (wk^^, from sam, together, and bandha, distribution. See Samudayam.

binding) ; it occurs unchanged in most of the dialects, but SAMPiDAK, Mar. (fimt^ch, S. one who accomplishes or pro-

in Karn. becomes Sammandha (lOO^OQ) Relationship, duces) The first person of a family who has obtained pos-

affinity, connexion : although not exclusive of relationship session of lands, privileges, &c.

by descent, it is more correctly applicable to that by con- SampradAyam, S. &c. (tTO^ii) Custom, usage, traditional

nexion, as by marriage, &c. doctrine.

Sambhandi,S. &c.(wR'»rt), Sammandhi, Karn.(|^3O^0o9) Samprati, corruptly, Sumpreddy, Sampatee, Samparby,

A relation, a connexion. SiMPERTY, Tel. Karn. (r6oi^^@, from the S. Wfgfif, now,
SImbahi, S. &c. (5fl*WCl) A female juggler. but changed in sense, or rather derived from ^H, with, and

Sambhar, H. (yf^«Lj) Salt obtained from a lake of the same Itfir, against) An assistant to a village accountant, a per-

name in Ajmir. son employed to prepare copies of accounts, or to examine

Sambhae, Thug. Treasure. and make out check accounts.

Sambh^yasamutthAnam, S. ('?r»fl'WTp!lt«t) Joint perform- Sarrvpratidaru, Tel. (rOO^^^y^lyoo) One who keeps

ance of work, concerns among partners, partnership : a title counter or check accounts.

of Hindu law. Sampratipatti, S. &c. (^n^fiPTf^) Assent, acknowledg-

Sambhi, also, Samadhi, and less correctly, Samdi, H. &c. ment : in law, admission by the defendant of the truth of
(j^iX/fcAw) A father-in-law, either the father of the bride- the plaint.

groom or the bride, especially in regard bf their mutual Samtjdayam, incorrectly, SAMADAYAM,Tara.(iff(lpSrTLUlL
affinity. S. ^H^) The tenure by which the members of a village

Samdhin, H. &c. (.^JiSAM), Samadhuni, Uriya (^Siyeil) A community, or Mirasidars hold the lands in common, each
mother-in-law. See the last. occupying an assigned share, but having no permanently

Sami, Hindi (^Ensft) Arable land. —Mherwara. exclusive right to it, and holding it only for a given period

SAMf, S. &c. (^Pft) A sort of tree (Acacia suma). until a fresh partition and distribution take place : it also

Samipujd, S., &c. (5I*f|v|'»| |) Worship of the Sami tree at designates lands not allotted to individuals, but cultivated

the festival of the Dasahara. in common : and again, it may mean a village, the produce

SamjhAish, H. (plo\^^*«) Making to understand, explain- of which is equally divided between the proprietor and the

ing, warning, inducing the defendant to admit the justice cultivators when they are distinct.

of a plaint'. Samudaya-grdmam, Tam. (<ff(lpSrTLlJiS(6§l[jrTLQLa, for

Samjut-patra, Mar. (wsTriU'^, from S. Sanyuhta Wra!, con- grama, S.) A village held or cultivated in common : also

joined, and patra, a leaf) A paper declaratory of an ami- one in which the produce, as before, is equally divided be-

cable agreement having been come to between the litigant tween the proprietors and cultivators.

parties. Samuddyanilam, Tam.(a'(lp^rTUJr^60LQ) Land held and

Samla, Hindi (*IH(3lO A crop that, after having been checked, cultivated in common.
has recovered. —Puraniya. Sam^ha, S. &c. iw^ An assemblage, a multitude : an
SAMMiDAM,Tam.(<B'U:iLQrr^LQ) A compact or commutation assembly formed to take cognisance of oflPences against

made by merchants and traders with the customs and excise. caste.

459
 SAM SAN
Samusaram, Tam. (S. &^&nU'U:i,fTom S. imt) Married Sanmdt, corruptly, Sunat, Sonaut, Sunott, H. (iJi.>lyu»i ,
pi.

state or condition. of Sanat e:,«i*i, a year) Years, but applied in Bengal

Samusdrakdran, Tam. (&(Lp&rjrTSt&rTtJ<h) A married to rupees in the third year of their currency, when their

man, one who has children. value in comparison with the money of account, or current

Samusdri, Tam. (&(lp&ntf]) Father or mother of a family. rupee, was reduced from 16 per cent, to 11 per cent, above

Samvatsara, vernacularly also Samvat, Sumvut, or Sam- the latter ; that is, the rupee was rated in the first year of

bat, SuMBUT, S. (sR^wt), Hindi, Mar. (^^il), Beng.(5T^) its issue at 116 to 100 current rupees, in the second year

A year; but it is especially applied to the luni-solar years of it circulated at 113 to 100 current rupees, and in the third

the era of Vikramdditya, commencing with the year of the and ever after, at 111 to 100 current rupees, when it was
Kali age 3045, or 57 years B.C., which latter number is termed Sanmdt.
to be added to any year A.D. to find the Samvat; as, Sana, vernacularly, San, or Sun, corruptly, Sunn, S. &c.

A.D. 1850 + 57 = 1907 ; and conversely to be deducted (^ro) A plant, the fibres of which are used for the ma-
from the Samvat to find the A.D., as, 1907 — 57 = 1850: nufacture of cordage, canvas, and the like : Indian hemp
the Samvat aera is chiefly used in Telingana and Hindustan, (Crotolaria juncea), also the flax or fibres.

occasionally in Bengal, rarely in the Peninsula. Sanappan, Shanappati, or Sanarpan,Tam. ((B^sncruLJOCr,

Samvid, or Samvit, S. (^fwir) Agreement. <&(3OTrrr)LJc3OT) A maker of hempen cloths, canvas, sacks, &c.
Samvit-patra, S. (^^TTT^) A deed of assent, an agreement, SAnA, Mar. (^TOT) A person, on the part of one of the share-
a deed of gift, applied in the Anglo-Indian courts to a will, holders, set to watch over a joint concern to prevent frau-

a testament. dulent abstraction of the produce : also one set over a

Samvid-vyatikramM, S. (from ^ifiraW departure) Non-per- tenant by his landlord, from the cutting of the corn until

formance of agreements, a breach of contract, &c. ; a title its final disposal, that he may not be defrauded of his share

of Hindu law. (probably for the H. Shahna, q. v.).

San, Sun, H. &c. (A. ^^ , TTrf) A year : like Samvat it SanAbhi, S. (^nnfH) A uterine brother, a brother of whole

is also applied tq the years of an aera. of which there are blood.

two varieties in use, the Bengali and the Vilaiti ; the Sanabhoga, pron. Shanabhog, corruptly, Shanabogue,
former current in Bengal, and very commonly quoted; the SHANBOGUE,SHAMBOGUE,alsoKuLKAKANI-SANABHOGA,
latter current more rarely in the Dakhin, but used and Karn. (^rCSi^^^, &Oi55'(b^rC5^^X) The village

known as the Amli-san of Orissa. To convert the former clerk or accountant who keeps the accounts of the culti-

into the years A.D., 593 must be added to any period vation, and registers every thing connected with it : he is

within the first nine months, 594 for the other three ; to paid by a grant of land and portions of the crop : a writer

convert the latter, 592 within the first four months, 593 or clerk in general.

for the other eight ; thus, the Bengal San beginning on Sdndya, Ram. (^(nJ3oIx)) Allowance of grain to the vil-

the first Baisdhh 963 + 593 = A.D. 1556. The Vilaiti lage accountant.

San beginning on the first oi Asmin 963 + 592 = 1555. Sajuru-sdnabhog, Earn, (from A. j¥^^ Iluzur, q. v.) A
These aeras were first established by the Emperor Akbar. clerk of customs.

San is also used in speaking of the years of a king's Sanad, Sunud, incorrectly, or vernacularly, Sunnud, H. &c.

reign as chronicled by his coins : a rupee of the 19th San (A. i^JM, W^), Sannadu, Tel. (i^rCS^^) A grant, a

is one coined in the 19th year of his reign. diploma, a charter, a patent : a document conveying to an

8an-i-jalus, H. (A. \j^y^) The year of the king's accession. individual emoluments, titles, privileges, offices, or the go-

San-patit, Hindi (from 8. ''ifiinr, fallen) Land lefl uncul- vernment rights to revenue from land, &c., under the seal

tivated or unowned for a year. of the ruling authority. The Mohammadan government had
Sanwad; or Sanwdd-baki, Mar. (?R^- ^iRF^^T^) Arrears different forms of Sanads according to the nature of the

of revenue due for several years. grant.

Sanwad-, or Sanwdd-padast, Mar. (^R^-, fR^T^^S^nf) Sanad-ba-dahand, H. (P. tJJiajjjJu.) Lit., Let them give

Waste or uncultivated for years, land, &c. a Sanad : the form of words inscribed by the superior

460
 SAN SAN
authority, the Ndzim, or Subdh-ddr, upon the Diivdns SAnAn, plur. Sanar, commonly, Sannah, Shanar.ot Cha-
petition or statement, representing the particulars of a NAH, Tam. (e'lT^BSJOOT) The name of a low caste in the

royal assignment of revenue in his district, and consti- south of India, whose occupation is the extraction of juice

tuting his authority for issuing the Sanad-mutdbik, the from the fruit-stalk of cocoa-palm, which, when fermented,

local patent or order to make over possession to the grantee. becomes tdri or toddy.
Sanad-bdzu, H. (P. jjU, the arm) A general term for the Sancha, Thug. A grave.

whole of the Sanads issued by the Emperor and his officers, SanchAita, Karn. (fOOSa^COJS) The management of an
granting and giving possession of an assignment of revenue. estate by the collector or revenue officers of the government.

Sanad-debd-jvdld, Uriya (^ffOG?;)Q|t3|R.|) The grantor Sanchakaha, Karn. ('^OSs-D'cJO) Earnest-money : a pledge,

of a patent or assignment ; and Sanad-nebd-wdld (SS?Q|- a deposit.

OIR.|) The receiver of such a grant, the grantee. SanchAyam, Tam. (S'^e'rTUJLQ) Daily pay of a workman
Sanad-dirvdni, H. ((jlyOiiJuu) A grant or assignment of the portion of the produce of a field assigned to the cultivator.

land, or rather of the government revenue assessed upon it. SanchnIj Mar. (^^isft) The settlement of the leases and
Sanadi, corruptly, Sanedey, H. &c. (^^iXamj) Relating to ground-rents of a village or country.

a Sanad. SAnd, pronounced, SAnr, H. (iSJLi , ^^xt) A bull set at liberty

Sanad-i-khun-bahd, H. (from ^^j^, blood, and l^, price) as an act of piety or on festival occasions, and privileged
A grant or deed conveying property from a person or family to wander about at will.

implicated in a murder, as a retaliatory fine to the heirs Sandai, Tam. i&nfS^nB)) A market, a fair, an annual fair.

of the murdered person. SandAita, Karn. (i<3oS3cuDS) Land,&c., not let, but farmed
Sanad-i-milkiat-i-istimrdr, H. (from A. c>,^flL«, master- by the proprietor or government : an estate, or the like, in

ship, and iLtJuj I , continual) The deed or document by which charge of the collector or government officer, in opposition

the British government recognised the absolute ownership to what is farmed.

of the Zamindars of Bengal, and in some parts of the south, Sanddita-gdr, Karn. (r5on3OJ0S"7rs5^) One who looks

at a fixed assessment : the terra is current chiefly in the after government land that has not been rented.
Northern Sarkars. SAndawA, or SAndAvstA, Mar. (W3^) A vent, an outlet

Sanad-i-zaminddr,ll. (P. .ltS>AA-«/,a landholder) AZaraindar for superfluous water from a reservoir, a sluice.

appointed under a royal patent, on default of heirs, to suc- SandAya, Karn. (r6ooBoS3) Delivering over, making
ceed to another Zamindar, or on the supercession of the latter. payment.

Sanad-mdniyam, Tarn. (S'rjSLQITcSDflUJLQ) Rent-free land SandAyam, Tam. (S'rjsrTUJUi) Any thing held in common:
held under government. daily pay, &c. See Sanchdyam.

Sanad-mutdbik, H. (A. Jfj'iao, in conformity with) The Sanddyanilam, Tam. (S'lTSITLUrfleOLL) Land held in

patent or grant issued by a subordinate local officer giving common.

effect to an assignment or grant of revenue made by his Sandhi, S., Mar. (^fv), Sendh, H. (xjJu«), Sindh, Beng.
superior to any individual, and recapitulating the parti- (t5I°Sj) A hole or breach in a wall made for the purpose

culars of the original alienation. of entering a house to steal : also, housebreaking, burglary.
Sanad-navisand, H. (P. J>.*«>jy , let them write) A form (Sandhi properly means a holding together, union, a joint,

of words inscribed by the chief authority upon the petition peace, alliance, and the like ; its application to a hole in

or application to him for a grant of revenue, after the a wall may have arisen from dropping in practice some such
necessary preliminaries had been completed. term as bhedana, breaking, originally connected with it, as
Sannadi-indmu, Tel. (i^rO^£)CXiD?5^Sx)) A grant of rent- Sandhi-bhedanam, a breaking of continuity).

free land held under a patent or order of the Mohammadan Sandhichora, or -chaura, S. (from ^t j '^^, a thief) Sendh-
government. chor, H. (.jy=^^d.j>^M), Sindhchor, Uriya (SOGSt^Q)
A
SAnaja, Uriya (g|SiCI|) Husband's younger brother's wife. burglar, a housebreaker.

Sanak, Mar. (5(ntT«li) Lit, A dish ; fig., a patrimony, a grant Sandhichaurya, S. (from "^J^, a theft), Sendhchori, H.
of land as subsistence, without service attached. (t^^^^iXJj^) Housebreaking, burglary.
461 6b
 SAN SAN
Sendh-hdntd,n. (^M^^fid^xSm), Sindh-hdti, Beng. (fJI°SI^1^) SAni, H. (^^) ChafiF or straw mixed with grain or seeds
Sindh-kathi, Uriya (^QQ|o) An instrument for making from which oil has been expressed, as food for cattle.

a hole in the wall, usually an iron pin about six or eight Sani, Karn. (s^^ , probably from the A. ^^ , a second)

inches long for picking out the clay or mortar in mud or A companion.

brick walls. Sdni, Tel. and Karn. (c3^o)) A term used to designate

Sindhdl, Beng. (f^T'TN), Uriya (€Q|R) Housebreaking. a woman ; in some cases, especially as compounded, a woman
Sindhudl, Uriya (QDSJICl.) Burglary, housebreaking. of respectability, as Dora-sdni, a gentlewoman, a lady

Sindhudli, Uriya (QD2||K).) A housebreaker, a burglar. by itself it more commonly denotes a dancing-girl.
SandhtI, S. &c. (^un, from ^fv, a joint, a juncture), ver- Sdni-dapktar, or Sdni-sarishta, Karn. (from the h.. Jiid
nacularly, also Sakjha, H. (l^s**") Either of the three an office, P, i^jm) A colleague in a public department,

principal periods of the day, sunrise, noon, sunset ; also the especially the revenue.

religious worship appropriately observed at those periods, SAni-nilam,H. &c. (j,lw^lj, from h. ^ii, second) Re-sale.

whether performed singly, as by bathing at those hours in SXni-tajwiz, H. i}i^^J^), SANiTAJBf j,Hindi (^ftltI»I^iT)
some sacred stream, accompanied by gesticulations and Review of judgment, second investigation.

prayers, or with others, either in domestic worship or in Sanjaita, Karn. (rO083^CXXDo) The immediate manage-
temples, by communities of Brahmans : evening, twilight, ment of any branch of revenue, by the officers of govern-

and especially the service then performed. ment. See SanchaJita.

SANDlvlLAM,Tel.,Karn. (fOoQ<J^e)0) Penalty, penal sum: Sanjayathi, (?) Hindi, Undivided land of a village, whether

money lodged or deposited : per centage, commission. common or held in shares. —Kamaon.
Sanga, Hindi (S. VJ[) A bridge used in the Himalaya formed Sanjayathi-asdmij'RiDAi (from^<Ljl,a cultivator) A here-
of timbers projecting from the banks one above another ditary non-proprietary cultivator, expected, when necessary,

until they nearly meet, when the passage is completed by to contribute to the payment of the government revenue.
a plank laid across. Sankalpa, vernacularly, Sankalp, corruptly, Sunkullop,
Sangama, vernacularly, Sangam, S. &c. (wm) Meeting, SuNGKULUP, Shunkullup, S. &c. (^ol^l) A solemn
place of meeting, the confluence of two rivers, the debouche purpose, a mental determination or a deliberate announce-

of a river in the sea. ment of an intention to perform some pious act, or make
Sangata, vernacularly, Sangat, 8. &c. WTIrl) Met, united a charitable donation, which has the force of a vow : in

subst., a place of meeting, a meeting or assembly, a place law, the declared wish or will of a person deceased, made
of worship, a temple, a monastery. known before his decease, with regard to the disposal of

Sangati, S. &c. (^JlflT) Union, assemblage, meeting. Tel. property, adoption of a son, or the like, made before wit-

Karn. (rOOAS) Business, aflfair, circumstance, contents of nesses : this is considered in some degree as equivalent to

a writing : in one vernacular form, Sangai, corruptly Sen- a will or testament, an act which, strictly speaking, is not

ghaie, it denotes a kind of informal, but legal marriage. recognised by Hindu law : the term is also used with con-

Sangobu, Tel. (r6o^^'^00) Half of the whole produce of a siderable laxity to designate lands held under a grant or

crop : the share of the crop assigned to the cultivator, bequest.

usually considered to be half the produce, but sometimes Sankalpaddr, H. (P. j]ii, who has) A person holding land

valued at only 20 or 30 per cent. rent-free or at a quit-rent under a solemn declaration or

Sangoru-pdlu, Tel. (?6oK^6o,p-^t>J) A half share. vow of the grantor : one who holds lands as security for

Sanqsawak, H. (.\yjJjMj) A subdivision of the Kurmi tribe a loan to the proprietors, which the borrower has solemnly

in Bahar. promised to repay.

Sani, S. &c. (^ftl) The planet Saturn or its regent. Sankalpa-ndma, corruptly, ShunkuUuh-ndma, H. (P'. iu\i

Sanichar, H. (j^^ , from S. ^I^^at, the slow mover, or a document) A deed of gift or assignment according to
Saturn) The planet Saturn,' also Saturday. a previous promise.

Sanivdra, vernacularly, Sanihdr, S. &c. (^frJ^nT) Saturn's Sankaba, S. &c. (^oFT} Intermixture, confusion.

day, Saturday. Sankarajdti, S. &c. (^^»nfrr) A mixed caste or race

462
 SAN SAN
springing' from the intermarriages of different castes ; also mony of Hindu initiation, held indispensable to constitute

Varna-sanhara. the perfect purification of a Hindu : these ceremonies, which

Sankaha, or SANKARACHlKYA,S.&c.(5HliTt'^'§) The name are principally oblations to fire, or customary offerings to

of a celebrated teacher and reformer who lived about the idols, are restricted to the three first castes, and are quite
eighth century, and founded a dominant sect of Saiva teachers, inappropriate to the mixed castes, but in practice they are,

especially in the south of India, where the heads of many in part at least, observed by all castes above the lowest.

mathn or monasteries, as at the great establishment of The number enjoined by authority is ten, or at most twelve,

Sringagiri, are still termed Sankardchdris, or Sankard- but in different parts of India others are added, extending

chdryas : the designation Sanhardchdri is also laxly ap- them to seventeen : 1. Oarbhddhdna, worship on the first

plied to one of the two divisions of Brahmans which pre- sign of conception, sometimes on a woman's attaining
vail in some parts of Telingana. maturity ; 2. Punsavana, worship to secure the birth of a

Sankha, vernacularly, Sankh, or Shunkh, S. &c. ('^rei) The male child performed at the expiration of the third month of
conch shell (Voluta pyrum) which, when hollowed out, is pregnancy, or on signs of vitality in the embryo ; Ana-
used as a lamp before idols, or, when it has one end per- valohhana, a ceremony performed among the Marathas on
forated, is blown as a horn at worship : it was also used the third month : it is much the same as the preceding, but,
as the war-horn of the ancient Hindu heroes : it is also as the term implies, is intended to obviate miscarriage {an,

cut into bracelets, called Sankhd, worn by women, and is not, avalobhana, disappointment) ; 4. Simantonnayana,
one of the articles always borne by Vishnu. parting of the hair on the head of a pregnant female in

Sdnkhdri, Beng. ("tt'-stt^) A shell cutter. the 4th, 6th, or 8th month of a woman's first pregnancy
Sankhol, Thug. A party of three travellers. 5. Vishnubali, a sacrifice to Vishnu on the 7th month of

Sankhot, (?) H. A share in the profits of a business. pregnancy, apparently peculiar to the Marathas ; 6. Jdta-
Sankhot-gnmashta, H. (ijJitUi) A factor or agent with a karnia, ceremonies at birth, comprising the putting some

share in the concern he acts for. ghee out of a golden spoon into the mouth of the infant

Sankranti, vernacularly, Sankhant, and Sankrat, S. &c. before cutting the navel-string ; 7. Ndmakaranam, naming
(<isfilf^) The passage of the sun or other planetary body the child on the 10th, 11th, 12th, or 101st day after birth ;

from one sign of the zodiac to another. 8. Nishkramanam, taking the child out of the house when
Sanku, S. &c. (^Nk) The pin or gnomon of a dial : also three months old, or to see the moon in the third light
the cross used in land surveying. fortnight ; 9. Surydvilokanam, taking the child out to see

Sannyasi, S. &c. (^i^ml) The Hindu of the fourth order, the sun when four months old : this is much the same as
who has renounced the world and lives by mendicancy : the preceding, and both ^are rarely observed ; 10. Anna-
the term is now applied to a variety of religious mendi- prdsana, feeding the child for the first time with rice,

cants, some of whom wander singly about the country sub- usually in the sixth or eighth month ; 11. Karnavedha,
sisting on alms, or are occasionally collected in maths boring the ears, but this is not always practised; 12. ChMa-
under a spiritual head : the Sannyasi is most usually a orChuld-karanam, or simply Chaudd, vernacularly, Chaura,
worshipper of Siva. or Chaula, the ceremony of tonsure, shaving the head all

Sangria, (?) H. The name of a class of depredators in Bun- but one lock, which is the Chudd or crest ; it should be
delkhand, living together in villages, and making armed performed in the first or third year, and not delayed beyond
excursions in gangs to rob and plunder, but they do not the fifth, although this is sometimes disregarded ; 13. Upa-
kill : they are patronized by the several Rajas of the dis- nayana, investiture with the sacrificial thread, which is

tricts in which they dwell, especially those ofTehri, Dattia, worn oyer the left shoulder and under the right arm, cross-
and Bdnpur. ing the body to the hip ; this is the most important cere-
Sansari, vulg., SuNGSAREE, S. &c. (^^TnS, from ^W^, the mony of the whole, constituting the second or spiritual
world) Worldly, a man of the world, the member of a re- birth of the three first castes, thence termed Dwija, twice-
ligious or mendicant order who has a wife and family. born : for a Brahman it should be performed in the 8th

SanskakA, S. (^^TT^ Making, perfecting : an essential cere- year from conception, and not be delayed after the 16th

463
 SAN SAN
for the Kshatriya in the 11th year, and for the Vaisya in SantA, Hindi (^hn) Sugar-cane. —Mherwara.
the 12th, and is not to be later than the 22d and 24th Santak, Uriya (9S)Q) A mark, a signature.
severally, in practice, however, the Brahman is the only SantIn, H. (a. ^J^iJM,) Circumcision.

one of the three original castes remaining', and the only SantanAjSantati, S. &c. (^insi, imflt) Offspring, progeny,

one entitled to the characteristic thread, although it is as- descendants.

sumed without due warrant by some of the mixed castes Santh, Mar. (wi?) A collection, a store.

14. Savitri-mahdndmya, the ceremony of investiture ac- Sdnthman, Mar. (^i4'=H!l) A place or vessel in which any

companied by the repetition of the Gayatri which properly thing is kept, a garner, a bin, a repository.

it always should be, but in some places this is considered Sdnthmani, Mar. (^J^Ijft) A collection of still or stagnant

as a different ceremonial, to be performed four days after water.

the Upanayana; 15. Samdvaritana, the ceremony per- Santh, Thug. A sword.

formed on the student's completion of his studies and return Santi, Guz. (^L'^ll) A measure of land either 60 or 90
home ; 16. Vivdha, marriage ; 17. Swargarohana, ascend- Wigas 'or JBighds ; each being 160 yards by 10.

ing to heaven, funeral ceremonies ; of these, however, the Santi, pron. vernacularly ShAnti, S. &c. (^rFfsir) Calm, quiet,

third, ninth, eleventh, fourteenth, and fifteenth, are either expiation, preliminary or supplementary sacrifice.

local, or are mere modifications of other ceremonies, leaving Sdnti-jal, Beng. (*fiki«i«i) Water from a sacred stream
them only twelve, and, by excluding the boring of the ears, used in worship, holy water.

and the funeral obsequies, which can scarcely be looked Sdntikarma, S. &c. (^Ilf'il'li'^) Any purificatory or expia-

upon as. purificatory, the number is reduced to the cor- tory sacrifice intended to deprecate or avert calamity : a

recter one of ten : women have only the Sanskdra of supplementary sacrifice intended to atone for any defects

marriage. Sudras perform most of them except the Upa- in the primary ceremony.

nayana, Sdvitri, and Samdvarttanam, but with different Santoshapatti, Mar. (Hiff^iJjt) A cess levied upon the
prayers and observances. cultivators by a Raja or Zamindar, on an occasion of re-
Sansrishta, S. &c. (^TI^O Re-united, as a family, or any joicing, as the birth of a son, &c.

member of it who, after having been separated and had Sanwak, corruptly, Sawuk, Saunk, Saunkia, Sunkia, and
his share of the property, brings it back again, and is once Sankia, Hindi (tJT^oR) A slave, in Chota Nagpur : there are

more a joint parcener in the family stock. three classes ; the Sdnwah, who is hereditary ; the Bandha
Sansrishti S. &c. (^KE^) A member of a re-united family, Sanwak, a slave for life, but whose children are not slaves

one who continues to reside with his coheirs after partition. and the Chuta Sanwak, a slave for debt under a written

Sansthana, S. &c. (from ^«T, together, and ^TR, place, bond. In the districts bordering on Chota Rangpur, or

abiding) A common abode, a place where many persons Ramgarh, Hazaribagh, &c., the Sdnwak is described as

dwell together, a palace, a monastery, a neighbourhood. one who becomes a slave for life on receiving a certain

Mar. (^WTW)) corruptly, Sanmasthan, Suvusthan, Sowu- sum of money, and who cannot redeem himself by repay-
sthan, a town, a royal town or capital, also a place sup- ment of the original advance : according to other autho-

posed to be the scene of the manifestation of a deity, or rities he may redeem himself, but is seldom able to do so.

sanctified by the residence of celebrated teachers or saints : The Sdnwaks are generally from the low or outcaste hill

a town or place made over for the especial maintenance tribes.

of some deity or religious community : the site of any event Sdnwak-ndmd corruptly, Saunk-ndmd, Hindi (4IN«h>imi)
considered deserving of religious commemoration. Beng. A written obligation by which a person borrowing money
('3T°'Jrt3[) A collection of goods or money, stock, capital. bound himself, and sometimes his family, to be slaves for

Sant, Mar. &c. (S. iflt) A holy man, a religious mendicant. life, or until the debt was repaid.

Santa, Tel. (i=6oe$), Sante, Karn. (^OD), Santai, Tam. Sanyeri, (?) Mar. Pure black soil, free from gravel.
i&\XSS:>&)),SA.NT, Guz. Oiloft) A market, a fair, an as- Sanyogi, vernacularly, Sanjogi, S. &c. ('BiJWt) A religious
semblage for the sale of goods, also in Guz., land-tax as- man who leads the life of a householder, or has a wife

sessment. and family.

464
 SAP SAR
Sapatni, S. &c. (^TJl»rt) A fellow- wife, the wife of a man Saranjdm-ddr, Mar. (P.jb, who has) The holder of an
who has others, but especially any other than the one first assignment for purposes specified.

married. Sardnjdmi, corruptly, Serinjammy, H. i.^'^\jm) Relating

Sapatha, S. &c. (^PTT) An oath, an imprecation. or belonging to apparatus, materials, means of support, &c.
Sapatha-patra, S. &c. (^tj^W^) An affidavit, In Bengal, under the Mohammadan government, the term

Saphai, Uriya (ClCflQ, from A. (_JL«, clean) Clean salt was applied to allowances sometimes granted or admitted

boiled to a certain point. as deductions for the charges and expenses of collecting

Saphari, Guz. (^y^, from the A. safar, a journey, also the revenue, or other incidental expenses made to the Za-
Guz. a voyafje) A sailor a ship ; : maritime or foreign mindars or farmers. Among the Marathas ; relating to as-

trade from all countries beyond the Gulph of Cutch. signments for public service, as Saranjdmi lands and the

Sapina, or sometimes Safina, H. &c. (juMmi, IUmJ) A like : a person holding such assignments.

summons, a subpoena. Saranjdmi-jdhgir, Mar. (^JI^Jllc for P. -oU.-) An assign-

Sapinda, S. &c. (^fillij, from ^^, together, ft?S, a ball of ment of revenue for keeping up troops, &c.

rice or meat) A kinsman connected by offerings of balls Sar-d-pd, H. (V.l/«> li'-> bead to foot) A complete khilai,

of rice or of meat to common ancestors ; the affinity ex- or honorary dress, especially given on appointment to office

tends to three individuals only in descent from the common by the Mogul government.
ancestor : some authorities extend it to seven persons in Sardsari,ll.&cXij:j^]j^),Tel (^'^^ 5),Tam. (« (J FT S* rfl)

both the ascending and descending line. A summary, a mean, an average, an estimate. Mar. (^^^T^t)
SAPTAPADl,andSAPTAPADl'-KRAMANA,Mar. (S. W!nj?['>, ^rsi- Loosely, carelessly, roughly, as a rough statement or es-

^(^laHttr, from ^ni, seven, Xfcf, a foot, and'^lijf, walking) timate. In Hindustani the more usual form is Sarsarl, q. v-

An essential part of the marriage ceremony, the bride's being Sardsari-haniku, Tam. ((? rjrT<^cfl(5<5(33BT(5@) An ave-

led seven steps round the sacred fire. rage or rough account.

Sar, Sur, H. &c. (p. juj, "^t) The head, also, metaphorically, Sardsari-merai, Tam. (S'CTITS'nflGLQSDSD") Average pro-

chief, principal ; (the word is used very extensively in most portion of the crop set apart for the village officers and
of the dialects in forming compounds to intimate superiority servants. See Merai.

or comprehensiveness, and has been in general very corruptly Sar-ba-rdh, H. (P. ^\jijM, lit., head or means for the road,

rendered by Ser, Sir, or even Cir, as will be seen below, iuiS) Supply, means of providing for charges or expenses.

but Sir is also sometimes the correct reading in the Hindu Sarbardhkdr, corruptly, Sdbracar, Serharrakar, Surber-
dialects, the word being derived from the S. Siras (f^IW) akar, H. (P. ,1^, who does) A manager, a steward, a.

the head in general: however, the Persian derivation through factor, a trustee : the manager of an estate for minors,

the Hindustani is to be preferred. females, idiots, or disqualified proprietors, an officer ap-

Saranjdm, Surunjam, corruptly, Sarunjam, Serinjam, Su- pointed to such duty by the Court of Wards under the
rinjam, H. &c. (P. aW*^ , wt'niH) Apparatus, provisions, British government : the manager on behalf of unseparated
furniture, materials, what is essential to any undertaking coparceners. In Cuttack the title was given to the village

amongst the Marathas it was applied especially to a tem- accountant when he was the general director and manager
porary assignment of revenue from villages or lands for of the revenue affairs, being paid by a per centage on the
the support of troops or for personal military service, usually collections of his village ; in some cases the office had be-
for the life of the grantee ; also to grants made to persons come hereditary but without the right of alienation with-

appointed to civil offices of the state to enable them to out the permission of the Zamindar.
maintain their dignity, and to grants for charitable pur- Sarbardhkdri, H. (P. ijj^> agency) Mana^jement of pro-
poses : these were neither transferable nor hereditary, and perty, stewardship, trust.

were held at the pleasure of the sovereign. They were dis- Sar-daftar, H. (P.jJuO, record) Chief record office : chief

tinguished as Jdt Saranjdm (from jdt, individual), when accountant and registrar.

personal, and Phauj Saranjdm (from phauj for favj, an Sar-daftar-diri-dni, H. (P. revenue minister) The
^^*J>,^,

army), when for keeping up troops. chief clerk of the office of the Diwan.
465 6c
 SAR SAR
Sarbardhhdr patia, H. (i.h, a deed) A deed appointing a Sarhad-handi, H. &c. ii^dXi , a binding) Fixing a boundary
manager or steward. by authority.
Sarddr, commonly, but incorrectly, Sirdar, H. &c. Qiijuj) Sarhad-hdsil, (A. iJ.^Ls-) Frontier duties.
A chief, a head man, a commander : the head of a set of Sar-kdnungo, H. (P. j^y^ . a registrar) A chief kdnungo,
palankin bearers. the provincial or district registrar and accountant : in
Sardar-i-fauj, H. (P. _y , an army) Commandant, the title Kandesh, a charge of one per cent, in addition to the revenue
of the provincial governor or collector when charged with to defray the salary of a head kdnungo.
the duties of Paujdar or commander of the troops : the title Sarkdr, more commonly, but incorrectly. Sircar, or Sirkar,

of an Amildar under the Mohammadan government as head H. &c. (jl^, ^t^R, or ?t#T^, from V.jm, the head,
of the police. and^l^, business), Sarakdru,T&\. Karn. (r6^"S^&) The
Sardar-dmil, H. (A. J^lc) The head Ainil or collector of government, the state, the supreme authority or administra-
an extensive district, invested with magisterial and military tion : the governing authority or administrator of affairs

authority. the ruler, the king ; now generally applied to the Company's

Sarddrni, H. (iJ,\iijM) A female head of an establishment, government, and to any of its civil or political officers: a
commonly applied to a woman who brings up girls for landlord, a proprietor, a superintendant, a chief, a manager :

prostitution. in Bengal it commonly denotes a native servant who keeps

SardexmuM; or Sardeshmukh, incorrectly, Sirdeshmukh, the household accounts and receives and disburses money
Mar. («<^5|J1^) The head of the Maratha officers termed for his employer, a sort of house-steward ; also any writer
Desmuhhs in an extensive district, and standing between or accountant. The term likewise signified an extensive

them and the government : see Desmukh : in some places division of country under the Mohammadan government, a
the title has become hereditary, and even a portion of subdivision of a Subah, containing many parganas ; a dis-
the fees attached to the office subsist without any authority trict, a province : (in this sense it has been usually, though

being exercised. incorrectly, written Circar, as in the case of the Northern

SardemiuMii, or Sardesmuhhi, incorrectly, Sirdesmukhi, Circars.)

Mar. (w:^^gi3^) The office of head Desmukh. The pro- Sarkdr-ddli, H. {^\cJ6,jm) The high court, the chief au-

portion of 10 per cent, exacted by the Marathas from the thority, the government, the viceregal establishment of the

revenues of the Mohammadan territories of the Dakhin, Nawab of Bengal : a Jagir or assignment to defray the

in addition to the chauih : it was originally claimed by expenses of the Nawab household was so termed (incor-

Sivaji as head Desmukh, whence the name, and was con- rectly Circar Alt).
firmed by Mohammad Shah. In some places it was an im- Sarakdrada-hdni, Karn. (.!66u~d(56Eo^b) Public money,
post of 122 P6'^
cent, in addition to the fixed assessment. the money of the state.

Sarhang, incorrectly, S&rang, H. (P. l-LUa^) A com- Sarakarada-kacheri, Karn. (fOOO~9oOD23-5) Any go-
mander, but generally applied in India to the head man of a vernment office.

native crew, whether on board a ship or a boat; also to the Sarkdrdhdrd, Mar. (^^RVRl) Assessment or taxes imposed

head man of a gang of natives attached to artillery, dragging by the state on real property.

guns, or to the army in general, as tent- pitchers, and the like, Sarhdri, incorrectly, Sirkdri, H. &c. (t_j.'^y*i, '<
j<c|iH^)

or to the head of gangs of a superior order of labourers em- Relating or belonging to the government, or to any superior

ployed in public or private works, in docks, buildings, &c. authority.

Sardespdnde, or Sardespdndya, incorrectly, Sirdespandye, Sarkdri-patit, Hindi (^l^^RtttfilK, from S. patita, fallen)

Mar. (^^^^tii^^i) The head district registrar and ac- Land left uncultivated for more than two years, and then

countant. See Despdnde. claimable by the landlord or the government : all lands

Sarfardzi,]i. (p. ^'Xi,'^) Promotion, exaltation, notice or lying waste, and not included in the assessment.

favour of a superior. Sarkdri-wazifa^ H. (A. '>^t>^, an allowance) Allowances

Sarhad, Surhud, corruptly, Serhud, Sirhad, Surritd, H. &c. or assignments or pensions granted by government

(Ss>-jm) Boundary, border, confines, limit. Sarhdr-kharab, Mar. (5^^Rii3?:ra, from P. t-i-sKi-, bad)

466
 SAR SAR
Lying fallow or uncultivated in the hands of the govern- Sirastd, Uriya (CIQ^,) Establishment.

ment, land, &c. Sirastd, or Siristd, Mar. (f^TTIWT, f^rfoiTl) Practice, custom

Sarhhat, Surkhuf, corruptly, Sirkut, H. (A. P. \s~yM) A (it is of course the H. Sarrishta).

written agreement, a receipt, a bill of sale, a deed of lease Sarrishtaddr, or Sarishtaddr, H. (j]i^iCk^jjM,j]iiXliiijM)

a note of acknowledgment from the government to payers Siraste-, Siriste-ddr, Mar. (f^lt^^^, f^fft^lO A regis-

of the revenue, bearing upon it the successive instalments trar, a record keeper, applied especially to the head native

paid into the treasury. officer of a court of justice or collector's office, who has
Mahajani-sarkhat, H. (from *[?T3r»T, a merchant) An ac- the general superintendence of the establishment and charge

knowledgment granted by a banker or merchant for money of the public records and official documents and papers

deposited. it formerly denoted the head provincial or district kdnungo

Sarkhel, Mar. (mc^qS) A title of rank amongst the Mara- or a head officer of the Amil, exercising a superintending

thas conferred by the Pesh wa (from the P. Sar-khail ij.J^S'y^ and controlling power over the other district registrars and
a general). accountants.

Sarkil, Tam. (&^S>did\ SarihiU, Tel. (^6sS) A Sarrishtah-i-Amdnat, H. (A. c^^U' , trust) In Bengal, under

minister, a chamberlain, a major-domo (no doubt the same the Mohammadan and early British rule, an office for the

as Sarkhel, vernacularly modified). examination and adjustment of disputed and outstanding

Sarmukh, Mar. (^»I^) A head or principal chief, the title accounts, particularly those of officers dismissed or charged

of the Holkar family. with embezzlement or undue exactions.

Sarnddu-gauda, corruptly, Sirna-gaur, Surnan-gour, Karn. Sarrishiah-dirvdni, H. (P. jo'«i'^) The office of Diwan, or
(f\:>OfOc)Q0A°Q) The head farmer or principal person in collector, also the expenses of his office, including his own
an agricultural district. allowances.

Sarndma, H. (iiuuwjj) Direction, address, superscription, Sirasta-battd, Mar. (from ^I, exchange) A cess levied by
heading. the Peshwa's collectors on the cultivators, to cover the risk

Sarnaubat, Mar. («<tfi=|d, from P. d^Jy , a kettle-drum) of loss on the exchange of different currencies at the trea-

The highest military officer under the Peshwa : also the sury at Pdnah.

governor of a fort, or of a part of it. Sarsdl, Mar. (^H^^^, from P. JLj , a year) A whole year,
Sarnisbat, Mar. (^xf^l^RcT) An officer under the former for or during a whole year, as Sar-sdl-jamdrhharch, the
government, one under the Havildar also superintending year's account of collections and charges.
public works. Sarsdld, or Sarsdli, Mar. (^IIHIqST , -^Jgy'f) Belonging or
Sar-O'pd, corruptly, Sirpao, Serpaw, H. (.^jy*' . lit, hand relating to a whole year, as receipts, charges, &c.

and foot) A complete dress of honour. Sarsari or Sardsari, H. (P. ^_SjMjuj, i^smuS) Easy, loose,

Sarpanch, H. (^-l^) The president of a Panchdit. transacted loosely or concisely, summary.

Sar-pdtil, Mar. (H^thT^) The head man of a district, the Sarsari-dpil, H. (.iJ-^j 1 , Eng. ' appeal ') A summary appeal.
chief Pdiil : it applied also to a sort of petty Zamindar, Sarsari-faisala, H. (A. uLaxi) Summary decision, or

or an .officer who superintended the assessment and collec- nonsuit.

tion of the rents of a district, and received a per centage Sarsari-mukaddama, H. (A. <lUijJl«) A summary suit.

on their realisation. Sar-shikan, H. (P. ^^mm, lit, breaking of the head or

Sar-parasU H. (P. Cl^"^ , protecting) A patron, a pro- capital) A grant of revenue in charity, or to village officers,

tector, a guardian. made under the Mohammadan government by the Zamin-

Sar-rishta, more commonly, but less correctly, Sarishta, or dars or fiscal authorities : it was so termed because the
Surishfu, corruptly, Serishta, Sherista, and Sherishtah, land so appropriated was taken in small lots from dif-

H. (sXZjjM , from P. juj and iXXiij , a line or thread, also ferent holders : the tenure was peculiar to the province
Xi^juj) A record, a register, office, employment : an office of Bahar. In Tirhut it signifies a rent-free tenure : (ac-

of registry or record : it is sometimes, but inaccurately, used cording to Buchanan's '

Eastern India,' vol. I. p. 311, it

for the officer. See Sarrishtaddr. derived its name from its being granted to the families of

467
 SAR SAR
Zaminddrs who had lost their lives in the public service, hut Saralvyaj, Mar, ('BtaS^HrW) Simple interest.
this seems doubtful). Sarana, S. &c. (^ITJj) Asylum, refuge, shelter, protection.
Sar-shikan-mahal, H. (A. JU-«) A rent-free estate. —Tirhut. Sarandgata, S. &c. (^KlUIMif:) A refugee, a suppliant, one
Sar-shumdri, H. (from P. i^jUji., a counting) A census, who comes for protection.

a poll-tax. Sarana, Tel. ('o'O^Ta") A fine levied upon persons stealing-

Sarsubheddr, corruptly, Sirsoobeedar, Mar. (tjtti^TT) An ears of corn, also on cattle trespassing on corn-fields.

officer of the Marajha government superior to the Mdm- SIrani, Tel. (c3^^f3) A sluice, a canal, a drain.

latddr. SarAns, blunderingly, Sarouch, Mar. (?rRT^, fromS. TTT^,

Sarzamin, corruptly, Sarjamin, H. (P. land) Boun- essence, and a share) An an epitome, a short
^^^, ^S^f, abstract,

dary, limit, tract of country. statement of proceedings kept by the Panchuit, and, at the

Sarjamin-tahkikdt, Uriya (ClQaflffEl^QlQie^) Local in- close, signed by each member.

vestigation. SarIp, H. (S. (__)lyi*p) A curse, an imprecation, an oath.

SIha, corruptly, Sahra, Mar. (bto), also with DOHA, pleonasm, Sarapat, Uriya (£1Qa|g) Marshy land (of a better description).

SahAdoha, (tntT^TT) A tax on fields and enclosures, Saras-niras, H. {^u,Jp^f^, from S. TS, flavour, and the
land-tax. particles ^^ with, and f^X,, without) Good and bad : ap-
Saha, H. (I^Lj , from ^TTT^) A wife's brother, a brother in law. plied sometimes to distinguish the quality of a soil, or to

Sahad, or Sarat, S. &c. (^RS -k) The season of Autumn, its distribution : the good with the bad.
the two months following the rains, or about Sept.-Oct. Saraswata, vernacularly, Saraswat, S. &c. (fIT^K) The
Saradab, Uriya (ClQtjlQ) Land of the first quality. country about the Sdraswati river to the north-west of

Sarai, H. (p. (_jI)J*i) a palace, a large edifice, a building for Dehli : the designation of a tribe of Brahmans subdivided
the shelter and accommodation of travellers, usually a quad- into ten classes, and supposed to have come originally from
rangle surrounded by low chambers opening internally, the north-west of India : many of the Sdrasmat Brahmans
and backed by a dead wall, the square, in the centre of cultivate literature, and they are in general a respectable body.

which are the heavy luggage and beasts of burden, being Saraswati, S. &c. (^^ift) The goddess of letters and arts

entered by a gateway, the gate of which is closed at night the name of a river, commonly Sarsuii or Sursootee.
an inn, a caravanserai. Saraswaii-pujd, S. &c. (from iJiTT) The worship of the god-
Sardi-mahJ^, H. (from A. (jftjij) An endowed sardi, the dess Saraswati, observed on the 5th of the light half of

maintenance of which is provided for by an endowment, Asmin (Aug.-Sept.), on which occasion books and the im-

and accommodation in which is gratuitous. plements of writing are held sacred and are worshipped.

Saraio, corruptly, Surreiyo, Guz. (^^y ^ L) A druggist, Sarathi, corruptly, Sarthee, S. &c. («IC«|1) The driver of

a perfiimer. a car, a charioteer : the designation of a mixed caste said

Sahak, H. (cJJmi) a road. to have sprung froma Kshatriya father and Brahman mother.

Sarak-bandt, H. (^/JoLxi^) A high road or common waj', Sahawa, or SarwA, Mar. (^Jt^) A piece of hill ground
as distinguished from a cross road or bye-way. cleared and cultivated for not longer than a year or two

Sahak, or Sarik, Saraka, or Sarika, also read Sarka, past : ground recently reaped.

and, incorrectly, Sehka, H. (A. iUjM) Larceny, theft, Sarawebhdt, Mar. (wi^Hlif) Rice reared on recently cleared
J[^,
defined, in Mohammadan law, as the taking away secretly hill ground.

of the property of another at a time when it is, or sup- SAkaya, Karn. (i^'O^C&XSARiYAM.Tam. (STTrrrTLUlli)
posed to be, in security, or under charge. Any kind of spirituous liquors.

Saraka, or Sarika, or Sarka-i-svghra, H. (A. s/m , small) Sdrdya-guttige, Karn. (iOc>o c:o]l:)Xb§ ^"A ) A tax levied

Petty larceny, theft without violence. on spirituous liquors.

Saraka, Sarika, or Sarka-i-kubra, H. (A. ij^i, great) Theft, Sdrdyakdran, Tam. (<ff rTUrTLUaarrrjOTr) A distiller.

or robbery with violence. Sarbaland khIn, Thug. A proper name uttered to direct the

Saraku, Tam. (S^crog)), Saruku, Tel. ('6&^) Goods, stranglers to be ready, also to denote the approach of danger.

commodities, merchandise. SIrban, H. (P. jjlj;l*w) A camel driver.

468
 SAR SAR
Sarf, incorrectly, Serf, H. &c. (A. i-_j_,^) Expenditure, ex- by Hindu women, wrapped round the body and passed over

change : in Mohammadan law, a pure sale, a sale of price the head, the only usual attire of the lower classes.

for price, or one in which the articles exchanged are both Sari, Tel., Karn. (^Q), Tam. (<ff Ijl) Equal, right, just, even ;

representatives of price, as silver for gold, au exchange of also, subst., equality, fitness.

representative values. Sari-hhdgamu, Tel. (lO 5^X^30) An equal share.

Sarf-i-sikka, H. (<X>v/aii_^/o) A charge or discount on the Sari-merai, Tam. (STjlGLQSrorT) Established, proper or

different currencies receivable at the public treasury : an just rights or privileges of individuals.

impost or cess established at one time in Bengal to cover Sarkaea, S. &c. (5l#i;t) Gravel, sand, gravelly or sandy soil

the loss accruing on exchange of coins. clayed or candied sugar.

Sarrdf, commonly, Saraf, vernacularly, Sardph, Sardpe, SarnA, Hindi (H^TI) A spot of land on which trees are not

Sardpu, Sardbu, corruptly, Saraff, Shard/, Shroff, H. to be cut (Chota Nagpur).

(uJljl^). Mar. (^rm), Tel. i^'^S^), Karn. (^"D-Sij, Sartha, S. &c. (^T^) a company of travellers or traders, a
fO O dci-J), fOO dSOJ) A money-changer, a banker, an officer kajila, a caravan.

employed to ascertain the value of different currencies. Sdrthavdha, S. &c. (HI^^Tf) A merchant, a trader : the

Sarrdfa, H. (A. (_s!./o) The place vi^here money is ex- head of a corporation, the leader of a caravan.

changed, a banker's, a money-changer's shop. Sdrthi, S. &c. ('HI'sfF) A trader, a traveller, one of a com-

Sarrdfi, or Sardfi, H. (A. («'];"*) The business of a money- pany of traders, especially the head or leader of a caravan.

changer : also, discount on exchange of coins, and fees paid Saru, or Sarhu, H. (^jL., .J6jl*w) A wife's sister's husband.
for examining and valuing different currencies, commonly. Sarugudu, Tel. ((OOOAD3J) A platform on which plants are
Shroffing, and Shroffage. placed ready for conveyance to the fields in which they are

SarhiJ, H. (ys^L), Sadu, or SariJ, Mar. (W|) A veife's to be transplanted.

sister's husband. Sarukai, Tam. ((S'mjaoCDS) An outlet for the surplus

S A RE, Sere, Karn. {'oo^tQ) Imprisonment, slavery, bondage, water of a reservoir, a sluice or flood-gate.

captivity. Saruku, Tel., Karn. (lOQjSO) Goods, commodities, merchan-

Sare-bandhdna, Ram. (^ oeso'^rO) Confinement, imprison- dise. See Sarahu.

ment. Saruva, Tel. (o^^OOS) A small bridge over a water-course.

Sare-mane, Karn. ('oO&XDfo) A. jail, a prison. Saruva, Tel. (cd~°O0oJ~°) Low ground cultivation.

Sare-vididava, Karn. CaoDtSOa) A captive, a prisoner Sdruodpanta, Tel. (c3~"COcJ^SiotJ) A crop in low wet

of war. ground.

Sare-vidugade, Karn. ('oO^CJjAO) Liberation from prison. Saruvu, Tel. (c^^OD.^) A ridge or low bank.

Sareha, Hindi (?I?^) A narrow field, much longer than broad. Sarta, S., but adopted in all the dialects, sometimes modified,

SXrhe, H. &c. ( JSjluu, S. Sdrddha, from Tt, with, and ^T^, as Sarba, Beng., Sarvamu, Tel., and abridged to Sab,
a half), Sade, and Sare, Beng. (^rs^), Sada, or Sara, Sub, Hindi (BW) All, entire, whole.

Mar. (^nrr, pi. ^IS) A half of a unit in addition to any Sarvadhdri, S.&c. (TT^Vrt^ lit., all- containing) The twenty-
given number above two, whether applied to number, second year of the cycle.

weight, or value ; as Sdrhe-tin, three and a half, Sdrhe- SarvadMmhdld,Te\.{^^^&OTS^?r^) An allotment of land

panch-man, five mans and a half, Sdrhe-panch-rvpaiya, entirely rent-free.

five rupees and a half, or five rupees eight anas : the frac- Sarvdgrdhdramv, Tel. (rOO'<7°^(A^oJ^65:o) A village

tion must have reference to the unit in a decimal ratio : granted to Brahmans, entirely rent-free.

Sdrhe-nau-rvpaiya would be nine rupees eight anas, but Sarva-inamu, Tel. ((OO^OCOSr°^30, from A. Inam, q. v.)

Sdrhe-das-rupaiya will be fifteen rupees ; so Sdrhe-tin- Land held free of any charge or tax : a grant of the entire

sau, will be 360, Sdrhe-tin-hazdr, 3500, Sdrhe-tin-ldhh, revenues of a village or tract of land.

350,000, the half being that of the respective unit. Sarvajit, S. &c. (^ftlW, lit., all-victorious) The twenty-
SIrhi, or SARf, corruptly, Sarrie, H. &c. (^Jib,L, t^L, first year of the cycle, A.D. 1828—1888.
S. mT3^), Slpf, or Sari, Mar. (JSI^) A long cloth worn Sarvamdniyam, or Sarvamdnyitm, Tam. ((ffljeULDrTdDfl-
469 6d
 SAR SAT
LUlii) Land granted in free tenure, or exempt entirely from especially one attributed to an inspired writer : when used
payment of revenue or rent to the grantor, whether the with a word implying the subject treated of, it may denote
individual proprietor or the government. either a single work of the class, or the writings collec-
Sarvamokhdsd,Te\. {^6^1>X>iT^J^') Land free of all tively ; thus, a Dharma-sdstra may imply the code of
revenue charges. Manu, or any work of authority on the laws and the in-

Sarvapanta, Tel. (S35^S3oU) The first crop of wet land, stitutes of the Hindus, whilst the Dharma-sdstra, means
the entire crop. the whole science of law, and the body of the social in-

SArvari, S. &c. (^IT^) The thirty-fourth year of the cycle. stitutions : the word is also used generally for any literary

Sarwau, SARWAfiJ.Guz. (^;(.<=l.l@. ^U^HUff*) Monthly or scientific composition, or for any branch of investigation.

or yearly balance : sum total : summing up of accounts. Sdstri, vulgarly, Shastree, S. &c. (^lltel^) A man of learn-
Sas, or Sisu, H. &c. (;_,«l»j , from S. t^^) A mother in law. ing, one who teaches any branch of Hindu learning, an

Sasa, pi., Sasalu, Tel. ('8^eo) Grains of rice mixed expounder of Hindu law.

with turmeric or other colouring ingredients, and used on Sasur, or SgsAR, H. (jm.>*i), Sasara, or Sasur, Mar. (BTTBRT,

auspicious occasions, as at marriages, when a basket con- lEnWt;), SwASUR, Beng. W'?^^ Svpasura, S. (^^^ A
taining the mixture is severally placed before the bride and father in law, whether of the husband or wife.

bridegroom, and each in succession casts some over the Sdsre, Mar. (^ftr) The house of a husband's father.

head of the other : the ceremony of thus casting the rice. Sdsurvds, Mah (iffra^W) The residence of a married girl

Sasanam, S. &c. vernacularly, Sasan, or Shasan, (^jra«T) in the house of her husband's father : the annoyance she

Ordering, directing, restraining, punishing, a royal order suffers there.

or edict, a royal grant, a patent, especially such as is com- Sdsurvdsi, or Sdsurvdsin, Mar. (WW^nfft^) A young
monly engraved on copper plates : a written engagement married woman living in the house of her husband's pa-

or contract, a written deed of any kind : in Cuttack, a vil- rents, and proverbially treated with great harshness.

lage held by Brahmans in joint tenancy, either rent-free or Sasya, S. &c. (^W , TJW) Grain or corn in general, as wheat,
at a quit-rent. Besides its usual imports, it implies in Tarn. barley, rice, &c. : also fruit.

{s-ns-SSWH) An oath ;
punishment. Sasyahshetra, S. &c. {.mf\ 8f -m) A corn-field.

Sdsanavritti, S. &c. ( 5(1*1 «1='fV) Maintenance enjoyed under SASWATABERiJU,Tel.,Karn. (cO^'^^^e^lSSaa^, from S. ^rq^
a written deed or grant. perpetual, and P. Aj> , an account) The perpetual assess-

Silasdsana, S. &c. (from f^lc^l. a stone) A grant or edict ment of lands, an established village assessment.

inscribed on stone. Sasmatapatti, Karn. .(^'O^saojej) A permanent grant.

Tamra-sasana, S. &c. (from irra > copper) An edict or grant Sata, Sati, Karn. (r^W, rOc)^) adj. Like, similar : subst.

inscribed on copper plates. barter, exchange.

Dhdrdsdsana, Earn. (^"0^^r6rC5) A deed or gift of Sdtdberamu, Sdtdkotiberamu, Tel. (<^3~°tj~°13o^X>,

land, &c. cJ-"fej-°r^fe5"e35Sbo) Barter.

Krayasdsana, Karn. (S. W^, sale) A deed of sale. SdtmiloteTi, Mar. (tti Jc^t^*) Traffic by exchange, barter

Sashtanga, S. &c. (^rrST^, from ^, with, ^^, eight, and whence intermarrying in two families.

^JIT, limb) Lit., with eight limbs: an adjunct to words SdtiUra, Karn. Q^k5^^^^) Bartered merchandise.

signifying salutation, as Namashdra, Frandma, &c., re- SdtigdrjKarn. (rifc)^"7re5) Abarterer.a trader, a merchant.

verential salutation, address, or prostration, so as to touch /Sa«i«2/(^jB«m,Karn.(ric)^oT3gcd^O)Bartered merchandise.

the ground with the eight parts of the body, the two hands, Satani, or SatAli, Tel., Karn. (<^3^1F^, cCr^'eT'^) The name

two feet, two knees, the breast, and the forehead.. of a caste, or an individual belonging to it : the Sdtdnis

Sasthi, (?) Mar. Land paying to government the maximum are Sudras exclusively worshipping Vishnu, and living

assessment (there is no doubt some blunder in the spelling chiefly on alms, but practising music.

of this word). Saten, Mar. (wj), Satun, Guz. (511 i°) A whole invest-

SASTRA,vulgarly,SHASTRA, corruptly, Sha9TER,S. &c. (^^) ment, the whole quantity brought to market by one person :

An order or command, a scripture, a work of authority, buying up such an investment, or a bargain to purchase it.

470
 SAT SAT

Sdtekhat, or Sdtepatra, Mar. (^Is^lT, ^7'T^) The deed Satra, Mar. (S. 'H^), Karn. ('^^iS;), Sattram, Tam. (c^S-
or writing which is executed on the purchase of a whole ^17112), Satramu, Tel. (i^O^X)) Sacrifice, oblation

investment. Satahhat, G\xz. {"^iXlV^^Vl A written en- liberality, giving alms, distribution of food to Brahmans

gagement to purchase goods or lands within a specified and mendicants ; the place or building where it is so

time ; a written contract of sale, any written agreement. distributed : in Tel. and Tam. also, a choltri for travellers :

Satha, Thug. The first seven days of an expedition. in Karn., also, a house, an edifice, as Dharmasatra
Sathana, Tel. ('o'S^cS^) A fine inflicted on persons stealing (Q53f~oJ;D;), a court-house.

ears of corn. Satrasala, Mar. (H^^cSTi from S. ^TT^. a hall), SAtra-

SAthi, H. (^^Lj, S. ^fe, sixty) A kind of rice ripening in SALB, Karn. (rO^^eJ) A building or apartment in which

the rains about sixty days after sowing. food is distributed to Brahmans and mendicants : in some
Sathia, H. (U^I-),Sathio, Guz. (3dLSll=^l) A figure made places, a house erected by the high road, and endowed by

by Hindu women in place of a signature to written deeds : charitable persons for the gratuitous supply of food, and

a kind of figured cross prefixed to account books, and also sometimes lodging, to travellers : it is usually in charge

formed with flour on the ground at marriages and other of, and managed by, a Brahman : (the building, as well

festivals : a surgeon. as the act of distributing the food, is also termed in Mar.
SATHNA,^Thug. A Mohammadan. and Karn. Annachhatra, or Annasatra, from S. anna,

Sathot, Thug. The person whose office it is to strangle the food).

victims. Sats6^dra, Mar. (TTiTSirji from S. TSft, good) A Sddra who

SathzIt, Thug. The seven original clans of the Thugs, who has gone through the purificatory ceremonies of the higher

were all Mohammadans. castes : a common term for a cowherd or a barber, who
Sati, corruptly. Suttee, S. &c. (W^, fern. of^cT, good) A are considered to be of a better class of the servile tribes.

virtuous wife, especially one who consummates a life of Satta, or Satha, (?) H. An engagement to supply articles

duty by burning herself on the funeral pile of her husband, or grain, &c., on consideration of specified advances (it is

either with the body, or separately if her husband have perhaps the same word as the next, with a local modifica-

died at a distance. tion of meaning).

Satiwdr, H. ( ii»Ja»j) The place where a widow has been Satta, Mar. ('^Jl) Mercantile traffic, exchange of money.
burned, sometimes marked by a peculiar monument. Sattathavan, Tam. (.ffrTssrr^QJOTT) A Vaishnava of a
Satin, Beng. (iFs^) A co-wife, expressing the relationship particular order, in the south of India ; one who does not

of a man's different wives ; each is said to be Satin to the wear a lock of hair on the crown of his head, nor the Brah-
other. manical cord : all distinctions of caste are said to be dis-

Satkar, Beng. ("l^»<i?sl, from ^TiT, a hundred) Land yielding pensed with, and the sect is accused of holding their women
a good return for seed sown. in common : the Sdttdthavar are to the Vaishnavas what
SatkIri, H. (S. i^jJLLu') One who burns the dead. the Vira Saivas are to the Saivas ; they follow chiefly the
SatmIsa, H. (ju.t».i'Au , from S. '^9, seven, and T'Et, a month) occupations of flower-sellers and minstrels, or are vagrants

A feast given in the seventh month of pregnancy ; a fee and mendicants.

w w
paid at that period to the kazi : the word occurs also Sat- Sattu, Suttoo, also Satua, H. &c. (jJUj, I^JLj, S. ^rad

m&sd (LiiyLi), and Satwdnsd (Uujljji*u), in the same sense, Grain parched and ground to flour, sometimes mixed with
as also in that of a seven-month's child. pease, and usually eaten made into a paste with water.
Satmi, Guz. (^<rf*ll) A bill of lading. Satiid-sankrdnt, H. (L::^^/-J^iyy»j) The day of the sun's

Sato, Guz. (^,iL) A time bargain, speculation in opium entrance into Aries, when a meal of parched grain is pre-
and other articles, a gambling transaction. sented to Brahmans.

Satphiri, H. (^j\^^) Seven turns round the sacrificial SattiJk, H. (a. (-LJyw-) Base money, money much alloyed.

fire ; the ceremonial of marriage, observed sometimes at the Satu, Karn. (o^bo) Change given to one person to pay

season of betrothal, but not held to bar subsequent union money for another.

with another party. Satwari, Guz. (^<1HI^) A caste of Hindus employed

471
 SAT SAW
as gardeners and cultivators of garden produce : a man Sauteld, H. (JUi'^Mi) Sprung from a different wife, as Sau-
of that caste. teld-bhdi, a brother by a different mother.

Satyottara, S. ('MWI?)<;) a kind of answer in a suit, ad- Sdvatra, Sautra, Mar. (m^ Sprung from, or relating to,
mission of the truth of the charge. a rival wife : used only in composition, as Sdutra-di
Saubhagya, S. &c. (^HTm) Good fortune, prosperity, hap- (wmil^I^), a half-mother, Sdutra-bhdu iW4-Jt*Jl^, a half-
piness ; vernacularly, any ornament that may be worn by brother, that is, by the same father but different mother.

a woman whose husband is living. Say A, S. &c. (^) A dead body.

Saubhdgyavati, Mar. (S. ^JTirtjg'rft) A prosperous woman, Savasddhana, S. &c. (from ^nVi, means) A magical rite

that is, one whose husband is living. performed while seated on a dead body.
Sauhhdgyavdnd, and Saubhagyavdyana, Mar. (S. ^HFT- SlvADi, Tam. (sTTeUL^) A building for the accommodation
^^ -^TT?r) An offering of articles of the toilette by mar- of travellers, a chaultri, a sardi.

ried women to Brahmans and their wives, for the sake of Savaramu, or Savaram, Tel. (c3^5o^X>, from P. ,jU-,

procuring continued prosperity : an ofifering of cocoa-nuts a certain measure of land) An allotment of land, or of the

and other articles to a Brahman and his wife at a mar- government revenue derivable from it, assigned by the Mo-
riage, to procure prosperity for the new-married couple. hammadan government to the Zamindars or other revenue
Sauhagin, or SoHAGiN, H. {^JX^, for^mfiPift) A woman officers as their personal compensation : it is also Explained

whose husband is living. as that part of the Zamindari which the Zamindar re-

Saucha, S. &c. (^n^) Purity, cleanness, ceremonial purifi- tained in his own hands.

cation after having been rendered unclean by any cause, Savarna, vernacularly, Sabahna, corruptly, Saburn, S. &c.

as personal defilement, the death of a relative, and the like. (iB^^) Of or belonging to the same caste or clan.

Sauchdchdra, S. &c. (^^T^k:) Rules of purification. SAvlsi, or SawasA, Mar. (^Rt^n) A tribe of Brahmans, or

Saudagak, H. &c. (itjjAM, from P. \tiyu, trade) A mer- an individual belonging to it.

chant, a trader. Savasin, Mar. (^^^fhj, corruption of Savasini) A woman

Sauddgari, corruptly, Saudagree, H. (^^\ii^) Trading, whose husband is living.

trafficking, the business of a merchant. Savedhabhoqam, S. (^^wW) Possession or occupation

Sauddpatra, Beng. (j'^lft'tiS) A written agreement to that is disputed.

deliver goods to a purchaser on specified terms. Savi, less correctly, Shavee, or Shawee, Tam. (S'lTeiJl)

Saudayika, S. (^«;l(ft<<*', from V, good, and i^ni, portion) Blighted corn, grain withered for want of moisture.

Property derived from kindred as an affectionate gift: the Savistar, Hindi &c. (S. ^^ Circumstantial, detailed—

property which a man receives with his wife : the property an account, a statement, &c.

given to a woman, by her kindred, or her husband at the SAViTRi,S.&c. (^g^) The same as the Gayatri, or most holy

time of her marriage, becoming her exclusive right. verse of the Veda, a short prayer addressed to Savita, or the

Saudra, S. &c. (j^l'^ft) Relating or belonging to a Sudra or sun, whence its name, and the repetition of which is an es-

the Sudra caste, the son of a Sudra woman by a man of sential part of the ceremony of investiture with theBrahman-

either of the three superior castes. ical thread ;

hence it sometimes implies the rite of initiation.

Saugand, H. (AJ^yjj) An oath. Savyaj, Mar. (^^»r) Bearing, or united with, interest : what
Saukah, vernacular corruption of Saiiukar, q. v. H. (.j6y^) includes the interest accumulated with the principal ; any

A banker. account, a total, what bears interest, a loan, &c.

Saulu, Karn. {^^) Fullers' earth: adj., brackish. SawA, (?) H. A well. —North-west provinces.

Sauluppu, Karn. (S5^?2»^) Earth salt. Sawa, H. &c. (]y^, ^T^, S. H, withtn^, a quarter), Beng.

Saulumannu, Karn. (^^S'^gj) Earth used for making ('I^'^rl) A quarter more, with a quarter more, as Sarcd-

salt, also by washermen for bleaching. sau, a hundred and a quarter, or 125.

SAUH.Thug. One who escapes from the attempt to strangle him. Sawdi, Sawdia, H. &c. {^Jy^, y^,^^^)' Uriya (£lS||q)
Saut, H. (CJ./JJ, '^fltiT, from S. ^Tl1*ft) A companion wife, A quarter more, an excess of a fourth, that which is more
any one married subsequently to the first. by a fourth : interest at a rate of 25 per cent.

472
 SAW SEN
Sawanih-nigar, or Sawaniha-nigar, corruptly, Savana- Sajulu, Tel. (r6aJeu, fromP. jL, making) Labourers em-
GAR, Savannah-negar, and Sewanahnigar, H. (a. p. ployed in the making of salt.

JSj^\yM, from Sawdnih, events, and nigdr, who sees) A Sedhya, or Shedhya, Kam. (*?$§) Agriculture, farming.

news writer, an intelligencer, also a spy. Sedhyagdr, Kam. ('Z'?QS"A^o) A farmer, a cultivator.

SAWAE,or Suwi.R, H. &c. (j!j**i, ^I^t:, ^^R),Beng.(7riQ'3irt^) Sedhyamu,corrvL-^\\y,Shedom,Te\.{ BQg^X)) Land pre-

A rider, a horseman or person mounted, one carried by pared for ploughing.

any conveyance. Sedi, (?) Beng. Presents of provisions, formerly exacted in

Sarvdri, or Sumdri, corruptly, Sewarry, Seroaury, H. &c. Bengal by the Zamindar and his attendants, when travel-

(^5^1^ B^Ttt, ?f^l^),

, also Smdri, Mar. (^Tt't) A number ling, from the cultivators.

of persons mounted, especially on state occasions: equipage, Sedil, or Chedil, Tam. (Gi&L^^) An apparatus used for

retinue, cavalcade, a troop of horsemen : what is fit for or suspending men, and swinging them in the air ii^ honour

appropriated to riding on, as a riding-horse. of the goddess Mariamma. See Chardka.

Sawana, H. (Ij'j*", ^rarft) Lands lying farthest from the Segon, (?) Hindi. A soil of a reddish tint, and containing

village. gravel, in Bundelkhand.

Saw^atha, Mar. (^rn^) Sprung from, or relating to, a different Sejar, Shejar, Mar. (^I»nt) Neighbourhood.

wife or mother (S. Sapatni), used only in composition, as Sejdri, Shejdri, Mar. (^I^TR.^) A neighbour.

Sdmatra-di, (w^^^T^) A half-mother, the wife of a father, Sek, Shek, Mar. (^«ir) Hire of, or remuneration for, the

a stepmother. use of draught cattle.

Sdrvatra-bhdii, (5BT=K*rr3i) A half-brother, one by the same Seka, H. (Kj->, ^ToBT, from S. f^, to sprinkle) Wheat-fields

father not the same mother. watered by wells: watering, irrigation in general.

SAyAbanjar, (?) (from ,:^J, waste lands) Uncultivated lands SEKKUMUTTAl,Tam.(©<^<iB(g)(LpLl(5551_, from sekhu, an oil-

divided into fields. press, and muttai, an egg) An egg-shell filled with oil :

SATAGAL-VIKRATAM,Tam.((S'nUJ<5rT^6Lll(EB<^(3CnrjLLjLQ) a contribution levied by the village proprietors from each

Inland sale. oil-press, and either distributed among them according to

Sayanaikadasi', S. &c. (^^J%cET^'>) The eleventh of the their respective shares, or credited to the fund for village

light half of the month Ashdrh, or the summer solstice, expenses.

when Vishnu is fabled to sleep upon the serpent Sesha. Selaga, Tel. ( ^E^a) An allowance of grain and other per-

Saza, vernacularly, Sa ja, H. &c. (P. Utu , ^TSTt) Punishment, quisites allotted to the hereditary village Karanarn, or ac-

retribution, retaliation. countant, in the Northern Sarkars : a term used by mea-

Sajd-dghdt, Uriya (Cta|2|lCI|Q) Slight wounding. surers of grain, who call out the numbers of the measures
Sazdmal, Suzamul, Sajdmal, H. &c. (Jjjj»", «»ii<i^) A up to one hundred, and then, exclaiming Selaga, begin a

native collector of revenue: an officer specially appointed fresh enumeration from one.
to take charge of and collect the revenue of an estate, from Selakya, Mar. ($^^t) A goat-herd.

the management of which the owner or farmer has been Selavala nilam, Tam. (O<ff60SLi60rfl6£)lL) Red soil.

removed : a land-steward, a bailiff, an agent appointed by Selod, Guz. (^l^llO An armed agent: one who levies forced

a landowner or lessor to compel payment of rent by contributions from the cultivators in the name of some
tenants or leaseholders. Ben. Reg. v. 1819. military chief.

Sazdmali, H. (Jj];'*') The office or function of a Sazdmal, Sema, Kam. C^?^) Hidden treasure.

the rights attached to it : an abwab, or cess, imposed under S^mAhi, Uriya (GCIS1|§, from the P. sih, three, and mdh, a
the Mohammadan government upon Zamindars to defray month) Quarterly.
the cost of special native collectors of the revenue. SembakIl, Tam. (G&llUiSiSrT^) A betel-garden while
Sajdwalu, Tel. ((OSJ "^eJO) Restraint placed upon a person the vines are young.

to prevent his escape, or to enforce payment of a demand. Sen, Beng. (J7R) A family name borne in Bengal by persons

Sazish, H. (p. (^U, from jU, making) Conspiracy, col- usually of the medical caste, as Ram-Komol Sen, the author
lusion, confederacy. of the English and Bengali dictionary, and a gentleman
473 6 E
 SEN SER
highly esteemed by both the European and native society ser (uasarreS'Cr) is equal to 24 palams. See Palam.
of Calcutta for his private worth and public spirit : he died On the west of India the Surat Ser is said to be equal
in 1843. to avoirdupois weight lib. or 16 oz., and the Bombay Ser
Sena, S. &c. (it«n) An army. to 13 oz. only.

Send-khds-khel, Mar. (w^TO^^, from Send-khds, the Seri, H. &c. ii^ji*" , ^fft) Relating to a Ser : a charge or
army of the state, and Sar-khel, a commander, dropping fee of one Ser per man : an allowance of one ser per
the first syllable) A title conferred by the Peshnid upon maund in the division of the crop : in Marathi, a per-

the G-aikmdr. quisite of about two Sers per maund taken by the J^a-
Sendpati, corruptly, Senaputtee, S. &c. (^^qfrf) A general, mavisddr, or other government officer, from the grain
a commander-in-chief, one of the eight great officers of the brought by the cultivators in payment of the public re-

Maritha state, a title conferred by the Peshwa upon the venue when receivable in kind : also the grain which the

Raja of Berar. officer who supplies the public servants with their allow-

Sena,H. (Lmhj) An officer who collects the revenue in a village- ances deducts as his perquisites from every maund.

Sende, Mar. (:^5) A disease incidental to rice crops. Adsseri, Mar. (^3:{l^) Monthly grain given to a servant
Sendi, Shendi, Mar. (^^, from S. f^l^ip) The tuft or for his subsistence : a weight of two and a half sers : a
lock of hair on the crown of the head left at tonsure. measure of capacity, or half a payali.
Sendi, (?) Mar. The offspring of a Maratha Brahman by a Serina, H. (itw^) Payment of a ser per man by an here-
slave girl, who becomes a Brahman in the third generation ditary cultivator in a village to the proprietary community
(perhaps an error for Senwi, q. v.) of the village, or some individual of the community, in ac-

Sejstdi, Tarn. {(oS-n,^) The sap of the palm, tdri. knowledgment of the proprietary right : also a perquisite

SenwI, Shenwa, Mar. ('5H!I^, from ^tTIT, dung) A man of or deduction of a like proportion from the estimated pro-

low caste employed as the village scavenger. duce of the lands claimed by the proprietors on settling for

Senwi, Shenwi, Mar. (^JSr^) A class of Hindus in the the revenue.

Maratha country who maintain that they are Brahmans, Ser, Sher, Mar. (l^) Daily food, or grain, or flour, given
and wear the characteristic cord, but who are not recog- to a messenger or labourer.

nised to be so by the other Brahmans, fi-om whom they Seraweteb, Guz. (5:l5.L°la^) A particular tenure of land.

differ chiefly in eating fish. Seri, pronounced Sheri, corruptly, Shairee, Sheyree, Mar.

Sepattani, incorrectly, Sepatni, Seputnee, Beng. (J^T't^f^T, (j^'Ci) Arable land originally excluded firom the village as-

from the P. seh, or sih, three) A sub-tenure or lease in sessment, either as fallen in consequence of neglect of cul-

the third degree. tivation or forfeiture into (he hands of the government,

Sepaitaniddr, Beng. (Sff^f^TTft^ , from P. ^b who, has) and managed for its benefit, or such land separated under

The holder of land in the third stage of underletting. some pretext by the great officers of the state, and manao-ed

Seh, commonly, but incorrectly, Seek, corruptly, Saer, H. &c. for their own advantage alone ; when the Seri lands were

( J.UJ, 51^, Z^, from the S. ^oB, Setaka) A measure appropriated by the government they were sometimes rented

of weight, varying in different parts of India, and for dif- to the Mamlatdars at a favourable rate : latterly they were

ferent articles, but generally reckoned in Bengal at eighty made over to the Pdtils and assessed along with the other

tolas, or Sicca weight, or as one-fortieth of a man or lands of the village, from which they then ceased to differ,

maund : as the fortieth of the former Bazar maund the except in retaining their original appellations. — E. I. Se-

standard Ser was = avoirdupois weight 21b. Ooz. 13.863 dr. lections, iv. 652, 695. The same word in Telugu (^6)
and of the Factory maund lib. 13 oz. 13.860 dr. In 1833 is explained in a similar manner to denote land cultivated

a slight change was made in the value of the man, thence by the Ryots on account of the state, paying usually at the

known as the Angrezi or English maund, by which the rate of half the nett produce of ordinary cultivation, or one-

proportionate value of the Ser became, in avoirdupois third of that of garden cultivation : Seri land was con-

weight, 21b. Ooz. 14.592dr. : the Tamil Ser ((Ss^DT) is sidered to be of two kinds, 1. land lying waste and un-

reckoned equal to eight palams, while a larger or pakkd claimed, and 2. land respecting which disputes not admit-

474
 SER SEV
ting of decision had prevailed — Ibid. iv. 740. Seri is else- mart or commercial town, having the superintendence and
where explained to signify the same as Batai, or the regulation of the traffic ; in some places the head man of

partition of the produce between the state and the culti- each description of traders.

vator ; and again to mean merely ploughed land, or culti- Set, pron. Shet, Mar. (^, corruption of S. kshetra ^^,
vation in general. Hindi khet WtO A field, a piece of cultivated ground, a

Seri-bdk, Mar. (^(Tft^ToIf) The produce of lands cultivated standing crop, agriculture, cultivation.

on account of government. Setdr, Sheidr, Settvar, or Shetwar, Mar. (^JTTT?, ^filMS)

Serigrdmam, Tel. ( f06(^2^S3o) A village, the lands of The arable land around and belonging to a village.

which are considered to belong in proprietary right to the Set-, or Shetgana, Mar. (S. VM, a class) Arable lands or

government fields collectively.

Seri-hissa, Tel. (from A. i,a^, a share) A tenure in the Set-, or Shet-bhdt, Mar. (^tlHTnr) A comprehensive term for

Nizam's country by which irrigated or rice lands, the cul- arable lands, also for the business of husbandry.

tivator being the owner, pays eleven-twentieths of the pro- Seti-, or Sheti-bhdti, Mar. (^nft^TTiTt) A husbandman : agri-

duce to the government. cultural operations : field business.

Serikari, Mar. (^irfhRTTf) The cultivator of lands belonging Set-, or Shet-jamin, Mar. (^hnnftT) Arable land.
to the state. Set-, or Shei-kari, corruptly, Shetkurrie, or Shetcurry, Mar.
Serijamin, Mar. (^0»I*(1^) Lands the property of the state. (^(rtohO) The owner of a field, a farmer : a husbandman,

Sekuve, or Serve, Kam. CS^^)^, Zi^Jf-) A company, a a cultivator, any agricultural labourer, whether working for

department. himself or another.

Seruvegdr, Kam. ('Z)56o<D~7rSo) The head of a company Set-, or Shet-sdrd, Mar. (^iflRT) Land-tax.
of artisans or workmen. Set-, or Shet-sanadi, less correctly, Shetsunnudee, and, cor-

Sesha, S. &c. (^'^O The name of the great serpent sup- ruptly, Shetsundee, Shaitsundee, Mar. (^iriJJ'H^) One hold-
posed to uphold the earth on one of his thousand heads, ing a sanad or grant of lands for military service, applied

and to serve as the couch on which Vishnu sleeps during especially to a local militia acting also as police and as
the rains : also leavings, residue, remainder. garrisons of forts : also an assignment or grant of revenue

Seth, H. &c. (..^JLXiu), Set, Seti, Seth, Sethi, pron. Shbt, of land for certain services ; the assignment, as well as the

&c., and corruptly, Setti, Shaitee, Shuitee, Mar. (^J, office, may be hereditary.

5nft, $17, ^trf), Seti, or Setti, Tarn. (Gs^lllg.), Setti, Set, or Setu, H. &c. (S. c:,«J->«, ait) A bridge, a cause-

whence the common appellation of a trader from the Co- way, a mound or ridge dividing fields and serving as a

romandel coast, Chittt, Tel. ( ^^), Satti, or plur. ho- path during their inundation.

norific, Sattiru, also Setti, Kam. (*^,'^^^, '^^) Setwari, (?) Hindi, A greenish-tinted sandy loam. —Bun-
A merchant, a banker, a trader, a chief merchant : often delkhand.

used in connexion with the name as a respectful desig- SEifTA, yi^Xuj, "^^zi) A description of soil, a mixture of clay

nation, as Jagat-seth. In some places the Seth, or SetJd, and sand fit for any crop except rice.

is the head of the mercantile or trading body, exercising Sev, or Seu, or Shev, or Sheu, Mar. (^) A portion de-

authority over them in matters of caste and business, and, ducted from fruit, flowers, or vegetables brought to market,

as their representative, with the govemment : (the different as a toll or tax ; also termed Seu-mothi, from muthi, a

forms are all from the S. Sreshtha (^to), best, or chief, handful, and Seu-sabji (^^W^raft). See Sabzi.
Si|y1, the chief of a corporation; also a merchant or banker). Seva, or, vernacularly, Sewa, or Seba, or Sheba, S. &c.

Seti-mahdjan, Mar. (^T^t^TSIH) The chief of the traders (^^) Service, domestic service ; also attendance upon an
of a town, who presides over the several heads of trades. idol, worship, adoration.

Komati-satti, Kam. (i>S5&y'a|3) A Telugu merchant. Sevaka, vernacularly, Servak, Sebah, Seuk, S. &c. (^^cp;)
Beri^satti, Karn. (P^^'^^) A Tamil merchant. Sevakudu, Tel. ( ^SsoOo) A servant, a slave, a worship-

Setu, or Chetu, Tam. (Gs'i—®) Trade, traffic. per : a slave of a particular class in Chota Nagpur. See
SetyA, or Shetya, Mar. (^gSfT) A particular officer in a Sdnmak.
475
 SEV SHA
Sevakapatra, or, vernacularly, Servakpatra, S. &c. (^^^Rtra) Shab-khun, H. (P. ^^ , blood) Nocturnal assault, or murder.

A deed or bond by which a person binds himself to ser- Shabnam, Shubnum, H. (P. J , moisture) Lit., Night-dew,
vitude either for a term or for life. but applied to a very fine kind of muslin, which is not

Sebdit, or Sehdit, corruptly, Sebaintndmd, Beng. (P. ITNI) discernible when immersed in water.

A deed assigning an endowment or a share of ancestral ShabAn, H. (A. 4j;Ust-i>) The eighth month of the Moham-
land by the owner on his demise. madan year.

Sebdti, or Sewati, Sebdit, SewdH, or, corruptly, Skebait, Shabat, (?) Beng. (perhaps some corruption of CuLu , q. v.)

Shewait, Shewayat, Beng. (Z5Rtat, 4>|<|^«,) A person A person in charge or temporary proprietorship of a temple (?).

who has the management and superintendence of an en- Shabb, H. (a. L_»lw) A young man, one under 34 years of age.
dowed temple, persons attached to and oflBciating in a ShIdi, H. (p. t^Jli) Gladness, rejoicing, nuptial festivity,

temple : the term also occurs as that of a person to whom nuptials, marriage, especially legal and respectable, in op-

a share of an ancestral estate has been assigned by the position to informal or temporary marriage.

owner on his demise. Shddidt, H. (CjLi jL^) Fees paid at marriages.

SEVAL,orSHEVAL,Tam. (GiB'SLI^) A red soil of the second class. Shddidna, H. ((XJbiiVii) Any thing relating to marriages,

Seval, or Sheval, Tam. (SS'eLI^) Watching corn in afield. music and other accompaniments, fees or presents made
Sevaldl, Shevaldl, Tam. (SiS'SUSOrTerr) A watcher in a sometimes to the Zamindar by the cultivators at marriages.

corn-field. ShapA, H. (A. la>i) Healing, curing, being cured.

Sevvaram, Tam. (GcffajeLHTCTLQ) A just division of the Shafd-hhdna, H. (P. iSJli-) An hospital.

produce of a field between the owner and the cultivator. Shafaat, H. (a. ci»^Ia.S>) Intercession, mediation.

SeVyamu, incorrectly, Sheviam, Tel. ( <05§^X)) Culti- Shdfd, H. («il(i) An intercessor, a mediator, a patron.

vation, ploughed land. Shdfdi, H. (^-«Lii) The teacher or founder of one of the

Sewala, Thug. A fox. four great schools of Mohammadan law : a follower of the

Sey, or Shey, also read Chby, Tam. (GOLLJ) A field of Shdfdi school.
rice-corn : a certain measure of land (?). Shaghal-khor, H. (P. ^^i- JUii) Lit., A jackall eater, the

Seykdl, Sheykdl, corruptly, ShaigaljTam. (Q&lLiSi&n^) designation of a class of freebooters dwelling chiefly on the

Land which is cultivated, or capable of cultivation. Oudh frontier, but committing depredations often in the

Seykdl-karambu, corruptly, SkaigaUcarumboo, Tam. Company's territories and at some considerable distances

(GcffLUSSITeOSCTLDL^) Land lying waste though ca- from home: they are also found in Orissa.

pable of cultivation. Shaqird, H. (p. iJyili) A disciple, a scholar, an apprentice.

Seyhdl-tarisu, barbarously, Sey-kaul-turso, Tam. (GS'UJiS- Shdgird-pesha, H. (P. *m»^, practice) A menial servant,

SrrsOSCflSi') Fallow or uncultivated land although for- also retinue, attendance : a pensioner : expense of servants

merly cultivated and capable of cultivation. and dependants.

Punsey, ox Punshey, Tam. (UIOTlGS'LLi) Dry ground, not Shah, H. (P. ssU.) A king, a sovereign, a title borne by some

artificially watered. See Pun-shai. classes of Mohammadan ascetics or mendicants : also one

Shab, Shub, H. (P. <.^) Night. given to certain celebrated saints, as, Shah Maddr, Shdh-
Shdb-beddri, H. (P. ^^^Ajj, waking) Nocturnal vigil; nizawrud-din Aulia, and others.

keeping awake at night, especially as a religious exercise. Shdh-bandar, H. (P. jjJbisLi,) A port or harbour-master,

Skab-i-hardt, H. (P. A. c:j!^J(--^*i) A festival observed a custom master, an officer who regulates the port duties

on the night of the 14th of the month Shdbdn in memory and charges : a royal harbour or maritime establishment.

of deceased ancestors ; it is termed the night of record (6a- In the revenue accounts of the Mohammadan government
rdt), as an angel is supposed on this occasion to inspect of Bengal it designated especially Dacca, and the customs

a register of the conduct of all living persons. levied there.

Shab-gasht, H. (P. u:,..^, going) The night patrol. Shdhi, H. (p. ^jSilip) Regal, relating f» a king : in Chit-

Shab-gashti, H. (P. ^Jm/T , a going) Nocturnal procession, tagong, a measure of land, or an epiliiet of any such mea-

especially of a marriage : keeping vigil : night-watch. sure, as perhaps having been fixed by the government

476
 SHA SHA
modified in Mar. as Sdi, or Skdi (^11^), and used laxly in Tf^i) The walls or defences of a town or city : also, fig.

the sense of belonging or appropriate to, as Puna-sdi, be- the police, guards, &c. appointed to protect a town.

longing to Puna; Sinde-sdi,helonging to Sindhia. Sdi-,or Shahr-purd, H. (h^,^) The suburbs.

Shdinrastd, Mar. (^^ f^ITMl) Public usage or custom. Shahu, (?)H. Name of a caste, or an individual of it, inSylhet.

Shdh-Mohammad, Thug. An exclamation to denote that Shai, H. (A. j_g^) A thing.

danger is near. Shai-mubiu, H. (A. r^^) A thing or article sold.

Shdh-nisMn, H. (P. ^^jJ^ , sitting) A royal seat : a miniature Shm-mutanazir, H. (A. JaJJn)) A thing or property in sus-

throne or palace carried in procession at the Muharram pense or dispute.

festival. Shaikh, H. (A. j^) An old man, especially one who has

Shdh-raiat, (?) Beng. A temporary occupant or farmer, a authority and respect : an elder, a chief : a title given to

middleman. various Mohammadan saints ; the head of an Arab tribe :

Skdh-zdda, vernacularly, Shdh-jdda, H. &c. (siiljsLi,, ^n?- the term is also used to designate the descendants oi Mo-

»n^T) A prince, the son of a king : also the son of the hammad, of Ahuhakr, and Omar.
Mohamraadan ascetic so termed. Shajara, or Shajak-nama, H. iijs.'^ , <uU^s*") A list of

Shahad, or Shahd, H. &c. (P. tJ^) Honey. saints, his predecessors, given by a religious teacher to his

Shahad-guttd,M.&-t.(jS[^V!^ Farm or contract for bee-hives. disciples after the manner of a genealogical tree.

Shdhad-mom-guita, Karn, (53c)bb03X^oXbe^) A tax Shajja, plur. Shajjaj, corruptly, Shadja, A. (>i, ^r^^)
levied on bees'-wax and honey gathered in the forests of A wound, a personal injury short of destroying life: wounds
Mysore. of ten kinds are recognised by Mohamraadan law as affect-

ShahAdat, H. (a. CJiil^) Testimony, evidence, martyrdom, ing the head and face in particular.

as, roz-i-shahddat, the tenth of Muharram, the day on virhich 1. Hdrisat, (,ILcj\s^) A scratch not drawing blood.
All was slain. 2. Damaat, {ix^S) A scratch which draws blood without
Shdkid, plur. Shahdd, H. (A. JJfcLir, i>l^), Shdhid, Mar. its running down.

(^Il^lv -^ witness, an evidence, a martyr. 3. Ddmiat, {l^\S) An abrasion of skin from which blooa

ShdUdi, H. (a. ^jJJbU), Mar. (^nfl^) Evidence, testi- flows.

mony, deposition. • 4. Bdzdat, (^«<<ilj) A cut through the skin.

Shdhidi-ddr, Mar. (^JiHji^IiJh) A witness, a deponent. 6. Mutalahimat, (aas-JIx<) A cut deep into the muscles.

Skdhid-i-hdl, H. (P. J^, present) A witness to facts. 6. Simhdk, (jjlss^*^) A wound on the head reaching to the

ShahIjog, ShAhIjoq, Mar. (^^^ftT. ^n^laft*!. for S.^ViT, pericranium.

fit for) Creditable, trustworthy ; applied especially to a 7. Muzihat, (hs^yo) A wound that lays the bone bare.
Sundi, or bill of exchange marked with this word, imply- 8. Hdshimat, (i^^ila) A fracture of the skull.
ing that the bearer may be trusted with the money ; also 9. Munakilat, (iJiJix«) A fracture of the skull requiring
to coins which are manifestly good : in Guz. a promissory the operation of the trepan.

note, a cheque on the bank, payable to bearer. 10. Ammat, (&«l) A wound extending to the membranes of
SHAHNA,C0rrUptly,SHAENA,8HANA,SHENA,SHAINA,SHIEHNA, of the brain.

H. (AJtes*") A watchman, a village watchman, a person Of these, if wilfully inflicted, the seventh may admit of retali-
employed to watch the crops and prevent any fraudulent ation, but they may be all punished by fine accordingly as
abstraction of the grain. they are accidental or intentional.

Shdhnagi, corruptly, Shaenagee, H. (^^^Js^) The duty, Shak, H. (a. tiJ*ip) Doubt, uncertainty: in law, imperfect

pay, or perquisites of a village watchman. evidence, leaving uncertainty as to the truth of the charge.

Shahb, H. (F-ji^ , 5l?r) A town, a city. Shak, H. (A. ^i^) A large division of a country.

Shahr-gasht, H. (P. CI^^mJ*, a going) The procession of a Shakae, H. (P. Xi) Sugar.

bridegroom through the city at a marriage festival : patrol- Skakar-khuri, H. (P. t^/js-, eating) Lit., Eating of sugar,
ling the city, a patrol. part of the marriage ceremony among the Mohammadans :

Shahr-pandh, H. (P. xli[^), Shaharpmhd, Mar. (^if^- the same as the Shukrdna, q. v.

477 6f
 SHA SHA
Shakiliyan, or Shakkili, also pronounced Chakkili, and Shara, corruptly, Shurra, H. (A. ^jm). Sera, or Shera,
written, corruptly, Chuckler and SheJtliar, Tam. (<^<EBSl- Mar. (^) The law ; or the precepts of Mohammadanism
eClUJOOT) A man of a low caste whose business is working as derived from the Kur^n, sometimes classed under five

in hides and leather : a currier, a tanner, a shoemaker. heads, Itihadat, articles of faith ; Ibddat, religious wor-
Shal, H. (JLi)) A shawl. ship ; Muamalat, social transactions, civil law ; Muzajir,
Shdl-bdf, H. (i—iWli) A shawl-weaver. punishment, or criminal law ; and Adah, good manners,
Shall, H. &e. {^\it) A weaver of shawls and similar articles. moral conduct, propriety : amongst the Marathas it means
Shambah, H. (p. «AA;i) A day, a day of the Mohammadan also an order, a warrant, especially that which is written
week : when used singly it also implies Saturday, and the on the foot of a petition or representation.

following days are designated by the numerals, as, Ek- Sharidt, H. (A. ^j^/) Law, justice, the law of the Kuran.
shamba, Sunday; Do-skambah, Monday; Seh-shamba, Shardi, H. (A. i^j^) Conformable to the law, lawful, right.
Tuesday; Chahdr-shamba, Wednesday; Panj-shamba, SharIrat, H. (A. CiJiUi) Villainy, wickedness.

Thursday; and Shash-shamha, Friday; but this last is Share, H. (A. '^jm) Drinking : in Mohammadan law, the

also named, from its being observed as the day of meeting offence of drinking wine or other intoxicating liquor : also,

for prayer, Jumd. the right to water, or to use the draw-wells or channels

Shamil, H. (a. (J.«lip) Extending to, including, comprehend- of irrigation, which is declared to be transferable inde-

ing: the term, less correctly written Shdmul, or used in pendently of the land which is irrigated.

the plur. as Shdmildt, was applied in Mysore to the whole Sharh, H. (a. ^jm), SerA, Mar. (^tl) Explanation, a com-
additional assessment on the land above the original stand- mentary, a gloss ; also, pay, allowance ; also, rate, rate of

ard rates made by the Mohammadan rulers Haidar and assessment, &c.

Tipu. Sharh-bandi, H. (A. ,^SM—jJi>) A table of rates.

Skdmildt, H. (i^uI^Im, plur. of (J,.«\*i>) Comprehensive or Sharh-i-mauza, H. (A. ^yo) The rate of assessment on

coparcenary concern : lands which have never been divided, village lands.

but are part and parcel of an estate held in common or Shark-i-pargana, H. iijifi) The rate of assessment of a

in partnership by the whole proprietary body of a village : district.

w
the lands of such a village, which are not let out or severally Sharh-i-patta, H. (&jS) The rate of rent fixed by lease.

appropriated, but which are cultivated in common, and of ShAri, or Sharree, (?) Mar. Cultivated fields, or land en-

which the produce is divided amongst the proprietors ac- closed (a mistake, perhaps, for Sdfd, q. v.)

cording to recorded portions. ShIri, H. (a. P^^) A highway.

Shdmildt-banjar, H. (from ^s^J) Portions of common land. Sharif, H. (A. . »Jv*i) Noble, exalted, a person of rank.

—Kanara. Shardfat, H. (A. ci^Kwi) Nobility, rank, eminence.

Shdmildt-beriz, H. (from P. Aj>) The entire assessment, the Sharik, H. (a. kib^) A partner.
original, with all additions. Shardkat, Shirkat, H. (A. c>>^^ c:,^<i), , Sarkat, Mar.

Shdmildt-deh, H. (iSJ, a village) Lands included in the (mWit), Shardkhatu, Tel. (^ir'a3&) Partnership, co-

village lands. parcenary, joint occupancy : in Mohammadan law partner-

Shdmili-tadluk, H. ( dxS -Lilii) A subordinate proprietary ship is distinguished as of two kinds, Skirkat-amldk,

estate, one comprehended within a Zamindari, and paying (t^Wl c>^^), partnership by right of property, wherethe
revenue through the Zamindar, but considered to be here- absolute right of property belongs equally to all associated,

ditary and independent property, and inalienable as long and Shirkat-i-dkud (jylcii^^), partnership by contract

as the dues to the superior holder and government are paid. effected by mutual consent, and in which one partner may

Shamsi, H. (from the A. ^ju-am , the sun) Solar, as the solar act for the rest : partnerships of this kind are also classed

year : a perquisite of the officers of government, being the under four heads, 1. Mufdwiza ((^.^jIsl*), When the con-

difference of pay for a lunar and solar month. tracting parties agree that all their property shall be in

Shamsia, Thug. The person who holds the hands and feet common : a partnership not admitted by the Shia lawgivers.
of the victim. 2. Indn (jjUc), When the contracting parties contribute

478
 SHA SHI

a stipulated amount either of money or goods to a common ShawAl, H. (A. Jl^) The tenth month of the Mohammadan

capital, to be employed for their common benefit : this is year, the first of which, following the month of fasting and

also considered to be designated by the simple term Shirhat, abstinence, Ramzan, is held as a festival, on which presents

and may again be distinguished as \.Shirkat-al-amwal{T^\. are made amongst friends and relatives.

of |Jl«, wealth) Partnership in property, and 2. Shirkat- Sheanqueb, (?) A description of irregular exaction by the

ul-tijdrat (ci^W, trade) Partnership in trade or com- native officers in Bengal. — East-India Selections, i. 469.

merce id-Shirkat-ul-sandidifJ^XA lc;,X^),otherwise termed Shiah, or Shiai, commonly, Shia, corruptly, Sheeah, Shya,
Shirkai-ul-abddn(Tphof ^JliJ ,ihe body), Association or part- H. (A. «*>j*i I ijOJ^) lit., A follower, but applied especially to

nership in mechanical arts or bodily labour ; and 4. Shir- a follower oi All, the son-in-law of Mohammad, and, in the

kat-ul-wujuh (!S»s>-Jl (JI^o^) Partnership of faces, when opinion of his followers, his lawful successor in the Khalifat;

persons not having any property agree to join and obtain the khalifs Abubahr, Omar, and Osman, being, in their

goods for sale upon their personal credit or assurance. estimation, usurpers. The Persians generally, the sovereign

Sharik-Ji-nafs-ul-mubdidt,Il. (A. ci^.l-J-'«Jl^_»*9J^_j'i«^«'^'i) of Oudh, and the lower orders of Mohammadans in India,

A partner in the matter of buying and selling. are of this sect.

Shardkat-ndma, H. (P. X«U , a document) A deed of part- Shikami, H. (^>^Cii , from *Cii , the belly) Subordinate, de-

nership pendent, included : as a revenue term it applies to a sub-

Shardkat-barddari, H. (P. i^ji^lj^t fraternity) The asso- ordinate tenure in which the holder pays his revenue, or

ciation of brothers, or members of the same family living his share of it, through some other person to the govern-

together on-a comtnon property. ment, not direct : it applies also to the individual cultiva-

Sardkati, corruptly, Shurakutiee, Mar. (^vionnl) A term ting land on such terms ; he may be a joint proprietor with

applied to villages or estates, the revenues of which are the revenue payer, having equal rights, or he may be an here-

shared by government with others. ditary tenant : in the former case, the superior cannot sell

Sarkatddr, Mar. (^offUcfR). Sarikddr, Uriya (ClQlQ^IQ) or mortgage any of the land without the concurrence of the

A partner, a coparcener. Shikamis.

Sarkati, or Sarkatyd, Mar. (*i<,oiinT) 4<<o|ii(<l) A partner, Shikami-dsdmi-, or -rdiat, H. (^^UhI , or C^Jtc^ , a cul-

a coparcener. tivator) A subordinate cultivator : one who pays the revenue

Shart, pi. ShuriJt, and Shahaiat, H. (A. \sj^ ,
pi. Lj^ through a superior shareholder, and whose name is not

aiijMi) Contract, agreement, stipulated rule or regulation. entered in the original assessment, though it is now usually

Sharti, H. (A. iJoJ^^ Conformable to rule or condition. inserted in the Muniakkab.

Be-, or Bild-shart, H. (A. P. \sjMh, -^) Absolute, uncon- Shikami-ijdrdddr, H. (A.jwl;l»-1 , q. v.) A subordinate cul-
ditional, as a grant, &c. tivator holding lands in farm.

Shashmahi, H. (|,aU(_/^ from . the P. sliash, six, and mdh, Shikami-kdshtkdr, H.

{J^j^^,
a cultivator) A holder of part
a month) Half-yearly, the half-yearly accounts of a village. of the village lands as a subordinate or dependant occu-

Shash-bdb-i-kaifiat, H. (P. ifi.i*', six)

A Bengal revenue pant cultivating his own share, and paying his proportion

account arranged under six heads, also called Jug-o-kul,q.v. of the government revenue through the representative of

Shashdasti, Mar. (^flt^wl) The designation of a rod used the community.

in surveying, being a measure of six cubits, or nine feet. Shihami-pattiddr, H. &c. (jljaij) A coparcener in a joint-

Shastae, Shusteh, (?) A religious temple and establishment tenancy village who cultivates his own lands, and pays his
in Asam. proportion of the government revenue through one or more

Shastaria, (?) The head of a religious establishment in Asam of the community, whose names are recorded in the govern-

termed a Skastar. ment books as undertakers for the whole.

Shatib, H. (p. ^LSp) A running footman. Shikami-sharik, or Sharik-shikami, H. (A. i«i^ .ji , a partner)

Shatm, pi. Shutum, H. (a. 4,xJit, i,yk^) Abuse, reviling not A cosharer, a coparcener, whose revenue payments pass
amounting to slander, and subject to punishment at the through an intermediate representative.

discretion of the magistrate. Shikami-tadluka, H. (A. <S«l»t)i, a dependancy) An estate

479
 SHI SHU
comprised within a Zamindari, and paying the revenue Shordhddi, H. (^yiibliyi) Saline and unproductive, as soil.

through the Zamindar or other revenue contractor or Mal- Shorakdr, H. (V-J^, who makes) A manufacturer of saltpetre.
guzir. Shubha, H. (a. "Xfjii) Doubt, suspicion: in law, a legal

Shikami-taraf, H. (uJ^ls , q. v.) A subordinate portion of defect, a flaw ; what may be pleaded in bar of punishment
the division of land called a taraf. also any thing which may appear lawful but is really unr-

Shikak, H. (P.^K-J.) Hunting. lawfiil.

Shihdr-i-vidhi, Sindh (P. ^Jt>i* . a fish) Fishing : a tax on Shubha-i-dkd, H. idAt, a compact) Error of marriage, error
fishermen. of thinking that a right in the woman is conferred by an

Shikast, or Shikasta, H. (P. c:^>«*Ci , HjmJJj) Breaking, illegal marriage.

fracture, deficiency : adj., broken, impaired, broken or Shuhha-i-milk, A. ((iU-«, possession) Erroneous appropri-
carried away by inundation (land or the like) : deficit in ation of property.

the collections, loss on the rent or farm of an estate : a Shubha-ibdhat, A. (c:,^»-U) Doubt as to justification in

broken or running handwriting. the commission of a crime sufficient to prevent the infliction

Shikast-pairvast, H. (P. ^- -"j.^j^"-'-'^*-; lit-, broken and of the full measure of punishment.

joined) Separation and accession of alluvial lands by al- Shubha-i-karvi, H. (A. ^^y , strong) Strong presumption of

terations in the course of rivers : land so detached and guilt.

deposited. Shubha-i-shadid, H. (A. i^iSjii, strong) Strong presumption

Shikasti-pamast'i, H. (^Jw/jJo JLiXii) Detached (from one of guilt.

estate) and attached

w
(to another) — lands, Shubha-i-z&ifa, H. (A. (i s;j»<^, weak) Uncertainty as to

Shikk, H. (a. Jpi , Shahk, a division, a fissure) A certain the truth or falsehood of a charge.

tract of country forming a coUectorate, or an aggregate of Shudamad, H. (P. yjii^, to be, jj;iX«l, to come) Custom,
land from which a certain revenue is collected. usage.

SMkkddr, more usually Shikdar, H. UjJlii), Sek-, or Shek- Shuddmadi-kadim, H. (from A. j^ji^, old) Old established

ddr, corrwptly, Shaikdd?; Mar. (^fcH^lt), Karn.CZi^obaJJ) custom or practice.

A revenue officer or collector appointed either by the go- Shudkdr, H. (J^S^i. , from P. Jiu^^, to sow) Ground tilled

vernment or a Zamindar to collect the revenue from a small and sown : an estimate or valuation of a crop from inspec-
tract of country, or from an estate : under the Mogul go- tion only; the designation of the temporary settlement of

vernment it was sometimes applied to the chief financial the revenue of the north-west provinces made in 1830

officer of a province, or to the viceroy in his financial ca- under Reg. vii. 1822 : an inspector and valuer of the crop.

pacity : under the Marathas, an officer in charge of a few Shufaa, Shufa, Shoofa, H. (A. Xxa2i) Any possession

villages, collecting the revenue and superintending the cul- coveted: in Mohammadan law, the right of pre-emption

tivation subordinate to the officer in charge of the larger vested in partners, coparceners, and neighbours, with re-

division, called Taraf. spect to land and real or immoveable property ; the right of

Shikddri, H. (^jj\Sa^). Shekddri, Mar. (^^i^) The office claim is distinguished progressively, as,

of the revenue collector termed Shikdar 1. Talab-i-mumdxabat, (ys^^\yci„^yy) Immediate claim,

Shira, H. (a. \jm) Purchase, sale, traffick : in law, pur- a demand made as soon as the intended disposal of the

chase only. property is known to the claimant.

Shirin, H. (p. ^^,Ji^) I'it'5 Sweet, soft, sweet as water of 2. Taldb-ishhdd, or Talab-ishhdd-ma-tahrir, (from «Jl^l,

irrigation, irrigated by soft water, land. taking to witness, and in the second form J^aJ , confirm-

Shola, commonly Sola, H. (S^i) A plant of which the wood ing) Demand upon the person proposing to sell, made in

is light and spongy, and is used for making toys, artificial the presence of witnesses with affirmation of the right, sub-

flowers, &c. (iEschynomene paludosa). sequently to the first or immediate demand, and in the event

Shoe, H. ( jyi) Salt ; saline, brackish. of its being inoperative.

Shorzamin, H. i^^^hy!^) Saline soil. 3. Talab-i-khusumat, (from \,:i^^y£»-, enmity) The formal

Shora, H. (P. ^fyi.) Saltpetre, nitre. institution of a suit at law.

480
 SHU SIA

%d, written Shqfi or Shafee, H. (A. r^AM) A person Sibandi, or SihanM, H. (P. t_yiyJu<«M,), Mar. (ftl^, fi[r^)

having the right of pre-emption. Sibbandi, Tel. (^^goQ), corruptly, Sehundee, Sebundy,

Shafia-irjar, incorrectly, Shafehjar, A. (j\>-^j^sJi) A person Sibbendy,&c. (it also occurs in Guz. as Sarbandi (31 ^^ ° tU

having right of pre-emption from occupying property in but this is probably a vernacular corruption) Irregular

the neighbourhood of that which is for sale. soldiery : a sort of militia or imperfectly disciplined troops

Shafid-i-khalit, A. (lajJo-«^iti) A person having right of maintained for the garrisons of forts and guards in towns

pre-emption from occupying property in contact or inter- and villages, and for revenue and police duties : charges

mixed with that which is for sale. in the revenue accounts for the iBxpense of such troops.

Shuhda, H. (i(i\^) A profligate fellow, a vagabond, a Sibandi-fasU, H. (A. J-oi , a harvest) Troops employed in

blackguard. revenue duties.

Shukka, H. (A. XAiii) A royal letter or missive, a letter from Muddm-sibbandi, Tel. (^i^XS^oSigoa, from A. ^.Ij^)

a superior. Permanent establishment of militia.

Shukr, H. (A. X<i) Praise, thanks, acknowledgment. Sangdmd-sibbandi, Tel. {-^Q-T^^J-^h^oQ) Tempo-
Shubrdna, H. (A. iS\J^) Praise, acknowledgment, thanks : rary or occasional militia establishment.

a complimentary or grateful present : a fee or present paid SiA, Thug. Gold.

by the party to a suit in whose favour it is decided : a SiAH, or SiAHA, written also SiyIh, Siyaha, Seeah, SEEAni,

ceremony practised at the marriages of Mohammadans in incorrectly, Seha, H. (P. !iU*« , laU^), Sia, Hindi (ftrai),

India, the sending of clothes, jewels, sweetmeats, sugar, SihI, Uriya (Cl^j) An account-book, an inventory, a list

and spices, from the relations of the bridegroom to those it is especially applied in Hindustan to the daily ledger

of the bride, of whom the nearest of kin is then required or account-book of the receipts and disbursements of a vil-

to consent formally to the marriage. lage or estate, specifying all sums received, whether regular

Shumar, H. (p. j\a^}. Counting, reckoning. SumIr, Mar. or miscellaneous, and all items of disbursement, whether

(bHTTI) Number, numerical amount : rough calculation, customary or incidental ; it begins with the day on which

conjectural estimate : (it has other peculiar applications in the Punya is performed, and closes with the current

Marathi foreign to this collection.) year : the village account is kept by the village Patwdri,
Shumdri, H. (P. (jfjUJl) A reckoning, a counting or enu- but a similar account may be kept in the office of the col-

meration, a census : in Bengal, a revenue account shewing lector.

the daily receipts of every kind, and a rough statement of Siah-i-dmdani, corruptly, Seeah-aum-danny, (P. ^jj J^ I , in-

the day's transactions ; a day-book : also a numbering with coming) A treasury account of the collections received from

a view to the imposition of a tax. the cultivators daily.

Shumdri-hdghaz, H. (from ijos^, paper) The papers or Sidh-bahit H. (^ji>, an account) The ledger or day-book

accounts of an estate collectively. in which daily receipts and disbursements are entered : it

Shumar-sarrishta, H. An office or record of the number is sometimes applied to a journal or diary in which the
of any property, lands, fields, &c. orders of a court of justice are recorded.

Odo-shumdri, H. (jO, a cow) A census of cattle, a tax upon them. Sidh-khazdna, H. (£S\ji~) The day-book of the collector,

Khdna-shumdri, H. (P. i'i\»-, a house) A numbering of or any public treasury.

houses, a house-tax. Sidh-i-maujuddt, H. (A. cub^^.* , efiFects, assets) Account

Sar-shumdri, H. (P.m , a head) A numbering of head.s, of daily receipts and disbursements, a cash-book, a ledger.

a census, a poll or capitation tax. Sidh-navis, H. (P. ^_;~Jy, An accountant, one who keeps
Shumdr-navis, H. (P. (j>«-jy , a writer) An accountant, a the rough daily accounts.
registrar. SiANA, Seeana, H. (LJU^., S. BStnr), SyAnA, Beng. (TfltiTl)

Si, for SiH, or Seh, H. (P. &m) Three : it is also much used Sagacious, intelligent, mature : in Hindustani it commonly
in difierent Indian dialects to form the first member of denotes a conjuror: in it is Kamaon, the designation of here-

compound words, not always retaining any particular re- ditary superintendants of several villages, or persons
of re-
ference to its primary meaning. spectability and authority. Uriya (92||g1|) Puberty.
481 6g
 SIA SIJ

Sidnchdri, H. (Tft^H'^T^) Dues levied with consent of the Suladasidi, Kam. (^£)^^ea), Gdlapusidi, Tel. ("A'O^-
people by the hereditary Sidna. —Kamaon. tOQ.) Swinging with hooks through the muscles of the back.

SiANAT, H. (A. cr^ljus) Protection : in law, the privilege of Gampasidi,Te\. (^o'&)^f^Xg4desidi,Ts.am. {/<T-°'d^l)Q,)
being under the protection of the law restricted to the Being swung seated in a basket.

faithful, and withheld from aliens and infidels. SiFARiSH, H. (P. (ji,lfl«i) Praise, commendation, recommen-
SiASAT, H. (a. iS^uXxjjJ Government, administration of jus- dation.

tice, punishment : discretional punishment, such as the law SiFTAJA, A. (Xxi^^) A transaction of exchange, depositing

has not provided for, but as may be inflicted by the judge. money with an individual on receiving from him a bill or

SiAYAT, A. (t:>.Jj««i) Work, labour, the labour of a slave letter of credit on another person at a place where the de-

who is partly emancipated, by which he is to work out positor requires assets : also a bill of exchange, a letter

his complete manumission. of credit.

SiDDE, Tel. (^i^) A leather bottle for holding oil. SlGAUN, H. (yjT^i*" , 'hI'Ti') a kind of soil, a mixture of clay and
SiDDHA, S. (ftrgt) Effected, perfected ; hence applied to a sand suited to any crop not requiring permanent irrigation.

supposed magician or necromancer, an adept. SiGHA, A. (JikXia) Marriage, a form of words used at a mar-

Siddhdnta, S. (ftnfT'iT;) Final or established conclusion or riage ceremony.

demonstration. SroHR, A. (.jka) Junior.

Siddhdrtha, S. &c. (ftl^l'il) The fifty-third year of the cycle. Sighr-i-sinn, A. (^^ ,
years) Tender age, minority, a minor,
Siddhdyd, Kam. (tOSBcxxFS) Fixed assessment, especially one who may be •,

that recorded in the Rdya-rekhd, q. v. — Mysore. Sabi, A. ( -Jw^) A boy, a child, an infant.

Siddhi,S. ( ftlfeO Accomplishment, fulfilment, the acquire- ]ifurdhih,\X^j!i>]j^) A lad,one approaching the time ofpuberty.
ment or possession of superhuman or magical powers ; such Bulugh, A. (?J^) Adolescent, on the point of reaching

superhuman faculty. puberty: also adolescence, majority: this is placed variously

SiDDHi, H. (S. jJtjLu, fRflf) The hemp plant (Cannabis by the Mohammadan law at the beginning or end of the

sativa) : the name is also especially applied to the larger sixteenth year, or later ; under the British government it

leaves and capsules without the stalk, which are used for is extended to the eighteenth year. Reg. xxvi. 1793. The
smoking, and in the preparation of an intoxicating drink Mohammadan law also recognised two modes of defining
and confection. majority, especially in regard to females, the Bdligha-hil-

SiDHA, Hindi (^\n) Land in good tilth. dldmat, (from iuJlc, a sign), adult by the usual signs of

SiDHA, H. (S. laj^Aw), Shidha, Mar. (f^lVl) Uncooked puberty, and bdligha-bil-sinn, adult by age.

victuals, a charge made to travellers for supplies. SiHASAl, Guz. (^!^lJ?.lLl/i) A particular silver coin current

Sidori, or Sidhori, Mar. (f^Jifl'Ci, f^niW) Dressed pro- at Baroda.

visions carried on a journey. SiHR, A. ifirc) A relation, one by affinity within the prohi-

SiDi, or, more correctly, Saidi, commonly Seedee, and bited degrees.

SiDDHi, H. (^Sj^m), SiDDHi.or SiDDHi, Mar. (f5r3^,f5H3rf^ SiJ, H. &c. (S. ajm) The milky hedge-plant, or Euphorbia, of

A name given to the descendants of natives of Africa in the which there are various kinds in Bengal, as Sanka-sij

west of India, some of whom were distinguished officers of (E. tirucalli), Nara-sij (E. antiquorum), Manasd-sij (E.

the Mohammadan princes of the Dakhin, especially of ligularum), &c.

Bijapur : they furnished the Mogul empire also with the SiJDA, H. (a. XiXs*") Adoration, prostration, an attitude in

chief naval officers on the coast of Guzerat. prayer : kneeling and touching the ground with the forehead,

SiDi, Tel. Kam. (i^Q) A beam of wood traversing an up- the eyes being directed to the tip of the nose.

right post upon a pivot, to the ends of which persons are Sijda-tahiat, H. (A. ci^J^JSJce") Kneeling as before,

fastened to be whirled round : the suspension or swinging and bowing the forehead, but placing the hands closed

of a person : it is the Charak of Bengal, q. v. with the thumbs upwards on the ground, and touching

Sidi-kamba, Kam. (Si23ooeO) The upright post. the thumbs with the forehead : the other attitudes of

Sidi-ydta, Kam. (^?SoS3~3&i) The ceremony of swinging. prayer are ;

482
 SIJ SIL

Kidm, H. (A. »Uii) Standing erect with the hands hanging Sikke-daut, Mar. (f^T^strTi P. CijIjJ, an inkstand) The
down and joined in front. vessel containing the ink for the official or royal stamp or

Jfdud, H. (a. i>y«), or H. ^o-zdnu-haiihnd (LA^jLwji];VO) signet.

Sitting, or sitting on two kneeSi that is, kneeling with the 'Sikke-katdr, Mar. (f^f^ckiit, from S. oFJTT;, a dagger) A
sole of the left foot nearly flat on the ground, that of the comprehensive term for the insignia of royalty, the signet

right perpendicular. ,
and the dagger (of office).

B.ukud, H. (a. 9yJ) Bowing, inclining the body forward SiKSHA, S. &c. (f^l'^) Instruction, correction, punishment.

so as to place the palms of the hands on the knees. SiL.4, H. (S. 1m, f^I^l) Gleanings of a corn-field.

SijiL, H. (a. Js*"), Sijil, Beng. (fTff^si) A register, a Sildhdr, H.

(J.^ f^f^'WIX) A gleaner.

record, the recorded and authenticated decision of a court SiLA, S. &c. (f^lcSr) A stone.

of law : an attestation before a notary. SiLA, Mar. (^flyb) A stone, but especially when smooth and
SiKA, or SiKYA, H. &c. (f5J^T,f5f^, from S. f^TW), Siken, flat, and fit for use, as a whet-stone, a rubbing-stone, one

Mar. (f^) A sling, a loop, the cords suspended from on which to beat clothes, and the like ; also a gap left in

either end of a pole to support boxes, parcels, and the like. an embankment whilst in course of construction, for the

SiKAR, Guz. (3:fl%LR., S. ^^K, assent) Acceptance of a passage of a small stream until the whole is filled up.

bill, endorsement. Silottarapdtil, Mar. (f^Icft^lTTt^i) A person appointed to

Sikh, H. Qi.^'*> , f^'^s! , from Sishya, S. f^TBl) A scholar, a take charge of the gaps in embankments and keep them
disciple : the name of the people in the Panjab, as the dis- stopped : a name given to stones used for that purpose.

ciples or followers of Nanak Shah. SiLAH, or SiLAH, H. (A. j-Lw, J^) Arms, accoutrements:
SiKHA, S. &c. ('%^t) a single lock of hair left on the crown in law, any sharp-edged weapon capable of inflicting muti-

of the head at tonsure. lation and death.

Sikhd-vriddhi, S. ('^f^, increase) Interest at a usurious rate, SUalibarddr, H. {V.yiiiji, who bears) An armour-bearer.

calculated per day: hair-interest, growing like the lock of Silahddr, H. (from IJ , who has) i A soldier wearing armour,
hair on the head. vernacularly, Sileddr, corruptly, Silladdr, Mar. (f^^^lO
SiKl, Beng. (Pff'f) A quarter rupee. A horse-soldier who provides his own horse and arms : the

SiKKA, Thug. The handkerchief used to strangle with (pro- term is applied also to the Marathas in general, who pro-

bably for Sikd, as above). fess arms as their employment, although engaged in other

SiKKA, in some dialects Sika, commonly written, Secca, avocations, and affect to be of a higher order than the mere
H. i&c. (a. ^), Sikka, or Sika, &c. Mar. (f^r^, f^IoRT, kunbi, or cultivator.

ftf^T), Sika, or Sikka, Tel. (^"^, ^^) A coining Silahkhdna, H., SUekhdna, Mar. (from H. J6[~~, a house)

die, a stamp, a mark, a seal, a signet, a royal signet, a An armoury, an arsenal.

stamped coin, especially the designation of the silver cur- SiLAK, Mar. (f^S^oIf, from theA.(^i*«, a series), Siluku,
rency of the kings of Delhi, adopted by other Indian SiLKU, Karn. (S£^J&, ^OS) Balance, remainder after

princes, and eventually by the East-India Company. expenditure or consumption, of money, provisions, or the like.

Sikha-rupiya, H. &c. (km^juL^) A Sicca rupee, a silver Silakdwan, (Jr Silakdwani, Mar. (f^J^yodl'^^B' -isft) Harassing
coin, the standard of value in Bengal under the Company's a cultivator and exacting money from him by a govern-
administration, until changed to the Company's rupee,' ment messenger sent to dun him for his revenue : a fine

the silver coin now current : for the weight and value, see imposed upon subordinate officers for allowing work to fall

Rupiya. into arrear.

Sihkd-sanad, H. (from A. Sj^i^) A grant from the Crown >S^7aA6aS^,Ma^.(f^oRTcSt),<S^ZM7mJaA^,Karn.(^^J&S~^6)

under sign-manual, or bearing the Rajas seal. Balance of revenue outstanding for some time past, a re-

Sikkawon, Hindi (ftj^"^«T) The difference of value between maining balance.

the Sikka and Sanwat rupee. Silak-band, or -handi. Mar. (fijr^^r^ -^^) A balance-

Sikke-barddr, Mar.. (f^^^Tt) An officer having charge sheet, an account shewing the balance of receipts and dis-

of the regalia. bursements.

483
 SIL SIN
Silakjhdrd, Mar. (fp^oRKijjst) Balancing accounts, settle- Simdnta-pujd, Mar. (S. uIhIiI, the end or limit of the
ment, clearance. boundary, and trsii, worship) Honours paid at the village
Silaksdnkhali, corruptly, Sillihanklee, Mar. (fifJ^SoR^^^, boundary to a person coming on any particular occasion,
from S. Srinkhald, a chain) A chain of balances, balances as of a bridegroom to take away his wife.

carried on from time to time until a final adjustment Simaipattu, Tam. (t#0CDU2LJLJ_JT)^) Government jurisdic-
proving the correctness of a balance by counting the cash tion : territory.

or taking stock. Simdvivdda, S. (f%^^, dispute) Disputes about boundaries :

SilaM, Mar. (f^gs^) Left or remaining, forming part of a frequent source of litigation and of strife in all parts of

the balance. India, where they have not been determined by authority.

SUaU-ddgine, Mar. (%55olil3Tfn^) Reserved as the choicest Simollanghan, Mar. {TTtHJy and S. ^a^i, crossing over)

or best articles of a stock. Passage of the borders of a village in procession at the

SiLAKAS, Mai. (C/alaidBjOC©) A small sum oikds or fanams festival of the Dasahard.
paid as a fine or fee by the lessee of an estate to the pro- Sinwdr, or Siwar, Mar. (f^HH. f^l^K) Fields and meadows
prietor upon the renewal of the lease (perhaps from S. Sila, around and belonging to a village.

civility). Si'edru, Tel. (^cJ^OO) A hamlet, a small village attached

SiLAPPUTTi, Tam. (<#6DrTUl_|lll^) A leather bag or bucket to a town.

for baling water: a man so employed. Sinwa-takrdr, Mar. (P. ^l^fi, a quarrel) Boundary disputes.
SiLAT, or A. (JULfi) Affinity, connexion ; a present, a gratuity. Simwasejdri, Mar. (l^%, or Tft%5I»in^) A borderer, a

Silat-i-rahm, A. (*s.-jSLo) Intercourse with kindred : rela- neighbour, one dwelling on the borders of a contiguous tract.

tions within the prohibited degree. Sime-aswari, or Shimi-usmuree, (?) Karn. (a^^eSB^Q)
SiLi', H. ((_j)u>w , fttigrt) The grain and chaflF on the thressing- Charge for village expenses consolidated by Tipu withlhe

floor before winnowing. land revenue. —Mysore.

SiLOT, Guz. (^l^lct) A head man oi Pagis, or detectors SiMAL, H. &c. ((J.AJUJ, S. 5(l'<sH<^1) The silk-cotton tree

of thieves. (Bombax heptaphyllum).

SiLSiLA, H. (A. aL*Lj) A continuous chain or series, a pedi- SlMANTA, or SiMANTONNAYANA, S. &C. (^HiT, 5ftj?»fflWnT)

gree, a genealogy. A ceremony performed during gestation: one of the San-

SiLPA, S. &c. (f^CcM:) Any manual or mechanical art. skdras, or essential rites of Hinduism : arranging the par-

Silpi, S. &c. (f^r^ft) A mechanic, an artisan. tition of the hair {simanta ^ftTfrf) as practised by women,

Silpi-nydsa, S. ('HTl^, deposit) Deposit of materials with an accompanied by religious ceremonies, in the fourth, sixth,

artisan to be worked up into shape. or eighth month of pregnancy : see Sanskdra. In Telugu,

SiMA, H. &c. (Lt«Jv*u, S. ?r)*n), also, sometimes modified ver- according to a vulgar corruption current, the word occurs

nacularly as Sim, Guz. (^>l), Sime, Karn. (P^^), Strimantam.

SiMWA, or SiMWA, written Seew, Mar. (^%, ^k), Si- SiMGA, Mar. (f^RTr) The Holi festival, the month in which

MAi, Tam. (e^OCDLo) A boundary, border, limit ; the Karn. it is celebrated : see Solika.

and Tam. term is also applied to a country, &d, when with- SiMPi, less correctly, Simpa, incorrectly, Sempee, andSEEPEE,

out any name preceding, especially to Europe or England Mar. (figj'Tt, f^hn, fia'ft) The name of a caste, or indi-

Sim, in Guz., means also the lands or fields of a village. vidual of it, said to have sprung from a Sudra by a Ddsi

Simdna, or Siwdna, H. &c. (^Uauj, iJ]^) Bordering, or female slave : the chief occupation is sewing and making

bounding, relating to boundaries. clothes, and the Simpi is usually a tailor, in which ca-

Simdna-, or Siwdna-ddr, H. (from Y.Jii, who has) A person pacity he is sometimes included amongst the village servants:

well acquainted with the boundaries of a village or estate ;

individuals of the caste are also dyers and dealers in dying

one who watches that they are not trespassed or encroached colours, also sellers of cloth, and they engage in other trades.

upon. Si'na-zana, H. (p. <Uj^, the breast, and luj, who strikes)

Simdmul, Karn. (a)?^XT9^0~°e)) The head or root of go- Hired mourners, women who beat their breasts at funerals,

vernment. or at the Muharram.

4U
 SiN SIS

SiNCH, or SicH, H. (S. M»^, "W^, fl^^) Watering fields, the hereditary proprietors or village Zamindars themselves
irrigation. as their own especial share, either by their own labourers

Sinchdi, H. (i_f Wuam) Irrigation, price paid for irrigation. and at their own cost, or by tenants at will, not being let

SincM, H. ( s^jAj*)) Season of irrigation. in lease or farm : these lauds were sometimes allowed to

SinbA, or Shinda, Mar. (fiji^) A particular tribe, or in- be held at a favourable assessment, or were unassessed so

dividual of it, originally sprung from female slaves. as to provide Ndnkdr, or subsistence for the proprietor

Sinddporagd, Mar. (fifj^PJkTTT) The son of one's female the term is also sometimes applied to lands cultivated on
slave, living in the house as a servant. account of the state, or to those in which the revenue is

Sing, H., Mar. (i^Xiw , f^PI, from the S. Sringa, JJit) A horn. paid by the cultivators without any intermediate agent.

Singoti, and Singsingoti, (f^bftrf, fr^^fpfffe) A general Sirdb, Seerdb, (?) An item in the Tumar assessment of Sdir

term for a homed beast, or cattle of that description, a tax grants. — Gl. V. Rep.

upon the sale of horned cattle. Sirmdr,llXj^j)jJ^) According to the proprietary or privileged

Singatimahdl, Uriya (CISfSlfl^lR.) A market for horned land, cultivated after the same manner, or on the same terms.
cattle. Sir-sdjhi, H. {^^>\mj)m>, ^fK^TV)^, from sdjhi, a partner)

SijJGH, H. (^^^JUu , from Sink, or Sinha, S. &c. fiH?) A lion The Zamindar's own land, cultivated by tenants at will

the sign Leo : a name borne by men of the princely or for a share of the produce.

military caste and Rajaputs, and by Sikhs when fighting-men: Sir-i-gaminddr, H. (jliXiXej^^Jguj) The Zamindar's own cul-

it also denotes, in composition, any thing chief or noble, tivated land.

as Sinhdsana, a lion-seat, i. e. a throne ; Sinhadwdr, lion- Sirimah, Sirinath, more probably, Sirinah, (?) H. The
gate, "principal entrance of a fort or palace. allowance paid to a proprietor of Sir lands when he is

Sinhastha, S. Mar. (f^B^^O Being in the sign Leo : the out of actual possession of them (some mistakes have oc-

period of time during which the constellation Jupiter is in curred in one or both of these words).
'
the sign Leo : the revolution indicated by the planet's re- SiRA, H. (S. ^j^m) a channel of irrigation, a field flooded.

turning to the sign, which is something less than twelve SiRAYAT, A. ((j:^Lh) Contagion : in law, an incidental or
years : festivals are held at both periods in various parts additional result, as when a person intending to do one
of India, but among the Marathas the period of Jupiter's thing does something more, as designing to wound one man
conjunction with the sign is considered inauspicious, and in he unintentionally wounds another.

some places marriages are prohibited in the year in which SiRF, H. (A. (—J^) Purely, only, solely, merely.

it takes place. SiRMA, Thug. The head.

Singpho, Asami, The name of a turbulent tribe in the east SiRTHi, (?) H. Rent paid to the proprietor by a tenant cul-

of Asam, between the Lohit and the mountains to the east tivator, usually in cash. —Kamaon.
and south-east. Sirthan, (?) H. A tenant cultivator paying a low money-

SiPAH, H. (P. !sl»*«, also short <U»w) An army, soldiers. rent. — Kamaon.
Sipdki, corruptly, Seapoy, H. (P. jJbUw) A soldier. SiRVTA, Thug. A tradesman, a shopkeeper.

Sipah-, or Sipdk-sdldr, H. (P. ^*« , .^UMisUiw) A general, SirwAn, or Shirwan, Hindi (f^K^liT) A person appointed

a commander, commander-in-chief by the owner of a village to superintend its affairs and

SiPAi, H. ((_f\itu, from P. im, three, and ^l>, a foot) A enforce cultivation. —Puraniya.
tripod : a trench. Sirmdni, Hindi (f5P:31Tf'>) A cess upon the cultivators to

SiPURD, or SuPUHD, H. (lij^) Charge, trust, consignment. defray the salary of the superintendant appointed by the

Sipurd-ndma, H. (P. iJS , a document) A deed of trust, a Zamindar.

deed of assignment, generally for an indefinite term. SisA, or Shisha, Hindi (^ft^l) An ear of corn. — Puraniya.
Sipurdagi, H. (^lijjM) Delivery, charge : commitment by Si-SHAMB.4, H. (<lUA/iri)Uu) The third day of the week, Tuesday.
a magistrate. SiSHYA, S. &c. (f^r^r, whence, vernacularly, Sikh) A scholar,

Sib, Seer, H. L^tu, TCttt from the S. ?ftt, a plough) A name a disciple.

applied to the lands in a village which are cultivated by SisiHA, S. &c. (fiftfi{tt) The cold or dewy season, comprising

485 6h
 SIS SIW
the months of Magha and Phalguna, or from the middle of of it : originally from Tuluva, common in the north-west
January to that of March. of Mysore.
SisKAB, Thug. A washerman. Sivalitigi, S. &c. (f^f^Wt) A worshipper of the Linga,
SiSTU, or Shistu, commonly SiST, or Shist, Tel. (S3r53), one who carries the type on his person.
Karn. (^^, ^^), S. (f^r?, left, remainder) Land-tax, Sivaprit, or Sivottar, Beng. &c. (f*t^3t«,,f»tr9rt^, from
assessment, especially revenue assessed in money ; in Kar- S. Trtfir, pleasing, or 3^T, result) Lands granted rent-free
nata it designates the standard assessment without additions, for the maintenance of the worship of Siva.
which was fixed originally by the Bidnur government, or Sivardi, Guz. (^W"lly ) A copper coin current in the
that which, under the Harihar administration, applied to Dakhin, coined originally by Sivaji.
revenue in kind as well as money, but the word always Sivardtri, vernacularly, Shivardt, S. &c. (f^NU-sll) The
denoted the fixed or standard rate on the land, exclusive night of Siva, a popular festival in honour of Siva on

of other imposts. the fourteenth of the moon's wane in Magha (January-

Sist-bdhi, Karn. (from A. ^"b, remainder) Balance or February) ! a rigorous fast is observed during the day
arrears of revenue. and night, and Siva is worshipped in the form of the
Sisu, S. &c. (T^SI) The young of man or any other animal Linga.
a child under eight years of age. Saiva, S. &c. (^r) A worshipper or votary of Siva.
Saimva, S. (§^) Infancy, childhood. Sivashdhi-Mghd, Mar. (ft[R:5IT^W^) The bigha oiSivaji's
Sisuhalya, S. (from ^WT, killing) Abortion, child-murder. assessment containing 39263- square yards.

SiTTA, Mai. (C/3l§) A note, a bill (it is evidently only a Sivashdhi-hdthi, corruptly, Sheoshaee-katty, Mar. (f^^Tt-

vernacular form of Ckitth'i, q. v.) ^loma'l) A rod used in surveying, of five hdths; and five

SiTTUDATAM, Tam. (<^^_^^rrUJm) Fraud, embezzlement. muthis, or nearly ten feet, named after the Maratha chief
SiTUA, (?) H. An iron instrument for scraping ofi" the exuded Sivaji. See Kdtld.
juice of the poppy. Sivoitara, corruptly, Sheotr, Shemutter, S. &c. ('fifl^wt)

SiuNi, Beng. (Hi 5^) A kind of basket used for throwing Land rent-free, as originally granted in honour of Siva.
up water from a reservoir or river for irrigation. SiVAR, Mar. (f^r^TK) The whole of the lands of a village.

Siva, vernacularly pronounced Shiva, Shib, Shed, Shiu, &c. SiwAi, corruptly, Swaee, H. &c. (A. i_5Ij*m) Besides, except,

S. &c. (f^t^) The third member of the Hindu triad, the over and above : any addition to the standard or customary
deity presiding over destruction and renovation, and ordi- revenue, whether as an increase of the amount or in the

narily worshipped in the form of the Linga. shape of a new or additional cess or impost : profits from

Siva-bhakta, S. &c. (from HH, devoted to) A worshipper of land other than those of cultivation, as the rent of fisheries,

Siva in preference to any other divinity : in the south of forest produce, and the like, some of which are included

India a LingaH, q. v, in fixing the assessment : dues claimed by the proprietors

Sivdlaya, corruptly, Seivala, Shiwala, Showala, Shewala, of a village from non-proprietary residents for houses, shops,

S. &c. (from ^T^^, an abode) A temple of Siva ; in and temples, in some cases recognised and recorded officially.

Bengal, a small temple or shrine having but one chamber, Siwdi-jamd, H. (^As-t/ly**), Sirvdy-jamd, blunderingly,

in the centre of which stands a Linga, usually of white or Swaee, and Waee-jummd, Mar. (i^^TiRJTt) Extra revenue,

black stone ; occasionally twelve such temples are arranged extra or miscellaneous collections: in the south the term

immediately adjoining, or separated into two divisions of denotes the revenue derived from all taxes except those

six each by a gateway or landing-place when on a river raised from land, and exclusive of customs and transit dues,

bank, representing the twelve great Lingas that were wor- comprising, under the native governments, a vast number

shipped in different parts of India at the time of the first of petty and vexatious imposts : in Mysore it also applied

Mohammadan invasion under Mahmud of Ghazni : occa- to escheats : the effects of a person dying without heirs,

sionally a larger number, or as many sometimes as 108 are which descended to the government.

found in one group. SivfIi, or Sewai, H. {^J\^M , ftt^, B^) A kind of soil,

Sivdli, Karn. (^oJ d^) ^ c^gte of Brahmans, or individual a mixture of clay and sand suited for any grain except rice.

486
 SfY SOM
SiyAn, or SiYAB, Tani.(<^lJjrTOTT , (^LUrTlj) A great great- Sodhana, S. &c. (^hvT) Purifying, making pure, com-
grandfather. pleting, settling.

Smriti, S. &c. (^fir;) The body of the recorded or re- Sodhana, also Sodhd, Thug. Money or property concealed,
membered law, the ceremonial and legal institutes of the search made for it.

Hindus. Sodhanai, Tam. {(c&TTBpGCSf) Examination, search, cross

Smdrtta, S. &c. (wT^O Relating to the Smriti or Hindu questioning in a court of justice.

law : applied especially in the south of India to a numerous SoDWANf, Mar. (TfftS^JSft) The water that runs through gar-

and influential sect - of Brahmans founded by Sanhard- dens in small temporary channels for irrigation;

, chdrya, whose expositions of the principle of unity, accord- SoHAGiA, more correctly SauhAqia, H. (U^l^) A class of

ing to the Vedanta doctrine, they professedly follow : Siva Mohammadan fakirs who dress in female attire, and play
is nevertheless held by them in especial honour : their chief and dance for hire at religious festivals.

establishment is at Sringagiri, but they are found through- SoHALA, SohalA, Mar. (^^a5T, Tft?T35T) Any festive cere-

out the Dakhin, and are treated with great veneration by mony or occasion, as adoption, marriage, or the like.

the people in general ; they are distinguished by horizontal SoHARWARDi, (?) H. The name of a class of Mohammadan
lines on the forehead made with the ashes of burnt cowdung. religious mendicants.

SmasAna, vernacularly, also, Masan and Samshan, S. &c. SoKHA, Hindi (<llm) A conjuror, a wizard. —Chota Nagpur.
(^^nw) A place set apart in which the dead are burned, Sola, Tel. (SP^), Solage, Solige, Karn. (hj^^-^,
a cemetery. cOJQV~K) The sixty-fourth part of the measure of capacity

Snana, S. &c. ('OT'T) Bathing, ablution, especially the bathing called Turn, q. v.

in sacred waters, considered as a daily observance or as Solage-gudde, Karn. ("^VSO'TfXbQ) The fees of the village
an essential part of some particular ceremonial : the cere- accountant.

mony of bathing or washing an idol. SoLANKi, (?) The name of a Rajput tribe in the west of India

Sndnayatrd, vernacularly, Sndnjdtrd, S. &c. (HMTrai) and Guzerat.

The bathing festival held on the day of full moon in Jyesh- SoLULi, pronounced, commonly, Soruli, corruptly, Sarooli,
tha, when images of Krishna as Jagannatha are carried SoOROOLLY, Mar. (^^^I', from ^tftSBT, sixteen) A mea-
out and bathed this is, in Orissa, the same as the Rathaydird.
: sure of grain containing 16 pdyalis : the term also desig-

Sobhana, S. &c. (5(1Ht() Beautiful, auspicious : any festive nates the class of villages in which the measure of 16
celebration, a festival held when a wite having come of pdyalis is used, in distinction from those villages which are
fit age is carried home to the house of her husband : the termed Bdruli, from their using a measure of 12 (Jbdra)

thirty-seventh year of the cycle : also, Sdbhahriti, or, in pdyalis.

the south, Sobhakrutti. Soma, vernacularly, Som, S. &c. {itm) The moon, also a

Sod, Sod, or Sob, or Sor, Mar. ('fftS, T(ft3, from H. lij^^ climbing plant from which a juice is extracted by pressure,
chhornd), Sodi, Karn. ( r^X/S^^) Letting go, remitting, which, when fermented, is offered in libation to the gods
remission of a debt, abatement of a charge or demand: the or to fire (Sarcostema, or Asclepias viminalis).

amount remitted or abated. Somavdra, vernacularly, Somvdr, Somhdr, S. &c. (^ftK=rT^)

Sodchiti, or Sodchithi, Mar. (KtTNyi) A bill of release, Monday, the day of the moon.
a deed of acquittance or relinquishment. Somavdrydteli, Mar. (*flH'<l^lifcJ^) An oil-maker of a par-
Sodaka, S. &c. (Tffl^, from Ti, with, ^^, water) A kins- ticular class, the members of which are worshippers of
man connected by offerings of water to the manes of a Siva as Soma, and do no work on Monday.

common ancestor. Somaydga, S. &c. (ttPT , a sacrifice) A sacrifice, a ceremony

SoDARA, S. &c. (^^, from Tl, with, g:^, belly) A brother in which the juice of the Soma plant is presented in obla-

of whole blood, having the same mother as well as father. tion, and drunk by the assistants when in a state of vinous

SoDHA, vernacularly Sodh, S. &c. (^J>j«j, ^ftv) Correction, fermentation : it is a Vaidik ceremonial, and has much
purification, discharge of a debt, fulfilment of an agree- fallen into disuse.

ment, and the like. Somavati, S. (tTlnttift) A ceremony observed by Maratha

487
 SOM SRA
women ; circumambulating a Pipal tree, and placing offer- SoTAZAMiN, (?) Tel. A kind of soil, clay and lime, cultivatedk

ings on it when the new moon falls on a Monday. in the rains for rice. —Northern Sarkars.
SommIli, Tam. (©.EPrTlLLflrTerfl, from GSTTlL, for ^, own) SoTHA, Thug. The person employed to inveigle travellers.

An heir. SoTf, Hindi (ifftirt) A ravine which in the rains or floods

SoMMU, Tel. (SJ'^^O) Money, property, including jewels. becomes a water-course.
SoNi, H. (\5y« , from S. »^), SoNA, Beng. (i^rW), SoNEjr, SowALA, or SoNWALi, Mar. (^t^igST, 'Ht^35T) Pure, as a
Mar. (;sflf^) Gold. Brahman, or as articles that are free from profane con-
Sonar, Hindi, Mar. ('Jrttnt, abridged from S. ti^ij cuO, tamination, that are fit for sacred offices or offerings, and
Sundr, H. (jU*,), Sonagar, Kara. ("tx/S^XiXS), Soni, liable to be defiled by impure contact.
Guz. (^Hill) A goldsmith, a jeweller, a worker in the SrAddha, vernacularly, Sradh, ShrIbh, ShrAddha, S. &c.
precious metals and in jewellery : applied also as a name (^TTSn) An obsequial ceremony in which food and water

of the caste which is said to have sprung from a Brahman are offered to the deceased ancestors of the sacrificer, or to

father and Sudra mother, being in that case the Parasava the Pitris or manes collectively : these ceremonies are ob-

of Manu : among the Marathas there are various subdi- served on occasions of rejoicing as well as of mourning,

visions of the Sonar caste, some of whom disclaim this and hence various Srdddhas are enumerated.
origin, and pretend to be Upa-Brahmanas, minor Brahmans: 1. Dasafinda Srdddha, or Preta S. An offering of a

they wear the Brahmanical cord, and claim a right to have pinda or ball of rice to a person deceased by the next of
the Vedas performed in their families by their own priests : kin, increasing the number daily for ten successive days,

they are known as Kandri, Panchala, and Kohanasth until they amount to ten.

Sonars : another tribe is designated Matkakdr Sondrs 2. Ekddasi S. Presentation of offerings to the deceased on
other classes are of inferior pretensions, and are termed the eleventh day after his decease, on which occasion Brah-
Nick, or low Sondrs : they eat animal food. mans are fed, and the period of uncleanness for a Brahman
Sondr-dyati-dhuli-aya, Karn. ("tx/®??ra^e30&8$J~°. terminates.

^e5)QX)) The name of the fees paid to the persons em- Mdsika, or Anwahdrya S. Performed monthly for the first

ployed to measure the grain for the cultivators. year after a person's decease, on the day of his death, ac-

SoNA, (?) Beng. Land producing dsu or ouse rice. See Asu. companied also by the feeding of Brahmans.

Sonadanga. (?) Beng. High land that cannot be irrigated. Sapindana, or Sapindi-karana S. Performed on the first

SoNKKA, Thug. The first person murdered after setting out. anniversary after a person's death, in which the deceased

SoNTA, H. (Ui^) A mace, a staff. is associated with his progenitors, and balls of food are
Sontebarddr, H. ij\iiji^3jyu) A mace or staff-bearer, a presented to him with his father and grandfather, and
servant carrying a short thick stick, usually coated with water is given fbr four other ascending generations : some-
silver, attending on persons of rank. times the process is so far abridged that the Sapindana
SoNTAM, Tam. (Gi^rrr^SLD, from S. ^, own) Property, is performed on the twelfth day after a person's death. Some
own or peculiar property or possession. other supplementary Srdddhas within the twelvemonth are

Sontakdran, Tam. (0<ffrTI^^S>SrTI7(3nT) A proprietor, occasionally practised, but they are of local observance.

an owner. These Srdddhas are also designated as Ekoddishta, designed

SoNYAPHAGAN, (?) Hindi, Present or fee to government at iuddishta) for an individual {ekd), being intended to secure

public festivals. —Kamaon. the admission of the one person deceased into the region

SosE, Karn. ( (^^^ •^) A daughter-in-law. of \h& pitris or manes : as contrasted with the Ekoddishta
Sodara-sose, Kam. ( rOJQ^oS (Oo9 cO) A man s sister's Srdddhas, are the Pdrvana Srdddhas, which are the ob-

daughter, or a woman's brother's daughter. sequial offerings to ancestors in both the paternal and ma-
SosTijAMiN, (?) Mar. Land assessed at the customary or esta- ternal lines for three generations, at the junctures or periods

blished rate. of the month, as the new moon : Srdddhas are also dis-

SoTA, incorrectly, Sonta, H. QSyu, S. ^iWt) A channel, a tinguished as,

natural water- course or passage. 1. Nitya, Constant, those enjoined by positive precept to

488
 SRA SRO
be performed, such as daily offerings to the maues in Day of full moon in the month Srdvana : the autumn
general, and those termed Ashtakas from their being offered harvest.

on the eighth lunation of certain months. Sbavitta-sXkshi, Earn. (l^^^o^r^S , from the S. ^-
2. Naimittiha, Occasional, such as those for a relative ^I^) Oral testimony, or rather hearsay evidence.

recently deceased, or such as are to be performed on Sraya, pron. Shraya, Karn. (iS-O^) Depreciated land,

various domestic occurrences, as the birth of a son, &c. ; and land let at a rate below its original value, to which it is

3. Kamya, Voluntary, performed for a special object, such expected gradually to rise again.

as the hope of religious merit and of heaven : besides these, Sraya-chitu, or -patte, Karn. (^^C&a?^^, ^O&^i})
different authorities specify, Lease of land let below its value.

Vriddhi, or Abhyudayaka Srdddha, Performed on occa- Srayasdguvali, Karn. ((i)<^o:^rO^ADt>^) Farming land on
sions of increase or prosperity. a rent below its original value, and progressively rising

Goshthi S. A ceremony performed for the benefit of an as- to it.

sembly of learned Brahraans. Sreni, S. &c. (^Kft) A row, a line: a corporation or asso-

Suddhi S. An expiatory or purificatory rite. ciation of persons following the same trade or occupation :

Earmdnga S. Performed as the preparatory or subsidiary a court of arbitration formed of persons in the same line

part ianga) of any solemn rite (Jtai-ma). of business.

Daiva S. In honour of the deities collectively, or F«,snjfl(iei3fliA Sri, S., but used in all the dialects, vulgarly, Shri or Shree,
Y^dtrd S- Performed by a person going on a journey. (^) Prosperity, fortune, wealth, also their personification

Fushti S. Performed to obtain health and prosperity. as a goddess, the goddess of prosperity, and wife of Vishnu
N dndi-multha S. also performed for the sake of securing the term is used as an honorific prefix to the names of
prosperity on occasions of domestic rejoicing. persons or divinities, and also at the beginning of manu-
Darsa S., or Amdvdsya S. Performed at new moon before scripts, letters, and other documents, and, when iutended to

the moon is visible : this is the season especially appro- be very complimentary, may be repeated, as, Sri Sri Ja-
priate to all occasional Srdddhas. yaram, Sri Sri Sri Durgd, or the repetition is indi-

Mahdlaya S. A Srdddha performed in the last half of cated by a numeral, as Sri 5. ('^ m), means Sri five times

Bhddra, immediately before the DasaUard. repeated.

The proper seasons for the worship of the manes col- Srimuhha, S. &c. (^H^) The seventh year of the cycle.

lectively are the dark fortnight or period of the moon's S?'ipancham, S. &c. (^H^»lft) A festival on the fifth of

wane : the day of new moon ; the days called Ashtakas, the light half of Mdyha in honour of Sarasmati, the god-

or the eighth lunations of the dark fortnight of the four dess of learning, when books and the implements of writino-

months of the cold weather : the summer and winter sol- are worshipped.

stices, the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun's en- Sri-Rdma, or, vernacularly, Sri-Rdm., S. &c. (^sfttw;) The
trance into a new sign, certain other astronomical periods, demigod Rama, whose name in this form is also used as

and eclipses : the presentation of the Pinda to the deceased a term of salutation between those who especially worship

and to his progenitors in both lines is the office of the Vishnu in this avatdra.

nearest male relative, and is the test and title of his claim Sri-Rdma-navam,i,S. &c. (^i;TT?r^'ft) The ninth oWhaitra,
to the inheritance. the anniversary of the birthday of Rama, held as a festival.

Sramana, S. &c. (lilHlIjr) A religious mendicant, especially Sri-vaishnava, S. &c. (''sft^Hff^) A member of the branch

one of the Buddhist religion. of votaries of Vishnu who follow the teaching ofRdmdnuja.
ShIvaka, vernacularly, Sravak, S. &c. (^l^olf) Lit., A Srinkhala, S. &c. (^5S55T), vernacularly, Sankhala, Mar.
hearer, a lay-member of the Jain religion. (^l^^), Sankholi, Uriya (C16SI°|Si.1) A chain, fetters, a

SalVANA, vernacularly, Sravan, Savan, or Sawan, cor- measuring chain, one measuring eleven yards (?).

ruptly, Sawn, S. &c. (^TWU:) The fourth month of the Srinkhald-jdmini, corruptly, Sankala, or Sankali jdmini,

Hindu year, July-August. Mar. (5iT3c!1'IT'fiT«rf) Joint security.

Srdvani, S. &c. (iJIHlill), vernacularly, Sdvani, (VI'=(»jt) Srotriya, vernacularly, Sheotriya, S. &c. (^ffTj:) A Brah-
489 6i
 SRO STR
man well read in the Vedas, who teaches and expounds Sthalwdr, H. (J\^.^Lm) According to the land or place, by
them. or according to the fields, as an estimate of their produce,
Srotriyam, pron. Shroteiam, corruptly, Shothium, Tel. &c., also, corruptly, Stulrvdr, a village watchman ; in

(^H^ii^O^^), Srothiyageama, Kara. (l^?|S,oS3_ Karnata (?).

l^ ^XTam.teGljn^^CflLUUj) Lands, or a village, Sthana, or SthXnam, vernacularly, Sthan, or Than, vul-

held at a favourable rate, properly an assignment of land or garly, Stanom, S. &c. (Wl't) Place, site, station, an open
revenue to a Brahman learned in the Vedas, but latterly ap- place in a town, also the residence of a religious mendi-

plied generally to similar assignments to native servants of cant: also, a staying, the act or place of staying or abiding :

the government, civil or military, and both Hindus and Mo- also, continuation, and, fig., rank, dignity.

hammadanS) as a reward for past services : a Srotriyam grant Sthdnamdnam, Mai. (orODOPOQOOOo, from S. JTPT, respect)

gives no right over the lands, and the grantee cannot interfere The rank and emoluments of a public employment.

with the occupants as long as they pay the established rents. Sthdnamkdr, corruptly, Stanomhdr, Mai. (.CfXiDOCOoAOm)
Srotriya-ddr, corruptly, Shotraddr, Shotrium-ddr, Shro- The head man and manager of a temple.

trium-ddr, Tel. &c. (from P. j\ii , who has) The holder 8tkdndpati,M.al.{Cf\:iIiOcnOa-i(ii\) An envoy, an ambassador.
of a village under a Srotriya grant Sihdnikan, corruptly, Sianeekum, Staneegam, Stanahul,
Sruti, S. &c. (^h:) Hearing, applied especially to the Vedas Mai. (rruosoolAnrf), S. ^enftfoir) One who holds or be-

collectively, in contradistinction to the Smriti, or law. longs to a place, one who holds an office, a placeman : a

Srauta, S. &c. Wtb) Of or belonging to the Vedas, as a governor or superintendant of a district : the director or

text, a ceremony, &c. manager of a temple, sometimes held hereditarily : a person

Srautakarma, S. ('WiroFWf) A religions or ceremonial ob- who superintends the ceremonies or officiates in a temple,

servance enjoined by or conformable to the Vedas. an officiating priest or Brahman.

Stambha-p6jA, S. &c. (^cPW^afn, from ^if»T, a post, and Sthandilasdyi, S. &c. (wf(^«^HII*<l) An ascetic who sleeps

TTiTr, worship) Worship of the posts of the temporary on the bare ground.
pavilions erected for marriages or other festive occasions. Sthapati, 8. &c. (Wlf?r) A carpenter, a wheelwright, a

Steya, S. &c. (^) Theft, robbery. mason, a master carpenter or mason : a guard of the female

Sth A LA, vernacularly, SiHALjorSTHUL, abbreviated toTHAL, apartments : a chief.

or Thul, corruptly, Stul, Stull, Stulh, S. &c. (^55) Sthavara, vernacularly, Sthavar, Sthabar, S. &c. (^T^)
Spot, site, place, firm ground, whence, in some of the dia- Fixed, stationary, immoveable, applied to real property, also

lects, a field, a portion of land comprising several fields, to valuables which have long been in a family and ought
a tract, a district, a piece of ground raised and drained not to be parted with.

in some places a measure of land the same as the Kurgi, q. v. Sthdvara-dravya, 8. i"^^, thing) Immoveable property.

also, figuratively, station, place, appointment. SthulamXn, Mar. (^ngS'lT'T. S. ^gr, gross, and *n»I, mea-
Sthala-karana'm,Te\.{'^^°^'^'^) The accountant of a district. sure) Gross measure, measuring any thing without much
Sthalalu-jdbita, Tel. (^WJ^-'tS^) A list of fields, shew- regard to accuracy : a general and rough estimate or com-

ing the number cultivated and the crops raised on each. putation.

Sthala-mdnyam, corruptly, Stala-maniyem, Earn. {<oO. Stobhaka, (^iftH^) An informer, one who volunteers to give

j6j^rC5gO) Land held at a quit-rent. secret information for the sake of profit.

Sthala-mdrga, Mar. (^^HtS) A road or way by land, in Sthi, 8. &c. (w^) A woman, a wife, a female.

opposition to a Jala-mdrga, or route by water. Slridhana, 8. &c. (^'*I«t) Woman's wealth : the peculiar

Sthal-bharit, Mar. (tpJ^HTTI'TT) Duty on transport of articles property of a woman or wife over which, under ordinary

from a village, or on goods purchased and conveyed by circumstances, she has independent control, and which de-

land, transit duty. scends to her daughter or next of kin ; her power to dis-

Sihalwdhik, corruptly, Sthulwayh Mar. (^5^^t=li) A pose of it during her husband's life is subject to his will,

cultivator who has become a proprietor by hereditary oc- and he has a right to use it in cases of distress or neces-

cupation of a given piece of land for a considerable period. sity : the rights of both husband and wife to this descrip-

490
 STR S(JD

tion of property depend, hovever, very much upon the cus- Strisangrahana, S. (^l^y^Jjj) Adultery, unlawful or adul-
toms that prevail in different places. Woman's property is terous intercourse with a woman.
variously distinguished according' to the sources whence it Strisattdkaputra, S. (^^WToFJ^:) A son obtained through
is derived, or circumstances under which it is acquired, as the wife.

follows. Striydchitamttra, S. (^^Trf^TTJ^:) A son obtained through

Adhyagni, Adhyagnika, or Adhyagnyupdgata, (^wf^, a wife's solicitations.

^er«rfnr«F. SHUIMMI'Iri) What is given upon iadhi), or SuAl, commonly, SuwIl, corruptly, Sowal, H. (A. J'j*")
in the presence of, a nuptial fire, by a member of either Interrogatory questioning, a request, a petition.

family. 8udl-i-mukarrar, H. (A.^^^U) A petition or representa-

Adhyavdhaniha, (^THm^fVfoli) What is given at the nuptial tion of the circumstances of a case, a representation to the

procession, or when the bride is conducted to her husband's ruling authority of the proceedings in respect to a grant of

house. revenue.

Priti-datta, (iftfil^) Given by her husband or his relations StJBAH, SooBAH, H. &c. (A. &>yc), SuBHA, Mar. (wtt) A
at any time, in token of affection. province, a government : one of the larger subdivisions

Bhrdtri-,Mdtri-, or Pitri-datta, (jJTff-, JJIiT-, ftw-^) What of the Mogul dominions, such as Oudh, Bengal, Bahar,
is given by her brother, mother, or father. &c. : among the Marathas it is sometimes applied to a

Yautaha, or Yautuha, (^Tcfoir, 'TtH«ir, from ^, to join) All smaller division comprising from five to eight tarafs.

kinds of property acquired at or by marriage. Subahddr, H. &c. (Jii&tya), Subheddr, Mar. (hh^k) The
Ayautuka, (^^TTojr) Property acquired on any other occa- governor of a province, a viceroy under the Mogul go-

sion than marriage. vernment : a native officer in the Company's army holding
Anvddheya, (4l»=llini) Whatever is to be presented (ddheya) a rank equivalent to that of captain under the European

to a woman after ianu) marriage by her husband's family. officers.

Sauddyika, (tll<^lftraf) The gift {ddyoD of aflFectionate (sm) Subahddri, H. &c. (ijj'^ii&iyc), Subheddri, Mar. (sii^t)

kindred. The office of viceroy or governor.

Adhivedanika, (^tftl'^f'Toli) A gift or settlement on a first Subahddri-dbwdb, H. (i—jI^j!) Taxes imposed by the viceroy
wife by her husband on his contracting a second marriage. in addition to the fixed assessment. See Abwdb.

Pdrinaya, (jnftjipi) Paraphernalia, ornaments, or other Subahddri-parmdna, H. (iSilj^) An order issued by a Su-

property acquired by marriage. bahdar : a viceregal assignment of revenue.

Sulka, (si^i) Fee, tax, perquisite : properly it is the sura paid SuBHKHEZ, H. (jj<!>.^) A morning thief, one who steals

to the father of the bride as a consideration for his daughter: before people are awake (from mbh, morning, and khez,
as applied to female property it is explained as money given rising).

to her to induce her to go to her husband's house, or pay Subh-namdz,orSalat,\l.(j^ , iSjLe^j^) Morning prayer,
f~^
to a woman for work done, or as a bribe to her to do the prayers at day-break enjoined on all Mohammadans.
something herself or induce her husband to do it. SuBHA, vernacularly, Subh, or Shubh, S. &c. (5t«) Good,
Pddavandanika, (Tt^^ftrsir) A present to a bride in re- auspicious.

ward of her humbly saluting (vandana) her husband, or, Subhdkriti, vernacularly, Shubhakruti, (^ToBfir) The 36th
literally, his feet (pdda) on entering his house. year of the cycle, a.d. 1842.

Ldvanydrjita, (^JT^TPITfitrr) Property acquired iarjita) S6CHAKA, S. &c. (^1^'^) An informer, a spy : in law, a person

by a wife from her husband, given in affection or in ad- appointed to detect culprits, also one who volunteers to

miration of her beauty Qdvanya). give evidence in a court of law.

Stridharma, S. &c. (^i^:) The duty of a wife or of a S6d, H. &c. (p. i>j«, , ^), SuD, Beng. (^), SuD, or Sudh,

woman in general. Uriya (g^), gy) Interest, profit, usury: an extra tax
Strihatyd, S. (^t^Wl) Murder or injury of a woman. exacted from the cultivators in Bengal under the native

Stripumdharma, S. (^'hlȤl) Mutual duties of husband government, and in the early period of British rule, on

and wife. pretext of defraying the interest due by the Zamindars on

491
 Sl&D SUK
arrears of revenue : interest on loans subsequent to January Suggihahba, Karn. (^^^^^^^g) Offering the first gather-

1793 limited to 12 per cent, per annum. Reg. xy. 1793. ings of the harvest to the village goddess.

Sud-al-muzdf, H. (A. uJIao, added) The accumulation of Suggihal, less correctly, Sukhikdl, Karn. (rOO^^D dCJ) Har-

interest so as to double the original debt. vest time : a season of plenty.

Sud-ehottar, H. (S. TJcli, one, and '5^^:, additional) Interest Stji, StJji, H. (iJy*>< ^_ff?-y">
froi" S. l?jf%, a needle) A
at one per cent, per annum. tailor, the village tailor, sometimes included among the

Sudhhhaibar, Uriya (gt|S11DQ|Q) Usury, lending money village servants.

at interest. Suji, SoojEE, H. (^^j»-yj) The flour ground from the heart
Sudkhor, Beng. (^TfJ'Stt^) A money-Jender, a usurer. of the wheat : the Simola of the Italians.

SuD, Mar. (^) Inquiry, investigation : an abstract village SuKAL, Guz. (^ 9i&l) A priest of lay Brahmans.

account furnished by the village to the district revenue SuKALiGARU, plur. Kam. (rODO~3e)AO0) A class of Hindus
officer at the end of the year (? the spelling of the word in Karnata leading a vagrant life, trading in wood, bambus,

in the second sense). grain, and salt, and acting as the chief inland carriers ;

SUDDHA, vernacularly, SuBH, abbreviated Su, S. &c. (^) they have a peculiar dialect, and are considered in many
Pure, clean, bright : the bright half of the lunar month, or respects analogous to gypsies : in other places the Sukdli

that of the moon's increase : the purificatory obsequial cere- is an itinerant dealer in grain, and is considered, perhaps

mony of a person deceased. incorrectly, the same as the Banjdra.

SuDi, H. &c. (iJAm , Tlf^) The bright half of a lunar month, SuKARlSTi, (?) Mar. An occupant of lands of which there

from new to full moon. are no proprietors, and which have become the property of

StiDBA, vulgarly, Soodeh, S. &c. (^Tj) The designation of the community.

the fourth or servile caste of the Hindus, or of a member SuKHA, vernacularly, SuKH, S. &c. (b13) Happiness, ease,

of it : the term is now vagiiely and incorrectly applied to pleasure.

all the mixed castes, to all who are not either Brahmans Suhhasdla, Karn. (rCOaSoJSeJ) Bail or surety for a debt.

oroutcastes; to all the other castes engaged in agriculture, Sukhavdsi, corruptly, Sookawasee, Sookmoosee, Tam. isis,-

trade, arts, and manufactures. 6LirT<^) One who lives at his ease, or where he pleases :

SachcMdra, Beng. (>|i>jj, from S. ^TfT, good) A Sudra applied to a person who is not bound to any particular
spot by the possession of houses or land, but lives com-
who has gone through the initiatory ceremonies of the Brah-

manical caste, a practice which, though illegal, is some- fortably by trade or industry : in Kamaon, Sukham-bdsi.

times observed. See Satsudra. Sukhavdsiktidigan,Tam. (<gi'(56Urr<^(5g)lja.(5<3nr) Persons

StTDU, Tam. (^®) A sheaf, a bundle of rice-corn cut in the who live by the produce of rented lands.

field, especially when given to the village servant : also a Sukhavdsitirvai, Tam. (Sr<E&6iJrT<E^sacr(3CD5Lj)Tribute or

burning or a brand. tax which persons living by rented lands pay to the land-

Sudukol, Tam. (^©SSpIT^) A branding iron. lords or proprietors.

Sudugddu, Karn. ((\X3O0 a c)(3o) a place where dead bodies Sukhavdsivd7-am, Tam. (<gi(a5lJrT<Epl61JrTI7LQ) The share

are burned. of the produce accruing to the cultivator, as distinguished

Sudugadiisidda, Karn. (rC^So'TTBSogj^) The keeper of from that which goes to the Zamindar or the government.

a place where bodies are burned, who levies a fee from Sukhvasti,coTTmpl\y, Sookhroust^e,Mar.(^^^^^^) Residence

the burners :* one who farms a burning or burying-place at any place during pleasure or convenience, not being

of the government. tied to it by property or office.

Sufi, H. (A. ^Jl^) Wise, a sage, the member of a particular Sukhvastu, corruptly, Sookmustoo, Mar. (^ra^H) A person
sect of Mohammadans who have adopted a mystical pan- sojourning at any place for his own pleasure or convenience.

theism and spiritual love in secret, although outwardly con- SuELHADi, or SuKHARi, corruptly, Sookree, and Sukhiddee,

forming to Mohammadanism. Guz. (^"^41) A fee, a perquisite, a bonus or reward, a

SuGGi, corruptly, SooauY, Karn. (i^^, from S. ^^) Spring douceur, a bribe.

harvest, the second crop of rice. Sukhadi-chdndlo,GviZ.{'^'^^'^i«^(^0 A fee, a present, a

492
 SUK SUN
douceur, a fee levied by the agents of the Maratha govern- Sulh-ikhtidri, A. (.fvom j\jJ^\ , choice) A voluntary act of

ment from the villagers, for the tTonble of rating the as- composition.

sessment. Sulh-hahri, H. (from^s, violence) Compulsory composition,

SuKKAN, H. (A. ^JCm) a helm, a rudder. made by order of the judge or other authority.

Sukkdni, H. (A. ^^^) A steersman, a helmsman : cor- Sulh-ndma, corruptly, Solanama, H. (P. <UlJ) A written

rupted by Europeans commonly to Seacunny. contract of peace or agreement, a deed of compromise.

SUKKARAN, or SUKKARANKAL, Tam. ((BtSQITtJOT, St&Sa- SULKA, S. &c. (^^) Tax, toll, duty, marriage fee or dower,

ITtSCIS^) Limestone or hankar, profits of domestic labour when considered the perquisite

Sukkaraniru, Tam. (evSiE&UflOT^) Lime. of the wife : in the dialects of the south this may become
Sukkaranilam, Tam. (asSHTr^SOLQ) Soil mixed with Sunka, or Chunha. See Sunka.

limestone or nodules of hankar. SuLs, H. (A. Li-Jo) A third, a third part.

SuKLA, vernacularly, ShuM, S. &c. (^fi) White, bright : subs., Sultan, H. (A. jj;tS3l«) A sovereign prince, a king, an

the third year of the cycle, a.d. 1809 —1869. emperor.

Suklpachchk, H. (...^Hm, for S.Suklapaksha 5|=(iMBf) The Sulfdni, H. (^llaLj) Relating to the sovereign, proceeding

white or light fortnight, the half of a lunar month from from him or from the government

new to full moon. Saldfin, H. (A. ^^jJsIm.) Properly the plur. of Sultan, but

SuKHA, S. &c. (51^ The planet Venus. in India designating the younger members of a royal fa-

Sukravdra, vernacularly, Shukrbdr, S. &c. (^gi^K) Friday, mily, especially of that of Delhi.

dies veneris. Sultanat, H. (A. ci^JdalMi) Dominion, empire, sovereignty :

SuKRiTA, Uriya (9 QO , from the S. S^H, what is done well an empire, a kingdom.

or properly) An oath. SuMlJ, (?) A religious community resident in a religious

SuKRlTi, S. &c. («<*rri) Doing well, virtue, kindness. establishment, in Asam termed Shastar.

Sukriiihhanga, Beng. (^r^vs""^, from S. A^, a breaking) Sun, Thug. One of the clan by birth, but who has not at-

A Brahman who has lost his character and his caste. tained the rank of a strangler.

Suhriti-ndmd, or -patra, Beng. (^Fs^Tt^l, or 't^) A writ- SuNA, Mar. (^HTT, S. ?t^T, a daughter) A daughter-in-law,

ten affidavit or affirmation, in which a Brahman pledges also the wife of a brother s son, or of a husband's bro-

his good actions for the truth of his assertions. ther's son, that is, a niece-in-law.

SiJkshmaman, Mar. (bt^HI^, from S.

^^ , subtle, minute) Sunamukh, Mar. (w«Tl^) A ceremony after the consum-
Accurate or minute measurement. mation of a marriage, consisting of the inspection of her

SuLA, vernacularly, SuL, or SuLl, S. &c. ('SJ^, '^f^, J^ daughter-in-law's face by the mother of the bridegroom.

^y*i) A pointed weapon, a pike or dart, a stake, a sharp SuNBURLl,SooNBOORLEE, Mar.(?) Black soil mixed with lime.

stake for impaling, whence it has come to be applied to SuNDARJ, corruptly, Soondrie, S. &c. (fl^^rt) A small timber
a cross, and to a gallows or gibbet. tree, used chiefly as fire-wood (Heritiera minor), growing

Trisula, vernacularly, Tirsul, S. &c. (PjISWJ, Jy^) A extensively in the delta of the Ganges, and giving the

weapon with three points, a trident, a weapon borne by, whole tract the name of Sundarivana, or forest of Sundari

and a type of, Siva. trees, corrupted into Sunderbunds.

SuLAiyi, Hindi (^%^t) Laid down, as corn by wind and SuNiA, Uriya (Cl§>5ll) New-year's day.

rain, or rice by currents. SunibA, Uriya (€l§iQ|) Hearsay (from Suna, S., to hear).

SuLB, H. (a. t^-Juo) The loins ; metaph., offspring. SuNKAM, or Sunka, Karn. Tel. (r^O^O, ;6do$0), ajgo

SulM, H. (a. jtfji^) Descended, or sprung from, begotten by. Karn. Sulka i^^), Chunkam, Mai. (a-j89jo), Tam.
SuLH, incorrectly, Sooleh, corruptly. Sola, H. (A. J^) (STLJSLq) Duty on goods, custom, toll : (from the S.

Reconciliation, compact, treaty ; in law, composition, or a Sulka, q. v.).

contract by which contention is put an end to or prevented, Sunka-chauki, Tel. (tvX)0St3^s) Custom-house.

whether the subject in dispute be bodily injury or a civil SunkadachdvadifOr Sunkada-katte, Karn. (r630o033^^Q
engagement : a compromise, an agreement. r630oODej) A custom-house.

493 6k
 SUN SUR
Sunkadaguttige, o'c-ijare,Ka.xn.(^°^^'^^_^, -SJaSD^) SupXei, or SupiARi, H. &c. (i^^Ijuj, ^j\mm) Betel-nut,

Farm of, or contract for, government customs. the fruit of the Areca catechu.
Sunkadakolkdr, Karn. (r63o65D^O~^J5) A kind of excise SuPARiYA, Thug. A gang or clan of Thugs originally from

officer, a spy on persons passing with goods. Supar in Sindhia's country.

Sunhada-maniyagdr, Karn. (c6oo6o&C>C& a tSO) A SuPURD, or SiPURD, H. &c. (P. liyui) Delivering, giving

chief collector of customs. over ; relinquishing, as part of an estate held on lease, from

Sunkadava, Karn. (ivOOoOS) A custom-house officer. being unable to cultivate the whole.

Sunkadasdnabhog, Karn. 062O^6Wq)(6^)() a clerk of Supurdi, H. &c. ((^lij^) The article or land delivered up.

customs. Supurdndma, H. &c. (P. <X-«U, a document) A deed of

Gadisunka, Karn. (AtS^rODOo) Out-station customs. delivery.

Ddrisunka, Karn. (Uc)65fsX)Oo) By-way customs. StJR, SooR, (?) A class of cultivators in Orissa.

tfru-sunka, Karn. (tA/S&rioOD) Town duties. Sura, H. i&c. (S. K«j, TtTX) Wine, spirituous liquor.
w w
SuNNAT, or SuNNAH, H. &c. (A. Ci-sJUw, HJmi) The tradi- Surddhmaja, S. (from S^, a flag) A flag hung out as the

tional law of Mohammadans based upon the sayings and sign of a place where liquor is sold : a brand on the fore-

doings of Mohammad, and of scarcely inferior authority head of a person convicted of intoxication.

to the text of the Kuran in the estimation of the Sunnis, SljRA, or Si^RAT, H. (a. x.y«, CL^jtu) A chapter of the

although not recognised by the Shias ; also any obligatory JLvLxkn, of which there are 114.
religious ceremony, as circumcision. SuRAT-l-HAL, more commonly, S6rat-HAL, corruptly Soo-
Sunnat-i-rahat, H. (A. \^:,nxij , q. v.) Ceremonial obser- ROOTHAL, SORETHAL, (H. ^is-UH.yC , from A. ij:jjye

vances enjoined in prayer upon the authority of tradition : form, fashion, and Jl*-, condition) A representation or

they are distinguished as Muwakkad (iJ^v*), lit., confirmed report of the facts and circumstances of a transaction,

or absolute, having been enjoined and practised by Mo- whether made by an individual before witnesses, or by a

hammad, and Qhair-mumakhad {.iMyejKs), not absolute, subordinate officer to a superior functionary : an inquest.
practised by Mohammad, but not obligatory on his followers. Surat-mahdl, H. (A. JW*, an estate) A list or register of
Sunnat-wa-jamddt, H. (ci->c^-*^^c:->i«j) The followers of estates.

the traditions and of the first four khalifs. Surat-ndma, H. (P. <uU a document) , A written detailed

Sunni, Soonee, H. (A. ^i*") A follower of the traditions account of an estate or a transaction.

the designation of one of the two great divisions of the SuRHi, Hindi (tl^^l) A kind of grass growing on neglected

Mohammadans, characterized not only by the deference or uncultivated land.

which the members pay to tradition, but by their affirma- SuEKHA, Hindi (mWi) Tall lank plants, running up with-

tion of the lawful succession of the first four khalifs, out a due proportion of leaf.

Abubakr, Omar, Othman, and AU, in opposition to the Surma, H. (jt^cjtJ) Antimony or galena ground to a fine

Shias, who denounce the three first as usurpers. The Sunnis powder and applied to the eyelids to improve the bright-

are thence sometimes termed also Chahar-ydris, or votaries ness of the eyes.

of the four friends. The Persians, and the lower orders SuRNis, SooBNEES, Mar. («^:5fNt) One of the eight chief

of the people of India, are Shias ; all the other Moham- officers of the Maratha state as first organised : the general

madan nations Arabs, Turks, Afghans, and most of the record keeper, registrar, and superintendant of correspon-

educated and respectable classes of Indians, are Sunnis. dence, by whom all deeds and grants were examined and

SuNRi, H. (t^y »*-) A distiller and vender of spirituous liquors. authenticated: (according to Molesworth the word is a

SuNTAN, H. (A. ^JMM) Circumcision. corruption of the Arabic and Persian -words Shurud, be-

SuNTi, or SuTi, Beng. (J°f5, ^rf^) A channel between the ginning, and Shud, was, or finished, with the usual cor-

bank of a river and a shoal or sand-bank. ruption of navis, writer).

Sup, Mar. (*nT. & 51^) A basket for winnowing corn : a SuRSANNA, vulgarly, Suesan, corruptly, Soorsum, Mar.
wooden scoop suspended in a frame for throwing up water (««,«j?l, for the A. Shahur-san, a year of months)
^^J^ ,

for irrigation. An era, partially current in the western Maratha districts.

494
 StiR SWA
adopted probably from the Mohammadaus : it commences no doubt a blunder: Swasti, meaning properly 'well-

with the Hijra year 745 = a.d. 1344: to find the equi- being,' may be right. — E. I. Selections, iv. 553, 580).

valent of any year of this era add 599 : in numbering the SuT, Mar. (.TIZ, from the H. cJMt ej»«*-) Remission, abate-

Sursanna year the Arabic numerals, vernacularly modified, ment (of a debt or just claim), also the amount remitted :

are employed: thus the year 1230 is expressed Saldsina- release from bondage or slavery.
maiatin-alif. Sutyo, Mar. iTn^) Liquidation or discharge of a debt.

SuRYA, used vernacularly, as well as Surja, or, more usually, SuT,H.&c. (ci.>jA«, from S. 5^) Thread, yarn a : thread, a line.

SuRAJ, or, sometimes, Soraj, S. &c. (^§, itr^, ?t^»T, Sutdr, H. &c. (S.jU«.) A carpenter, the village carpenter

£i The and wheelwright.

yy^'Tijy
Surajddha, Guz. (y^^«/^ll^, from S. ^5, burning) Expo- Sutario, Guz. (^<ri;(L'"U) A dealer in yam or thread.

sure of dead bodies to the sun. SuTA, S. &c. (^nr) A son. SuTA (ain), a daughter.

Surajgahan, H. &c. (^—^yJ). Suryagrahana, S. (wjl^T??!J, S'&taha, S. (tjHoIT), vernacularly, Sutaka, (^frar) Unclean-

from '41 ^JU, seizing) An eclipse of the sun. ness or impurity contracted by all the members of a family
Suryavansa, vernacularly, sometimes, Surajbans, S. &c. on the birth of a child or a miscarriage : in current use

(tI^^, fi-om #5[I, a race) The family or race of the Sun, the term is laxly extended to impurity arising from the

from whom many of the Rajput tribes pretend to derive death of a relative, the application being sometimes limited

their descent, through Mama, the sovereign of Oudh, the by a conjunct term, as, Jdta-sutaha, impurity from one

thirty-fourth in descent from Ikshmdku, the son of Vai- born Qdta), Mritasutaka, from one dead {mrita) : the

vaswata Manu, the son of the Sun. period of uncleanness varies according to the propinquity

Suryavansi, or Surajhansi, S. &c. (B^^^ft) -^ ^^^ °^ ^ of the relationship and local usage.

tribe professing to descend from the sun, a Rajput of the SutarI, Hindi (^mtl) A crop which, having been checked,

solar race. has recovered. —Puraniya.

Suryavdra, or Surajbd,r, S. &c. (^^Nk) Sunday. Sutra, S. &c. (tTtI) A thread, a line: a precept, an aphorism,

SusAL, Thug. A person whose head and neck are bare and a brief rule of grammar, logic, philosophy, &c., in which
convenient for being strangled : one who is strangled with- form the oldest Sanscrit writers usually express themselves.
out resistance : a Thug who has cleansed himself from any SuTRAM, written, Suttiram, Tarn. (^S^CTLq) A piece

stain of murder. of machinery : (it has also the senses of the preceding).

SuSAR, Hindi (?Rn^) A dresser and seller of provisions, a Chakkar-S'&tram, Tam. (S'SaiJ^S^ULu) A water-

cook, a provisioner. — Chota Nagpur. wheel.

SuSAB, Beng. (^>|f5, from S. V, good, and ^TH:, essence) SuvalI, Mar. (B^T35T) A kind of boat of from 100 to 170

Property sufficient to discharge a claim or accomplish an khandis burthen.

undertaking. SuvARNA, or SwARNA, S. &c. (W^^, ^Ijl) Gold: a gold-
SuSAR, H. (jMMi, from S. '^V^ A father-in-law, the father smith's weight, equal to sixteen mdshas, which, at 5 rattis

of either husband or wife. to the mdsha, make the suvarna much the same as the
Susrdl, or Susrdr, H. (S. J]jmm j\jmm) , A father-in law's tola, or from 175 to 180 Troy grains, according to the

house or family. variations in the value of the ratti.

SusiA, Thug. A class of Thugs of a low Hindu caste for- SuYURGHAL, corruptly, Seyurghal, blunderingly, Sycur-
merly numerous in Malwa and Rajputana. GHAL, Sykurgul, H. (P. A. Jlcj^Jjwj) An assignment
SusrushA, S. &c. (^nsT^) Service, respectful or affectionate of land revenue for charitable purposes : a jdgir or grant

service, not servitude or slavery ; such as the service of a of land revenue without any stipulation of military service
Siidra to a Brahman, a pupil to a teacher, a wife to a or other condition.

husband, and the like. Sw^A, S. &c. (th) Own, self : in the neuter, Swam (^), Own
SUSTI, SOOSTEE, also SWASTI, SVI^ASTHI, SOASTEE, (?) Mar. peculiar or independent right or property : property in
A tenure by which land is held of a proprietor by a tenant general ; in some of the dialects, the conjunct letter not
paying the full government assessment (the first word is being capable of being written although pronounced cor-
495
 SWA SWA
rectly, Sma, is represented by Su-va, sometimes abbreviated SwiMJ, S. &c. (^TJft), SwAmi, or Sami, from the latter of

to Su, as it is in Latin Su-us : in Tamil, accordingly, it which comes the common corruption in the south of India,

is written Su (Si), Suva iSiSiJ), and Swam is written Sawmy, Tam. (soJITLqI ©TTLqI) , a master, an owner, a
Su-vam (StSlJlu) : it also occurs Som (GSTTLQ). husband, a lord : a title given to idols in the south of India,

Smachchhanda, S. (^^r»^) Independent, wilful, following and thence is often borne by individuals : it is also ap-

one's own inclination : adv., of one's own will or accord. plied especially as a title to the head of a religious order
Srvadastur, Mar. (^^H^) Signature or other authentication or establishment : used sometimes honorifically in the

of a letter ; used also with such words as khat, a writing, Telugu plural Sw&mulu (<s^^5^&U).
written with one's own hand. Srodmi-, or Sdmi-bhogam, corruptly, Sammy-hogum, Tam.

Swai, Beng. (^) Own right or property. (e^SUrTLDl- cgTTLdlGurTcSlii, S. ^Uft, and vftjT, enjoy-

Swan, Tarn. (SiGUrrdnr) A proprietor, a possessor. ment) The proprietor's or landlord's right : in the Tamil
Swasthdn, incorrectly, Sarvusthdn, Mar. (S. ^^^ITfT, from country it means the share of the produce or the rent which

^, own, WTT, place) Estate, landed property. is paid to the Miranddr or hereditary proprietor by the

Swatantra, S. (^K% from '^, own, "ff^, will) One who tenant cultivator holding the land in farm for a fixed period.

is independent, or acts for himself : one who is legally In Malabar and Karnata it is the fee or acknowledgment
entitled to act without control or guardianship. paid by the mortgagee or tenant, often no more than

Swatantram, S. ('^fN') Own will or purpose : in Tamil, a peppercorn rent, to the Janmkar or birthright pro-

in which it is in most common use with a modified ac- prietor: it also signifies any grant or contribution for

ceptation, it is pronounced in the same manner, but is an idol.

variously written as Sutantaram, or Sutandaram, erro- Swdmitwam, or Srvdmyam, S. &c. (^filf#, ^THJ) Master-
neously, Smaiantaram, Sotundrum, or Sotuntrum, {&- ship, lordship, ownership : the rights, privileges, or autho-

sr5Sl7li3), also Swatantryam (.BQJ^r^^lcflUJUi), rity of a superior or master : in Marathi, also the share

Swatantryam, S. (^TTT^) Own or independent property, (of the products of a contract or farm) due to him who
hereditary right, either to real or personal property, or to holds it directly of the state from one who, under him,

privileges, perquisites, or fees ; also any fee or perquisite holds or manages the concern.

claimable by a proprietor from a hereditary or other culti- SwANUBHOQAM, Tam. (SVQjrr^jSurTcE&lXl.S. ^, own,^nT,
vator of proprietary lands, either in his own right or in that according to, and >ftn, enjoyment) The occupation or en-

of a coparcenary body of proprietors. joyment of an estate by the proprietor himself, or, if leased

Sn}aiantraharan,Ta.va. ((SrS^ScrsarTCTcXyr) An owner, to another, an acknowledgment from the tenant that he

an heir, one who enjoys any property of his own right. holds the land under the proprietor.

Swatantradittam,'T3.m.{^^^^U^^'^^) Certain fees SwANVATA, S. (^T^tl) A person of the same lineage as the

of corn in straw before threshing, received by the Mirasddrs proprietor or owner.

in the Tamil provinces : any fee or privilege claimable by Svi^ARAj, erroneously, Sewraj, Mar. {igtX^, from S.'^,own,
the village servants, musicians, or the like. T;Ij^, a ruler) The share of the revenue claimed by the

Swatwa, S. (^3') Ownership, proprietary or peculiar right. Marathas from any conquered country, the same as the

Swatwatyagapatra, S. &c. (wHrtlHI^) A deed of con- Chauth, q. v.

veyance or of gift ; any document conveying away pro- SviTARNAM, S. &c. (^li), Tam. (aQJCTOTTOOrUi), also SoR-
prietary or peculiar property or rights. NAM, Tam. (©erriJOTOTlli) Gold, money.

SwADHA, S. &c. (^^) An exclamation used at the presen- Smarndddyam, or Sorndddyam, corruptly, Surnadayum,

tation of oblations to fire or to the manes, or at the closing Sonardyem, Saunardyem, Sournaydyem, Sournydiam,

term of a short prayer to them. Tam. (srSLIIJOTiOT)-, or ©<B'rTcrOTr(65)SrTLUIXl) Rent

SWADHYAYA, S. &c. (^TajR) The reading or study of the or revenue receivable in money, not in kind.

Vedas. SwARtJPAM, S. &c. (^^4) Natural form, inherent property

SwAGATAM, S. &c. (^TTiT, from 551, well, and'Snitil, come) or nature : it is sometimes used in the dialects for pro-

Welcome. perty in land or money, an estate.

496
 SWA TAA
S WAIST, S. (laftcf) A term of address or benediction often

commencing a document or inscription (from ?T , well, and Taahud, Tahud, Tahood, corruptly, ToAhidy, H. (A. A^«,
^ftcT, it is). from S^ dhd, to promise) Promise, agreement : lease,

SvvASTHA, S. &c. (^W, from ?(, well, and ^, who stays contract : a revenue lease, a farm of the revenue, an en-

or is) Well in body and mind, healthy, prosperous, happy. gagement with the government or its representative for the

Swdsthyam, S. &c. (^Ifuj) The condition of being well in payment of the public revenue, which may be made sepa-
all respects : in Maratha,' also, having a comfortable subsis- rately, even by the coparceners in a joint estate, each be-

tence, as a pension or the like. Swastyam, corruptly, Sma- coming responsible for his own proportion.

s<rM>n.,5wa.strmm,and5roasiwam,Tara.(<5i'6UrT5rL)^UJLa) Taahud-ddr, H. (P.^li), who has) One who has entered

Wealth, property, especially Mirasi or hereditary land and into an engagement for the public revenue due on his own
privileges possessed by Brahmans. share : the holder of a farm or lease.

Swastiyaniddr,caxT\x'f\\.y, Srvastriumdar, Tam. (P-.W, who Taayyul, Tayool, corruptly, Tyool, Tyyool, H. (A. JJ*
has) The holder of hereditary property and privileges. from (Jjj; , to support) Land held in Jdgir by a member
SwAYAM, S. &c. (^^^) Of one's self, by one's self of a royal family, an appanage : it is now applied espe-

Smayamdatta, S. (from ^^, given) Self-given, applied to cially to certain lands held by the king of Delhi, or mem-
a son by one form of adoption. bers of his family in the neighbourhood of Dehli, or to some
Srcayamkrita, S. (from WrT , made) Self-made, the same as held by the king of Oudh : it formerly designated lauds

the son self-given. granted in Jagir burthened with special services, or some-

Smayamupdgata, S. ('g'tnTiT, arrived) Self-come, a son in times paying a quit-rent : (this is stated with respect to,

one form of adoption : see the preceding. See also Putra. what is no doubt a typographical error, TycwZ. 5th Rep. 639).
Swayanivara, S. (^^^^ The public selection of a hus- T&ayyul-shdhi, H. (P. xLi , a king) The royal domain ; land

band by a princess or lady of rank from among a number in Delhi and the neighbourhood, the occupants of houses
of assembled suitors, a practice that prevailed in the heroic on which pay ground-rent to the king.

ages of the Hindus. Taalluk,Taallukah, orTAALLUKAT, commonly Taluk,

SwECHCHHA, or SwAlCHCHA, S. ^xBC, ^^, from ^, own, Talook, corruptly, Tualloog, Tuallooga, H.(A. ^jLu,
and '%^, wish, jjM^ra, understood, or Smechhaputrai&c.) <!CsJjo,from|S!x,to suspend from or depend upon), Taluka,
A son adopted by a woman of her own accord and autho- Mar. (cn^?FT). Tel. ("eT'eWT") Connexion, dependence
rity, without permission from her husband. possession, property : a dependency, a district, a division of

SWETAMBABA, S. &c. (^rilH^tO A religious mendicant wear- a province: an estate, applied to a tract of proprietary land

ing white garments, especially applicable to one of the usually smaller than a Zamindari, although sometimes in-

two great divisions of the Jains. cluding several villages, and not unfrequently confounded

SwopIhjita, corruptly, Shoparjit, S. &c. (^, self, '^^nf^, with a Zamindari, held, in Bengal at least, at a fixed amount

acquired) Acquired bya person's own exertions, property, &c. of revenue, hereditary and transferable as long as the re-

Syama, S. &c. (^tn*n, fern, of ^IH, black) A goddess, a venue is paid ; a Tdluk was sometimes granted by the
form of Kali. Mogul government at a favourable assessment as a mark
Sydmdpujd, S. (^TRT^sn) Worship of Sydtnd, celebrated of favour, or on condition of clearing and cultivating waste

on the last day of Asrvin, or in the month Kartik. lands : in the Regulations fixing the permanent settlement

Syamaka, vernacularly, SniMA, and Shyamak, (^i|IH4', Tdluhs were considered of two kinds ; 1. Suzuri (from

H. ULi, Mar. ^i^RToIf) A kind of grain in general use jy^ , the state), of which the revenue was paid direct to

among the poorer classes (Panicum colonum) : the stalk the government or its officers : these were called also in-

forms good fodder for cattle. dependent Tdluks, and the holders were classed with Za-

SyAwarh, Hindi (^T^^) A name given to five handfuls or mind^rs, or proprietary landholders; and 2. Mazkuri (from
small heaps of grain set apart by Mohammadan cultivators . ji^iko , specified), of which the holders paid their revenue
in the north-west provinces for the poor in the name of through the intervention of a superior, as a Zamindar or

their saints or Pirs, other proprietor : these were termed '

dependant Tdluks ;'

497 6l
 TAA TAB
they were hereditary and transferable as long as the revenue seized by the Zamindar of Vijayanagara from his neigh-
was paid, but lapsed to the superior on failure of heirs : bours by violence.
they were also termed Mufassil, or Shdmili Taluks. In the Ausat Tdluk, (?) Deng. A minor or dependent Tdluk
north-west provinces a Taluk presents various peculiarities, one included within another (?).

but it is defined an estate, the profits of which are divided Taati, A. (^l*i, from ^kc , to deliver) Giving recipro-
between different proprietors, or classes of proprietors, the cally: in law, mutual surrender, when the vendor of an
one superior, the other inferior ; the former being usually article hands it to the purchaser and he returns the price
an individuals who, either by a grant from the sovereign, of it without either party speaking : such sale is valid

by favour of local functionaries, or by voluntary acts of the according to the Sunni lawyers ; invalid according to the

people, has become the intermediate agent for the revenue,

collecting it from the people, and paying it to the govern- Taba, also, Tabi, H. &c. (A. ^jJ, j^'o) Following, depen-
ment after making such deductions to cover his risk and dent, obedient, a follower, a dependant.

assure his profits as he may be entitled to by the stipula- Tdbiddr, H. (j\SxJo), Tdbeddr, Mar. {'in^H:) Dependent,
tions of the grant, or by local custom ; the holder of such a dependant, a follower, a subject.

a Taluk exercises legally no right of interference with the TdUddri, A. (i_?;lj>»ot), Tdbeddri, Mar. (HT^irf) De-
proprietary and hereditary rights of the cultivators, except pendence, allegiance, subjection.

in some cases, where, from peculiar circumstances, the in- Tdbtun, or Tdbdin, A. |jy>JW , iji'^'^ , plurals of jjU) Fol-

ferior claimants have been absorbed in the person of a lowers, especially designating the successors of the com-
single Tdlukddr : many modifications of rights, many more panions of Mohammad, or the contemporaries of the com-

or less obscure, are said to exist between the individual panions whose relations of the sayings and doings of the

Tdlukddr and the inferior proprietor. Ben. Reg. i. ii. iii. prophet, as they received them from the companions, form

viii. xliv. 1793 ; ii. iii. 1803; ix. xii. 1805; xix. 1814; vii. part of the Sunna, or traditional law.

xi. 1822; V. 1831. Act viii. 1805. Tabd-i-tdbiun, A. (^yoU«Jj) The followers of the followers,

Taallukddr, Tdlukddr,^. (P.^b, who has) The holder of the successors of the Tdbiun, from whom they received

a Tdluk : in some places a government officer ; a collector ti^aditions respecting Mohammad, which they repeated, and

of revenue from the cultivators, either on behalf of the which, although of inferior weight, are of authority in the

state or of the farmer of the revenue, whose undue exac- body of the traditional law of the Mohammadans.
tions it is his duty to prevent. Tabareak, H. (a. '^ji^) A benediction : sacred relics : a
Tadllukddri, Tdlukddrl, corruptly, Talookdarry, H.^ (P. portion of presents, or of what is left of food presented to

^ilt),' having) The tenure, office, or estate of a Tdlukddr. great men, given to their attendants : commutation for an
Tadllukddri-kak, H. (A. ,J»- , a right) The dues or allow- offering incumbent upon a religious mendicant holding

ances payable to the Tdlukddr in addition to his stipu- some endowment.

lated proportion of the assessment. Tabarru, a. (fj^j) Doing any thing voluntarily, giving
Tadllukah-jadid, H. (from A. i^i^, new) Lit., New de- gratuitously.

pendencies, a term applied to tracts annexed to the Za- Tabashir, H. (A.^XiAiuls) Bambu manna, a siliceous deposit

mindars of Vijayanagara iVizianagram), being acquired in the joints of the bambu.

by encroachments on the bordering estates. Tabdil, H. (a. Jjiioj) Change, alteration, substitution.

Tadllukah-kadim, H. &c. (A, jtJjJ, old) Old possessions Tabi, (?) The hot- weather crop, sown in the cold and reaped
applied especially to the portions of the Vijayanagara in the hot-weather season. —Northern Sarkars.

estate held originally by the Zamindar. Tabkatia, (?) H. A class of Mohammadan religious men-
Tadllukah-mdlzdmini, corruptly, Talookeh-mahlzaminee, H. dicants, followers of Shah Maddr : they dress in black,

A. JU, and \J^^j> surety) Dependencies on Vijayanagara wear a chain round their ankles, and carry a small drum :

in consequence of its Zamindar being responsible for the they sometimes lead about monkeys and bears, and are a
realisation of their revenue to the government. low and offensive race.

Tadllukah-zdbardasti, H. (P. f_J^i^J, violence) Estates Tablak, H. (A. j;)ai') A bundle or file of papers.

498
 TAB TAH
Tabut, H. (A. cuyb) A coffin, a bier : the representation or deed settling the shares and proportions claimed by different

model of the mausoleum of Hosain carried in procession parties.

in the Moharram under the Marathas, a tax levied on Tafsil, H. (A. Taphsilu, Tel. (e^q^beu) Detail
:
J>*-=^")>

the Mohammadans for permission to carry the Tdhut. particulars — of an account, and the like.

Ticii, Tanch, Mar. {z\^, tH, from the English 'attach') Tafdlmdr, H. (jl^J..^) Specifically, particularly, in detail.

Seizure of a person's property under a decree of court Taga, Tugga, (?) H. A class of cultivators in the Delhi

also the writ or warrant. district.

Tachchan, Mai. (fSi^nri)) A carpenter, a stonemason, TagaddamI, Tel. ("^Q^*^^~°, from the A. iUdS^) Business,
from the S. Takshaka, q. v. affair, matter.

Tachan, Taijchan, Mar. (TT^JJ, z\^TSS) A memorandum, Tagappan, Tam. (ssuLJOOT) A father.

a matter noted down, the paper on which it is written. Tagar, (?) H. A wide tin vessel in which opium is weighed.

Tad, or Tar,. Hindi (m^) The palmyra tree. See Tdl. Tagavu, Karn. (OAc^) Peremptory demand of payment

Tada, Tadu, vulgarly, ToDA, Todu, Beng. (\sTf, ^p) of money: a dispute, a law-suit; presents given to a

South : north : terms used in the village register or chitta daughter by her parents on her marriage.

to designate the relative bearings of the farms or fields of Tagavari, Taguvari, Tel. («3Aa&, wXb^S) A judge, an

cultivating occupants. umpire, an arbitrator.

TadId, H. (A. iJIJoJ), TaidAd, Beng. (^%tTf) Number, Taghaib, H. (A. ji''^) Alteration, change ; adj., changed,

numbering, computation, estimate : a list, a specification dismissed.

or enumeration: registry of an estate in the collector's Taghiri, H. (A. ^j^) Dismission, disgrace.

office : annual calculation or requisition of the produce of Taghrib, H. (A. (.._^o^>) In law, batiishment, transportation

an estate. according to some it means only imprisonment, which is

Tadakhal, H. (a. Jii-tjo) Mutual entry : a mode of ap- a sort of banishment or separation from family and friends.

portioning inheritance. See Tamdsul. Tagulubadi, Tel. («^Xbe«5rsQ) Charges, cost.

Tadana, or Takana. S. &c. (injrr) Corporal punishment, Tahajjud, a. (li^) Prayers repeated at midnight by devout

whipping, beating. Mohammadans, also Tahajjud-namdz, and Tahajjud-salat.

Tadarah, H. (A. CJ;IJo) Reparation, redress : means of Tahaluf, a. (i_ailaC, from t_Jd&-, to take an oath) Con-
obtaining legal redress, as writings, witnesses, and the like spiring, leaguing : in law, swearing both plaintiff and de-

punishment, chastisement, infliction of fines or punishment. fendant, which is practised in some cases.

Tadbir, H. (A.^;JJiiJ) Council, deliberation, government: Taldif, A. (u-ajlss") Exacting an oath.

in law, the post-obit manumission of a slave, a promise Taha^, H., Mar. {^^, TT?!) There, at that place ; but in
to him that he shall be free on his owner's demise. Mar. it is used only in official papers, and before official

Tadib, H. (A. («_-v»iilj) Correction, chastisement : admonition. designations, as, Tahdn-Patil, the Patil of that place ;

In law, the admonition to be givefl by the judge to parties Tahdn-Kamavisddr, the agent of such a district (the

convicted of venial offences. nasal final is very slightly sounded, but the word is incor-

Tafrik, H. (a. Jfjyftj) Separation, division : separate or rectly written Taha).

individual interest or responsibility ; in law, a judicial Tahdn-haydt or -haydd. Mar. (TT^T^TliT -3 , tahdn, for P.
divorce, one pronounced by the Kazi, as distinguished from U', until, and A. d.>Lx»-, life) Until death, as long as
one executed by the husband himself on his own authority. life lasts, a phrase confined to official documents.

Taphiriku, Tel. (S^o&)) Allotment or apportionment TahIbat, Tuhr, H. (a. ciJ,l^,j«ls) Purity, period of
of the contribution or assessment levied on a village: it purity, ceremonial purification, washing either entirely or
is said to have been applied also to an extra assessment partially, as by Ghasl (tW*), bathing, or Wazu or Wuzu
or tax imposed upon cultivators holding an undue pro- (..ij), partial ablution, washing the face, mouth, hands,
portion of rent-fi-ee lands, in addition to those assessed and arms, and feet, in a particular order : when water cannot
under cultivation. be procured for this purpose sand may be substituted, which

Tafrih-nama, H. (P. (UU, a document) A document or ceremony is termed Tayamim, but ablution with water
499
 TAH TAH
must be performed as soon as possible after the dry pnri- Tahsilddr, H. (^WJa-as') A native collector of revenue,

ficatioiij or the latter is nullified. a native officer collecting the revenue from a given tract
Tahari-o-phali, Hindi (li'^O^ tR^) A phrase in a lease under a Zamindar, or the European collector : in the

of a mango orchard implying transfer of the ground, as Madras territories he acts also as an officer of police. Ben.

well as of the fruit. —Puraniya. Reg. ii. 1793 ; iii. 1794 ; viii. 1797 ; xxvii. 1803. Mad.
Tah-bAzIki, H. i{^yj^ , from P. £, place on which any Reg. xxvii. 1802; ii. 1803 ; xi. 1816.
thing is situated, andjljU), TabajAki', Tel. (^tT'S^b) Tahsilddri, H. (t^IjJu.^^) The oflSce, duty, or jurisdiction

A tax or charge levied on the sellers of articles in a bazar, of a native collector; the district of which he collects the

either in money or kind, as the rent of the ground on revenue usually consisting of one or more Parganas, and

which their shops or stalls are placed : this was abolished yielding revenue to the extent of two or three Lakhs of
by Bengal Reg. xxvii. 1793. rupees : a tax levied under the Moghul government to pay
Tah-khIna, or Tahi-khIna, corruptly, Tye-khana, H. the allowances of the Tahsilddrs.

(P. *J, underneath, and *JU>-, a house) An apartment Tahnlddr-nlshdnddr, H. (P. jjjLiJ, a mark or emblem of

under ground, or so situated as to be impervious to the sun. office) A duly appointed and responsible native collector.

Tahkik, H. (A. ^>Md' from , truth) Inquiry, inves- Tahdl-diwdni, H. (P. ij}^S) Collections of revenue pay-
,J»-,
tigation, searching for, ascertaining the truth of a matter able into the public treasury.

(the plur. Tahkikdt, is similarly used). Tahsil^dbitd,Tel. {^"^^eXi^-^lsW) Daily account of

Tahki'm, H. (a. *J^^, from Placing a person in payments made by the cultivators to the collector.
f^)
authority ; in law, arbitration ; also, investing a person Tahdl-muharrir, H. (jj^^t a writer) A clerk or accountant

with authority to decide a dispute. in the revenue department.

Tahlil, (a. iJjIs') Making any thing or act lawful (Jialdl) Tahdl-puraja, Tel. (oJJoarfj q. v.) A daily cash account

which was not so before : dispensation under certain con- kept by the village accountant under the collector, of the

ditions from observance of the law. (With a different h) revenue payments of the cultivators, and of the village
Tahlil ((J-A^) Repetition of the Mohammadan creed, disbursements.
*
There is no God but God: Mohammad is the prophet of God.' Tahsil-saranjdmi, H. {a^jm, effects) Charges of collection :

TahnImA, blunderingly, ThANAMAE, Mar. (ri^'IIHIi from an additional charge formerly levied to defray the expense
the P. (X«U^) A treaty of peace : a bill of articles or of collection.

items agreed upon by two "parties. Tahdl-wasilat, H. (iKLl^jL^o^) The amount realised by

Tahhik, corruptly, Tuhebeeh, Tereer, H. (A. j^) Writ- the collector of a district, whether onbehalf of a Zamindar
ing, writing correctly : a written statement : a fee for or the government.

writing the manumission of a slave. Tahsil-i-ydd, Mar. (P. jU, remembrance) A memorandum
Tahrir, corruptly, Thureer, Mar. (ri^OO Fees paid from of daily payments of revenue by the cultivators.

the money levied or set aside for village expenses paid to Khds-tah.nl, H. (A. (je\i^, especial) The collection of the

the Despdndyd, for his establishment : under the Maratha revenue by the government or its officers direct from the
government these were also payable to the Pharnis, and cultivators.

Muzamdar. TAhut, or Tahud, corruptly, Taood, Beng. («t^, «t?Tf,

Tahariru, Karn. (8&65&) A fee or per centage allowed from the A. i^) Agreement, settlement, stipulated rent,

to superintendants of public works. a lease, or deed of lease.

Tahsil, Tuhseel, less correctly, Tehsil, Tehseel, H., but Tdhud-ddr, corruptly, Taooddr, Beng. («t|Tf^) One
adopted in all the dialects, (A. JjJ-fi^ . from J-oU-), Mar. holding a lease of land, &c., at a stipulated rent.

(Tt^^ft^XTEHESiL, Guz. (a5^«H) Collection, especially Tahvil, TAHwiL, corruptly, Teveel,H.&c. (JojST, tT^fl^)
of the public revenue derived from the land : the revenue Change, transfer : charge, trust, especially cash in the keep-

collected : in the Dakhin a statement prepared and kept ing of a person appointed to take care of it ; hence some-
by the village accountant of the persons from whom the times a treasury, the collector's treasury; also, funds,

revenue is receivable, and the amount due by each. capital. *

500
 TAH TAK
Tahvilddr, corruptly, Tohweeldar, H. (P. j\ii , who has) A document) A muster-roll of pay or salaries, or of those to

cashier, a treasurer : in Sindh, a collector of revenue. whom they are paid.

Tahvildari, H. (t^'ii, having) The office or duty of a TAiKKHANA, H. (A.^,lls, a bird) An aviary: a charge on

cash-keeper, charge of cash or collections. the revenue, or a special tax, for the expenses of the -im-

Tahvil-tamrruf, H. (A. i—ij-ci' , q. v.) Embezzlement. perial aviary at Delhi.

Til, H. ((^u) A paternal uncle's wife ; a father's elder bro- TAja-kalam, Mar. (wt sTToBcS'l , from P. XjU, fresh, and A.

thers wife. Jj, a pen), TAji-KALAMU, Tel. («r'e3~"SbSx)) A post-

Tdid, H. (bU) A father's elder brother. script, an appendix, a new paragraph.

Taird-bhai, H. ii^U^^ji}^) A father's elder brother's son : Tajir, H. (a. .a-lj) A merchant, a trader.

f. Tdird-bdhin, (j^^ , a sister) A father's elder Ijrother's Tajdrat, H. (A. ci^W) Trade, traffic, the business of a

daughter. merchant or dealer.

Tai, commonly, Tye, Tam. (CTOS) The tenth Tamil month Tajkaba, Mar. (HsIbKO. from A. S^iij,a writing) A frau-

(January- February.) dulent entry or appropriation, an item of peculation.

Tai, commonly, Tye, Mai. (616)(?5)) A young plant in general. Tajhar-nis, Mar. (rt»(oh*.«l1*l) An officer of the Maratha

Tai, Kam. (^^oaj) A mother. government whose office it was to detect peculation.

Taid, plur. Taidat, H. &c. (A. Jot , Cij'jolj) Aid, assis- Tajhar-'Aavisi, or -nisi. Mar. (lIsIoniflfgTBft, -f«T5ft) The
tance : corroboration : an extract from a public register duty of checking or detecting peculation.

or other document of authority in confirmation of a Ta jviz, or Ta Jwiz, vernacularly, Ta jwi J, H. {k.JijS: , Tlsl^fhl)

claim. Investigation, inquiry, examining : judgment, sentence.

Taid-nams, H. (ii*.jJiijlj) An assistant clerk or accountant Tajviz-ndma, H. (P. it«u, a document) A written decree,

an apprentice. judgment, or resolution.

Taifa, H. (a. tojUa) Nocturnal patrol or watch: a troop, Tak, H. (p. Jfli=) An arch, a cupola ; applied also to a
a company, especially of dancing girls and musicians ;
'
mount or pillar set up as a boundary mark : hence any
applied commonly, as well as its plur. Tawdif, to any in- mark or determination of boundaries.

dividual of the troop, especially to a female : in the Dakhin Tdh-hast, corruptly, Thak-bust, H. (P. ^_:: -'^ a binding)

it is also applied to any class or set of persons following Laying down a boundary, fixing the limits of estates by

the same occupation, or, originally, from the same place, a native surveyor, preparatory to a professional survey by

and taxed collectively. a European officer.

Taihjur, Hmdi (t^iR) Weighing. —Chota Nagpur. TakI, H. (S. 1^), Mar. (ZcRT), Taka, Beng. (§W) A coin,

Tail, Thug. A company or individual who have escaped the value of which appears to vary in different parts of

sharing the fate of a murdered party by having been left India : in Hindustan it is said to be a copper coin equal

behind. to two paisas ; in the Dakhin it is called an aggregate of

Tain, plur. Tainat, corruptly, Tynaut, H. (A. ^Ji^, C^Ljjo) four paisas, or one ana, or an aggregate of sixteen paisas,

Appointment, deputation, engagement, business. Mar. Tai- or in Guzerat of three : in Bengal it is synonymous with
nat (Wt^nr) A military charge or command : general con- a rupee : in all the dialects it is laxly used for money in

trol or management : stipend, salary. general.

Tdindti, H. (^jJiujjJ) Object or duty of an appointment, TakA, also, but ? if correctly, Tak, corruptly, Tukka, Mar.
attendance, tour of duty. Taindti, Mar. t^tinrt), adj. Sti- (7«RT) a land measure, varying in different places : it is

pendiary : made over to, as a body of troops from one sometimes considered equal to a Chdrvar = 24 Mukas, or
commander to another : assigned, as a town or district 120 square highds: according to a different statement it

in Hindustan it also sometimes designates an inferior is a seventy-second part of a Chdrear. and to another it

functionary, or Peon, appointed by the proprietor of an is any division of a Chdrvar into equal parts, as a half
estate to assist in collecting the rent or revenue from the a fourth, a twentieth, &c. : others make it 4 bighds, others
cultivators. again 48 bighds : in Kamaon it is half a bisi.

Taindt-jdhtd, Mar. (^ifTilall'Nifl, from A. ^jli, an official Tahdbdndi, Mar. U^il^) Fixing the land-tax at so much
501 6m
 TAK TAK
per Taha : settled or estimated according to the Tdkds it Tagddd-ddr, or Tagddd-gir,M.aT. ( riJ| l <mi. -ifk) An
, officer

contains (land) : keeping an account in Tahas (the copper under the Maratha government appointed to enforce the

coin so named). demands of the state against defaulting cultivators : in

Takabbaz, a. (.fjoJkso) Mutual surrender or silent exchange Hindustan a Tahdzd-, or Takdz-gir, implies a person
of an article and its cost. See Tdati. appointed by a capitalist to collect debts due to him.

TakAdum, a. (*i)l«j, from *i>Ji, going before) Being ancient Tagdd-ddr,Tagddi-kh6r,KaTn. (S"7rsgB5, ^TT^Q^/S^^)
or prior : in law, such an interval between the commission A dun, a creditor who is urgent for payment.

of a crime and the giving of evidence respecting it, as Takbir, H. iA.jJ^) Repetition of the Moharamadan belief

operates in bar of punishment. in God, or Allah-u-ahhar, God most great : in Hindustan

Takaffal, A.((JiX)) Taking security: becoming security It is multiplied by various repetitions to the same eflPect

for another : bail, it is also considered as the especial war-cry of the Moham-
Takattu, Tel., Karn. (e^spj^ from the A. oJlis, power) madans.

Charge: paw[n, pledge, piortgage. Takdima, H. (A. ^iXaJ)') Final adjustment or audit of an

Takavi, corruptly, Tuckavy, Tuccavy,Tuckay, Tuckair, account.

w
Tagakey, H. (^jUj, from i^^, giving strength to, or Takhalluf-i-yaumia, H. (A. iJ^^j^ w^) Fraud in pay-

assisting), Tel., Karn. (e^^^b), Tagai, Tagayi, Mar. ment of a pension (?).

(ri'll^i TPTPft) Advances of money made by the govern- TakhAruj, (A. _jls^) In law, a composition entered into

ment to the cultivators at the time of sowing, especially by joint heirs to property, by which some relinquish their

in the south of India, where the Ryotwari settlement pre- shares for a specific payment : partition of an estate amongst
vails, to be repaid when the crop is gathered : similar ad- themselves by the lawful heirs.

vances are made in bad seasons, and the like, or sometimes Takhfif-i-jama, H. (a. i sua^, abatement) Abatement or
made to the cultivators to enable them to extend their cul- remission of revenue.

tivation. Ben. Reg. ii. xiv. 1793. Mad. Reg. xxvii. 1802 Takhlia, a. ((UirK") Vacating : in law, extinguishment, tacit

i. 1803. or declared, of all right by the seller in an article which

Takdvi-kaikdgada, Karn. (SoDti^DNjODX^) A bond he has sold : manumission of a slave : divorce of a wife.

or note of hand given by the cultivators in acknowledge- Takhminan, H. (a. i=Ux«>!S') By estimate, conjecture, or ap-

ment of advances received. praisement, about, more or less.

Tahdvi-patrumu, Tel. (from S. Vrk) A written acknowledge- Tagmina, or Takmino, (? a vernacular form of the preceding)

ment for advances given by the cultivators to the collector. H. a general survey statement of village lands, the same

TAKAZA,H.&c.(A.Uls;),TAGADA,Mar. (imT^), Tel. (^-K^l^l as the Khasra, q. v.

TAGADf, Tagade, Karn. (§"7rsa, §"7rSO), also Ta- TAKH.SIS,COrruptly,TuCKSEES,TUKKSHEESH,H.(A./>lA«asJ'')

GAVU, q. V. Importunity in urging the settlement of a claim Appropriation, appropriating, particularizing.

-
or payment of a debt, dunning : in the south of India, for- Tahhsid, H. (A. ^joj^^^) Special, appropriate, not liable

merly, eiiforcing payment by various modes of aijinoyance, to division.

as by stationing persons at the house of a debtor from morn- Takhsid-tddluk, H. ( j)jo' ^^-oa^) An undivided tdM,
ing to night at his expense for their daily hire ; obstructing one held entire by an individual.

the conveyance of water into the debtor's dwelling, or cook- Takhsis-jamd-bandi, H. (t^jJOJ. »a». ^jox^as^) A particular

ing in it : the creditor sometimes took his station himself statement of the assessment concluded with the revenue-
at his debtor's door, threatening to do himself personal payers under the Mohammadan governments: also the
injury (this process is the same as the S. Dharana {y(tM) standard assessment of Toral Mai, as corrected by Jdfir-
and H. Dharnd (^JJbS), or Dharnd-haithnd (U^lwU^aj) dli-khan in 1772 : see Tashkhis.

to sit in dharnd for the sake of extorting compliance with Takht, H. (p. c:,^) a throne, a chair of state: also, as

any demand, a practice now prohibited): also suing a creditor an abbreviation of Takhta, a plank, ,a platform.
in a court of law, whence it comes to signify any suit at Takht-nisMn, H. i^^^J^ (.i.^) The reigning sovereign.
law, or the prosecution of any claim by legal means. Takht-posh, H. ((_P^ Ul^sk- ) A covered stage or platform.
502
 TAK TAK
Tqhht-rawdn, H. (from P. ^1. . ,
going) A litter, especially Takrdr-khafif, H. (A. .—SAfli-, petty) A petty quarrel or

for females or persons of rank. disturbance.

Takhta, H. (iSJik'), Takta, Mar. (jIHIT) A plank, a plat- Takri, (?) Tel. A weight for metals equal to five hachchd

form : also, in Mar., a tabular statement, the heading of sers.

— ^Northern Sarkars.

such a statement. Takshaka, vernacularly, Takshak, and Takhkak, S. &c.

Takhta-, or Takkt-rawdn, H. (^jLajI^), TaM-rdnwa, Mar. (if^cir) A carpenter, a stonemason.

(W^i^TWl) A plank or platform on which public performers, Taksim, Tuksekm, corruptly, Tucksbem, H. (A. *>»«^)

singers, and dancers, are carried on men's heads in festival Division, dividing, partition, sharing, distribution of the

and religious processions : (this seems to be erroneously assessment of the revenue upon the several subdivisions of

identified with the compounds of Takht.j, an estate or district, the same as Taksim-jamd, Mar. (fTSir-

and _|;t A portion, a share. Takkisamu, Tel. («3i_fOSx))

Takht-taha J, H. (p. (.:>>»-1j , , both meaning de- ^jiW)

vastating) Depredation, laying waste (a country) : havoc. Contributions raised amongst the inhabitants of a village

Takhyir, a. (^Ai-li') In law, giving an option or choice. to defray the village expenses.

Taki, (?) Beng. (apparently an error or local corruption of Takdm-ddr, Mar. (rioh^flHt^lO A sharer, the holder of a

Tdkd, q. V.) A rupee : a fee, a perquisite of one rupee : share, either of land perquisites or privileges : one who

interest on sight at the rate of one rupee per cent. receives a portion at a division of property.

Taki A, H. (P. H^) A pillow : the stand or seat of a Fakir: Taksimi, H. (^-fju^aj) Divisible, portionable, liable to par-

the spot where he usually abides, whether it be open or tition, according to allotment, &c.

enclosed. Tahsim-jamd, H. (A. ^Ai>^f,JwM) In Mohammadan finance,

Takid-dar, H. (P. ^Ij , who has) A Mohammadan religious the distribution of the whole standard assessment among
mendicant, a Fakir. the difierent territorial subdivisions, whether large or small,

Takid, H. (A. J.ji'li'), Mar. (iTrafl^), Tel., Karn. («^S&) a province, a Zamindari or a village : also, the apportion-

Injunction, warning, direction, an order from a superior. ments of the revenue payable by a village or estate amongst

Tdkid-chithi, Mar. (Hl«fc1(^r«(i1) A letter of injunction, a joint proprietors.

written "mandate or direction. Taksim-ndma, H. (P. &«li , a document) A deed of parti-

Takidddr, Mar. ('illolil^li,) A person sent to give injunc- tion amongst joint proprietors when ceasing to hold their

tion or warning : a sentinel stationed to keep back strag- estate in common.

glers or camp-followers from a field or village. Taksim-pargana-rodr, H. (il.iuSj , according to pargana)

Tdkidi-kdgada, Kam. (B^S^Q^DDX^S) a written order Subdivision of the whole assessment under the Moghul
or injunction. government, according to the district divisions termed

Takina, (?) H. A cess paid in lieu of proportion of fodder,-' parganas: accounts of the standard assessment of each

or the fodder itself: rents of a number of houses collected pargana, extracted from the general rent-roll of the empire.

by an agent. Taksim-i-tadlluk, or Taksim-bandi-tadUuk, H. (see J^m)

Takit, H. (a. c:,^J^) a monied man in a village appointed A Tdluk which was separately registered in the original

to collect the shares of the assessment from the villagers rent-roll, or Tumdr-jamd, of the land revenue of Hindustan,
and pay them to the principal revenue-payer, or Mdlguz&r. and of which, under the British administration of Bengal,

Tako. Guz. (i%l) Interest of one per cent, per mensem: the lands and assessment are unalterable : also a Tdluk
a copper coin varying in value from two to four Paisas. held in shares.

See Takd. Taksir, H. (A.j^.^) Fault, offence, crime.

^

Takkal, Mar. (iI«FT,l^. from the A.j\j3; see the next) TakiSb, Mar. (JSW^, from A. tamakkvf, i-JJy, delaying,
Discrepancy, inconsistency (in a narration), a fabrication, stopping) Suspension, stoppage : in a state of suspension,

a story invented to deceive. as a public work, collection of revenue, &c. : the head under

Takhar, H. (a. j]/^)' Mar. (iraRTT;) Dispute, contention, which outstanding balances of revenue are entered pending

quarrel, a quarrel or dispute: in Mar. also, a statement the decision of the superior authorities as to their realization

in disproof or disallowal (as by litigants). or remission.

503
 TAK TAL
Takubchiihi, Mar. (ir«li^f^<5^) An order of suspension of Tdleband, commonly, Tdldband, corruptly, Tullabund, Tal-
revenue collections granted by the government, exempting libund, Mar. (in35^) A treasury account shewing the
1 persons for a time from the demands of the collector. correspondence between the balance in hand and that which ,

TAkubabi, Karn. (^fca^Q) Extra expense. should be left on a comparison of receipts and disburse-
TAKWET-KAUL,or Takwet-chithi, Mar. (irai^oBT^S -fq3^» ments : an abstract of the ledger or general account-book
from the A. Takviat cI^JjSj, confirmation) A temporary as a financial account, the monthly Tdleband forwarded
deed of assurance : a paper or token granted by the state by the district revenue officers to the government exhibits

to a payer of revenue, or a contractor, to be held until a the receipts and disbursements of the preceding month, and
formal and regular agreement can be prepared. the balance at its close : the similar account furnished at

TAl, H. (JU') a pond, a pool, a piece of water. the end of the year contains a complete detail of the actual

Tala, vernacularly, TAl, Tab, TIli, S. &c. (Jlj,jt, Wl^r, receipts and disbursements of the year, as well as of the

KT^'t),TALi,TALippANAi,Tam.(srTerfl,srTffrflLJuSst5r) outstanding balances at its beginning and at its close.

The palm tree,, especially the Corypha (Corypha talliera) : Tdleband-bdki, Mar. (A. ^'b, remainder) The balance of
it is also very generally applied to the Palmyra (Borassus revenue as shewn in the account at the end of the year.
flabelliformis), and laxly to many other trees of the same Tdleband-goshwdra, Mar. (from the H. rjoshwdra, q. v.)

class, as the cocoa-nut, date, and others. An abstract of the Tdleband account.
Tdlipatra, vernacularly, TdVpatra, or Tdlpdt, corruptly, Tdleband-jamd, Mar. (SPTT, from the A. jas-) The heading

Tdlipot, and Tdllipot, S. &c. (jn^lT^, in^inir) The leaf under which the items of revenue are entered, which are
of the Corypha palm tree, especially when dried and used realised subsequently and in addition to the assessment

to form umbrellas or parasols, or when split into oblong derived from concealed cultivation detected, or from land

pieces and used for writing upon : also the tree itself. taken into cultivation after the settlement of the assess-

Tala, or TIl, S. &c. (in^) Time in music, beating time, ment. »

tune : also, in Mar., a mound or bank raised in a field TalA,' Hindi izt^) Quagmire, decayed vegetable matter or
to detain or turn off water. stagnant water. —Puraniya.
Tal, Tam. (arTefr) Stubble or stem of corn, of flowers, Talab, Tulub, corruptly, Tullub, H. &c. (f-^^Me) Pay,

and the like. wages, salary : request, demand, petition : calling or send-

Tdladi, Tam. (sprffTTLij.) A second cultivation on the same ing for, summons : demand of arrears of revenue.

ground. Talabdna, corruptly, Tallubana, Tulbanna, H. (A. (SiUlls)

Tdladippor, Tam. (^rrerri^uSumj) A stack of grain Daily pay or fees to a subordinate officer of the court

that has been winnowed by hand, but not yet trodden out charged with serving process, issuing summonses or writs,

by cattle. payable by the parties on whom they are served. Ben.

Tala, vernacularly, Tal, S. &c. (TTgs), Tala, Tala, Mar., Reg. xxvi. 1814. See xiv.

(fl^j '335) Surface, bottom, level or low ground. Talab-bdki, H. (^Ij) An account shewing the amount

Tal, plur. Taldon, H. ((JJ,j^jAi') Low grounds: in Mar., due from each payer of the revenue, the sums realised and

also the site of an encampment, a camp. balance due.

Talchud, Hindi ('B^'^^) Light land above clay, which Talab-chhitthi, H. (^j^^, a note) A warrant, a summons,

soon becomes soft and spongy in wet weather. — Puraniya. a writ, a written demand for arrears of revenue.

Taljhdrd, Mar. (u^, the bottom, and tft^, a sweeping) Talab-dastak, H. (P. CSLuii, a note) A summons, a writ,
A thorough clearing or sweeping out: fig., a thorough a demand for payment of revenue.

search or investigation. Talab-ishhdd, H. (jl^^ ,'

testimony) Claim made in the
Talpat, Mar. (tI35'I3') Rain, desolation, devastation of a presence of witnesses, especially by a claimant of the right

country. Hindi (H^tu) Destruction of crops by the tram- of pre-emption. See Shafd.

pling of cattle. Talab-ndma, H. (P. i^lJ, a document) A warrant, a writ,

Tala, Mar. (S. in35T) Agreement, correspondence, conformity a notice or summons.

as of different accountSi statements, measures, &c. Talai, Tam. (^3sC>), Tala, Mai. (maj) The head.
504
 TAL TAL
Talachchennaval, Mai. (f!S)£i6i.^6Yr)OJ(b) The principal perversion has changed this in Cuttack to Taldk-tuka) :

native collector of the revenue. these three forms are classified as,

Talai-hattu-vari,T?ixn. (^S&isaL.®6Ll cfl) A tax on houses. Taldk-i-sunna, Divorce, legal according to traditional law,

Talai-kdval, Tam. («3^SSrT6LJ^), Tala-MvaJ, Mai. as opposed to the next;

(ra)fi_l<fl50oJR5D) The main or principal guard : the town Taldk-i-hiddt, (ic:,^Ai, innovation, heresy) Heterodox di-

or village watch. vorce, in which the husband makes the usual declaration
Talaimuftai-kdran, Tam. (sSsO^llotDUSSmjOT') A three times in one month : this is deemed irreversible :

porter, one who carries a load on his head. other modifications are

Talappanam, Mai. (fir)e_ln_l6iooo) Head-money, poll-tax. Taldk-kindiai, {^}->-i, metaphor) A divorce in which the

Talappdtjam, Mai. ((WaioJOgo) Poll-tax, head-money. terms used, although not expressly declaring a divorce, are

Talaivan, Tam. (sSsOOJOT), Talavan, Mai. (raiaiOJOb) legally sufficient.

A head person, prefect, governor, director, a king, a priest, Taldk-muajjal, ({S^-yo) Divorce which is to take place at

an elder, an elder brother. a specified time ; also applicable to divorces under various

TaZaiffitri, Tam. (s^SUtfl), Talavari, Mai. («naaoj(0l) specified conditions.

Poll-tax. Taldk-sarih, {f~j^< clear) Divorce in which the declara-

Talaivetti, Tam. (^3sOG6Ullu^) An executioner : a villain. tion is explicit: the following terms are also applied to
:
Talavila, Mai. (ftnaioJlfij) First selling price of grain or divorces

other produce after harvest. Aila, q. V. Divorce consequent upon abstinence from co-

Talaiyadi, Tam. (sSSOiLLJkj.) The first corn reaped and habitation for a given period.

threshed. Istisnd, (uXJUil, excepting) Divorce declared with a re-

Talaiydna^ Tam. (^SsCLUrTOCT) Principal, chief. servation which may render the declaration null.

Talaiydna-attdt,cM,1am. (^^LUrTCnraj^^rTL..^) The Khala, {^o- drawing out) Dissolution of marriage

, at the

principal evidence. suit of the wife, in which she agrees to make her husband
Talaydri, corruptly, Taliar, Mai. ((maiCQJOCfl) A head man, compensation for her loss by relinquishing to him an
a chief. adequate portion of her peculiar property, and by foregoing-

T.\LAI, Tam. (.^Ssn) A division in rice-fields, or a rice- claim of dower.

field divided into many beds. Ldn, (jjjjO , imprecation) Divorce upon accusation of adultery

Talak, H. (A. Ji^lls) Divorce, dissolution of marriage, by the husband, to be confirmed by him by his imprecating

whether reversible or irreversible, besides a divorce justified upon her the curse of God, whereupon separation takes place.

by bodily or mental diseases or defects : various kinds are Mubdrdt, {^\j\x^ Separation by mutual consent.

recognised by Mohammadan law, as the following :

Yamin, {^^J^, a vow) A conditional divorce contingent

Taldh-i-ahsdn, A. (jjjL**-!, most excellent), also Taldh-i- upon some future possible occurrence.

bdin, A. (jj^l^, separated) The most reputable kind of Zihdr, (il^, assisting) Divorce consequent upon a man's

divorce, in which the husband pronounces, I have divorced comparing his wife to some female relative with whom
you '
once before the Iddat or time of the woman's pro- marriage is prohibited : a separation must take place until

bation has expired : this is reversible. proper expiation has been made.

Taldli-i-rajdi, (from
^j , return) The form of divorce in Tafwiz-ul-taldk, (j_^yu, referring to another) Divorce by

which the declaration of the husband to that effect is twice delegation : giving to a wife the option or liberty of being

repeated : also reversible. separated, or to a third person authority to pronounce a

Taldk-i-kusn {j^j«*»-, goodness), or Taldk-i-mutallaha (from separation between husband and wife.

iSjilli«, a divorced woman, perhaps from jji!a«, absolute) Talaki, a. (,_5SJIj, a meeting) In law, forestalling the market

The form in which the husband pronounces three different by meeting a Kdfila and buying up the goods.
sentences of divorcement in as many months : this is irre- Talam, Tam. (^60lli, for the S. ^I^) A place, a site: a
versible, and the wife cannot be taken back until she has town, a village a temple : : also, in the sense of place, Talai.
been married and divorced by another man : (some strange Talam-hdval, corruptly, Talam-cavel, Tallum-cawell, Tam.
505 6N
 TAL TAM
(^edlLilBSrTQJ^) A guard, the main guard, village or Talji'at, A. (2ua^) Forcing the will: in law, the inter-

town guard or watch (it is more coriecily Talai-kdval, q. v.) pretation of a contract or engagement in a different sense

Talari, corruptly, Tallary, Tullary, Tel. Karn. (i^CT'd), from that which the terms properly denote.
Talaiyari, corruptly, Talliar, Tolli, Tolliar, Tam. BaiA-i-taljiah, (Xja:"«^^) A nominal sale, one in which
(s3&5LUrTCfl) The village watchman, one of the subor- no sale has been effected, although by a belief in its reality

dinate officers of a village. some object is attained by the seller : in law such sale is

Talattdr,Tdm. (pi. seDs^rTO") The principal town's-people. of no effect, although the purchaser may declare it to have

TalambrAlu, Tel. (^OO^^iXi) Throwing rice over the been a bona-fide transaction.
head of the bride and bridegroom at a marriage, for luck : TALKfN, H. (A. rji*^) Informing, instructing; the ceremony

the rice so thrown. of admitting a person into any order or society and initi-

Talash, H. &c. (a. ^^'^) Search, inquiry. ating him in its institutions.

Taldshi, H. &c. ( jilJ) An inquirer, a searcher : an officer Talla, Mai. («ni.^), Talli, Tel. («^S,) A mother.

who examines goods at a custom-house : also search, seek- Tallahura, MaL (ra)g^^<^o) Inheritance, by the mother's
ing : fees formerly levied at Benares on persons leaving side : the mother's inheritance or portion.

the town, and liable to be searched. Tallavari, Mai. (rtn^^OJfOl) The mother's line.

Talati, corruptly, Tallaty, Guz. (ftiSrllil) The village ac- Tallupadipateam, Tam. {B)&l(^U\q.\-iUB,^U^) An
countant, usually in the employ of the government. invalid or rejected bond or voucher.
TalAti, Talathi, Mar. (iigSl'Z^, ridbl'S^) Collection of re- Tallutal, Tam. (^6fT(6rR560) Putting away or divorcing

venue from the cultivators : the officer collecting it. a wife.

Taldtddr, Taldthddr, Mar. (jTSSlJi^TC, rl35T<r^T:) An officer Tallutalin-chittu, Tam. (^err(S1^^6tfl(OTc^Ll®) A bill

whose duty it is to collect the sums due by the cultivators or writing of divorce.

to the government. Talmadanqal, Tam. (^rT5fTU3l_r&J<a&) Close of the wet-

TalavIea, Karn. (S§oO do) A village watchman paid for crop harvest.

his services by a grant of laud at a quit-rent. Talpat, (?) Guz. Land paying full rent or assessment, or

Tali, (?) H. A fee paid to the Patmdri out of the govern- a half or other proportion of produce to the government,

ment share on his taking an account of the crop. as distinguished from lands held as private property, or at

Tali, corruptly, Thullke, Mar. (TTSSt) A term for plunder, a quit-rent, or rent-free.

arson, and murder, publicly perpetrated by the people of Tamadi, H. (a. t.jiiU.), from i^iX«, what has lasted) A
one village upon those of another in satisfaction of the long time, limitation of time, rules of limitation which

exactions of a government officer, or of the claims of the bar a civil prosecution.

perpetrators : it has various other meanings, as, a platter TamakUjTamakhu, H. (^Ui' ,^L«J', im\, TRT^ Tobacco,
in which contributions are collected for presentation to an the plant or leaf : three kinds are distinguished, Tamakvr-
idol, the slab of a hand mill, articles sent by a newly- kdbuli, Tamdku-lokrd, and Tamdku-mdku : the last is

married boy to his young bride at her mother's house, &c. considered the best.

Tali, corruptly, Tally, Tam. (^ireiSl) A piece of gold, form- Tamali, Beng. (\st^I«f\) An inferior caste of Hindus in Ben-
ing either the centre or the sole ornament of a necklace, gal, usually petty retail dealers and shopkeepers.
which is tied on the neck of the bride by the bridegroom Tamasha, H. &c. (a. l^UJ) Show, spectacle, a show, any

at the time of marriage : the term and practice are common thing attracting and amusing spectators.

to all the people of the peninsula. TamAsul, H. (a. (JjUJ) Equality : in Mohammadan law,

Tdli-bottu, Tel. (ir'l)25^ii>) The piece of gold which is the division of an inheritance among the legal sharers when
tied round the neck at marriage. their number and that of the shares is the same ; as for

Talika, Talika, H. (A. HaA^ , HaAm) An inventory, a instance, where there are four sharers having equal rights
list of articles. severally to four shares, such numbers are termed Muta-
Talimunda, Uriya (Q|fi5.1flS1p) Land for sowing rice in seed mdsul : other terms describe various modifications of the

upon. principle of allotment as follow :

506
 TAM TAN
Taddkhul, ((Ji-IiiJ) Concordance, when the number of shares Gaz. (cf^tlMl) A caste, or member of it, whose occupation
may be divided without remainder by the number of sharers, is selling betel leaves.

as where there are nine shares and three sharers : the num- Tambolin, H. (S. j^^Jii), Tdmbolin, Mar. (KTWt^^Tir), Ta-
bers are termed Mutaddkhul. molin, Guz. (cl'Hl^lm) A woman who makes up and
Tawdfuh (jf^VO Commensurability, the division of the sells the leaf of the Piper betel prepared for mastication.

shares and sharers by a common divisor, as where there Tdmhul-srdvani, Mar. Cilt^^^'RIirt) A present made by a
are eight sharers and twenty shares, both divisible by four, man newly married to the member of the village com-

termed Mutamdfuk. munity who is charged with the superintendence of public

Tabdyun, {^^}J^) Incommensurability, when no third num- ceremonies in honour of the tutelary deity of the village.

ber will equally divide the numbers of shares and sharers, Tamburan, Mai. («ncr)^(DOnf&) A prince, a Raja, a lord,

as when they are severally nine and ten : the numbers a master, the title of the Cochin Raja.

are termed Mutahdyun. Tamburatti, Mai. (raiOO_jfD3§l) A queen, a princess, a

Tamassukj con-uptly, Tummasook, Tumussook, Tumsook, lady, a mistress.

ToMSOOE, H. &c. (uLwaJ) a bond, a note of hand, a TamgiiA, H. (T. L(UJ') A royal seal or stamp, a royal grant.

written acknowledgment or engagement. See AUamghd.

Tamassuk-i-hdzir-zdmini, H. (see Mazir-zdmin'i) A bond Tamil, or Tamizh, Tam. teuSlj^) The Tamil language,
or recognisance as a security for personal appearance : a that of the people subject to the Madras Presidency, from
bond formerly given by Zamindars to the revenue officers Madras to Cape Komorin.
of the government on receiving the grant of a Zamindari Tamir, H. (A. jjMjJ) Restoring, repairing ; in law, render-

as a surety for their personal appearance whenever required ing a house habitable by putting it in repair, or a field

by the government or its officers. productive by judicious cultivation.

Tamassuk-jdidddi, H. (P. jIiJjU-, q. v.) A bond hypothe- Tamlik, H. (A. ^JJ\Aa^ , from (^JJi«) Possessorship, property.

cating property. Tamlik-ndma, H. (P. &^K) , a document) A deed of transfer,

Tamb, Tambaka, TambarI, Mar. (ni^, IfT^tTJ, KXmJj) whether of gift or conveyance.

Blight attacking a field of wheat. Tamlik-roa-tanliat-ndma, H. (A. P. &«U^J.t^A.l«J) A

TAMBALAvADTJ.Tel. («3O20,^oX°&) A man of a mixed caste, deed of gift and trusteeship which assigns property in trust

the offspring of a female Brahman by adulterous intercourse to a particular person, with the proceeds of which he is

with a Brahman : he is commonly a priest in a temple to defray the expenses of a religious establishment, and, if

of Siva. there be any surplus, he may apply it to his private use.

Tamban, Mai. ((3)ro_l9nr6) A prince, a member of a royal TAmra, vernacularly, Tama, Tamba, Tamben, S. &c. TTWT,
family. Uli', Ixilj": wt^I, KX^) Copper.

Tambdffi, Mai. («nrn_iO§l) A princess, a female of royal Tdmbat, Mar. (t^^z) A brazier, a coppersmith by caste and
descent. occupation.

Tambi, Mai. (fSIOOjl) A younger brother : the title of the Tdmbri, Mar. (ni^T^) Copper-coloured, a sort of soil of a
Raja of Travankur. reddish or coppery hue : it is a stiff clay mixed with sand
Tambih, H. (a. *J>Aw) Correction, admonition : in law, ad- in various proportions, and not in general very productive.
monition to be given by the judge to parties guilty of venial Tdmrapatra, S. {^^^^^),Tdmrapat,MdT. (wraqj) A copper
offences. plate, especially one on which grants to temples or indivi-

TAMBtJLAjTAMBiJi.i, S., but adopted in all the dialects, some- duals are inscribed, such plates are found in all parts of

times slightly modified, as Tam^li, Tamboli, Tambli, India, but are especially numerous in the south of India.

&c. (iriw^ -^) Piper betel ; also the pungent leaf of it Tana, H. &c. (S. UU, wnn). Mar. (mm) The warp, the
rolled up for mastication with small pieces of areka-nut threads lengthwise on the loom,

and spices, with sometimes a small quantity of catechu and Tdni, H. &c. (^Jli', 7IT»ft) The warp of cloth : the price paid

caustic lime. See Pan. for weaving.

Tamboli, H. (S. JljJ^'w"), Tamboli, Mar. (kt^"^^), TamoU, TanAb, incorrectly, Tenab, H. (i_jU1s) A tent rope : a mea-
"507
 TAN TAN
sure for measuring land : it was originally of rope, but Tanio, Guz. («rtl<KL=^L) A wire.

in the time of Akbar it was ordered to be made of bambus Tanjali, Tel. («^oe3~"S) a seller of betel leaves.

joined by iron rings. Tanka, S. (3o|i) a weight of silver equal to four mdshas •

TanAkaz, a. ii^_}ai\j3) Contradiction : in law, bringing for- among the Marathas the Tarih, or Tank (ZoR, ^«f) is

ward two opposing and incompatible claims to the same variously rated at four or nine mdshas, or as the same
property which are considered to invalidate each other. with a tola, or the seventy-second part of a pakka ser : a

TanAkhohi, Mar. (WTT^W) Embezzlement, fraudulent ap- coin, a stamped coin in general ; whence it camfe to be

propriation of money or of goods received for expenditure, applied, sometimes slightly modified, to specific coins in

or in trust. different metals.

TAnakiri, Mai. (WiOrOdEblfOl) A small bag of money as an Tankd, Tankd, Beng. (§°^, ^°<f1) Money in general: a

offering to an idol. rupee : see Taka. Uriya (BQ»l) A measure of money

TAxt), H. (3il5, 7JS) A scaflFold in a field of corn on which value = ten hdhans of kauris.
a man or boy keeps watch to drive away beasts and birds Tanham, Tel. (WoSO) A coin formerly current, but now
when the grain is about to ripen. used only in account, =: to four silver single fanams ; there

Tand, Hindi (ZTS) High and poor soil. — Chota Nagpur. was also a gold Tankam, and a copper coin similarly

Tanda, Mai. (raien^) An open palankin, used in Malabar, named, both obsolete the : latter, however, may be preserved

commonly called 3Ianjil. at Goa, in the copper coin there called, vulgarly, Tong,

Tanda, Tel., Karn. (polS°) A troop of travelling traders, = to 16 Goa paisas, or one-twelfth of a Goa rupee, being

Lambadis or Banjaras : any assemblage of people, a crowd, a large and clumsy piece of copper.

a mob. Tankam, Mai. (f!n805o), Tangam, Tam. (^rLiaiXi) Fine

Tan-daftah, H. (p. j^j, the body, or an individual, ^^IsJ gold.

record) An office, under the Mohammadan government, in Tankakdsa, Mai. (finSescesOC/d) A gold ducat.

which assignments of revenue to individuals were registered. Tankasdld,\eTnacnliirly,Taksdl, or Tdksdl, corruptly, Tach-

Tandai» (?) Tel. An inferior native revenue-officer or col- sal, Tankasarlee, Tunhisal, Tanksall, S. (ieii^KtSl) H.

lector under the head farmer. (Jl«C), Mar. (7cFt[n35, ^^^35) A mint.

Tandal, Tam. (SCOTTI—^) Collection, demand. Taksdli, TaksdUd, H. (^JLJj , Ljl L*Jo), Tdnk-, or Tahsdlyd,

Tandal, Thug. One of the seven primitive clans. Mar. WoF^Tcn) An officer or master of the mint : a caste,

Tande, Karn. (^0&) A father. or member of it, whose occupation is coining.

Tandelu, vulgarly, Tindal, Tel. («^OC§e;j), Tandel, Mar. Tankavelakdran,Ma\. («n89)6iajeJdB610fOa6) A goldsmith.
(ffti^) The head or commander of a body of men : in Tanka, TAnkan, TAnkani, Beng. (^°^, §1°^, St°^)
ordinary use, a petty native officer employed on board ship, Appraising goods, fixing a value or price.

or in the ordinance and tent departments on shore : also TAnken, or TAken, Mar. (7T?R, TIl^), TAnkh, (^U, said

in buildings and public works ; the head of a gang of to be Guzerathi) A reservoir of water, an artificial pond,

labourers. commonly known to Europeans in India as a Tank.

Tandri, Tel. («^C^) A father. Tdnki, Guz. (^Lo%l) A reservoir of water: a small well.

TandrisaidSdu, Tel. («S0ig,'3|O &) A father's brother TdngalfTam. (^nrLJiEEieO) A small natural pond or reservoir.
or sister. Tankachchi, pron. Tangachi, Mai. (rtJiSej.^) The wife

Tanga, Hindi (tTT) A large reedy kind of grass, growing of the Raja of Travankur : a female of the same family

on high ground (Saccharum procerum). or class.

Takiki, Tel., Karn. (S^§, from the A. g*-^) Ascertain- Tangai, or Tangaichi, Tam. (srEJflSSS, srBJOCDSi^)

ment : used as a revenue term to signify the examination A younger sister: (it is no doubt the same word as the
or comparison of a statement or account ; ascertaining its preceding).

correctness. Tankae, (?) A tax on looms. —Kamaon.

TaniMddr, Tel. («So)s'S^O) An inspector, an auditor, an TankArA, Guz. (i'^im). TankAri, or Takahi, Mar. (S.

examiner, an overseer. (SePTX^, JcRTt.t) A stonecutter, a quarrier, a miner.

508
 TAN TAP
Tankhwah, pronounced Tankha, corruptly, Tanka,Tunka, Tdntichipa, Uriya (Q|^l£ll) Strangulation.
TuNKWAH, Tuncaw, H. &c. (ulycu), Tankha, Mar. Tdnt-kar, vernacularly, Tandkar, H. (from S. oS^, a tax)

(tt^) An order or draft for money, a bill of exchange, A tax on looms in Kamaon.
an assignment by the ruling authority upon the revenue of Tanta, Mai. (fmOfS)) A father.

any particular locality in payment of wages, pay, gratuity, yaraiaMr:«,Mal.((5)a3)^g)0) Inheritance by the father's side.

or pension, or in repayment of advances, or any specified Tantavari, Mai. ((tnrf3)nJtPl) The father's line, or inheri-

head of charge : in the Dakhin, the standard rent-roll of tance throus:h the father.

a village or district ; also the oldest revenue assessment, Tanta, Tante, Karn. (oofcJa), So e3) Debt, deceit, knavery

or that fixed by the Adil-Shdhi princes of Bijapur, and slander : dispute, quarrel : any unpleasant matter, or one
re-settled by Toral-Mal, in the reign of Akbar, for the same of difficult adjustment.

tract of country : also, under the Moghul government, an Tantekhor, Karn. (So ejSSuS^o) A knave, a cheat, one

assignment of revenue to maintain vessels of war at Sural in debt, a troublesome person.

to convoy pilgrims going to Mekka by sea. Tasttan, vulgarly. Tom-tom, Beng. (B^Ipei) A small drum,

Tanhhtvah-dahand, H. (P. JsiaJ, let them give) The form especially one beaten to bespeak notice to a public procla-

of words inscribed by the Vazir upon a written application mation : it is laxly applied to any kind of drum.

for an assignment of revenue when complied with : if the Tantrika, vernacularly, Tantrik, S. &c. (iftf^oli) A fol-

sum exceeded 90,000 dams the emperor's signature was lower of the doctrines of the Tantras, a set of works in-

necessary. culcating mystical and impure rites in honour of different

Tankkd-rakami, Uriya (E^SIIQOfll) The title given in Cut- forms of Siva and Durgd, constituting the principal au-

tack to the assessment of the land revenue by Toral-Mal. thority for the worship practised in many places, and in-

Tankih, H. (a. ^^ftJJi), Taniki, Tel. («3S)s) Investigation, fluencing Hindu opinions and observances in the present

search, inquiry, especially examination ^and velrification of day more than either the Vedas or Purdnas.

accounts or revenue payments. Tap, Thug. Bread.

Tank.1, (?) Uriya. A light or quit-rent. Tapa, Tapu, vulgarly, Topo, Topu, Beng. (vs'f, ^«r) West,
Tanki-ddr, (?) Uriya. The holder of land at a quit-rent. east ; technical terms so used in the village register to in-

Tanki-jamin, (?) Uriya. Land held at a low or quit-rent. dicate the relative position of diflerent fields or properties.

TanksiJku, Karn. (OOOcvX3~°00) An extorted assessment. TapA, Hindi (yn) An island in a river.

TannihkAl, Tam. (ssdbrcOOTCTe&arT^) A water-course. Tapakchi, H. (p.

,^J^) a head accountant under the
Tannir-pandal, Tam. (sSOTTeJScfcTUufts^) A shed Mohammadan administration, a chief revenue accountant
A
where Water is distributed to passers by. attached to the Amil, or provincial collector's establishment.

Tansif, H. (a. i—s.^) Dividing in half: settling a disputed Taparihau, Hindi {^j^} , ICf^t^Xm) Land cultivated in

claim by taking the medium of the value in litigation, small patches, interspersed amongst the uncultivated por-

Tant, H. &c. (S. vi-iU, TltiT, if^), Beng. (^I"*,) A loom, tions of an estate.

a weaving apparatus ; also thread, fibre, sinew, the string Tapas, S. &c. (iniH) Penance, ascetic, devotion, the inflic-

or wire of a musical instrument. tion of personal self-denial or torture.

Tdntabdi/a, Beng. (\st»^aTtsr, S. Tt^Txr) A weaver. Tapasmi, vernacularly, Tapasi, or Tapassi, S. &c. ((TTreft,

Tdnt-gdrd, ,Beng. («t°«'ft1^) A hole sunk in the floor in ^AuJJi) A devotee, an ascetic a penitent. Tapaswini, or
, which the treddles of a loom play. Ihpasini, a female ascetic.

Tdnti, H. &c. (S. (Jiib , ffXfd) A weaver by caste and occu- Tapasyd, S. &c. (tPWrr) Austere or ascetic devotion.

pation : in Cuttack the weaver caste is considered one of the Tapodhana, S. &c. (H'?^, and VR, wealth) Rich in devotion,
impure and servile castes : in Guzerat the. word, modified an ascetic, one who leads a life of penance : in Guz. the
as Tdi, is applied to a low caste of Mohammadan weavers. servant and minister of a temple.

Tdntikallaru, corruptly, Culleroo, (?), see Kalla, Thug., TapAshis, corruptly, Tapposnuvees, Tupusneese, Mar.
Said to be applied to a clan of Thugs in Karnata who (Tn?re^5t, from Tapds THTW, inquiry), Tapasnar, Guz.
employ a noose of wire or gut for strangulation. (•i.HL^lt^ll^) An officer under the Maratha government

509 60
 TAP TAR
whose duty it was to inquire into, and report upon, rob- Tar-upar, Hindi (S. g'ific, upper) Breaking up the upper
beries and other crimes committed in his district : he was surface of land slightly so as to remove the grass and
also authorised to apprehend offenders, or to compel the weeds. — Puraniya.

village authorities to apprehend them, and, upon their failure, Tar, H. (P.^) Moist, wet, fresh, green, &c.

to impose upon the village a fine in proportion to the Tara, H. (P. ^) Garden herbs, vegetables, greens.

value of any property stolen : a sort of inspector of police. Tardi, H. ((_y|^) Marsh, meadow, marshy ground ; it is

TappA, Tuppi, H. &c. (Ui, K«tT) A small tract or division applied especially to the moist and jangli tract running

of country, smaller than a pargana, but comprising one or along the foot of the first range of the Himalaya for several

more villages: a division of country for the revenue of hundred miles, varying in breadth fi'om two to fifteen

which only one engagement is entered into with the go- low, moist land lying along the banks of rivers.

vernment : a small estate: in some parts of the north-west Tari, corruptly, Turree, H. (<_?/) Moisture. Mar. (inct)

provinces a Tapfd denotes a tract in which there is one Wet or rice-lands. Uriya (©Q) Alluvial deposit

principal town, or a large village, with lands and villages Tarsud, Hindi (rlT^^) Water or moisture exuding from
dependent upon them; or a cluster of villages acknowledging underneath the soil.

the supremacy of one amongst them, and forming a sort TAh, H. &c. (S.jt, fTTS) A palm tree; it is applied to both

of corporate body, although not otherwise identical. the Palmyra or Borassus flabelliformis, and the Corypha
Tappdddri-mauza, H. (<tij^i_jjbUi) The principal village talliera, and loosely to various other kinds of palms : it

of a Tappd, usually giving its name to the whole Tappd. is most appropriate to the Palmyra, from the stem of

Tappa, Tel. (^^X Mar. (ZTitT),TAPPA,TAPPALU,TAPPE, which the juice is extracted which becomes tdi'i, or, vul-

Karn. (&io3^, Wcd^eu, W~?>3), Tapo, pronounced garly, toddy: the Corypha does not yield the same, but

Tappo, Guz. (iHl) A stage, a halting place, a place its leaves are used for writing upon: the letters are cut

where relays of letter-carriers or palankin bearers are with an iron style, and then smeared over with a prepa-

posted, also the relay itself ; also, in Tel. and Karn., the ration of lamp-black serving as ink, which is wiped off'

post : more usually Tappdl, see the next. from the surface of the leaf.

Tappdlv, Tel. Karn. (W^ew), Tappdl, Mar. (^an^). Tdr-hav, erroneously, Tarhund., H. (from S. hana, or vana

Tapdl,Gviz. (^HIH) The post: the carriage and delivery '^'^, a wood) A plantation of palm trees.

of letters, &c. Tdri, Tddi, vulgarly, Toddy, H. ((.fj'j' , TTTTi) The juice

Tappdkdgada, Karn. (U^D^XO) A letter sent by post. or sap of the Palmyra tree and of the cocoa-nut, which is

Tappdlu-hhane, Karn. (W^eoaJ-ajS) Post-office. drawn off" by incisions made in the bark, and the exudation

Tappdlu-vddu, Tel. (y^e^O<0^(So) A postman. is received by small earthen vessels fastened over the

Tappi, Tel. (W^) An express. wounds in the bark : when first drawn the juice is sweet,

Tappal, Tappowal, Thug. A bye-path, one out of the high- somewhat insipid, and harmless, but when allowed to stand

way into which travellers are decoyed. for a day or more it undergoes spontaneous^ fermentation,

Tappalu, Tel. (pi. S^eW) Corn of which the ears are and becomes a fiery and highly intoxicating spirit.

empty from blight or dearth. Tdripatra, S. &c. (Vr^, a leaf) The leaf of the Corypha

Tapti, (?) Tel. A woodea stan;ip for marking patches of earth palm, especially when used for writing upon: any docu-

put upon piles or stacks of corn. ment written on palm leaves. See Tdlapatfa.

Tapu, H. (^jIj, iTT|) An island. Tdriwdld, H. &c. "^^itj^-i, iITTNt^St) A man who climbs

Tapu, Beng. («'»jf, abbreviation of S. TIW ,

that, and^, be- the palm trees and extracts the sap for the making of tdrL

fore) A term used in accounts, especially in measurement Tarrvaro, Guz. (<^5.°lL«!,l) A man who extracts f«»'4 from

or land surveying, equivalent to aforesaid, as before, already. palm trees.

Tab, Hindi (ut, for S.KqS) Bottom, underneath, under-surface. Tar, H. (p. jU) A wire, a thread, the string of a musical

Tarsiddha, Hindi (iRfi^rs) The under-surface (of land or instrument.

of a field) broken up and prepared for sowing, although Tdrkash, H. (P. (j^^li) A drawer of gold or silver wire.

the upper surface is covered with grass. — Puraniya. Tara, Mai. (f5)o) A town, a village, a district.

510
 TAR TAR
TARADDUD, H. (A. t>J^),TARADDUDU, Tel. («^^&~°&) Taraqu, Tam. (^l7©),TARAGA,orTARAKA,Mal. (rtnro<fe),

Active exertion, especially labour in agricnlturei whence Taraqu, Tarugu, Tel. («^e»Xb, e^asoXb) Brokerage,

it comes to signify cultivation in general. commission, a small deduction from the price of the articles

Taraddudi-jamin, less correctly, Taruddudi-zamin, H. purchased claimed by the agent of the purchaser, the das-

(ij^i^Jt^iiiJ/ t(^^<^^, or Tl^g.^ »T»ft«T) Cultivated land, turi of Hindustan, q. v. : a balance, a measure : a grant

especially land that is always in cultivation, never requiring of land, or the like ; also, in Tel., wastage, deficiency.

to lie fallow. yarfflAaw, pronounceable, ITasra^aw, Mai. (f?n(0<fenf6) A broker,

Taraddudu-jdUtd, Tel.,(«^^^^&8?^22^), Taraddu- an agent ! the name of a caste of Sudras, or of an indi-

dina-patti, Karn. (e9O&)~°&rOo0e3) An account shew- vidual of the caste.

ing the species and quantity of seed sown, the extent of Taral, Mar. (n'ClSg) A man of a low caste attached some-

land under cultivation, and the portion left fallow. times to the village establishment, who acts as a porter, car-

Taraf, Turuf, vernacularly, Taraph, corruptly, Teref, rying burthens for government or tra.vellers as far as the

TuRRTjF, blunderingly, Turneff, H. &c. ((_J^, cTTTR) nearest village ; he officiates also as a sort of beadle : the

Lit. Side, part : also a tract of country, a subdivision of term is derived from the office, as the duty is discharged

a pargana, including several villages : in some places it and the fees are received for a given time by each of the

merely designates the lands or estate belonging to an in- village Mahars in rotation.

dividual which is named after him, as, Taraf Jayndrayan Taram, corruptly, Terrim, Tam. &c. (sijUQ, from the A.

Ghosdl : in Mar. it signifies also a portion of village lands.

Taraph-handi, Turuph-bundee, Mar. (jH.Hi'f^) A system

^
it is
, sort), Taramu, Tel. («^^^)
especially applied in the south of India to designate
Sort, kind, class

of assessment and tenure in which the lands of a village the different classes of village lands, and the heads under
are divided into large parcels, each of which is held of which they are arranged in the village accounts.

government by an entire family, not a branch of it, the Taram-chiththd, cortxiptly.Turm-chitia, Tel. («3^0t3"|^)

individual members of the family making an arrangement A rough valuation or classification of land.

amongst themselves for the cultivation of the several por- Taramddrudu, or Taramddr, corruptly, Terrimddr, Tel.
tions, but being answerable collectively for the whole as- (pOOTyoOCX)) An assessor, a surveyor and classifier of

sessment. land : in Mar. Taram, incorrectly, Turrum (tITI ). is used

Taraf-boMt, H. (ci^Jlji—ip?) The holding of several sepa- also, but rather laxly, i^ this sense, being the appellation

rate divisions of village lands by different brapches of the of any officer who, in former revenue surveys, determined

community, the coparceners of one T'ara/'havlng no interest the classification and assessment of the lands, but who, in

in another, although included under the same village : the the present day, has only to class them according to selected

division may sometimes originate in difference of caste or specimens of the different sorts of soil.

religion, so that a village may have a Mohammadan and Taram-mutasaddi, corruptly, Terrim-mutaseddi, Tam (from

a Hindu Taraf. the A. t^iX«al«) An assessor of land.

Taraf-ddr, H. &c. (P. jlj, who has) An officer of govern- J'arajBpMraiiM, Tam. (^I7LJl_|CrL.(S)) Fraud in classifying

ment in charge of a Taraf, collecting the revenue and the lands of a village.

exercising chief revenue and police authority in his district Tarappadi, Tam. (siJUUl^) Statement of the extent of

the holder of a Taraf, or portion of village lands ; also, a village as arranged in different classes.

generally, one who takes a side or part, an assistant, an Tarappadi-kanakku, Tam. (ssSOTSg) an account) The ,

ally, a partisan. portion of the village register which records the extent and

Tarafain, H. &c. (A. du, ^jl^Jo) Both sides, both parties description of the several sorts of the village lands.

in a law-suit. Tarappadi-manyam, Tam. (LomSTOflLULD, a free grant)

Taraphaian, Gruz. (<1.j[y^^) A drill-plough (having a Thos§ portions of the village lands which are particularised
drill tube on each side of the handle). in the village register as held rent-free hereditarily, either by
Tarof-sdni, H. (A. (Jl> , second) An adversary, an oppo- ownership or by office.

nent, the defendant in a suit. Tarana, S. &c. (tTTOU) The 18th year of the cycle.

511
 TAR TAR
Tarataka, (?) Mar. A fee on marriages, or rather on the by a person deceased: inheritance of such property, whe-
awnings erected in front of the houses at the celebration ther by succession or bequest.

of a marriage. Tarikh, H. &c. (A. ^j'j) Date, era, epoch.

TarawAta, or Tarawada, vulgarly, TarwAd, Tarwaud, Tdrikh-wdr, H. &c. (^ijS^jli) According to the date.

Mai. (f5)OQJ0S) A house, a family, especially a united TaripAr, Guz. (S. cIJOLHL^, from tari, a crossing over, and
family whose affairs are managed by one or more of the pdra, the opposite bank) Transportation beyond sea.

chief members ; the union may be broken up altogether Tarisu, corruptly, TERSEE,TEERSBy,TERSEy, Tam. (Sf:fl<g>)

or subdivided by mutual consent ; the family are bound by Waste or uncultivated land, whether so from time imme-
the acts of the recognised manager: the institution appears morial or only for a season, fallow : any uncultivated field

to be in some respects peculiar to Malabar, and to present the boundaries of a village.

some singular provisions, as where the property is con- Tarisa, Mai. («nf61c/a) adj., Fallow, uncultivated.

sidered as restrSUed to the females of the Tarmdd, and Tarisunilam, Mai. (ra5fDla§0Ole_lo) Waste or fallow land.

the males have no power of alienating it. —Madras Deci- Taeiz, vernacularly, TarIj, H. <&c. (A. fjelya, exchange)

sions, Calicut, May 1852. Statement of particulars of landed property deposited in the

Tarawdtfa-janma, Mai. (rtnooJOg^OZi) Family hereditary collector's office.

property. Tdrij, Guz. (A. cXViXs/) Abstract recapitulation, a number

Tarawdtfuhdran, Mai. («DoaJ0S<je610fDfY6) A householder, of items set down without detailed specification, for the

a man of family, the managing member of a united family : purpose of adding them together and getting a total.

formerly these heads of families were looked upon as au- Tarjama, Tarjama, H. &c. (A. "S^ks-y , Lk^^), TarjamA,
thorities and arbitrators in disputes amongst the people of Tarjuma, Mar. (UTITTI, ffWMl) Translation, interpre-

a district, especially in regard to matters concerning caste, tation : in Mar., also, an abstract statement, a report of

marriages, obsequial rites, and religious ceremonies. proceedings ; an abstract framed from the ek-berji papers

Tarawdttu-mutal, Mai. (finroaJOg^^rsiflsfc) Family property. of the total receipts, expenses, and balances of the govern-

Tarawi, H. (a. LJy}^ Certain prayers to be read by an ment on all accaunts for the year ; iii Bengal it is also

Imdm or Hdfiz in the presence of a congregation daily applied to the English abstract which accompanies native

after evening prayer during the fast of Mavizdn for twenty documents transmitted to the superior authorities.

or thirty days : also a daily supererogatory prayer which Tarjamdn, Tarjumdn, H. &c. (A. tj^>^/, ril.«IHM, cR-

may be read at eight a.m. arfHM) A translator, an interpreter, whence the European
Tarazu, H. (p. jj|/) A balance, a pair of scales : in Sindh, corruption. Dragoman.
a money tax on all articles of food sold in the bazar. Tarkari, H. &c. (i^J^J< T(X^iV&) Esculent vegetables: a

Tari, Tain, (^fpl) A weaver's loom. tax imposed on gardens or ground on which vegetables

Tarikadamai, and Tarivari, Tam. (S n^lsSI—OTOLQ, npl- are grown, especially those of most value, as ginger, tur-

eucfl) A duty or tax levied upon weavers, especially on meric, tobacco, and the like, on which a higher rate of

those settled in villages, payable in money to the proprietors assessment is usually levied.

of land, and carried to the credit of the general fund for Tarpana, vernacularly, Tarpan, 8. &c. (K^JSr) Lit. Satis-

village expenses. fying, but applied especially to the daily presentation of

Taria, Thug. A gold mohur. water from the palm of the hand to the manes at the time

Tarif, H. &c. (a. I—aj;jJ, from <—j^, to know), Tariph, of bathing.

Hindi (hTTW, Tariphu, Tel. (&^6^) Determination, TarrAr, H. (A. ^VJk) A cheat, an impostor, a swindler, a

ascertainment, a table of rates of export and import duties, pickpocket.

in which sense the word has been adopted in English and Taru, Tam. (S. B,ir^) A tree, as in Sanskrit, but it is a

other European languages : (probably through the Spanish term inserted in deeds of sale or gift of land, to indicate

from the Arabic). the conveyance of all the vegetable products of the lands

Tarika, or Tarakah, incorrectly, Tarka,H. (A. iSy,iS^^, transferred.

from CJy , to be left) Property of every description lefl TardgAra, (?) Karn. A village officer in Karnata whose
512
 TAR TAS

business it is to keep the cultivators to their work, and rogha or superintendant of the examining and stampings of

watch that they do not remove any of the crop before the the horses of the state : assignment of revenue or allow-

government share has been taken (perhaps a mistake for ances to the officers in charge of the department.

Talavdra, q. v.). Tashhih, H.(A.jA^) In Mohammadan law, public exposure,

TAB,UMBU,Tam. (s^iLl^) A dam to stop a stream and turn as by carrying the delinquent through the town on an ass

it into a difierent direction. with his face blackened, formerly the especial punishment of

TAs, Thug. The blue jay : on the right, or crossing from left perjury. Ben. Reg. ii. 1807, abolished by Act ii. 1849.

to right, a good omen : the contrary indicates neither good Tashkhi's, strangely corrupted as Teshkees, Teskees,
nor ill. TucKSEES, H. (A. fjoxs^) Distinguishing, ascertain-

Tasadak, H. (A. ijiXfli') Alms, giving alms. ment, valuation, assessment : corrected assessment : net

Tasadiku, or Tastiku, Karn. (§Si»a&), gSi^e&i) Al- standard revenue, or the actual or absolute amount of
lowance by the government to a temple or religious esta- realisable revenue : particular account of such revenue, or

blishment. the available funds which it constitutes : (the term is used

Tasar, less correctly, TussuR, H. (j^i, S.'^CPX) An inferior with some laxity, but it always implies a determinate or

sort of silk, the produce of a worm found wild in many determinable amount of revenue assessment) : Ben. Reg.

parts of India (Bombyx paphia). ii. 1795.

Tasah, Mar. (tHR) A sum compounded for with the culti- Tashkhis-jamd-handi, corruptly, Teshkees-, Teskees-, or

vators by the government in lieu of payment In kind. Tucksees-jumma-iundi/, H. (j_5-iXJ^«>**-, annual assess-

Tasarruf, H. &c. (A. i_f]J*flJ) Possession, property, owner- ment) The net amount of revenue engaged for at the per-

ship, holding any thing at one's own disposal : in law, petual settlement In Bengal ; the total amount of revenue
any act of ownership, the rights of a proprietor over his to be collected under the terms of that settlement ; an ac-
property, as sale, lease, mortgage, &c. count shewing these particulars : a statement of the net
Tasarruf-zdmin, H. (A. ^^1.^, a surety) A surety for pos- annual settlement previously concluded with Zamindars,
session : see the next. Talukdars, and others.

Tamrrvf-zamini, H. (A. ^Jut^ , security) Security for pos- Tashkhis-mukarrari,!!. {k.jJLn, fixed) A fixed assessment:

session : security given by the party in the possession of assessment of the lands in Cuttack made by the Suhakddrs
litigated property that no loss shall be sustained by the of Bengal when Orlssa was also under their authority.

opposite party or claimant in the event of its being Taskkhis-i-Bhunsla, (?) The assessment of the lands In

decreed to him. Cuttack made by the government of Nagpur when the

Tasbi H, H. (A. ^.JmJ) Praying to God : also a rosary, which province was subject to the Bhunsla or Raja of Nagpur.

should consist of a hundred beads of different seeds, woods, Taskkis-i-tadluka, H. (A. luLo) A dependent or subordinate

or precious stones, which are turned over as the prayers property held of a superior upon payment of the revenue

are repeated : the term is commonly prefixed to writings, according to the current rate of the district.

and is used frequently in speech. Tashkku-i-f/umdr-jamd, H. (A. «-«o-^ttij , account of the

Tasdik, H. (a. jjjii^') Verifying, attestation: a counter- revenue) The revised assessment of the revenue of Bengal
mark attached to documents passing through the hands of by JafRr All Khan in 1722, in modification of that origi-

government officers or clerks, especially on petitions to the nally fixed by Todar Mai.
Mohamraadan government for assignment of revenue : spe- Tasgisu, Tel. {p<Oj\'((x>, vernacular corruption oiTaskkkis)
cification of establishment and expenses : fixed amount or Account of the government share of the crop, valued ac-
scale of expenditure for any special purpose. cording to the current rates.

Tas-hi'ha, corruptly, Teshiha, H. (A. issxs^) Muster, espe- Tashrif, H. (a. cJj^Ai'), Tasriph, Mar. (crarltR) Honour-
cially under the Mohammadan government, of the horses ing, conferring honour upon any one, as by paying him a
belonging to the state, for the purpose of being stamped. visit, presenting a dress of honour, or any complimentary

See Ddgh-i-tashiha. donation : the present or honorarium so paid : in the south

Tas-hiha Ddroghm, H. (P. iSijyb) The office of the Da- of India, complimentary presents made by the cultivators

513 6p
 TAS TAU
to the native revenue officers at the time of fixing the 1 in revenue' language to an augmentation of the revenue,

annual assessment. either from extended cultivation or the lapse or resumption

Tasivam, Tel. (s333o) Balance of revenue due by the native of alienated assignments : excess above an intended amount
collectors. of assignment, which, when realised in a Jaglr, was con-
Taslim, H. (a. (tjJjjjj) Salutation, the performance of Saldm. sidered to be the right of the state, although rarely acknow-
Tel. (but ?) Peculation, collections withheld. ledged or paid. Kasim Ali Khan, in order to cover the

Tasma-bazi, H. (^jbiUojjj , P. &amjS, a strap, and ufj^, loss arising from concealment of surplus, assumed its

playing) A low gambling game played with a leather realisation universally; and imposed an Ahmdh, or cess,

strap and a stick : (a favourite game with the lower orders upon assigned lands in its stead, which was thence also

of natives in the north-west provinces, for a knowledge of called Taufir : the term is applied also to the surplus on
which they are indebted to a European soldier. a Jagir or an assignment of rent-free land which is dis-

Tasu, Tasun, Mar. jm, TCa) A measure of length, the 20th covered on either being resumed.

or 24th part of a gaz, q. v. ; it is known in the north-west Taufir-i-Jdgirddrdn, H. (P. j^^ , q. v.) Increase or sur-

provinces as the subdivision of a gira. plus revenue on the resumed assignments of the holders

Tata, Tel. (W^) A grandfather. of Jdgirs.

Tdtamma, Tel. (O SS3) A grandmother, a paternal Taujir-hdmil, or Taufir-kamdl, H. ((J-«&, or jjl^, com-
grandmother. plete) The highest rate of assessment imposed : the stand-

Tat, H. &c. (cijU, ZXZ), Tat, Mar. (m^) Canvas, sackcloth. ard revenue assessment: (it is current in this sense espe-

Tdti, more usually, Tatti, H. &c. (^<J^ ^Ij, 713^, Z^), cially in the Dakhin).
Tdti, Mar. (tTTTJ) A matted screen, a frame of wicker-work Taufir-mauzd, H. (A. «^.*, a village) A village not origi-

filled with the roots of the fragrant Andropogon grass and nally included in the assessment : a village in excess.

placed before the open doors and windows of a house, Taufir-zamin, H. (P. ^jjX^j, land) Lands in addition to,

where it is kept constantly sprinkled with water, by the or excess of, an original grant or measurement.

evaporation of which the air that passes through into the Tauhad, Hindi (m^) Renting. —South-west provinces.

interior of the house is kept much below the temperature Taujih, incorrectly, Touzeh, Touzih, H. (A. ^s^f) Ex-
of the external air : also, from its being inclosed with mats, plaining ; adjustment of accounts : assessment : a revenue

a privy. account shewing, under the name of each payer of revenue,

Tatil, H. (a. tMJ^) Holiday, vacation. the total amount as it falls due by monthly instalments,
Tatimma, H. (A. &am) Appendix, supplement: a supple- the portion actually paid, and the balance outstanding : it

mental pleading or petition. is usually a village account, and is kept by the village ac-

Tatimma-drzi, Tatimma-sawdl, H. (from i^^, a repre- countant : also a register of the estates of a collectorate

sentation, or (Jl)*" I a request) A supplemental or amended kept in the collector's office. Act i. 1845.

plaint or petition. Taujih-mahdl, H. (A. Jlsr«, an estate) An estate that pays

Tatimma-tafrik, H. (A. Jfi>;SJ , separation) A supplementary an assessed revenue.

record of separate interests or shares. Taujih-nams, H. (P. (j*.jy, who writes) An accountant who
Tatpakyam, vernacularly, Tatparj, H. &c. (S. in?'?^) Pur- keeps the account termed Taujih.

port, object, intention, meaning. Taula, H. (ily, ^^t) An intoxicating liquor made from
Tattu, H. &c. (yi',3|), Tattu, Tel. («^tii) A pony: the flowers of the Mahwa tree steeped in water until fer-

the undersized horse that is the prevailing breed in Bengal mentation takes place. — Oudh.
and most parts of India proper. Tauliat, H. (ti^y, from ^^j) Trusteeship or superin-

Tattudari, corruptly, Tatoodahrt, (?) A land tenure in tendence of a religious foundation : the management of the

the Northern Sarkars held at a low unalterable rent. funds appropriated to its support ; appointing a person to
Gl. 5th Rep. such an office, transferring property to him for such a trust

Tau, Thug. A party, either of travellers or Thugs. the term is principally used in these senses in India : in

Taufir, vulgarly Towfeer, H. (A.^ji') Increase: applied Mohammadan law, it also signifies a sale in which the

514
 TAU TAZ
owner disposes of the article sold at tlie price which he charm, especially a verse of the Kuran engraved on a

originally paid for it stone or a piece of metal, inclosed in a case and strung
Tauliat-ndma, H. (P. <!t«U , a document) Deed of trustee- on a thread worn round the neck : a platform or slab of

ship, one appointing a person to the management of a stone placed over a grave.

religious endowment. Tayammum. H. (A. f.*M) Purifying the hands, face, or other

Tauliat-md-al-Tvaxiat, H. (A. Li^'Cjllf^. with a will) A parts of the body, by rubbing them with sand or dust

deed of endowment or trusteeship, executed as a bequest where water is not to be had for the purpose of purifica-

or will to take effect only after the death of the devisor. tory ablution.

Taunari, Thug. A pretext or trick to beguile travellers. TAYAVArKKAL, Tam. (sPTLUSUrTLLIScEBrT^) A large

Taut-dar, (?) Beng. Manager or factor of an estate : a col- water-course.

lector of rents, retaining a portion as his compensation: (an Tazi, H. (p. t^t) Arab, Arabian : an Arab horse.

error for Tdhudddr : see Tdhui). Tdzi-hhdna, H. (P. <UU-, a house) A dog-kennel.

Dar-taut-ddr, Beng. A sub-collector or contractor for the Tazia, H. (A. 'OJxJ') A representation or model of the tomb
rents of an estate ; (see the lasty. of Hasan and Hasain, at Karbala, carried in procession at

Tavanai, Tam. (seuScCOT) A term, a fiKed tetrm, as for pay- the Muharram by the Indian Shias : it is usually made
ment, &c. of a light framework of bambu slips covered with paper,

yacanai-^raya-pairam, Tam. (S51J§C5S3T £6 (ESI IT LUUS^- painted and ornamented with mica and glass, and artificial

CTLd) a deed of sale, after a term ; by which land is trans- flowers, and illuminated within and without ; it is some-
ferred on mortgage liable to redemption within a stipu- times of considerable size and elaborate execution, and,
lated term, but becoming the absolute property of the ^
according to the wealth and piety of the owner, may be

mortagee if not redeemed within the time. constructed of more costly materials, as glass, ivory, sandal-

Taoanahha-chifta, Mai. (mnJ6»-r)ce61^§) An agree- wood, or silver : the common ones are usually thrown

ment to pay a loan by instalments. away or destroyed at the end of the solemnization, the

Tavanamudakkam, Mai. (finoJsnoii^SoeQo) Lapse of term more valuable ones are preserved.
fixed for an instalment ; failure to pay at the stipulated time. Tazia-ddr, H. (P. jlt>, who has) A person who sets up a
Tavanappanam, Mai. ((tnaJ6irY)o_!6vT0o) An instalment, Tdzia at the Muharram.
a stipulated periodical money payment. Tazia-hhdna, H. (P. (Sili- , a house) The place where the

Tawafuk, H. (a. ^ly , from ^jSj) Divisibility by a com- model tombs of Ali and his sons are kept when too costly

mon number, as in the case of an inheritance where the to be thrown away : this is usually the Imdm-bdra, q. v.

number of shares and sharers is so divisible, as where there or a place adjoining it.

are twenty shares and eight sharers, either is divisible by TaziIna, H. (itJbjlj) A whip, a scourge, an instrument for-

four or by two. merly used in the Company's courts for the punishment
Tawaham, a.
(.f^y
, from *2>j , imagination) Doubt, sus- of delinquents, but the use of which has been abolished.

picion : in law, a doubt expressed by a witness that he Tdzidna-barddr, H. iP.j^dji, bearer) The functionary who
may not have given full or accurate testimony through was formerly charged with the duty of flogging culprits

forgetfulness or embarassment, which doubt does not in- condemned to be whipped.

validate his testimony if he be a person of good repute. Tazil', H. (a. iJ^Jjo) Removing or dismissing from office.

Tawajje, corruptly, Tawajee, Kam. (S^g, from the A. Tazir, H. (a. jJiao) Punishment, correction : in law, punish-

^^ , attention to) An allowance made to landholders. ment inflicted at the discretion of the judge with a view

TlwAN, H. (A. ^Ijlj) Fine, retaliation, compensation, damages to public justice ; that is, in cases where, from some im-
in law, the fine for diat, or bloodshed, as opposed to hisds, pediment or collusion, the legal penalties might be escaped
or retaliation: among the Marathas Tdwan (iTI^), im- or evaded, these discretional penalties are to be imposed:

plying fine, is understood to signify one especially imposed on they may extend from simple reproof to mutilation, and

unfounded suspicion of peculation, or on any unjust grounds. even to death.

Tlwiz, H. (A. lijj*^), Tabij, Beng. («tftef) An amulet, a Tdzir-dnif, Tdzir-shadid, H. (uj^c , or S>s£, , severe)

515
 TAZ TEP
Severe or rigorous punishment inflicted at the discretion use of which cakes and tiardens the soil and is unfavour-
of the judge. able to cultivation.

Tazkiat, H. (a. vTi^jijJ') Sanctifying, purifying : that part Teligutta, Tel. ('3S>Xo|_^) A tax on oil mills.

of a man's wealth which is dedicated to pious uses : in Teli-hhurt, (?) A tax imposed on oilmen at so much per mill.
law, the evidence given by a number of persons in favour Telitamboli, Mar. ( tr^lNt^) An oilman and betel seller,

of the credibility or competence of other persons to give a comprehensive- term for persons of these and other low
their testimony : expurgation of evidence : the purgators castes.

are termed Muzakki (^}*)- Thlphal, Mar. (HtjUKciS) Marriage presents, consisting of

Tazvcij, H. (a. ^~yp) Joining, association : in law, marriage, cocoa-nuts, oil, &c., sent by the bridegroom to the bride

contracting in marriage. shortly before his own coming to celebrate the marriage.

Tadal-punjai; corruptly, Teddul-poonja,(?) Tam.(ss^- Telinga, Tilang, or, more correctly, TelinganA, H. &c,
l_|(30r©(S'lJj) High land incapable of irrigation. (.xXJjjij, t^Xili, LIlGlw) Telangan, Mar. ( ri ctJHj) The
Tadal-punja-tirvai, Tam. (^S^U^dDTS'^CrtSSDeij) Assess- country so named by the Mohammadans, the modern Car-
ment of hip;h unirrigated land. natic : according to Campbell (Introd. Telugu Gr.) the

Tedi, Tel. ( esQ) A day of the solar month (? a corruption word is derived from Trilingam, three celebrated Lingas

of Tithi, q. v.). constituting the boundaries of the province : the proper

Tedvati, (?)Mal. Designation of a bond in which, for money Sanscrit name is Andhra.
advanced, land^is assigned to the lender until the loan is Tilangd, H. (LOJj), Telangd, Mar. (h^iit) A native of Ti-

paid (perhaps it should be Tadvati, S. the like of, such as). lang, from whom the first native soldiers, dressed and dis-

Tegubadi, Tel. (~SXbeOQ) Ploughing. ciplined after the European fashion, having been raised, it

Tegula, Karn. (P^^) The general designation of the came to denote a soldier, a Sipdhi.
people who speak Tamil. Telugu, or Tenugu, Tel. ("SeJjXb) The language of Te-

Tehra, H. (]^) A village. linga (from which word Campbell derives it).

Tekad, Mar. (jcRTS) A mound, a hillock. Tenda, Tel. ( ?30"Q') A Fakota,ei lever for raising water.

Tekka, Mai. (6)0)d9Q), Ti^KKU, Tam. (Sssg,) The Teak Tendal, Mai. (6)rtn6ins«st) Begging.

tree (Tectona grandis). Tendalkdran, Mai. (6^ra)6>^(3fc<fe3(t)fT6) A beggar: . a col-

Tekro, Guz. ( Vh^O A mound, a hillock. lector of taxes.

Tel, H. &c. (Jjj. TT^, from S. %^, tail, derivative of til Tenna, Mai. i&(S)0SS), Tengu, Tam, (GsrLJ@) A cocoa-
fn^, sesamum) Oil in general, especially oil extracted nut-tree (Cocos nucifera).

from sesamum seeds. Tengankdy, Tenhdy, Tam. (G^raJSrijcEBrTLU, G^ril-

Telcharhdnd, H. (Ulft,»-(Jvy) Smearing the head, shoulders, arrUJ) The cocoa-nut.

hands, and feet of the bride and bridegroom with oil taken Tengu, Karn. (oOAD) The cocoa-nut.
from the jar provided for the occasion. Tenginamara, Tenginagida, Karn. (oo'^tOMO^ QO'hiO-
Teldij.mali, (?) A contribution levied in kind upon the oil- y^O)) A cocoa-nut tree.

men of a village by the Pdtil. Teninginandru, Karn. (po'htOrUcloS)^ Tengdyndr, Tam.

Telghard, H. (l}^(Jju) A jar or pitcher of oil painted and (SsmarTLUrjrrcr) The fibres of the cocoa-nut shell

used at marriage ceremonies. and of the stem of the tree used to make rope, mats, &c.,

Telghdnd, Mar. (^^tsJTOT) An oil-mill : certain ceremonies commonly termed Coir.

performed at the marriage of a Sudra. Tengalay, (?) The name of a religious sect in the south of

Teli, H. &c. (^, ^giU Telio,Gviz. (fl&ft^) An oilman, India. — Kombakonam.

one whose caste and occupation is expressing oil by mills Tenpi, Tel. ("3oaD) A widow.

from different sorts of seeds, and selling it, considered as Tentari, Beng. (ife°§t^) A brazier.

a low and impure caste. Tep, Mar. (Sn) A mound or hillock.

Telid, Teliya, H. (UjJ, ^^ni) Oily, applied in the north- Tep, Guz. ( i\) Sentence of imprisonment or transportation

west to a sort of water of an unctuous appearance, and the for a given term, civil or military decision of a judge.

516
 TEP THA
Teppa, Tel. ( «3 ^) A float or raft of timber on which the (^t*W), Thdkur, Mar. (3T^) An idol, a deity: any indi-

natives go out to fish at sea ; also the float attending the vidual entitled to reverence or respect, whence it is generally

embarkment boats at Madras, commonly called Katta- applied to persons of rank and authority in different parts

maran. of India, as a lord, a chief, a master, a spiritual guide, the

Terah-tezi, H. ii_sjj^}ijj^ , from H. .X^jJ, thirteen, and P. Bhdt or genealogist, the head of a tribe, the head of a

jjfJJJ , sharpness, applied in India to a lunar day in the village, and the like : in the west it is commonly given
month Safar) The first thirteen days of the month Safar, to the great feudal nobles of Rdjputdna, as Bhim Sing
which are considered very unlucky, as Mohammad was Thdkur, &c., and is the usual title of a Rajput or Grdsia

seriously unwell on those days : on the 13th iegi (or day chieflain elsewhere : in the Dakhin it is borne by the head
of the lunar month), which, according to one reckoning men of the Bhils and other wild races, and is there said

may be the 12th, or to another the ISth day of the month to signify also a particular tribe inhabiting the forests

good Mohammadans are to bathe and distribute food and in Upper India it frequently denotes the individual members
alms. of village communities of Brahmanical or Rajput descent,

Teravu, Karn. (oOn^) Price paid to the friends of a fe- who are notorious for irregular and turbulent conduct : it

male child about to be betrothed. also means a barber. In Bengal it is equivalent, as a term

Terbulige, (?) Karn. Giving back. of address, to Sir, Master, Your worship; and is a family
Tergade, and Terugade, Karn. (S^Xf"^, S&X^) Set- name indicating respectable and Brahmanical origin! the

tlement of an account, acquittance. Thdhurs, of whom Bwdrakdndth Thdkur deserves espe-

Terike, Tehige,Tenge, Karn.(9BO, SO"??, OO"??) Taxes. cial notice as a man of liberal opinions and enterprising

Terifjekdgada, Karn. (S8"A5D~9aO) a written lease, or character, who died in London in 1846, constitute a

a paper containing an account of the periods when instal- family of Brahmans well-known and much respected in

ments of the taxes are to be paid. Calcutta.

Terige-Mla, Terige-yokkalu, Karn. (is"?? ?&)§', S'6l?(°- Thdkur di, H. (^^J^l^ , ^TohuJ,) The rank or office of a chief
CXiJBoeU) One who pays taxes, a tenant of the soil. or Thdkur.

Tetta, Karn. (oo „) Paid, as taxes. Thdkur dni, or Thahurdin, H. &c. ii3^^ > loij/'^ > ^l^Ulifl)
Tetta-kdsu,Tetia-gdnike,Ksim. (o-S^O^r&i, B8_JTrsbD) A goddess, a lady, a mistress, the wife of a spiritual pre-

Tax money. ceptor, the wife of a Rajput chief, and the like : in ad-

Tettahula, &c. Karn. (o^^Ooy) A person who pays taxes, a dressing a female it is equivalent to Madam, Your ladyship.

tenant of the soil. Thdkurdit, H. (c1-^.]/^j ) The holding, or tenure, or rank

Thag, Thug, H. &c. UL^, Z^), Thak, Thag, Mar. izm, of a Thdkur.

JPT) a cheat, a knave, an impostor ; latterly applied to a Thdkur-hdp, Beng. (^Wst<iW) A grandfather ; lit., a vene-
robber and assassin of a peculiar class, who, sallying forth rable father, &c.

in a gang of smaller or larger numbers, and in the character Tkdkur-md, A grandmother, &c.
of wayfarers, either on business or pilgrimage, fall in with Thdkur-ldti, or -bdri, Beng. (^tf^TTtP^, -Tt^) A temple,

other travellers on the road, and, having gained their con- an idol-house.
fidence, take a favourable opportunity of strangling them Thdkur-dmdrd, H. &c. (S. ITC. a door) A temple, a build-

by throwing their turbans or handkerchiefs round their ing in which the village idols are kept.

necks, and then plundering them and burying their bodies : Thakuriyd, Asam (^^1^#W) The title of a subordinate re-

it has also been applied to child-stealing and robbery not venue officer charged with the collections of a subdivision
amounting to Dakaiti. Act iii. 1848 : the more correct of a pargana comprising two or three villages.

appellation is Phdnsigdr, q. v.). Thdkurjhi, Beng. (a1^^^, from W(, a daughter) A wife's

Thagi, Thugi, corruptly, Tuggee, Thuggee, H. &c. i,^ sister, a husband's sister ; that is to say, the husband calls

Zff(i The practice of strangling and robbing, the practice his wife's sisters by the name : the daughter of a spiritual

of child-stealing. Act xviii. 1837 ; xviii. 1839 ; iii. 1848. preceptor.

THAK0R, Thakoor, H. &c. (/!«>', 71WC, S. Z^, Beng. Thdkur-khurd, Beng. (from "^pl, an uncle) A paternal uncle

517 6 Q
 THA THA
''Thdkur-sevd, H. (S. sa^t , service) lit., The service of an under the present system it properly applies, in Bengal,

idol, applied to a grant of revenue for maintaining the to the police jurisdictions into which the Zilas were
worship of an idol. divided, each Thdna averaging about twenty miles square,

Thakur, Thug. The loud cry of the large owl. under a ddrogha and establishment : in the Upper Pro-
Thal, Thul, H. &c. (J^, ^cJ. from the S. W^) Firm vinces the site of a Thd/nd is regulated by considerations

ground, place, spot, site, a sand-hill, a sand-bank, the sandy of area and population, and generally corresponds with the

tract interposed between the west of Rajputana and the divisions of a Pargana (Ben. Reg. 1792, No. xlix., and
Indus : in Marathi, the share (of the lessor or lessee) in Reg. xxii. 1793) ; its common use denotes any police-

the produce of a field ; also, a portion of land consisting station, whether under a ddrogha or a subordinate officer

of several fields ; also, inspection and estimate of the crop also, a village or station assigned to invalid Sipahis. Ben.

at harvest : with the peculiar I, Thal (^Ic5)> the word Reg. xliii. 1793. Tel. Thdnd, C^O^) The head station

has the general import of place, spot, in a restricted sense : of a district.

it also means a sugar-cane plantation. Thdnddar, H. &c. (^IjUl^'), Thdneddr, Mar. and Guz. {z[^-
Thalharit, Thulbureet, Mar. (?) Customs levied on articles '^x) An officer in charge of a Thdnd, formerly, an officer

despatched from the village or town in which they are under the Faujdar, employed, with a small irregular force,

produced. in protecting the country and enforcing payment of the

Thalkari, Mar. ('^^foR^ft) A landed proprietor, the owner revenue : a petty police-officer subordinate to a ddrogha.

of the land, whether he cultivate or let it ; the reverse of Ben. Reg. vii. 1799 ; xxviii. 1803.

the Upari, or tenant cultivator. Thdndddri, H. (i_fy 'iJ , having) The office or jurisdiction of

Thaljhdrd, Mar. (''^^S'RiJ^) The record of the fields belong- a Thdndddr.

ing to a village. Thdndddri-dbwab, H. {'^^f} , q. v.) A cess for the purpose

Thalmod, Mar. ('^rgsjfls) Customs levied on articles brought of paying the establishment of the Thdndddr.
into a town or village for sale. Thdnajdt, or Thdnahdt, H. (cjlj^l^' , tul^l^, plur. of

Thalrudik, also written Thalmdhih, Mar. ('^IcS'^T^'ir, '^55^- <)Jl^) Police-stations : a cess for defraying the expense of

f^alt) A landed proprietor, the owner of a piece of land. their establishment.

2%«ZTOa«A,Mar.('^I35^T^o|i) The possessor of sugar plantations. Thana, Tibet. A grain measure, a skin = equal 60 kalis. —
Thal, Tibet. Tax, Huty. —Kamaon. Kamaon.
Thala, (?) H. A sort of soil, the same, in some parts of the TniNi, H. ((j^j) Stationary, resident : a permanent culti-

north-west provinces, as Bhur, q. v. vator, a, proprietor.

Thalyat, Beng. (^RTt*!, from ?t^, a bag) A receiver of Thdni-malangi, Uriya (sJIffflR.g') A salt manufacturer

stolen goods. working at his own village.

Thamdi, (?) Tel. The name of an agricultural and proprie- Thdni-rdyet, Uriya (2<1§Q|GQ0) A resident cultivator, one

tary caste in the Nizam's country. who has a proprietary interest in the soil.

Th'amukadu, (?) A proclamation, a public notice. —Kum- ThandI, Hindi (z^) Lit, Cool, cold: free from weeds, soil.

bakonam. Thang, H. ((.f^l^J) A den of thieves.

Thamuni, Thug. Bribery. Thdngi, or Thdngiddr, K. (^-^l^, .Uj^^I^) A receiver

Than, H. (^lfi,S. "m^) A piece of cloth, or of coin, as, of stolen goods.

ek-thdn-ashraji, a gold mohar. Thdngiddri, H. (^j^Sj^^) Receiving stolen goods.

Thana, or Thanah, corruptly, Tannah, H. &c. (Ul^, ij\^, Thankhanja, Uriya (2J|9gi®|) A detailed list or muster-

mqr, from S. ^ZTR, a place). Thane, Mar. (^T^) A sta- roll of the Malangis or other workmen.

tion, a military post, a police-station : under the native ThAp, or TnlPAjThug. Place of encampment where the gang
governments it was a military post or garrison, a place, pass the night, usually outside the village : hence, also, a

sometimes with a small fort, where a petty officer, with a river, the banks being a frequent halting-place.
small irregular force, was posted to protect the country, ThApa, H. (bl^, snm) Gleanings, corn left on the field afler

preserve the peace, and to aid in making the collections harvest.

518
 THA THI

ThapI, H. A stamp, a die.

(U^', 7tri) as security, especially by contractors or renters of taxes,

Thapati, Mar. (^STPR^) A cake of dried cow-dung: a stamp instead of personal surety : putting money in a treasury

or mark set by authority upon an article, prohibiting its or bank : advapce of cash.

being used or removed : the prohibition so indicated. TillBAO, Thug. An omen on the right hand. «

Thapka, Mar. (^TeRT) A stigma, a slur, imputation of crime. Thik, Theek, H. &c. (tLXj.fl' , yNs) Exact, exactness, sum.

ThaptiI, Thug. A potter. Thikd, corruptly, Ticca, Tucka, Teecka,li. &c. (Kj.^, ThsRT)

ThahIo, H. Mar. (jl^ , iXX^ Settlement, determination, fix- Hire, fare, fixed price, contract for work a farm of revenue,
;

ing or determining. a contract by which a person engages to pay a fixed amount

Thardo-band, Mar. (TCR^^) A paper of instructions fur- of revenue on an estate or district, on being allowed to

nished to a native revenue officer on his going to take collect the revenue payable to the proprietor or the state

charge of a district : a document specifying the terms of a a farm of cultivation, a lease, the contractor paying a money
settlement or decree, or conveying instructions for their rent for the lands he cultivates : a farm of salt works, pay-

being carried into effect. ing either in money or a given return of salt : the revenue

Thardo-berij, corruptly, Tharom-beriz, (3i.l=KCl»l) Fixed accruing from such leases or farms ; also a mortgage in
rent or rate of assessment. which the persqn who advances money on landed security

Tharu, (?) H. The designation of the people occupying vil- occupies the land, and sets oflF the produce against the

lages in the Tardi on the borders of Rohilkhand. amount of interest.

That, (?) H. Property in the soil derived from royal grant, Thikdbandi, corruptly, Teekdbundee, H. &c. (t.yi\ijSi,j.«j) A
immemorial occupation, or purchase. —Kamaon. settlement by farm or contract, a farm or lease, the farm

Thdtmdn, (?) H. A proprietor of the —

soil. Ibid. held on lease : in the Dakhin, a stipulated rent on each
Thatha, (?) H. Channel for carrying off surplus rain- field, without reference to its extent.

water. Thiha-bhet, H. (tiL>^6.A^ ) Extra imposts, personal service,

Thatheha, H. (La-jj^ji, iilS) A brazier, a worker in tin and presents or gratuities of money. — Kamaon.
copper. Thiha-ddr, corruptly, Teechadar, Tuckadar, H. &c. (P.

Thatthar, (?) H. An account kept in the upper parts of jlo, who has) A farmer, a leaseholder, a middleman, one

Bengal, shewing, under each name, the quantity of land held, who receives the rents from the cultivators and pays a sti-

the amount of revenue payable, and charges, payments, re- pulated amount to the proprietor : one who farms a licence
missions, and balances. for the sale of spirituous liquors, or the like.

Thatti', Mar. {yc(^) The cattle department, the public esta- Thikd-otband'i, Beng. (^§^^, q. v.) Lease of land at a
blishment of draft bullocks, their drivers and attendants. low or estimated rate.

Ti-iEK, H. (l.^Jj^ , ToF) a portable granary : a dispute, dis- Thikd-fatta, corruptly, Teekapottah, Tikaputtah, Tucka-

puted lands or boundaries. pottah, H. Uj, XIJT, q. v.) A document conveying a lease

Theki, corruptly, Theckee, (?) Mar. A land measure in use or farm.

in some parts of the Dakbiu, of an indefinite value ; it may Thikd-peshgi, H. (P. ,_5X(i.Jj) Lease or farm of which the
be one or twenty bighds. rent is paid in advance.

Thekyi, (?) H. A lot or parcel of land in a coparcenary vil- Thikan, Thikana, corruptly, Tikan, Mar. (ftoRTO, ftoirTTiIT)

lage, divided into 37 such shares, assessed severally. A residence : a definite spot or plot of land belono-ino- to

Dehli.' a given individual.

Thenga, Thug. A sword. Thikana, H. (Ijls!^' , fT^rnn) Determining, concluding, cer-

Thenga, Uriya (GOSf) Rising ground. tainty : boundary, limit : residence, place of dwellinn- or

Thep, Mar. (3tf) Limit, boundary, an appointed or assigned abiding.

term or time. Thikah, or Thiicra, H. (;lx^, from |/j^,a potsherd) The

Thev, or Theo, Theva, Thevan!, Mar. (^g, Z^J, "^^m^) duty of keeping the village watch, taken in succession by

A hoard or hidden treasure, a deposit : also Thevani. the villagers in the Rohtak district : the order is determined

Thevanati, corruptly^ Tevantee, Karn. Deposit of money by lot, the names being inscribed on bits of broken pots
619
 THI TIA
or tiles, and put into a vessel, from which they are drawn Thok-ddri-pattd, H. (from Uj, a lease or grant) The official

daily to the extent required, by the Patmdri. title-deed given to the Thokddr in Kamaon by the govern-

Thike, incorrectly, Tika, Mar. (f^) A parcel or lot of ment, specifying the villages under his authority, and the
ground. fees he is entitled to.

Thikehandi, Mar. (ft^^) Assessment of a field or piece Sak; Dastur-Thokddri, H. (from A. Jf»-,
or right, or

of ground. jjJwii, custom) Fees payable to the Thokddr by the other

Thikemdr, Mar. (ftgi^T) By lots or parcels, assessments. Padhdns. — Kamaon.

ThikIj Mar. (f3«li^) A stack, a rick (restricted to corn) : a Thok-patti, H. (from |Jb , a share) A division of a Thok
quantity of any kind of grain piled up in store. into Pattis, with the rate of assessment on each : a share-

Thob, (?) H. Revenue payments suspended. record, or register.

Thok, incorrectly, Thoke, and Toke, H. ((jJjfJ , "^tm) A Thok, Mar. (:jlro|i) Lump, mass, whole : in or by the lump.

share, a portion, a secondary or inferior share of the lands Thoktdld, Mar. (7lo|rBT35T) A rough estimate or valuation,
of a coparcenai^ village : authorities differ as to its relative a valuation in the gross or lump.
value, and it probably varies in diflferent places : according Thokebandi, Mar. (7t«ir^^) Assessment or agreement by ,

to some it is smaller than a Patii, which contains, it is the lump.

said, a variable number of Thoks, and each Thok a varying ThokI, Mar. (TtoFT) Letting out fields for a portion of the

number of Behris. — East- India Selection, iii. 167 : on produce.

the other hand the directions for settlement officers makes Thoka, (?) H. A point where three or more boundary lines

the Thok the larger division of the village lands, some- meet. —North-west Provinces.

times containing a number of Pattis ; again, a Thok is Thoka, or Toka, (?) Beng. (perhaps from J^Tt^, a lot, a
sometimes said to denote a class of villages ; and at others heap) A term applied to documents shewing a title to a
to be the same as the Patti : in Kamaon, it is defined certain amount of land (?).

the local division of a village specified in the measurement Thoki, Thug. Ejection of saliva by the leader, a hint to sus-

books. pend operations.

Thok-bandi, H. (P. i^Sli , a binding) A written engage- Thola, corruptly, Toleh, (?) H. A secondary subdivision of

ment specifying the distribution of the shares of a copar- village lands : in the Delhi district, a variable fractional

cenary village. part of a Pana or Pan, and itself divisible into smaller

Thok-hast, H. (P. c>*kO, bound) A classification of Pa</M portions.

or other subdivisions of a village into Thoks. Tholaddr, H. (P. j\d , who has) The holder or occupant of

Thok-ddr, H. (P.jb, who has) The holder oi &Thok,oT a Thola.

sometimes the principal of the holders amongst whom the Thola, Thug. A police-station or guard.

lands or fields of a Thok may be shared, and their repre- Thora, (?) Mai. The unit of land measure : in Malabar the

sentative in settling and realizing the assessment : the Thok- breadth of the seed of a Yevam, which is said to be a

ddr and Pattiddr are sometimes confounded in this ca- species of opium or aniseed ; (but ? if it is not the S.

pacity of Lumberdar or Malguzar or payer of the revenue : yavam, or barleycorn): it is called ^th of a veral, or Ijth

the term sometimes, also, is said to imply a wholesale of an inch (Walker, Report on Malabar ; but according to

dealer : in Kamaon, the Thokddr is a ministerial officer, Bailey, Mai. Diet., there is no word in Malayalam begin-

usually by inheritance, confirmed, or sometimes appointed ning with th).

by the ruling authority to exercise a general superinten- ThiJ, (?) Tibet. A cloth measure, a cubit.

dence over the villagers, and to conduct police and purvey- Thumba, H. (Ui^ ^^) , A lump of earth put on the loose

ance duties in a varying number of villages, of one or more end of the lever used for raising water from wells to ba-
of which he is ordinarily, though not necessarily, the Pa- lance the bucket suspended to the end that is over the well.

dhdn (q. v.). THtJNi, Ti^ooNi, (?) Mai. A weight of grain or dry measure

Thok-ddri, H. (P. ,^j^<i , having) Property, office, or duty = 86,400 grains of rice: (see remark on Thora).

of a Thokddr. Ti-ANE, Hindi (Z^WItt) A charge of a small per centage on

520
 TiD Tip

the revenue, made by the proprietor to Ryots cultivating TiKARi, or TiKRi, H. (uf;Cj, fjoKTlt) Soil which is irreten-

on Jot-jarihi tenure. tive of moisture, and that soon dries.

Tidal, Tarn. (^L_^) High ground surrounded by water or TiKARiBASTf, Beng. (ffe^fa^5Tf%, from fS^^, rounded) A
rice fields. site fit for a village or a dwelling, being raised above the
TiDAR, Tam. (^I_Q") A low hill or rising ground : an open inundations.

barren space. TiKKA, (?) Mar. (perhaps an error for Thika) A division

Tidar-paraiyar,Ta.m. (USCTsnQLUIT) TheParaiya or Pariah of a district ; a village named separately, and particularized
slaves, who do not reside in the suburb set apart for them, by its contents in bighds, portions held by proprietors or

but are scattered over the barren spots of the village lands : unoccupied, cultivated and waste lands, rate of assessment

in deeds conveying Mirdd right this phrase is inserted to per biffhd, total assessment and description of cultivators.

imply conveyance of a right to a participation in the labour TlKURHA, Uriya (©iQQ |) A division of produce into three

of all the agrestic slaves of the village, in proportion to parts, two of which go to the cultivating occupant and one
the share of proprietary right conveyed to the land. to the landlord or proprietor.

Tigalaha-jIti, Karn. {BK^^DB) A class of people of Til, corruptly, Teel, H. &c. (S. JJ, fa^) The seed of the

Karnata, speaking a corrupt Kauarese, cultivating land and Sesamum, extensively used in the making of oil, and as an
dealing in greengrocery* lime, &c. ingredient in offerings to idols ; the term is also applied

TiGHANi, Thug. The eye. in Bengal to a small division of land measure, one-twelfth

TiHAi, Uriya (S^IQ) Collection of rent thrice a year (S, f^ of a krdnt, or, in. account, to one-eightieth of a kauri :

and ^TI'Tj a year). see Tel.

TlHAlAT, H. (c:^,l^) An aggregate or assemblage of three Til, Thug. A person found watching the gang.

a court of arbitration of three or more persons : a third TiLA, TiLHA, H. &c. (LJ, l«l.A), Z^\, Z\v^) A low hill,

person, an umpire. a rising ground.

TiHOTRA, Mar. (fil^hn) Interest at the rate of three per cent, TiLAKA, vernacularly, Tilak, S. &e. (fil^oir, (.LUi) A co-

per mensem. loured spot on the forehead worn as an prnament, a sec-

Tij, H. (^,lifsf, S. ^hImO The third day of a lunar fortnight. tarial mark, or mark of distinction : see ^ihd : it occurs

Tijd, H. (IssiJi) The third day after a Mohammadan's decease, also in Mar. Tild, Tilak, (fj^ST, f7^«S), as well as Tilak
when oflferings are made : the offerings made on the (fiT^cir), and designates any coloured sectarial spots or lines

occasion. on the face or person. In some places, as in Bahar, the

TiKA, H. &c. (1^, Zf^, S. fil^oir) A round painted spot, term is applied to certain presents or du* in money or
or a patch of gold or metal placed on the centre of the goods at the time of a betrothal made to the intended bride-

forehead as an ornament, a sectarial distinction, or a mark groom by the father of the bride.

of high rank ; conferring the tikd upon a subordinate or TiMASHi, H. A silver coin of the value of two to three anas.

feudatory chief is the privilege and indication of supremacy —Kamaon.

it is exercised especially by Rajput princes, as by the Rana TiNGOTi, (?) Mar. A tax on the sale of cattle in some parts

of Udayapur, and Raja of Jaypur ; also by the hill chiefs, of the Maratha territories.

as the Raja of Bildspur : some chiefs retain the privilege TiNNA, TiNMUA, Thug. A boy.

from their ancestral dignity rather than any political pre- TiNNAL-PANAM, Mai. (fJnlSg»36oa_]OOo , from rtnl(35»36o, a

eminence, as the Raja of Baddwar, near Agra. month) General monthly levy of contributions from all

TiKALA, Thug. Any suspicious article taken from a victim classes by the Rajas of Malabar.
which it is dangerous to have about the person as likely Tinnalkkoppa, Mai. (rari(SS*36o6ld&eiOo_j) Monthly provisions
to lead to detection. for a temple or victualling house.

TiKAB, H. &c. {f~u Z^«FT) High ,

lands of indifferent quality, Tip, H. &c. ((._.^>J', '^) A note, of hand, a promissory note

TikAr, Hindi (S. fWoRK) Three ploughings. or bill, a bond, a cheque ; besides these meanings, which

Tf KARi, Hindi (^toRT;^) A small field of inferior land. —South- are common to all the dialects, it has special applications

west Provinces. in some, as in Mar. (ztxO, taking a list of the number of

521 6r
 TfP TiR

houses, trees, cattle, &c., preparatory to a tax upon them. Piper betel : the name of a low caste, formerly extant,

Guz. (ilH)j A list, an inventory, a catalogue, a roll or employed in making arrows.

register. Tipu, Tel. (^od)) A grant or assignment of TiRHiA, Thug. A bag or knapsack.
revenue to a capitalist who has advanced money to the go- TiRij, or TiRAJ, corruptly, Tirj, Turj, Tareje, Tabu,
vernment. Tareej, Teridge, Teyhij, H.&c.(_yJo .Tftr^r), Teriju,
Tipkdr, Tip-, or Tipnis, Mar. (Thrarn:, fz^- ^Vi^f^) The Tel., Karn. ( oSftf-), TsHfj, Mar. (^t^) An abstract

officer who numbers the houses, &c., of a village, in order account completed from other detailed accounts : an item

to tax them. in a number of items to be added together, a paper or list

Tipd-moharir, Uriya (Sla|€?ll^QQ) A clerk who notes of items to be added together.

the amount of the weighment of salt at the salt-office. Tirij asdmiwdr, H. (ilj^«U<!, according to cultivators)
Tipan, Mar. (fe'TO) A note, a memorandum : also a memo- One of the village accounts under the former system, and
randum paper. recognised in the settlement of the north-west provinces as

Tip, Thug. A fire kindled for evil purposes. one of the documents constituting the settlement Mid : it

TiPARi, Guz. (ilH^CL, ilHsl) A grain measure = half a «er. is the abstract of the Khateoni Asdmiwdr, specifying the

TiPPAHf, Mai. (fisTlo-lffl) A grain measure, the same as a number of each Thoh or subdivision of the village lands,

ndla, or one-fourth of an Edangali, q. v. the name of its occupant, the number of highds occupied,

Tib, H. (P.j^) An arrow. without particularising the fields, and the amount assessed
Tirharanar, (?) Mar. A low caste, formerly extant, whose upon the whole land. — Directions for settlement officers,

occupation was making arrows. App. xi.

TiRA, vernacularly, Tie, S. &c. {jj3 , rlW A bank, the bank Tlrij-goshwdra-jinsmdr-asdmimdr, H. (see Goshwdra, &c.)
of a river, a shore, a belt of sand along a river's bank, A tabular abstract statement of each kind of produce (Jins)

sometimes admitting of a scanty cultivation, alluvial soil of the fields of a village, with the name of the occupant.

along a river. Tirij-jinswdr-asdmiwdr, H. (A. iji*J^, genus, thing) A

Tir, or Tirmadhya, Beng. (^VsT, vftS^SIT) The space or specification of the fields in the occupation of each person

land included within 150 cubits beyond the highest reach cultivating on his own account.

of the inundations of a river on the 14th of the moon's Tirij-jamdbandi, H. (^jSXj^s-, rent-roll) Account, par-
'
wane in Bhadra (Aug.-Sept.). ticulars of the annual revenue and charges of an estate.

Tira, commonly TfR, Teer, Mai. (fjnlro) A written receipt TiriJ-jamd-kharch, H. (A. »>i^, income, rf^, expense)

pr acknowledgment : a deed of assignment of land for A summary account of the receipts and disbursements of
value received. a village, made up at the end of the year.

Tirmma, Mai. (ftSlCKZ) Discharge, acquittal, settlement TiHKiA, Tliug. A goldsmith.

Tirmmuri, corruptly, Teermoorie, Mai. (jWQi^o\) A writ- TiRPPU, Tam. (4crui-|). Tel. (^^), TiRPPA,Mal. (anlglj)

ten receipt. A decree, an award, a decision: an agreement, a settle-

TfBA, Mai. («n1o) Tribute, tax. ment, a final arrangement.

TirIi't, Tikhait, corruptly, TiKAYUT.Mal. (fiH,T|Tl , fiTSfl^W) TiRTHA, vernacularly, Tirth, and Tirath, S. &c. (ift^) A
An umpire, an arbitrator, any third person, a stranger, a holy place, especially one that derives its sanctity from the
panch&yat collectively. confluence of two rivers held sacred, as the Ganges and
TiHANAisuVAB, Tam. (^ u8(3SJ5T<5t6SJ Ij) Parapet wall of a Jamna, also various places along the banks of rivers

sluice. esteemed holy, and, more laxly, any holy place or place of

TiRDHAL, Mar. (fiTTIV^S) A third of the produce of a field, pilgrimage : water brought from a sacred stream, or that

especially as payable by the occupant tenant to the landlord. has been consecrated by pouring over an idol : also, fig.>

TirdJiali, Mar. (firW^^) A cultivating tenant who pays a any venerable person, as a father or a spiritual preceptor

third of the produce of his fields to the proprietor. in the south of India it is also applied to a hereditary

Tihg6l, Mar. (cft?»T35) A particular tribe of Brahmans, or oflSce in a temple.

an individual of it, whose occupation is cultivating the Tirthahdra, S. (Tl^^«lin:) A holy personage, one privileged
522
 TIR TOD
to drink the sacred water and partake of the food that has Tirvai-dinam,Tam .(^ZTS^SU^ ll l_lli)Rate ofassessment.
been offered to idols : Tirthakdra, or Tirthankara, is also Tirvai-jdsti, (?) Tam. An additional assessment on inferior

the generic title of the persons held sacred by the Jains. land when made to produce crops, usually limited to land

TiRU, Tarn. (^(13), Mai. (r5)1fK), Earn. (S^) A word of superior quality, as garden crops, or those raised from

used chiefly as a prefix in the sense of the Sanscrit Sri, wet or irrigated land.
implying auspicious, venerable, sacred, and the like ; it Tirvaipat, or Tirvaipaftu, corruptly, Teervapeit, also with
enters into the names of many places in the south of India, Nilam, land, added, Tirvaipatfanilam, Tam. (^iJOZyjSU U-
corrupted by English mispronunciation to Tri, as Triva- UlI®, ^crODDOJUUlll-r^eOlL) Land paying a fixed

toor, for Tiru-vatur ; Tripetty, for Tiru-pati, &c. money assessment,

Tiruka, Karn. (oOO o) A mendicant, a beggar, a vagrant TiRTE, TiRViKE, Karn. (BC^F", B^t>F-0) Settlement, ad-
Tiruhkulam,TaLm. (^(r5<S@6TTLO/A tank with stone steps. juBtment. See Tiruve.
Ti't'uman,Tam.{^irNLnSSc{),Tirumam, Karn. (§O0&K)) TiRViLA, Mai. («nlolne-l) A bargain.

Sacred earth, a kind of white clay with which the Vaish- Tirvilayola, Mai. (nnloLTlejeicajoaA) A bill of sale.

navas especially draw perpendicular lines on their foreheads TisalA, Mar. (fTOT^T, from S. f%, three, and A. JL, a

or on other parts of the face or body : the marks or streaks year) Of or for three successive years, as an account, &c.

so made. TiswANSi, H. (^miJImmj) a smaller division of a bighd, the

Tirumul-harya, Mai. (raflRBC^^oeeiO^) A complementary twentieth of a biswdnsi.

present to superiors on visiting them ; an annual acknow- TiTTA, Mai. (f!Sl§) A shoal, a bank, an island of alluvial
ledgment paid to the prince for a grant of rent-free land. formation, or one from which the water has recently retired.

Tirundl, Tam. (^(TTrjITerr) A holy day, a festival. Tivu, (®'«') Money deposited as security.

Tirupani, Tam. (^(TRLJLJeccfl) A fund for the repairs Tiwi.Rf, Hindi (fil^T^, corruption of Trivedi) The name of
of temples, created by a trifling deduction from each heap a caste or tribe of Brahmans, originally men learned in

of grain at the time of harvest. the three Vedas, but now agriculturists, soldiers, and cudgel
Tirupati, corruptly, Tn/»e<y, Tam. (^(TTl-JLJ^) A temple players or boxers.

dedicated to some form of Vishnu, and hence the name of TiYAN, plur. TiYAR, Mai. (ftnl<^fY6) A caste, or a member
a town famous for the temples dedicated to various per- of it, in Malabar, whose occupations are agriculture and

sonations of Vishnu. ian-drawing : they are numerous, and enjoy some Consi-

Tirupe, Karn. (SCO <0) Alms: begging. deration.

Tiruvana, Mai. (f3ilK8OJ0S»~o) An oath, swearing ; a cita- 2%a«t, Mai. (rail ^(trroTl) A woman oHheTiyan caste: they
tion on the part of the Raja, or any public functionary. are distinguished by wearing no covering above the waist.

Tiruvdsal, Tam. (^(T^eurTS-io) The gateway of a ToBA, or ToRA, Mar. (iflis), Guz. (ctlS, <T,15.) Compromise,
temple : a building for the accommodation of travellers. composition, adjustment, settlement of conflicting claims.

TiRUKii, Mar. (fri^'ohT) A piece of money, the fourth of an ana. Todagrds, or Toragrds, Guz. («rUS3Rl^, <nROL;(t^)
TiHUMALA, Karn. {OO0o>DV) A. name common to Sudras. Cash composition levied by the Grasiyas from villages in
TiRUMURU, Karn. (8^^X)a3) Exchange. lieu of other claims, or of plunder.

TiRUVA, Tel. {^oS6) Duty, customs. TopA,ToDAWAH, written also Todar,Thoda,Thodawur,(?)

TIruve, Karn. (OOJjJ) Settlement, adjustment, of duties The name of a pastoral people inhabiting iheNilgiri moun-
and the like. tains, and claiming to be the original occupants and pro-
Tirvai, orTiRWAi, corruptly, Teerva,Teerwa, Teerwah, prietors of the whole of the hilly country.

Tam. (^Ijorosu probably from

,
the S. sthira (fwt), what ToDAi, Tam. (OSiTOTOl— ) A term in the Ceylon pearl-fishery

is fixed or determined), Tf rva, Mai. («nloLl) Tax, duty, a dive, that is, the produce of a diving, two of which are
custom, a cess or impost, a money assessment of revenue given daily to the owner of the boat.

on land, or on its produce : rate of assessment according TopAR,Tam. (G^rTL—D") A chain, a fetter: pursuit,lit. or fig.

to the quality of land : money-rent : also a decision, a Todarmuri, Tam. (Gsm_IJ(Lpnr51) A deed or promise in
sentence. writing not to pursue a person further at law.
523 '
 TOD TON
Topu, Tam. (©^FT®) A garden, ground fit for rice culti- the neighbouring shopkeepers, the latter deriving his com-
vation. See Toftam. pensation from the repute he enjoys and presents made to

TopuPPU, Tam. (G^rT®UL_j) Implements of ploughing, him at Hindu festivals by opulent Zamindars.
plough gear. TolA, To LI, Beng. (ifet^ft, ^^) The suburb of a town
TopuvALAKKU, Tam. (GsrT®5LJU3<Bg)) A continuous or village, the part of a town by persons of any par-

quarrel or law- suit. ticular occupation, as Kasdi-fola, butchers' town : a sup-

ToQRi, Thug. A turban. plementary hamlet, or huts outlying from the chief village :

ToKA, Mar. (^eiii) A sort of weevil infesting grain : rice in it is said to mean also uncultivated ground.

the husk, paddy. ToLiL, Tam. (G^nrj^ai) Work, occupation, business.

ToKA, (?) Beng. A receipt. — Sylhet. Tolildlan, Tam. (G^rTJ^6Ci.rTffrT(OT) A workman, an
ToKl-PATTi, Hindi (7t°litMgl) A permanent jiciffa or lease. artisan, a labourer.
Puraniya. Toluvan, Tam. (G^rr^SLIflJjr) A workman, an artisan, a
ToKKAM, Tam. (OsrT<5<Slli) A law-suit. cultivator, a husbandman.
TokrA, Tokri, corruptly, Toghra, H. &c. (j/y, i_s/y) A Tolildli mdnyam, Tam. (G^rTJ^^nr5rflLQrT(3nflaj[L)
basket, large or small: in the Dakhin Tohrd also means Rent-free land assigned to the village servants in requital of

a sort of ferry-boat, or one made of basket-work, covered their labour.

with leather : in Puraniya it is said to mean also extir- TOLLIK, Tel. (S^V"^) A sort of hoe.

pated weeds. ToliJkari, Tel. («5 vS^b) The first rainy season.

Tol, Tola, H. &c. (Jy , iffg!) Weight, weighing, a weight. ToLUMBU, Tam. (0^rT(LgliiL^) Slavery.

Tola, H. &c. (Uy, tft^T) A certain weight, especially of Tolumban, Tam. (GSrTjigliiUOT') A slave.

silver, containing, under the old want of system, a varying Toluttai, Tam. {.QB)rf^\^&,iST>^) A female slave, a dancing
number of Mdshas, but usually regarded as equivalent to girl.

the weight of the Sikka rupee, or 179.666 troy grains. Tom, Thug. Any peculiarly valuable article of booty, such as

By Beng. Reg. vii. 1833, the weight of the Tola, taken as may be set apart to be presented to the patron of the gang.

the unit of the new system of weights, was fixed at 180 ToMNi, Mar. {fmtsf\) lit., A very small dish : fig. a small
troy grains : the scale is, 4 Dhdns ^ 1 Sati ; 8 Matis grant of land to the village Mahdr.
= lMdsha; 12 Mdsha.i = Told; 5 Tolas =^1 Chitdnk; l ToNA, H. &c. (Uy Tttn) Witchcraft, magic. Thug.
, A trick,

16Chitdnks = l Ser 40 Sers = l Manor Maund, which

; a deception.

is thus exactly equal to 100 troy pounds. ToNDAi MANDALAM, sometimes readToNpu MANDALAM,Tam.
Toldddr, H. (P.^Iii, who has) A weighman, one who weighs (G^rT<3SOT<3S5l_ln6OTn_60m ,from S.H^lJc^ , a tract, a coun-

coins or goods in a market. try) An ancient division of the Peninsula comprehending

Tolah, (?) Beng. A money payment or fee for goods, for- the modern districts of north and south Arcot andChinglipat.
merly paid by the retailers of wares in the Calcutta markets Mr. Ellis supposes it to have derived its appellation from

to the government. Tondamdn, a prince so named, who conquered the country

To'l, Tam. (GSIT^), Mai. (6)(7n0(3fc) Skin, bark, leather. probably before the era of Christianity, and granted peculiar

Tol-kollan, Mai. (eifmOfljfeeicesOg-jnri)) A worker in leather privileges to the first settlers: Tondamdn meaning, properly,
or skins, a currier, a shoemaker. a chief, a lord, in general ; became, latterly, the designation

Toitunnar, Tam. ((SsrTjf)_^(3Slc5tJrcr, plur.) Workers In of a petty chief in the vicinity of Trichinapali, whose coun-

leather and skins, shoemakers, curriers. try is known to early English writers as Tondiniem's land.
Tol, Beng. (dUl»f) A school, a college, an establishment for ToNDiVAflAM, Tam. (Gesm^^QJITCTli) The share of the

instruction, especially in Sanskrit and some branch of cultivators in the division of the crop : (perhaps an error
Sanskrit learning, as grammar, law, logic, &c.j kept by for Tunduvdram, q. v.).

a Fandit or Brahman teacher, at which lodging and in- ToNpu,ToTTU,Tam.(G^rTi3OTr® , Garrs^) A slave,slavery.
struction are gratuitously provided for the students by the ToNGAR, Thug. A Mardtha.
teacher, the former gaining their subsistince by alms from ToNi, vulgarly, Dhoney, Mai. (6)fm06vTol) A long boat or
524
 TON TRI
coasting' sloop : also applied to a smaller vessel used for ToSHA, H. (p. hJIjS) Provisions, especially for a journey ; also

crossing rivers : a ferry-boat. food carried at funerals as provision for the deceased's

ToNKAL, Thug. A party of travellers too strong to be attacked. journey to the next world : any article of curiosity or value

To-o, incorrectly, ToYO, Guz. (il2>|L) A person stationed kept in store.

to watch the crop and scare the birds. Toshakhdna, H. &c. (P. <)il».i)uijj') A storeroom, a wardrobe:

ToP) H.&c. (Turk, t—jy) A gun, a cannon, a piece of ordnance. chambers in which objects of curiosity or value, not in
Topchi, H. (T. ^si»J) A conductor of ordnance, an artillery daily request, are kept : less correctly Toshak-hhdna.
officer. TossA, (?) Tel. A cultivator, a Ryot.

Topkkdna, H. (T. <tJli-i._J«j) An arsenal, an artillery park, ToTi, Karn. {t^Zk5) A tax.

a foundry for cannon, a place where military stores are kept. Totiijakdlu, Karn. it-^^^dS:)'^^)^) Taxed corn.

Topi, H. &c. (^y , ? from Port. Topo), Topi, Tupi, Beng. Totiyarokhka, Karn. (o^^^oSod/S^) Tax-money.
(ifetft , |ft), Toppi, Mai. (6)fS)0o^) A hat, a cap, a ToTTAM,Tam., Mal.((SsrTLll_li:i),ToTA,Tel., Karn. (3^b)
skull-cap. Uriya (SP|S|) A garden, an orchard.

Topas, (Port. Topaz, perhaps from the H. Topi, a hat) A Tottakdl, corruptly, Totacul, Totical, Tottykal, Totycaul,

native Christian sprung from a Portuguese father and Indian Tam. (<Ssm_l_(5(E&rT^) Land appropriated to the cul-

mother in the south of India : in the early history of the tivation of garden produce, as various kinds of fruit, betel,

Company these people were extensively enlisted as soldiers edible vegetables, and other articles of value, and therefore

hence the term came to be applied to the Company's native subject to a higher rate of assessment.

soldiery generally in the Peninsula : it is now obsolete. Totavddu, Totldu, Tel.(S'^^»T'^, ^^^o) A gardener,
Topimdla, H. (^Ij^y) A hat-wearer, a European. a grower of garden produce.

Toppi-kuda, Mai. (exmOoJlcesS) A hat-umbrella, a hat Tottamdniyam, Tel. ((o^rTLll—LQrTOSflLULa) A garden, or

with a projecting brim on the crown, worn by fishermen garden ground, free of assessment.

and other castes in Malabar : the term seems to be of old, ToTTi, Tarn. ((S^rTllu^),TdTl, and To'tiga, Karn. (€'31°^,

and to precede the Portuguese. S-^^&ja) a village servant, a man of a low caste who
ToPKA, Thug. Cloth of any kind. waits upon the villagers generally, discharges the offices of

TOPPALU, Karn. (3-®^^^) Tobacco. police, is set to watch the crops, and assists in measuring
Tdpu, Tel., Karn. (§^^, ^^?^), Tarn. ((S^rTUt_l) A them, &c. : he appears, however, to be different from the

grove of trees, properly of those that bear fruit, as mango, menial domestic servant who bears the same name, or Totti,
tamarind, cocoa-nut, &c. ; commonly termed Top or Tope and does the dirtiest work of the house.

in Tam. it is also extended to woodlands of every descrip- ToTTiYAR, plur. Tam. (G^mlLf^LUCr) People originally

tion (the terra seems to have been introduced from the south from the north, settled in Coimbatur.

to Hindustan, where it is in common use, although not ToyyiL, Tam. (©^rTLULlJl^) Cultivated moist land.

found in Shakespear or Carey. Traga, (?) The shedding of blood, either his own or of a

ToH, H. (JJ from LTy,

, to break) Irrigation effected by break- connexion, by a Bhdt, in order to enforce the fulfilment

ing down the ridges of water-courses, and letting the water of an engagement for which he has pledged his personal

flood the garden or field. surety ;

punishable by law. Bombay Reg. xiv. 1827.

ToRA, H. OtJ) a purse, a bag of money, when sealed sup- Theta, S. &c. (^t) The second of the four ages.

posed to contain 1000 rupees. Thetagni, S. &c. (^Klf'^) The three sacred fires of the

ToEANA, vernacularly, Toran, S. &c. (lfltT!l) An ornamental Hindus.

doorway or arch, a temporary arch hung with drapery or Tribhagamu, Tel. (iS^^X^X), from S. f?, three, and «m,
festoons of flowers and leaves. a share) A third of the annual crop payable to the o-q-

Tormi, Thug. A thief, a robber, a Thug. vernment.

Toro Guz. (fll-lL) A chief, a man of rank and dignity. Tribhdgamu-mv,khdsd,Tel.{^^^^~°'^^) A villane held on
ToRTANKAH, Thug. Search after, or apprehension of, Thugs. condition of paying a third of the crop to government.

ToRU, ToRUVU, Tam. (G^IT^, G^rr^ei^) Slavery. Tridandi, S. &c. (f'^^iprf) A Saiva mendicant carrying three

525 6s
 TRI TUL
slender staves (danda) as typical of his command over his Tukriddr, Dakh. Qii,jJ^) An officer commanding a de-
thoughts, words, and actions. tachment of the Mysore Silahdar horse.

Trika, Tel. (S.^g/S) A. triangular frame or bar over the mouth TuL, Hindi (h^) The breadth of a field. —Puraniya.
of a well, over which the rope of the bucket travels : a Tula, vS. &c. (2lji
, ^^) A balance, a pair of scales, the sign

frame at the top or bottom of a well to support the sides. Libra, the month when the sun enters Libra, measure by
Teipundha, S. &c. (f3^^) The three horizontal lines made weight: a various reading oiTold, q. v. : in the south of

on the forehead with ashes of burnt cowdung or sandal India, the balance-lever used for raising water.

paste, &c., by the worshippers of Siva especially. TuldhMrcm, Mai. (^aiorsorao) An equal weight of gold

Trivedi, S. &c. (f^R^) A Brahman who professes to have or other articles intended for distribution with the weight

read the three Vedas, or to have descended from such a of the donor.

Brahman, whose title has thence become a family desig- Tnldddna, S. &c. (iT^^tt) Gift to Brahmans of gold, silver,

nation. rice, or other articles, equal in weight to the person of the

Trisula, S. &c., but usually, in the dialects, Tirsul (f^^I^) donor, who is weighed against them.
A trident, a three-pronged lance, the weapon peculiarly Tulam, Mai. (^ajo) The month when the sun enters Libra,

of Siva. Sept.-Oct.

Tudagadana, Karn. (oJQXOrC5) Stray cattle. Tuldm, corruptly, Toolom, Tam., Mai. (^eOlTUl, @aiOo)
TuGHHA, H. (A.l^ils)The imperial signature, the sign-manual A measure by weight of 100, or sometimes 200 pahs =
on a royal grant of revenue : the royal title.s usually pre- 145 or 190 ounces troy : the lever of the apparatus used

fixed to a public document, written in an ornamental cha- for drawing water.

racter also called. TughrA. Tulamu, Tel. (SooSx)) The weight of one rupee, or thirty

TuK, H. (8. (viAj, Top) A little, a small piece, a fragment. Kdntirdi fanams.
Mar. (TJoir) A weight = 25' mdshas. Tuldparikshd, S. &c. (rp[f^^ , trial) Ordeal by the balance ;

TuKA, Mai. (^<fl>) An amount, sum total. the accused person having been accurately weighed in a

TuKHM, H. &c. (P. *ac') Seed. pair of scales, is removed, and, after the performance of cer-

Tuhhm-rezi, H.(P. from t5jij, scattering) Sowing seed; tain ceremonies, is again weighed ; if he is lighter than

an account of the seed sown kept by the village accountant. he was at first he is innocent ; if equal, or heavier, guilty :

Tukhm-sokht, H. (from P. ci«^»yM , burnt) Land in which he is also guilty if, without obvious cause, any part of the

seed has been sown, but, from want of rain or other cause, balance be damaged.

has not germinated. Tula, Tel. (poo, from the A. Jjls, length) The measured

Tukum, Tel. («30»Jo) An advance of seed. length of a heap of grain, or the measurement round it:

TiJlcr, Karn. (ilAJ^D) A guess, a conjecture: abstract of the the length of any thing.

contents of a letter. Tuldrjulu, Tel. (^O-eJaj^ew, from the A. J^L and t>y:,
Tuhilekhkha, Karn. (eJ~^o"0|3) A guess account, a calcu- width) Measurement of the length and breadth of the heaps

lation by the head. of grain prepared to be measured on the threshing-floor.

TuKKADi, Tam. (^SSU^) A district, a division. TuLAsi, S. &c. (n<s*il) The Ocymum sanctum, or sacred

TukkAran, Mai. (g(i9€10(0nt) A man who swings at the Basil, venerated by the Hindus as a type of Vishnu, said,

swing festival ; see Charak : a hangman, an executioner : a in modern legend, to have been a nymph beloved by him

weigher. in the character of Krishna : it was used in the administra-

Tukkiri, Tam. (STISf^cfl) A head watchman or overseer tion of oaths to Hindus, a few leaves with some holy water

of a village. being held in the hollow of the hand of the deponent while

Tuhhiri-meraitTam. (^Sl'lSiESlcflSLDflJDD') The quantity of the oath was repeated, and afterwards swallowed by him.
corn given from the threshing-floor to the watchman. TuLU, Mai., TuLUVAM, Tam. (^(SfjSUli)) The northern-
Tukra, Tukri, H. &c. (I/.", ijp, ^oRT -t'f, or TciraT-S^) most division of the Malayalam country, or, in more modern
A piece, a fragment : in Mysore, a troop of soldiers, a times, the country of Viziapur between Kanara and the
division of an army. Konkan : the language of the province.

526
 TUM TUT
TumAr, H. (A.^L^) a roll, a record, a register, an ac- TuRAVu, Tam. (siCTSl-l) A large well, but one that is not

count : also same as the next. considered public property, and is specified in deeds of

Tufddr-jamd, H. (A. j-*.*-, total) The sum total of the land transfer as belonging to an individual.
revenue according' to register : the recorded standard as- TuRHADi, Karn. (?) A species of mortgage in Kanara in

sessment of the land revenue of the provinces of the Mogul which the mortgagee only receives a quantity of rice equal
empire in the reign of Akbar, as settled by his minister, in value to the interest due on his loan : (the word is from

Toral Mai, and subsequently revised at different periods the 5th Rep., but is not found elsewhere, and there is pro-

down to the time of the grant of the Diwani to the East- bably some blunder in the spelling).

India Company. TtJRiKA, Karn. (oj~°8o) Winnowing.

Tumdr-jamd-naMi, H. (A. SSJ , ready money) The standard Turpdra-pattadam, Tel. (?) The act of winnowing grain,

assessment as settled in money. TURUMBU, Tam. (^(rTlllL.|) A straw, a rush, a straw given

TuMARAM, Mai. (^Ci(Do) A measure of timber, one-fourth to a wife as a token of divorce.

of a khandi, or 144 square inches. Turumbudan-ambdram, Tam. (See Ambdram) A heap of

TuMBAMABi, Mai. (gm_lClol) Certificate given by a pro- corn not cleansed, not freed from the straw.

prietor to the holder of his land on lease or mortgage, that TuRWATHEN, Mar. (ji:^) A terraced and cultivated patch

he has sold his right to another, or one which the holder of ground on a hill side or rocky elevation.

gives to the owner, if he transfers his occupancy to another Tus, (?) The fundamental long measure in the Northern Sar-

tenant. See JTenuka. kars, varying from 1-| to 2^ inches.

TtjuiA, H. (^J) Thread made of carded cotton. TuSAL, Mar. (ifiBSS) Chaff remaining in husked rice : rice

TuMU,Tel. (w~°5jJ) a sluice, a flood-gate, a drain, a water- with chaff remaining in it after cleaning.

course : a measure of capacity, a Turn or Toom, varying TusAR, corruptly, Teesur, Toosorb, Mar. (?) Crops that
in value, but always the twentieth of a khandi. ripen after the rains are over, or in the cold season, having

TuNDAM, or TUNDU, Tarn., Mai. {msmL.Ui, Scjfer®) A been sown at the commencement of the rains : the early

piece, a fragment, a piece cut off, a little. crop, on the near ripening of which an estimate of the

Tundayam, I'am. (^(3cbn_rTLULQ) A gold /awam. value was loosely made, and an equal portion of the re-

Tundirsal, Tam. (^<SOTrLlj.cr<&rT^) A small remittance, venue collected ; (in general, Tushdr, or Tusdr, in Mar.,

one made frequently. as well as in S., means Dew, mist, thin rain ; but the fol-

TunducMttu, Tam. (Sl<3^®<^^®) A small note. lowing confirms the meanings given in the Selections, 4. 744).

TwwdMjolZH, Tam. (Slfit5CT®LJlJ'sfT5f^) The estimate of the Tusdrpatti, Mar. (TTtlKHg'^) The land-tax, of which pay-

grain produce of a small part of the village. ment was required from the cultivators immediately on the
Tunduvdram, corruptly, Tondoorvarum, Tam. (SISOTT®- appearance of the grain in the ear.

eurrCTlli) The share of the landlord from all lands cul- TusHA, S. &c., vernacularly, Tush, im) Husk, chaff, the in-

tivated by temporary cultivators. tegument of rice or other grain.

Tup, Mar. (lltj), Tuppa, Karn. (^^) Ghee, or clarified Tushdgni, Tushdnala, S. &c. (from ^fsTI, or ^HT^, fire)

butter ; a certain quantity paid as a cess or fee by vendors Capital punishment by twisting straw round the limbs
of milk and butter. of a criminal and covering him with chaff and setting

Tufpatti, Mar. (ffMMgl) A tax on ghee, or a quantity set it on fire.

apart for the village officers. Tusi, pronounced TusHJ, Mai. (@C/9l) The iron style

Tupsisht, Mar. (HTlf^s) A contribution to government, or used in writing; the fee paid to the writer who draws
to the village functionaries, of a certain amount of ghee up the mortgage-deed ; also, in this sense, more correctly

from each village, or a money payment in lieu. Tusi-kdnam.

Tuphane, Karn. (oJp^w) A calumny, a false accusation. T6si, (?) Harvest reaped in the rainy season.

TuPPADATi, Karn. ('SOoJ'SB&j) A contract of marriage : an TtJT, Mar. (WJ) Deficiency, loss: difierence in the quantity

entertainment given by the father of the bride to the bride- of grain by the beards being rubbed off' in the carriage (same

groom's friends on signing the contract. as the H. CLjy, U^i', from S. ^ft, fracture, diminution).
527
 TtT UDA
Tut, H. (?) Loss or deficiency to landholders in payment Ubhayam, Mai. -(g^fSCOJo) Interest on money given in mort-

of revenue. —Kamaon. gage : land : fruit, or produce of trees.

Tut, H. &c. (cuji', ffjr) The mulberry tree (Morus indica). Ublak, Mar. (^sr35^) -Not brought finally to account : not

TuTAM, Mai. (@So) A liquid measure containing about finally concluded (as an agreement): not settled or de-

one-tenth of an EdangalL termined (as price)

TuvABi, Tel. &c. («90^6) A kind of pea, commonly Dhal, Ublakh, Mar. (.T^f^^) Unspecified ; in the gross, in the lump
the seed of the Cytisus cajan. (this and the preceding are evidently corruptions of the
TuvATA, Mai. (gCU§) A measure of timber, one-sixth of A. Mablagh, q. v.).

a Tumaram, or 24 square inches. iJcHA, or Utsa, Tel. {.^^) Stalk of the great millet.

TrACUT, (?) Land, in the Dindigal district, 5th Rep. (some Uchabeyyamu,Te\. i^ *^ OooDg^X)) Unripe grains of the
mistake, perhaps, for Tyaltta, q. v.). great millet.

TrAGA, S. &c., vernacularly, TVAG, (mm:) Leaving, relin- Uchalan, Beng. («i?«n»4) Winnowing, tossing corn or other

quishing : parting with, as money, whence it comes to light things in a sieve to get rid of the lighter particles.

signify liberality, munificence. UcHAPAT, H., Mar. (c:^jt»-t , ^^IW) Taking up goods on
Tydgi, S. &c. (WPft) One who has abandoned the world, a credit, the articles so taken, money borrowed, &c.
mendicant, a liberal man. UcHAKA,Mar. (^'^oin) Swindling, shoplifting, pocket-picking,

Tydgpatra, Beng. (vSTl'^'til) A bill of abandonment, or of getting money or property by fraudulent means or dis-

divorce. honest practices.

Tyakta, S. &c., vernacularly, Tyakt, (w^) Left, deserted Uchakyd, Uchalyd, Mar. (g^^TT, d-«*<-m) A cheat, a

given away, bestowed. swindler, a pickpocket.

Tyahgain, (?) H. A temporary cultivator. —Kamaon. UcHAL, Mar. (<i-4^) A portion of land given at the partition of an
estate in exchange for some other portion to a different sharer.

UcHCHA, S. &c. (t^)> also, in most dialects, Unch, Uncha,

U.
H. (IsTjl, gjl). Mar. (t^) High, lofty, lit. or fig.

Ubar, Mar. ('gr^i;) In papers of account, applied to the ba- Uchchapada, Beng. ('»F'hf) A high office.

lance in hand brought forward from the last account closed, Unchdn, TJnchdi, H. (,_fWjl, ^^^}\) Height, eminence.
and placed at the head of the new account opened ; also, TJnchdd, Uncharvatd, Mar. (-j-mtf, 4-«t'lil) High ground, a
surplus, supernume»ary. mound, an eminence.
UbhI, Mar. (^HT) Erect, standing, not cut down (as crops). Unchat, Unchawat, Mar. (^J, ^^R7) Rising, ascend,

Ubhaha, vulgarly, Ubhra, Hindi (^«t,T) Unladen, as a cart ing (as ground).

or boat. UchchApati, Karn. (tAJg^SiS) Taking and giving goods

Ubharan, Beng. (S^at) Unloading a boat or cart. on credit.

Ubhay*a, S. &c. i-^m) Both. Uchchdpaii lehhhha, Karn. (&A»33=^Si8ysO) A runninh-

Ubhayamdrga, Mar. ('?>?1, both, and »n^, a road) Transit account, a shop bill.

duties. UcHCHHiSHTA, Vernacularly, Uchchisht, S. &c. (^f®?)

Ubhaydnumata sdkshi, S. ('3^1, with, ^»I>lTr, assented to, Rejected, left;, the leavings of a meal.

and '^'8?t. a witness) A witness consented to by both Uchchishtabhojana, S. (gf«aiWt»R) An inferior, a menial,

parties (the term is known colloquially in Mysore). one who eats another's leavings : an attendant on an idol,

Ubhayardsi, Karn. (UV^oSb-Crag^, S. ^•W, and 7^, a eating the food offered to it.

heap), Ubhirds, corruptly, Ooheras, Mar. (^>?fttT5l) The UcHHiKUN, UcHHiNUN, Guz. (^ i^^o , @ i^^o) Borrowed,
heap of corn gathered and stacked, but not yet apportioned received on loan or on credit.

between the sharers, especially when they are the govern- UcHiTA, vernacularly, UcHiT, S. &c. (^fSTif) Fit, right, ap-

ment and the cultivators : in Mar. it hence comes to have propriate! suited to.

the sense of unportioned or undivided property in general, Udaikulam, Tarn. (£(3roi_@CTTU3) A tank or reservoir

the enjoyment of which is suspended. which has burst its bank.

528
 UDA UDY
Udaippu,Tam.(^<sn\—\-ilj) A channel formed by the burst- Uddaruvu, Tel. (&^&>c^) The pawning or mortgaging

ings of a dam or tank. of grain or similar perishable articles.

Udaippu kattu, Tam. (2.<3S31_UI_l(i5aLl®) Repair of a Ubdari, Uddare, Karn. (tAJ^S , U\J^) Credit.

breach in a dam or t|ie bank of a reservoir. UdhAn, Guz. (@HL<^) The name of a private number used
Udaivaram, Tam. (gLOroi—QJITUUi) The whole produce. by Hindu brokers : the number three.

UpAiyAB,commonlywrittenWoDEiYAR,Tam.(2.(3JDI_UJrrD") Udhar, Oodhub, Mar. (T*!?) In the gross, in the lump.

A title borne by some Hindu tribes : it is that of the Rajas Udharjamdbandi, Mar. (TVS»iHT^^) Assessment in the lump
of Kurg. assessing the total revenue of a village upon the chief pro-

Udaiyavan, Udaittanavan, Tam. (g.<3tDl_UJ6LI(3DT, prietor) and leaving it to him to distribute the proportions.

£(3rol_^srT<3DT6LJ(3OT,from g.OCDI_, of or belonging to), Vdhar-saldmi, Mar. (?) Rent collected in the gross on pri-

Udayakaran, Mai. (g^SCCJceeiOfDfYb) A possessor, an vate land, without reference to any details.

owner, a proprietor. Uddhara, vernacularly, Uddhar, or, less correctly, Udhar,

Astihudaiyavan,Tam.(.^6rO^Si(0)6S:>\—lLiSiJC5ni)AnheiT. S. &c. ('3iri'l( properly, extracting, lifting up or out) A
Astiyudaiyavan,^Tara. (^5nJ^LJ_|<3J531_UJ6LJ(3Dr) A pro- deduction, a portion deducted: the first division of an estate:

prietor. See Asti. portion of the paternal estate assigned to the eldest son

Udakakhiya, S. ('3^oS, water, and f?sm, rite) The ceremony in excess over the shares of the others : a debt, a loan,

of offering libations of water to deceased ancestors as far especially one not bearing interest Guz. subs. Buying

as the fourteenth in affinity. or selling upon trust : adv. on trust or credit.

Udami, Mar. ('5^»ft) A trader, a dealer. Uddi, Tel. (^S) A low ridge in a field for retaining the

Udanpadikai, Udanpadugai, Udanpadu, incorrectly, water of irrigation : a bank raised above the level of a

OBUMBADIGAI,tJTTANBADIKAI,UTTAPADI, Tam. (^.I—OOT- reservoir, with a channel in it into which the water of

ULj-SfiTOS, ai_OTU®(3tD<5 , g.l_OTTUrT®, from the reservoir is thrown for conveyance to fields of a

ai— OT. together with), Udambadi, Mai. (g^sro_jsl) A higher level.

contract, a covenant, an agreement, a settlement, a lease. Udichi, S. (t^N^) The north.

Udan pattavatijTenn. (g,l_(5CrLJl_l— 6U(3CT) A person bound tlDlQAMU, Tel. (f^ 2Sa5:xD) Slavery, domestic service.

by a stipulation or agreement. LFdigavuvddu, Tel. (fi XSth^nJ^w) A slave: a domestic

Udanpankdli, Tam. (2.l_c3CILJriJiSrr6tfl) The right of a servant.

brother^s sons to share in the family property. Udim, Oodeem, Mar. &c. (^'hr, S. ^?rH, industry), Udima,
Udanpirappu, Tam. (g.l_(3OTLJl mi—l l_|) Children of the same Udumu. Udume, Karn. (eAjQ^, La;5jSbo,Uv6o&)
father and mother. Traffic, dealing, shopkeeping.

Udappiranavan, Mai. (g^SgJIOffnoaJnrb) A brother. Udimi, incorrectly, Udmi, Mar. ('^sfljfi), Uddami, &c., Karn.
Udappiranaval, (@SnJo6irr)nj6o) A sister.
^^^O ' ^ shopkeeper, a dealer.

Udas, H. (S. ^^re) Indifferent, stoical : as applied to agri- Udimpatti, Mar. (d'tfiHiIgl') A cess or tax on shopkeepers
culture, a sickly crop. —Puraniya. and traders.

Uddsi, S. &c. (qi^i^D a religious mendicant, one affecting Udkidai, Tam. (ailsSlaSil—) A hamlet, an associated or

indifference to worldly feelings and interests : a religious subordinate village or market : also Ulkadai, q. v.

order among the Sikhs. iipu, Karn. (tA/aOj) The pole or shaft of a plough.

Udasina, vernacularly, Uddsin, S. &c. (^({I^Ih) An indif- Opupu, Tel. ((S*<So^) Transplanting.
ferent person, one neither a friend nor a foe : an umpire, Udupumadi, Tel. {&^c(j)^'i2,) A plot or field in which
an arbiter ; it is sometimes confounded with the preceding. grain has been transplanted.
Udavaram, Tam. (^.L-SLKTCriL) The whole of the divisible Upuvu, Tel., (wOOqS') Clothes belonging to another person

produce of the land, or the entire crop before partition. borrowed for wear from the washerman.
Udaya, S. &c. (^^) The rising of a planet, especially of Udvaha, S. &c. (^n?) Marriage.
the sun. Udyapana, vernacularly, Udyapan, S. &c. (^^TPr) Closing
Udayahdla, S. &c. (^^cRT^r:) Time of sunrise. ceremonies, the observance that winds up and completes
629 6 T
 UDY UKT
any religious rite, or the dedication of a temple, tank, &c. uninhabited, uncultivated, waste : the reverse of Abdd. Beng.

to religious or benevolent purposes. (5«ii«) A wilderness, a deserted place.

Udyoga, vernacularly, Udyog, or Udjog, S. &c. (3?ftiT) Uj'&hdt, Beng. («^^t^, ? from A. Xys^-j , reasons) Pleadings

Exertion, business, occupation. Udyogamu,Te\. (^^O gA_ on the diflerent points of a case in writing, objections urged
^^) Situation, employment, in writing. See Wujuhat.
UgAdi, Tel. Karn. {'^ 7^£>) The first day of the Telugu U jAr, Hindi (^SIR) Grazing down a standing crop. —Puraniya.
sol-lunar year. Ujuri-jamA, Hindi ('?^^»IHT, from the A. jji) An entry in the
Ugal, Thug. Old clothes. annual account shewing remissions of the rents of the Ryots.
UgAlI, H.(alSjl, dJ|l(«ll) Land always saturated with moisture. Ujuri-jamin, Hindi (d'»fO»JHl«f) Account of land struck
Ughadi, Mar. (t^^) A flood-gate, a sluice. off from the previous year's assessment as overcharged.
Ugh Ai, Hindi ( J)l^j\ , TtJT^) Revenue payable by the cultivator UkAdA, or UkArA, Mar. (g'oFTSr) The practice of taking in

to the government (Khet Karm,39),less correctly, Ao^fflAJ,q. v. regularly a certain quantity or articles, as milk, &c., and

UghrAt, Guz. (@^^l<rl) Collection of revenue. making periodical payment ; running up a score ; also such
Ughrdtdur, Guz. (@'l^l<1.'r.l^) A collector, a tax gatherer. quantity regularly taken.

Ugra, S. (?^), UGRUpu.Tel. (^I^^So) A man of a mixed Ukalit, Mar. (toBSS^It) Gathering in of sums due, collecting

caste, sprung from a Kshatriya father and Sudra mother alms or contributions : collections of their dues, especially

their business is killing animals living in holes : some are in kind, by village officers and servants, from the cultiva-

bards, and some have charge of treasure or hill forts. tors direct : fees in kind collected by the village officers

UgrAnamu, Tel. &c. (&^3^°^^)» UgrAna, Karn. as their dues from persons exposing articles for sale in the

(^I^;^£3) UgrAnam, Mai. (g_(^06vnoo) A storehouse, village bazars.

a treasury, a pantry. Ukh, H. &c. («^j1) '3i^, S. ^) Sugar-cane (Saccharum

Ugrdni, or Ugrdnapuvddv, (^>CZ!>'^, &\^£3S(}).

Tel. officinarum).

oJ^^O), TJgrdnih, Ugrdnadava, Karn. (VXJ'^K^b^^^ Uhhdri, H. (f_gj\pj) , '3^1^) Sugar-cane ; in the eastern

tAJt^A^raoS) A storekeeper, a steward, a butler, a trea- districts Vhhdri {wi^n^j A field of sugar-cane.

surer, a collector of revenue. tjKHAL,H.((J.^jl,'3i??^) Land recently brought into cultivation.

Ugwani, Ugwil, UgAwA, UgrAni, Mar. (^TRnft, JfT'^lT^, Ukhal, Ukuali, or Ukhli, Hindi, &c. (^J^^, "^W^, S.

TmWf, ^Tmsft), Ughrani, Guz. (@k^lU(l) The gather- 3'^^py) A mortar of wood or stone, large or small, for

ing in or realising of money due : the collection of the pounding rice in or freeing grain of its husk, by bruising

revenue : the amount collected. with a wooden pestle.

Uhdah, commonly pronounced, Ohda, or Ahdah, q. v., Ukhal, Mar. ("^^35) The first ploughing of a field : the

corruptly, HuBSA, and Wooda, H. (A. ii^c) An agree- turning up of the ground ; also a mortar : see H. Ukhal.

ment, an engagement, a contract, an obligation ; a com- Ukhar, Guz. (@'^^) Fallow land ploughed and prepared

mission, a trust, an office or function, civil or military. for cultivation next year : uncultivated land.

TJhdahhandi, H. (^ji\AjiSi>.^) Fixing a period for discharge Ukhar, Mar. (g'S^) Shallow, capable of containing little

of a debt, wholly or in part : an instalment bond. depth of water (used of rice-grounds on a slope or with

Uhdahbardi, H. (ij]jJ%S^) Fulfilment of an engagement, low banks).

discharge of a debt, &c. Ukki, Ukke, Karn. (tAJ§, tAJg) Ploughing.

Uhdahddr,commovL\y,Ohdahdd7;q.\., corruptly, Woodeddr, UhUhola, Karn. (tA)0-&w3ej) a ploughed field.

&c. H. (j\iifS^) An officer, a servant of the government, Ukr, a. (^ac) A woman's dower, or the money paid as her

filling either a civil or military appointment: under the Mo- portion ; also a sum of money which is paid by a man to

-hammadan government the name was also applied to the a woman, with whom he has had illicit intercourse, by
farmer or contractor of revenue ; also to a salt-contractor. way of dower.
UjAn, Beng. ('^^*l) The upper country, the part from which Ukta, 8. &c. (T?fi) Said, spoken: it is used in documents,

the rivers flow. sometimes for, aforesaid.

UjAr, VjAv, H. &c. (j[».j\, 3 la- J, y'srlis) Desolate, desert, UktA, or Ukte, incorrectly, Ukti, Ooktke, Mar. (^^, g^)
530
 UKT ULL
In the gross, in the lump, in the mass, said of goods pur? Ulavadai-ulkudi, Tam. (l.J^61JOT3L_2.6fr<S@l9-) A culti-
chased, land assessed, &c. vator who. although not an original sharer in the village

Ukfejamin, Mar. (^^iSpft^) Land assessed in the gross at lands, has acquired the right of hereditary succession and
a round sum, instead of certain rates per Hffkd or plough continuous occupation. See Ulkudi.

also lands assessed at reduced rates, which have, for a Ulavudai-vdram, Tam. (£Ui6Lj<3I331_61JrTCrLQ) The culti-

temporary purpose, been fixed in a rough manner, and vator's share of the crop.

which are less than the land can bear. Ulavan, Tam. (^6fT6U<3DT) A spy, a scout.

Ukti, Mar. ('3'fli) The sum total of the assessment imposed Ulgida, Mar. (?) Public servants, those of a village.

upon a village, and at which it is leased for a given term tlLiOA, Karn. (tA/S^A) Service, work.

of years, with the assent of the cultivators. tnigadavanu,mkjanu,KaTn. (trws>^X6^f6:i, tA/S^XrC^)

UkObat, H. (A. ei^jftc) Punishment, chastisement : in law, A servant, a police peon.

punishment inflicted by the magistrate at his discretion. Uliqa, Karn. (tAyS^A) Items of different accounts put down
Vkubat-sJiadid, H. (A. S)SJ!> , severe) Severe punishment, ex- indiscriminately, not under their proper heads.

tending to death, inflicted at the discretion of the magistrate. Ul'igavarga, K.ara. (tA/S^Ac5AF~) Items of account under
Ukdnbahi, Beng. («^»)<iin») A pole ofbambu used by the their proper heads.

cultivators in Bengal for separating short straws and other Ulkai)AI, Tam. (§.6rr(5(333L.) A hamlet, an associated or

refuse from the corn after threshing. incorporated village or market : same as Udkidai.
Ulai, Hindi. Lands on a lower level easily irrigated and Ulkudi, Oolkoody, Tam. ,
(.^STTf^lq. , from ^SfT, in,

therefore more productive. —Kuch Bahar. within (the village), and @U^, an inhabitant), also Ul-
Ulangu, more correctly, Ol;UNGU,Tam. (Q(Lgr5Jg), arrange- KUpi-PAYIRKARAN, COrruptly, OOI.COODY-PAYACARNY,
ment) A standard rate for assessment, or for the price of also, Ul-payirkudi, and Ul-parakudi, corruptly, Ool-
grain, &c. : a detailed account of the. lands of a village. PYAKOODY, OoL-PARACOopY, see P«2/^>-SMti!^,Tam.(£6TT-

Ulavu,Ulavuttoi,il, Tam. (^Lpo^, aws^^GSFTL^eD), @l^UuJD<S(5^TI7OTr, g.6fruuJlrr<5@ujL, £ffrT-

Urava, Mai. (^SPOJ) Ploughing, agriculture, tillage. l—IIJiSQln.) A permanent cultivating tenant, one who, by
Ulupadai, Tam. (g.^l-gU<3S3L_) A plough. himself or his forefathers, has been settled in a village and
JJlada, Karn. (tru^O) Unploughed, waste. carried on cultivation in it for a considerable time, although

Uludahddu, Tam. (gi^tg^Srr®) Ploughed high land. not one of the original coparceners; he cannot be dispossessed
Uludal, Tam. (S.^seO) Ploughing. as long as he pays the stipulated rent to the proprietor or
Uludanilam, Tam. (©.(Ig^r^eOlXi) Ploughed land. proprietors, usually a quit-rent, and his proportion of the
Ulukai, Tam. (£^lgflSDS) Agriculture. government assessment: he has theright of hereditary suc-
Uluhe,mkeiUlavika,&c. Karn. (tTO^U, tTV^U ,UV^ti^) cession and independent cultivation, but cannot mortgage
Ploughing. or sell the land, and is not entitled to the emoluments
Ulunar, Tam. i^yi^no', plur.) Husbandmen, ploughmen. and privileges considered as the right of the Mirdsiddrs :

UravuMran, Mai. (g^JPOj tftOfOn*) A ploughman,a cultivator. he corresponds in all respects with the Khud-hdsht of
Ulavdr, Ulav6r,'Iam. (aLpSUrrcr, £Lp(SQjrrcr) Plough- Hindustan.
men, cultivators. Ullaku, Tel. (^^^) A written memorandum left with
Ulavadai,Tam. (g.Lp65J(353l_) The act or right of ploughing, goods or grain, specifying the quantity and the owner.
the right to cultivate the lands : as this right is originally Ullana, Karn. {P^O_p) A grass-cutter, a grass-carrier.

inherent in the holders of Kdniatchi tenures, it is some- Ullavan, Tam. (g.ffrr5rT6LJOT) A proprietor, a rich man.
times used in the same sense. UllittXr, also occurring Ullutar, or Oollootar, cor-

Ulavadai-kdnidtchi-sdsanam, Tam. (g.U35iJ(3roi_<5rT(3Bfi- ruptly, OoLLOOTOHE, Tam. (g.6^^1.11— rrrr) Partners,

LLJrTU.t^<5'rT(&'(3CrLQ)A deed by which a proprietor transfers all concerned in the same bargain or business, coparceners
his right of cultivation to a JPayirhdran, or tenant, as far in land : it is sometimes restricted to descendants of the
as allowable by the custom of the villages, after which he original holder or grantee, but this seems questionable : it

cannot remove him, or substitute another in his place. is also sometimes extended to heirs generally.

531
 ULL UND
UllIYA, orUtLIYAMiNIYAM, COiTUptly, WOOLIAH, WOOLIJA, Umhar-patti,or^Jmbar-sdrd^ait.(;i^X!l^-^^V^) House-tax.

and WooLiGA, Tarn. (g.sfT6rflUJ, ^sfTCTflUJLDrrotjfl- Umed, H. (A. i^l) Hope, expectation.

UJLq) Rent-free lands granted for services, especially as Umedmdr, H. {yy^M) An expectant, a candidate for em-
militia or police. ployment, one who awaits a favourable answer to some

Ulmanai, Tarn. (aefriDCTOflni) An inhabited house. representation or request.

UtPATTi, Mai. (^6oclJ§1) Rice-lands. Vmed-usul, Uriya (^Sfl^^^^^j from A. J^j) Recover-

Ulta-, or UlthAjamin, Mar. (^^T-, ^c5^»TSfhT, from able revenue.

^55^1 turning over) Land left to rest for a certain period, t)Mf, Hindi ('gijft) An ear of corn half ripe.

either by being uncultivated, or sown with crops of a less Umi, Mai. (^^) The husk of rice or other grain, chaff, bran_

exhausting nature than those previously raised upon it Umm, H. (a. II) A mother.

Ulu, Beng. (S. ^^) A coarse kind of grass used in thatching Umm-al-rvalad, A. (jjjll|(l) In Mohammadan law, a female

(Saccharum cylindricum). slave who has borne a child to her master, and is conse-

Uluku, Tarn. (^.^LO©) An account kept by the village ac- quently free at his death.

countant of the lands of the village, their extent and ca- Umumat, A. (^•.«l) Being a mother, maternity.

pability. Umea, H. (A. ijAs) Visiting a wife while in the house of

Ulume, Karn. (CAJ^Gdj) Salary paid in kind to govern- her parents.

ment servants. Umudain, a. (du. oi iiy*£-, a pillar) In Mohammadan law,

Ulupha, corriiptly, Wulfa, Tel. (^^Uep^), Uluphi, the pillars or supporters of a family, designation of the

Karn. (EA^eu^) Uluppai, Tarn. (^S^UCSDu) Supplies children of a kinsman, however distant, and whether in
furnished gratuitously to great persons on a journey by the the ascending or descending line : ancestors or descendants

villages on their route (from the A. Alf, Alufa i—Sils, in the direct line.

Jjijic, subsistence, &c.). Umuka, Tel. (&^X)S) The husk of rice.

Uluva, Tel. (S'tua) A crop of a coarse kind of pulse or Un, H. (^jI , S. gi^) Wool, coarse hair that may be woven.

grain (Glycine tomentosa). Una, S. &c. (^tj), Una, Mar. (^?!n) Less, deficient ; used

Ulvakam, Tarn. (iLerTQJniJUi) The owner's share of the chiefly in composition, shortened to Un, with numerals to

produce of his land. denote one less, as Un-hattar,one less seventy, i.e. sixty-nine.

Ulvattam, Tam. (g.sfT61JLll_lL) Premium or difference Unalo, Guz. (@»IL<^1, S. ^B!t, heat) The hot season.

in favour of a coin exchanged for one of less value. Unchko, Guz. (@o*H%0 A contract or stipulation to do
UlvAykAl, Tam. (g.6fT6UrTLU<iB<5rT&) Water-course or any thing at a fixed rate by a given time, the profit or loss
channel within a village. to be borne by the contractor : different articles sold in

Umbali, vulgarly, Umbli, Karn. (truoSD^) Subsistence, a the lump ; the bargain for them collectively.

grant to an individual for his subsistence. See the next. Undabati, or Undahiti, or Un,dara pattam, Mai. (?)

Umbalige, Ummali, Ummalige, Ummuli, Ummulige, Walker has Undardi, from Undoir, to eat, Ai-Hi, clear

Karn. (tA;oeOV''^,tAIO^V, trUoSb'^-??, t/UO&O^^ A form of mortgage in which the mortgagee occupies the
eAloSboV??), Umbilikai, Tam. (2.U3l_Jl5rn<5(50D<3) estate at a fixed stipulated rent, out of which he pays him-

Land granted by government rent-free, as a reward for, or self the amount of the interest on his loan, and such pro-
in consideration of, public services. portion of the principal as shall liquidate the principal in

Ummaligrdma, Karn. (tAJO&^ I^A^^Sj), Umhali-gramam, a specified number of years : if the holder throws up the

Tam. (^liiUlJlernseSlcrnLQUi) A village granted rent- property before the stipulated time expires, he has to allow

free in reward for, or on condition of, public services. to the proprietor a further deduction from the principal of
Vmmaligdr, or -ddr, Karn. (eAlO^V"?^^, -S3^) The 20 per cent, as Sahshi, and 3 per cent, for Tushi, or draw-
holder of lands, or a village, rent-free. ing up the deeds : it is a disputed question whether in such
Umbali-uttdr, Karn. (C-fVOeOVeAJ^J^) Grant of rent-free case the mortgagee is entitled to claim any allowance on
land for subsistence. See Umbali and TJttdr. the profits of cultivation : Mr. Walker says not, Mr. Graeme
Umbaea, Mar. (^^Tt) A quantitity of dwellings. states that he is, entitled to them.

532
 UND UFA
Undi, Undikai, Tam. (^fidbruj., g.(sdbru^(5JD<3), Undiku- Upjao, H. (S.jls;!) Fertile, productive.
KULASAM, Mai. (g6»^o9>-o63aiC/3o) A treasury-box in Upajivika, S. &c. (Tljiftf^oin) Livelihood, means of liveli-

which duty or custom-money is deposited, a money-box, an hood, trade, business, &c.

alms-box. Upal, Mar. (JMdb) The state of ground, saturated, as after

Undihappanam, Mai. (g^6»^<feQ_|groo) Money or treasure heavy rains, and emitting- rills of water in different parts.

received at custom-houses, &c ; money deposited as alms Upal, or Upali, Mar. ('^''135, 5^3^) A rill, a streamlet

in the treasury of a temple. trickling down hills or breaking from the ground after rain.

Z7«rf«^e,C/"Hrf«^i,Karn.(tA;oa'7?, truoa^) Acustom-house Upalaga, Guz. (©"H^-^l) Supernumerary, not entered in

stamp. accounts : balance in hand, surplus.

Undige-chitu, Karn. (trOoOT^S^^^) A custom-house UpalAna, Guz. (@M.41l*l) High land in villages.

permit ; a formal written dismissal of an officer for bad Upaldn-nichdn, Guz. (©M.iHlUl^Q.'HllU) The high and
conduct. low lands of a village in relation to each other.

Undika, Mai. (gfinriltfo) A bill of exchange, a cheque, a UpanAm, Beng. (S. ^''Wt^) A surname.

drail, a stamp, a passport (the Hind. Hundi, q. v.). Upanchaki, Beng. ('o't^^) Land held in perpetuity at fixed

Undichchittu, or Undikaichittu, Tam. (IL5SOTlij.<ip<^Ll® rents ; it is the same as an Istimrdri tenure, but the term
2.<3cbrig.ecnS<&<^Ll®) A bill of exchange, a cheque, a is in general use only in Rangpur and Kuch Bahar, and
draft, a Hundi. is probably a vernacular corruption of Panckahi, q. v.

U'NGipi, Tel. (raoTiQ) A disease of cattle from their grazing Upcmchakiddr, Beng. (P. TftsT) A holder of land in per-

on sprouts of millet, or leaves of the castor-oil plant. petuity, paying a fixed rate to the Zaminddr or government.
TJndurkhad, Mar. (S. d(J*,<5(^) Damage done by rats devour- Upandam, Dakh. (/»J>.^1 ?) An obligation, written or verbal,

ing the grain. entered into by the cultivator for a sum of ready money,

Unhala, Mar. (d'^ldbU from the S. ^W. hot, and cliT^S, while the crop is on the ground, to sell it, when cut, to

time) The hot season, the dry season, or the eight months the person making the advance at a price below the actual

as distinguished from the four monsoon mouths. market rate : (it should be a Telugu word, but is not given

Unjari, H. (^ys^^ , "TSf^) A small heap of corn set apart at in the dictionary).

harvest time by the Mohammadans in the name of some saint. Upanaya.Upanayana, corruptly, Upiniany, S. &c. (^TTJ
Unkuva, Tel. ((^OSJa) A marriage portion properly given g'TPTTt'^) The solemn investiture of youths of the -three first

to a woman at her marriage by her relatives : an item of tribes, Brahman, Kshatriya, and Vaisya, with a peculiar
woman's wealth. thread or cord worn over the left shoulder, by which they
tminPOR, Tam. (MIIOTQJljTjSurTCr) Sellers of flesh. are considered as regenerated and admitted to all the pri-

Upabhoga, corruptly, Oop-bhog, S. &c. (5tt»Tt3T) Usufruct, vileges of their original birth : as the Brahman is the only

temporary occupation or enjoyment. one of the three original tribes remaining, the ceremony

Upadhi, S. &c; (^mftl) Fraud, artifice : lawful deceit, as is properly confined to the youth of that caste, and should

recovery of a debt by some deception or device. be performed not earlier than eight, nor later than sixteen

Upadhyaya, corruptly, Oopadhyaya, S. &c. (^''nujra) A years of age : in various parts of India, however, different

teacher, an instructor ;
originally, a teacher of the Veda, Sudra and mixed castes assume the right of wearing the

but now used in a general sense. Brahman leal cord.

Upddhya, Mar. (^rxn«n, vernacular corruption of the pre- Upanidhi, S. &c. (3'ijftTfv) A pledge, a deposit : in law,

ceding) A priest who conducts the ceremonies of a family one that is sealed or covered, so that the contents are un-

in a village. known : hidden treasure.

UpagrAma, S. &c. (3'MUI*<) a secondary or subordinate vil- Upanikshepa, S. &c. (5'rf'H^'j) A sealed or inclosed de-

lage : in the south, a tract of cultivated and inhabited land posit or pledge.

of specified extent, but wanting some of the incidents of a Upapataka, S. &c. (?rtiqTW«ir) A heinous offence, as killing

village, as a separate municipal

body, &c. a cow, selling a daughter, atheism, or any crime only less

'51 and ^t, born) Produce. atrocious than the Mahdpdtaka,

Upaj, H. (^1, S, q. v.

533 6u
 UFA UPP
Upapdtak'i, S. (3'MMin«iil) A sinner in the second degree. Uppari, Upparavadu, Tel. (^§0, <S^^o3^<&i) A man
Upab, Oopuh, H. (^jl, S. ^fO, Upaki, Hindi, Mar., of the caste of tank diggers, whose business is to dig tanks
Beng. ('^''ifc) Over, upper, on, upon, above. and wells, repair water-channels, and raise embankments ;

Upard, Upardhdr, H. (V^^l ,

j^]/J j^) Upper or high land they are said to be descended from a Sudra father and

not admitting of artificial irrigation. mother, the latter having been forcibly violated : the woman
UpahAlA, Mar. (?m.(^l) Surplus stock, goods in reserve, of the caste is termed Upparadhi.
excess of weight : calumnious or false accusation. Uppu, Tel., Kam., Tam. (^^, ^Uh)> Uppa, Mai.

Upaki, vulgarly UpHi, H. (S. i^iy) Upper, over ; stranger, (g^n—l) Salt, (in derivatives and compounds TJppu often

exotic, foreign : also, extra, surplus, in excess, over and above. becomes Uppa and the Malayalim Uppa appears as

Upari, vulgarly, Upri, Oopuree, Oopree, Mar. (S. TiR^) A Uppu.

cultivator not belonging originally to a village, but residing Uppudihle, or UppukattS, Karn, («^^^^, UV^Bd)
and occupying land in it, either upon a lease for a stipu- A square lump or block of salt.

lated term of years, or at the pleasure of the proprietor ; Uppaguni, Kara. (LTUo^Xbo) A salt-pan.

a tenant, a temporary occupant, a tenant at will : it may Uppalam, Mai. (g^a-J(Po) A salt marsh. Tam.(auUerTlii)
be also applied, as in distinction to the Thalkari or pro- A salt-pan. Tel. (^a^e^S^O) Ground fit for the manufac-

prietor, to tenants whose ancestors have held the lands for ture of salt by solar evaporation, same as TJppunela : also,

many generations, but who are not considered to have a pro- in Tel., Uttu (<^^).
prietary right in the soil : also an officer employed to super- Uppalavan, Tam. (£UUerT6UOT), Uppalavuvddu, Tel.

vise the crops when brought to the threshing-floor when {^'^O^^y^&S) A salt manufacturer.

the government dues are not paid in kind : an overseer, Uppuleru, Tel. (&'^ Ooo) A salt-water river.

a superintendant. Uppumadi, Tel. (^5^ ^Q) A salt-pan.

Upari-kharch, Beng. (^'ff3'''t^F) Extra expenses. Uppalam, Tam. (^LJl_161TUi) A salt-pan, a salt-marsh.

Uparwdr, H. (jljj^j') Over, upper (as land, relatively to Uppamaippor, Tam. (auUOSSLOuSLJfTQ") A salt manu-
lower). facturer.

TJparwdrid,GviZ. (pL^H^H Lsl^ Cultivators not belong- Uppunela, Tel., Karn. ((^a^'cScJ), Uppunilam, Mai.
I)

ing to the vUlage the lands of which they cultivate. (g^gJCOlaio) Salt-ground,soil impregnated with salt, earth

Upasalya, Kam. (S. tTUoJ'oOg) Space near a village, on which salt is manufactured, water having been let in

suburbs of a village where the outcastes reside. from the sea upon soil previously prepared or adapted for

Upatya, Mar. (714^ A sharper, a thief, a swindler. the purpose is suffered to evaporate, and the salt left is

Upavaktana, Kam. (S. e/UojSoF~rC3) A country, a district. collected in crystals.

Upavasa, S. &c. (g'l^ra), also, vernacularly. Upas, H, Uppinakuni, Karn. (e/Ua^rOi5D&) A salt-pan.

Fasting, a fast. Uppinarevu, KaTa.(^-f^^<^0^<^), Uppurevulu, Tel. (^o&)-

^U^'ji'' U^y^
UpavasAtha, Karn. (S. eAlSi^XSi^) A village. Oe^tu) The bank of a back water communicating with

Upavita, S. &c. (Jtrftll) The cord properly worn by the the sea, from which salt-pans are supplied.

three pure castes only, though assumed by some others : for Uppuparra, Tel. (^'^°^Q/) A salt-marsh.

the Brahman it should be of cotton, of flax for a Kshatriya, Uppupatanna, Mai. (g^a-ln-lSgno) A salt-marsh, a bed

and of wool for the Vaisya : it is worn ordinarily over the in which salt is made by solar evaporation.

left shoulder, hanging diagonally across the body down to Uppdramdnyam, Karn. (e-aj^^^XTSrCSgo) Taxes levied

the right hip. from the second class of salt-makers in Mysore.

Upeksha, S. &c. (Tq^) Neglect, disregard : in law, laches, Uppdranu, Uppdraravanu, Karn. (?/U^^OrOD, UV^^-
silent neglect of a right, which is held to constitute or OOarCX)) A salt-maker ; also, a tank digger, a bricklayer

amount to its forfeiture. or plasterer.

UphtA, Hindi (^lli!n) The low part of the banks of a river Upparavole, Uppdravoli, Uppi7-avole,Kain. (tAJ^O;^®"^

over which the water flows upon the fields when the river tA;^54®\?, eA;2^^<^"f) A salt-marsh, the soil that

rises. — Puraniya. is prepared to produce salt by evaporation.

534
 UPP URD
Upputanta, pron. Uppudanda, Mai. (g^a_iflnrf2!)) A cake or truhhdpi,oxtrahhdvi,Y:.aim. (tO/sJ^^^^ ^jm^WSit))
block of salt. A public tank.

Upputtarai, Tam. (g.LJl_|S^0S3l7) Soil impregnated with Vrucheruvu, Tel. (&'^'i36jc^) A village reservoir, a

salt. public tank.

£7)9pM«j«{di,Tam.(2.U l_j61J IT U5.)A platform forpilingsaltupon. tfrugavuda, or -gauda, Karji. (tr\JQOJAc^&) The head

Uppuvdnikar, Tarn. (^UL^QJmsnsflsrr) Salt merchants ;

man of a village.

also Z7?wawar (g.LD(5!50rcr). trruguttige. Earn. (tA/3ajX36^"X) Assessment of a village.

Uppuvittidu magalir. Tarn. (aiIjl_|6!Jl^nf51®LCiSef^(T) Uruhdabu, Earn. (tA/S&'&wBOaX)) The limits or boun-
Women who sell salt. dary of a village.

Gajuppu, Karn. ("TTSa^S^) A mineral, a medicinal salt tfrukatte. Earn. (tA/S&o ei) A village tank or pond : a

Kalluppu, Karn. (°^^) Sea or rock salt. raised seat round a tree in front of a village where the

Karuttavuppu, Tam. (<S_^45S1.1UI_|) Black salt pro- villagers are accustomed to assemble.

duced from the ashes of certain plants. Urukdyum, &c. Earn. (&A^)6oS^oSx)^) A town or
Kariyuppu, Tam. (anjlU-jUl-l) Kitchen-salt. village watchman.
Petlupu,Te\., Kank (~^^°S^), Vettiyuppu, Tam. (GaJll- Urumbali, Urummali, &c. Earn. (eA/S&oeo^, eA/s6oO-

l:j-U_lUl_l) Saltpetre. ^^) A village granted free of assessment

Parravuppu, Tel. \°^iQ/<^<>Q)) Swamp or spontaneous salt. C/r«TOera»am,Earn.(5-'^^O0^oau)) Procession of a town

tjfl, OoR, Tam. (gffllCr), tiRU, Tel., Karn. ((^&, eA/S&)) or village with idols, or at marriages, and the like.

Ura, MaL (g^foro) A village, a town, a country; (this Uruni, Tam. ( gsrr ^TRCggfl) A public tank.

word has undergone the same change which the bad ear Urupdlu, Earn. (S-fVSOOtdraew) Portion of the crop which
and articulation of our countrymen have inflicted upon the falls to the share of the cultivators of a village.

Sanscrit Pur- in Hindustan, and has been universally Urupallelu, Tel. (^&S3'^eu) Villages, great and small.

changed to ore in the numerous names in which it occurs tfratalavdra. Earn. (tAySOS£)oJ d)0) A village servant

in the Peninsula, as Vellore for Vellur, Nellore for Nellur, Uruterige, Karn. (tA/SO0o6"A) Assessment of a village.

Coimbatore for Kayamhatur, Tanjore for Tanja-ur, &c. Ura, Mai. (g^O) A measure of quantity = 20 Paras.
Uraiyul, Tam. (g.(355n5U_|erT) A village, a town. Ura, (?) H. A land or boundary mark.

Z7r««,Tam.(£ff[IIjrTdOl) The head person in a town or village. Uradi, Urati, Uratu, (?) Mai. A class of predial slaves

?7mr, Tam. ( ggnTTrTiT) Townsmen, citizens. in Malabar (probably errors for the next).

urdalavara. Earn. {V\/S)0f~^o3~c)0) A village servant tlRALi, Mai. (g^<13(03^) A man of a low or servile caste,

also JJradalamra. a Sudra : a low outcaste tribe inhabiting chiefly the forests.

Urganika, Earn. (?A/SAf~&o) A village astrologer. (JrAnma, Mai. (g^taroona) Proprietorship of a temple or
Urharaniga, Earn. (£A/SoF~oraA) A village accountant place of worship.

Urkdvaliga, Earn. -(ta/®ODF-^9/^) A town or village Urdnmakdram, Mai. (^^(0Ci2^<Q>0(0r(b) The proprietor of a

watchman : also Urukdvava, &c. temple.

Urkelasiga, Earn. (tA/SDF~e)SiA) A village barber. Z7mZaw,Mal.(g'O(D0^nr6) Guardian ormanager of a temple,

ZTirAoZa, Earn. (trVS>U^F~<^) A public tank. whether singly or in partnership with others.

Urmdniyam, Tam. (£6D!CrLQrT(3CflLULD) Village free lands, Vrdydma-sthdnam, (?) Mai, The management of the affairs

generally used to signify lands exempted from revenue as- of a temple (the first is perhaps an error for Urdnma).

signed by government for the performance of village duties, UbXtiyA, Beng. (^^iPS'Tl) Land unfit for cultivation.

as distinguished from KdnidtcM Mdnyam. URAvAMATfjHindKTST^Hl^) A free loose mould. —Puraniya.

tfrvalam, Tam. (gSETCTSlJeDLa) A procession, state, Uravu, Tam. (SmSLj) Relationship, consanguinity.

marriage, or religious, through a town, &c., when the party Uravan, Tam. (^.n^euoor) A relation, a kinsman.

begins to move to the right tfRDDHAsAHU, S. &c. ("^i^ollg) An aScetic who holds up one
ITruUli, Earn. (tA/B^zS?©) a hedge round a village, as or both of his arms until they become rigid and remain

a defence. fixed in that position (from Urddha, up, and bdhu, the arm).

535
 tFRD UTB
tlRDBHAPUNDRA, S. &c. (^i^Mi^) A perpendicular line, Usanavat, Usanavdri, Mar. ('3TrfT^7 , 7Ur|mO) Loan, the
usually red, but also white or yellow, down the centre of state of being borrowed or lent.

the forehead, indicating a worshipper of Vishnu. (jsHARA, vernacularly, Ushar, or, in some dialects, Usar,
UrdiJ, H. (jiJ)') A camp, a royal encampment : applied more S. &c. ('^i^tO Saline, as soil : land impregnated with alka-
commonly to the Hindustani language as spoken at the line particles, and unfit for cultivation.

Courts of Dehli and Lucknow, and by the Mohammadans tsara-bhumi, Tel. {p'^^t$j-^'^) Saline soil.

of India generally, being formed by a copious though not UsHR, H. (.k.jMx) A tenth part, a tithe. See Ashr.
preponderating influx of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish words tfshr-ut-tijdrat, A. (s^j\s£!i\jMS.) Duty on merchandise,
upon a basis of Hindi and Sanscrit, and following the customs, a tenth of the value.

grammatical inflexion of the former occasionally slightly UsHTA, Mar. ('5?T, abbrev. of S. '^f^?) Left, of a meal,

modified. leavings.

Ukf, Oorf, H. &c. (uJ/i ) ^i^) Known (by the name of), Ushtdwal,MaT. (7ST«t^) Fragments, scraps, leavings ofa meal.
commonly so called: it corresponds in use with 'alias.' UsiH, S. &c. (^'5ft^) The root of a fragrant grass (Andro-

Uri, Ure, Karn. (tAj6, WO) A loop or sling fastened to pagon muricatum) which is woven into screens placed

the end of a- pole for carrying burthens: a net or knotted before doors and windows, and kept eonstantly wet to cool

strings for suspending articles in a house. the air admitted through them into the house.

Uri, Beng. (^^) Wild, applied especially to wild rice grow- UsTAD, H. (A. iJlJul), WastId, Mar. (^^^) A master, a

ing sometimes abundantly on borders of lakes or swamps, teacher, one skilled in any art or science.

Uridhdn, Beng. (^^Sft*)) Wild rice. UsTAVs^ARf, Mar. ('3'W<mO) P- (_?;'_jj£*"l . strong) Repairing,
Uri, Tarn. (Scfl) The half of a measure commonly termed restoring, re-peopling (ruined houses, villages, &c.).

Arai^addi. UsUL, Beng. ("o^, from Jj-ej, q. v.) Collections, revenue.

Urimai, Tam. (^.tflotDUa) Property, possession. Ut, or AuT, H. ((iiJjl , abbrev. of S. ^ir) One who dies

TJrittanavan, Tam. (^l^^srT<3&r6Li(5J5r) A proprietor, a without issue, an unmarried man.

possessor : an heir. UtakkAhA, Beng. (^B^^tsJl) Foreign, unknown, vagrant.

Uriydr, Uriyor, Tam. (acflLUrTOTT, arflSUJITD") Re- Utama, Mai. (g^SQ) Wages, payment.
lations, connexions, ancestors, forefathers. Utana, Utana, Beng. ('^iJt, «»Mi) Taking goods on credit.

Uriyavan, Tam. (^cflLUeUOTT) A proprietor, an heir. Utangala, Mar. ('37135) A hillock, a mound : uneven, as

Urlu, Karn. (6A)tOF~) A noose, a snare, a halter. ground.

Urlugamhha, Karn. (£AI£UF"AO$) A gibbet, a gallows. UtAr, H. &c. ()IjI, 4rflO Descent, decline, lit. or fig.: deduc-
Uhs, H. (a. Kj^fi-) OflFerings of food, incense, or lamps, made by tion, abatement, remission of revenue, scale of decrease in

Mohammadans on various occasions at the shrines of reputed the rate of revenue levied from different qualities of soil

saints, and especially on the 12th of Mabi-ul awal, the also a ford or ferry, charge for ferrying : ebb tide, low water.
anniversary of the death of Mohammad : also nuptials, Utaran, Utarwdn,Mar. (^TTT'BJ.^iH.'ifJJl) A declivity, a slope.
marriage, a marriage feast Utdri, Utdru, Mar. (<JrtlO, Tin^) A passenger, a traveller,

Urtu, H. ( j^O Crimping or plaiting of linen. especially by ship or boat.

Urtugdr, H. (JS^X) A plaiter or crimper of linen. Utdrpenth, Mar. (3'3rcq<r) A commercial city, a mart, an
Uhu, corruptly, Ooroo, Mai, (g,(K) A part, a piece, a por- emporium.
tion of a field. Uidrta, Utarwat,Mar.(zirm '^HX^Z) , Declivious, sloping.
Urvaha, Mai. (g^oljio) Fertile soil yielding every kind of Utdryd, Mar. (TiiraiT) A ferryman.

crop : land in general. UtAvali, (?) Mai. Surplus profit or rent of an estate held
Us, tjNS, Mar. (^W, '^v) Sugar-cane. on mortgage, after defraying the government demand and
Uschadh, or tfscharh. Mar. (^i^J^^) A progressively in- interest of the loan ; (an error, or local corruption for Hut-
creasing tax on sugar-cane plantations. tuwali, q. v.).

UsAuA.Mar. (^^nri) Borrowed, lent, as money without interest, Utbandi, also written Otbundee, Outhbundee, (?) Beng.
or articles to be returned or repaid in kind. A settlement of revenue with reference to the quality of

536
 UTE UTT
the land, the description of produce, and customary rate of evasive or prevaricating reply, the semblance, not the

assessment (perhaps connected with Aut-handi, q. v.). soundness, of an answer.

TJthandi-jama, (?) Beng. A settlement in some parts of Uttarddhilidra, S. &c. (g'^trfVoFK) Succession, inheritance.

Bengal where the cultivator pays rent only for the land Uttarddhikdri, S. &c. (T^TTfVeFn^) A successor, an heir.

actually cultivated in each year. Uttarakarttd, S. &c. ('3^o|f^T) An answerer, a respondent,

Uten, Mar. (Tlf) Rice raised from seed on land that has not one who makes a reply.

been previously prepared by burning'. TJttarahriyd, S. &c. ('3'^^f^iHT) Funeral ceremonies.

UthAn, Mar. &c. ('3'3T'«t) An a-rea in the interior of a house, Uttaralahshana, S. &c. (from '^!^f!it a mark or sign) The
a court, a yard : also lifting up, raising : (but this is more characteristics of a reply, namely, that it be applicable to

correctly, Utthdn. the whole charge, that it be maintainable by law, that it

Uthdnghdi, Beng. (^Tt^ralS) A landing-place, a wharf, a be not equivocal or evasive, that it be consistent with itself,

quay : (wrong spelling for Utthdn), and that it be perspicuously expressed.

Utkocha, vernacularly, Utkoch, S. &c. (TpKII^) A bribe, Uttardntar, Beng. (S. 5^sif°\sS) A reply which is irrele-

any thing given as an illegal or unavowed consideration vant to the charge, an evasive reply.

a reward for the detection of crime. Uttara-pdda, S. (^^tlT^) The defence or reply in judicial

Utkshepa, S. &c. (^r^tj) A throwing away also for TJthshe- : proceedings.

paka (7rlSji{ch, a thrower away) A pilferer, a pickpocket, Uttara-pldryddu-ddrudv, Tel. ((^^^§ioTr°gc5oTy6o(Sb)

one who robs a person by craft or sleight of hand so that An appellant ; lit. a defendant who complains.

he is not aware of it. UttarasdksM, S. (g'^'BT^) A witness for the defendant.

Utoti, (?) Mar. Sloping land close to a Ddng village in which Uttaravddi, S. &c. (g^t^cft) A defendant, a respondent

young rice-plants intended for transplanting are raised in Karn. also, a bondsman, a security.

from seed ; they are then steeped in water and sweated by Uttaraydna, S. &c. (gr^TIT^Jil) The sun's northern declina-

the aid of blankets until the rootlets are thrown out, when tion, or his passage from the siftithern to the northern limit
they are transferred to the field prepared for their reception. of the ecliptic, the winter solstice.

Utpanna, Mar. (S. '3'r'I^) Produced, bom ; also, subst.. Pro- Uttarottara, S. &c. (^^t;, repeated) Rejoinder, reply to a reply.

duce, profit, proceeds, realised rent of a village, produce Uttar-pratyuttar, Beng. (S.^^Sfvsj^), TJttara-pratyut-

of the harvest. tara, S. (g'^^Hi^^ Defence and rejoinder, or, generally,

UtsArga, Utsakjana, S. &c. (,'^mh, yw^^r) Letting go, pleadings in a suit at law.

abandoning : gift, donation : turning a bull loose and leav- UttAha, corruptly, OoTHUR, Karn. iV\)W^6)^ s. UddhAra.
ing him to wander about at will, on the occasion of some ('^gK) Deduction, remission : land given by government

festive or religious celebration. to an individual as a reward for services at a quit-rent

Utsava, S. &c. ('5TB^) A festival, a holiday, a religious festival. or rent-free : land given to a temple.

Utsava-moyini, Tarn. (g.<§'<&6LJ(oLQrTU-jl(5nt3fl) Money al- Jodiyuttdra, Karn. (S^tS^oSxJ^jJc^) Assignment or grant

lowed for the expense of public festivals. of land at a favourable rent.

Uttamarna, S. &c. (5'Wl^) A creditor. Purvaduttdra, Karn. (.'^~°'^f^OoW?)^) j^ grant of land

Uttamasahasa, S. (3'W»reT^) Severe or capital punishment, rent-free.

of which five kinds are reckoned, mutilation, branding, con- Utth1na,S. &c. (^f^Tl) Rising, getting up ; raising, lifting up.

fiscation, exile, and death. Uithdnaikddad, S. &c. (^r^^oRT^) The eleventh lunar
Uttaha, vernacularly, Uttar, corruptly, Ottar, S.&c. day, which sometimes falls in Edrtik, sometimes in
('3'^x) Agra-
An answer, a reply, rejoinder, defence : also, north : and hdyana, when Vishnu is supposed to arise from four months'
adj. subsequent, posterior : it is in general use also as the sleep, being the close of the rainy season.

second member of a compound, implying lands 'granted or Utthit-patit, Beng. (S. ^fst«,, risen, ff%'i,, fallen)
Land
belonging to; as, Devottar, granted to a god; Brahmottar, that cannot bear a crop every year, and is therefore left

granted to a Brahman. fallow occasionally.

UUardbhdsa, S. &c. (from ^JITO, what seems like) An Uttu, Tel. (^^) Ground fit for the preparation of salt
537 6 X
 UTT VAI

whose brackish water is let in from the sea upon a soil Vddi, Wddi, Wdri, Mar. («nTt) An inclosed piece of ground,

charged with saline particles, the evaporation of which especially of meadow or arable ground : a cluster of huts

leaves the surface coated with salt. at a little distance from the main village, a hamlet or de-

tlTTU, written Urhu, Tam. ( ggTT mrrii') A spring. pendent village : a separate quarter of a village ; in Guz.

UwAR, Hindi (^^t)Ploughingup a standlngcrop. —Puraniya. also, a garden, an orchard, a plantation : in Tel. a street.

UzR,H.&c.(AyiXc)Excuse,apology: claim, pretension objection. : Vddkar, Wddkar, Mar. (^^oKT^ The proprietor of an in-

TJzrddr, H. iJid.^A) A claimant, an objector. closed piece of ground.

Uzrddri, H. (i_f)!i>,i«c) Claiming, petitioning, submitting an Vadagai, Tam. (61JrTL.(3i33(5) Hire, rent.

objection to a claim or statement. Vadagaly, (?) Tam. A sect of Hindus.

Vadai, Tam. (SUSDD^, S. gtj) Murder.

VadaikAraii, Tam. (61J<3!5DSSarTIJ(5!3l) A murderer.

Vadai, Tam. (SLI rT<3B5l_) A village, a small village or street,

Vach, nom. ViK, S. &c. (^T^, ^Toli) Speech. especially of herdsmen, shepherds, or foresters.

Vdgddna, S. &c. ('^''^'PT) A gift in words, a promise VADAlVAYAKAL,Tam.(6LlrTOSDL_QJrTLLJ(i6(EEirT^) A channel

betrothment. for carrying off surplus water from a village.

Vdgdatta, S. &c. (^T'^'a) Promised : affianced, betrothed. VadavattU) (?) Tel. A village held free from assessment.

Vdgnischaya, or Vdnnixchaya, S. &c. ('^lfr»T?SR, =rnFf»nSITj) Vaddevddu, see Ottan, Tel. (^ O^X°OJ) A caste, or in-
'
o
Assurance, averment : betrothment, affiance. dividual of it, whose occupation is working in quarries,
Vdj-,oxVdng-mulamu,Te\.C:^^^^^^,'^^o:^V^X>^ tank digging, and the like.

from S. ^T'=r and H^TH, root) A declaration, a deposition. Vadhkapio, Vadhkutio, Guz. (Hlk^lMl^l, HL^^-
Vdkddna, more correctly, Vdgddna, as above, S. &c. (^Tli- il^ A surgeon, one who dresses wounds and performs
^TT) a verbal or promised gift ; affiance, betrothal, pro- operations (from HlHi a wound).

mise to give a boy in adbption or a daughter in marriage. Vadike, Karn. (o3~3^0) Customary, usual; also, subst.,

Vdkhu-'mulam,Ta.m.{'oLirXSi(S)^&i>\n) A deposition before custom, usage : experience.

a judge or Panchayat. Vadio, Vadhio, Guz.(Hl^=^L, HlHl^^L, S. gf^) A

Vdkpdrushya, S. &c. (WT^ and ill^'Uj, harshness) Abuse, carpenter, a builder, a shipwright.

defamation, scandal, calumny punishable by law. Vadukan, plur. Vadukar, Tam. (suOsdcr) A native of

Vachana. S. &c., vernacularly, Vachan, or Bachan, (^'•R) Telinga.

A sentence, a dictum in law, a text from a work of authority. Vaga, Waga, Tel. (^X) A minor division of a village

Vad, Vadi, Guz. (H^, H^) The dark half of a lunar month. it is used in Guzerati for a subdivision of the lands of a

See Badi. village.

Vada, vernacularly, Vad, Wad, Bad, S. &c. (^T^) Speech, Vagairagutta, Tel. (^^L^Xb^) Rent of a village engaged

discourse : argument, dispute ; pleading in court, a law suit. for by several persons (from the A. and H. Wa-ghaira,
Vddaprativdda, vernacularly, Vddprativdd,8. &c. ('^l^irf^- and others).

^^) Charge and defence, plaint and reply, pleadings in a suit. Vaghari, Waghri, corruptly Vagree, Wagree, Mar. Guz.
Vddi, Bddi, Wddi, S. &c. (^T^) A speaker a disputant, (^TtnfJ, from ^m^, S. ^nn, a net) A caste, or an in-
a complainant, a plaintiflPin a suit. dividual of it, whose occupation is snaring and catching

Vada, vernacularly, Vad, Var, Bar, S. &c. (^T^) An in- wild beasts.

closure, a fence, an inclosed space. Vahannavati, or Vahannati, Guz. (HLt^°l!iHil. from S.

Vddd, Ward, Mar. (^T^), Vddo, Vdro, Guz. (HirO A ^\%H, a vessel) A sailor, a shipowner
quarter of a town, a ward, a part inhabited by persons of Vaida, Waida, Tel. (^J-°aX)"CP, A. iSt^) A fixed term for

the same caste or occupation, as, JBrdhmana-wdrd, the payment of money, an instalment.
Brahman's quarter ; Kasdi-'todro, the butcher's quarter Vaideha, Vaidehaka, Karn. (^|^^5&, -§>^^^h) A
also, in Mar., a public building, as Rdjwdrd, a palace trader by caste and occupation, said to have sprung from

Sarkdr-rvdrd, any government building. a Vaisya father and Brahman mother : in S. the latter

538
 VAX VAL
origin and the same name are applied to an individual of subsistence, according to Manu, are agriculture, trade,

whose business it was to attend on the female apartments. and the keeping of cattle.

Vaidika, vernacularly, Vaidik, S. (If^«li) Relating to the Vaita, (?) Guz. Land of a superior quality and most highly

VSdas : a Brahman conversant with the text of the VSdas. assessed.

Vaidya, Vaid , or Baid, S. &c. (t?r) A physician, a man Vaja, Tel. (^23~°, from the A. j^^) Deduction, subtraction.
of the medical caste and profession. Vaka, or Waka, Mai. (oJofc) A part, a portion : capital,

VaikIsi, corruptly, Vyausee, Vyassai, Tam. ((3536U(SrT<^) stock : goods, estate.

The second month of the Tamil year (May-June). Vaha- or Waka-hdran, Mai. (OJcfeceeiOfOnrf)) A kinsman,
Vaikuntha, S. &c. (%ofi7) Vishnu's heaven : applied Ironi- a co-heir : a partner.

cally by the Mohammadans of Bengal to pits filled with Vaha- or Waka-ckil, Mai. (OJca^flsb) The Raja's share

all sorts of impurities, in which, under the government of of the produce of lands, or one-fifth In kind in the northern

Jafar-lthan, farmers of revenue, Zamindars, and others, districts of Malabar, prior to the establishment of a money

who were defaulters were plunged, in order to compel pay- rate by Haldar after his conquest.

ment or a revelation of their resources : it is said to have Vakanai, Tam. (qJITsSsst) An embankment for carrying

been devised by Jafar-hhan himself, but to have been off water.

rather held out in terrorem than to have been carried into Vakaro, or Wakaro, Guz. (H^t^L) Money collected from
execution. See JBaikunth. the sale of goods : the proceeds of sales of merchandise :

VaippumaniyaMj Tam. (oro6UUL-|LLirT(3nflLUlL) A grant the sale of goods : stock, cash : the cash-box.

of a portion of the government revenue claimable from the VAKKA,VAKKANARA,orWAKKA,WAKKANARA,Mal.(aJoe€1,

estate of an individual. CUoeeiOOOro) Hemp.
Vairaga, S. (^T^) Suppression of worldly passions, whether Valadharma, Karn. (^^$&F~) Produce of lands assigned
of affection or aversion. to a temple.

Vairdgi, or Bairagi, q. v. S. &c. (^^T^'f) A religious men- Valaganio, Guz. (H<5rlOlLll(l=^l) A man of a low caste,
dicant professing to have subdued all worldly emotions, a worker In skins and leather, the mdng of the Marathas.
leading a vagrant life and subsisting upon alms ; properly Valaiyan, Tam. (62J§feOlUOT) A fisherman by caste and
a worshipper of Vishnu, especially in the form of Mama, occupation.

and, in relation to him, of Slid and Hanumdn : there Valakku, or Vazhakku, Tam. (OJ LpSQ) A quarrel, a
are various distinctions and orders, some of whom are col- law-suit.

lected in maths, conventual establishments under, a superior: Valahkan, Tam. (5U LpaSOT) A plaintiff", a complainant.
the greater number profess a life of continence, and, if Valakhdligal, Tam. (eULpeifBrTerflaiefT) The parties In

becoming Vairdgis after being householders, separate from a law-suit.

their families : some of those who have been excluded from Edinalahhan, Tam. (ST^ljQJLpsSOT) A defendant.
their order marry and engage in trade, and are said to be Orudalai-oalahhan, Tam. (Q(rRS350SU LpssOT) An ex.
known in the Dakhin as Bhat (?) Vairdgis. parte statement.
Vaisakha, S. &c., vernacularly, Vaisakh, or Baisakh, Valan-kai, Tam. (ojeOriierocS), Balagaiyyi, Karn.
(frjn^) The first month of the Hindu solar year (April- (2^^"'^e)03Jg) The right hand applied also to those mixed
:

May), the second of the luni-solar. castes which constitute what are termed the right-hand castes
Vaisdkham, (?), corruptly, Wysaghum. Crops reaped in the in the south of India, incontrast to those constitutino-the
left-

month of Vaisakh. hand castes, with whom there are frequent disputes, and
Vaishnava, S. &c. (%B!t^) A worshipper of Vishnu in especial, sometimes affrays, regarding claims and privileges usually
under one or other of his forms : in Hindustan it also of a trifling character for the left-hand castes, as
:
known In
designates a respectable body of Hindus who are bankers Karnata, see Edagai according to the same authority
:
the
and merchants, and are followers of Vishnu. right-hand castes are eighteen : 1. the Bdnijaga, or trader
;

Vaisya, S. &c., vernacularly, Vais, or Bais (%^) The name 2. the Okhaliga, cultivator; 3. Jotiphana, (?) oil-maker
of the third primitive caste of the Hindus, whose means employing but one bullock in the mill ; 4. Rangajiva,
539
 VAL VAN
calico printer and dyer ; 5. LAdaru, Mohammadan traders Variydtta, Mai. (aJtPl^§) Food given to travelling

and artificers (?) ; 6. Gvjerati, merchant of Guzerat ; 7. Brahmans.

Komati, trader and merchant; 8. Jama, a follower of the VALLA,S.(wa^),VALAjMar. (^TcS) A weight equal to three seeds
Jain religion ; 9. Kuruba, a class of shepherds and workers of the Abrus precatorius,or, popularly, to one-fortieth of a,t old.

in wool ; 10. Kumbara, a potter ; 11. Agasa, a washer- Vallam, Mai. (nJg^o) A large basket for storing grain : a

man ; 12. Besta, a fisherman, also employed as a palankin dam : a place for watering fields or letting out water.

bearer ; 13. Padma shalaysa, (?) a ' kind of weaver ;

Vallam, Tam. (SLierreiTLO) A grain measure containing
14. Ndindu, a barber ; 15. Upfdranu, a tank digger four padiSj or about a peck.

16. CMtragara, a painter; 17. Golla, a cowherd; 18. Wal- Vallava, (?) Mai. One of the three divisions of the servile

lia (?), or Pdreyan, commonly, Paria, who, like the caste, the Palayar.

Madigar or Sahali of the left-hand caste, is the especial Vallavan, Tam. (6U^606LldDT) A herdsman.

champion of the whole. The principal members of both V A LLi,Mal.(OJ fi^)Wages paid to the servile classes, orPalayars.
the right and left-hand castes are the same throughout the Valliydl, Mai. (aJ|^CQJ06o) A Palayar slave.

Peninsula, but there are variations both of caste and of VallikAnam, Mai. (o_l^o9€106»Do) Earnest money.

nomenclature in several of the subordinate divisions ; and o ^ c

Vallitam, Tam. (sU^eiSlLUlli) A village of shepherds or
some of those specified in the above list are too general to
herdsmen.
be included with propriety, such as Guzerati merchants
Valluva, Valluvadu, Tel. (^?^^, 5$C);x°<So). Val-
and Jains : some few of the names also are not verifiable,
LUVAN, Tam. (QJ5fT(6T^QJ<5nT) A man of a class of
as indicated by the mark of interrogation attached.
Farias, considered to be of a somewhat superior description,
VALANGAIYAN,plur. -YAE,Tam.(Qj6C)rBJ(3CD<SLUOT', -IXJITu)
and held by the caste in the light of a family priest.
One of the right-hand tribe, or the right-hand men or
Vana, vernacularly. Van, Wan, and Ban, q. v., S. &c. (^)
tribes.
A wood, a grove, a forest.
VALARi, Guz. (HI^"11) Land on which the weeds have been
Vdnaprastha, S. (^TJTHW) The man of the three first castes
burnt previous to ploughing.
who, after the term of his householdership has expired, has
ValarttIl, Tam. (siiGnrjBjBfrreh) A foster-mother.
entered the third Asrama or order, and has proceeded
Vdlarttapillai, Tam. (eUffrriJ^^UlJlOTT&n) A foster-
(prastha) to a life in the woods (vdna), the Hyllohios
child.
of the Greek writers.
Valasa, vulgarly, Wulsa, Tel. (p^tO)^ Valase, Karn.
Vanchardi, or Wanchardi, Mar. (^TJ^T^^) Price paid for
(ao®) Flight of people In a body from a village or town
the grazing of cattle in forests or on waste lands.
through fear of some public calan;iity or exaction.
Vanegdvili, Karn. (5rt"7r3?iS) Farm of wood and timber:
VALAT-DiNfA, or -DHAHANIA, COrruptly, VuLLET-DANBEA,
a tax upon them levied by the former government of Mysore.
VuLT-DAN, Guz. (H'Hn^lllIl'^Hl -k^lUH^^l) A par-
Vana, Guz. (HUI) The cotton-plant.
ticular kind of mortgage ; money borrowed by mprtgaging
Vankdr, Guz. (HUI^R) A weaver.
the produce of land or other property : any fund pledged
Vdnvald, Wanwald, or, vulgarly, Wanola, Mar. (^'R'^gST,
to repay the amount of a loan.
from ^T«T and ^"\^ ola, green) A cess levied upon various
Vale, Kam. (<0 dO) Leaf of the palm, as used for writing on.
kinds of grain, vegetables, and fruits, when they first come
Vdlehdr, Karn. (oJ o)OD~c)o) A messenger, a courier, a peon.
to maturity : a similar claim or fee on behalf of the vil-
Vali, (?) Tam. A measure of land in Tanjore : probably the
lage servants.
same as Veli, q. v.
Vanchiehhami, VANCHiKSHMi, Mai. (ojgyai iigol) The
Vali, Vazhi, Tam. (sLIL^), Vari',' or Vali, Mai. (oJJPl)
country of Travancore (from vanchi, a boat, boat-land).
A road, a way.
VanrM-virutti, Mai. (ojeraijIajICKtSY??^) Land granted
Vari-hdran, Mai. (aJ{PldB€10ronr6) A traveller, a wayfarer. rent-free in Malabar, on condition of providing boats for
Valippari, Tam. (eUl^UU njl) Robbery on the highway. the state when required.
Valiselavu, Tam. (6LI l^<§'G<S^6D61^) A journey : money for Vandho, Guz. (HLohO An unsettled transaction, an affair
the expenses of a journey. involved in dispute (in trade).
540
 VAN VAR
Vandigraha.S. C^'^Tn^) A thief, a housebreaker, especially of the produce of a field : in Kanara, whether it be that

one who breaks into a place where something precious or of the cultivator or of the government as landlord ;* Jn *

sacred is kept, as into an armoury or temple, or chamber Malabar it usually designates the rent or landlord's share .

where the sacred fire is burning.

* .

of the produce, and in some districts

. . ...
islimited
'

to the land-
1 '' ^

Vandil, or Vandi, vulgarly. Bandy, Tarn, (susjfen^^, lord's share of the produce of fields bearing hill-paddy and

QJCzferi^), Mai. (cuffngl) A two-wheeled chaise, the sesamum only, or to fields of the wet cultivation : in Tamil
ordinary European vehicle in Madras and the other pre- it is distinguished, as

sidencies ; also a carti a wain, or waggon. Udai-vdram, (^63Dl_6UrTI7LQ) The whole produce of all

Vandra, Tel. C^'^Qj) Land granted at an easy rate of as- the cultivated lands of a village subject to partition between

sessment. the cultivator and landlord, or the state.

VAN].)UBHUMi,Tel.(^OC30W~°S^)Landon the banks of a river. Kudi-vdram, (jgL^eurTCTLQ) The share of the produce

Vangalamah, Tam. (plur. QJcdnrSffTTLQCr) Men of the assigned to the cultivator.

servile tribe, agriculturists, originally landholders, now fol- Melvdram, (SLD^eLHTfTLQ) The share of the produce due
lowing other avocations. to the landlord or the state.

VANpfAN, Tam. (6LI(Sdbr^0)OT) A washerman. Vdradittam, Tam. (QJrTIT^^lll-lxi) Adjustment of the

Vannio, Guz. (HI'UII^O The name of a caste, or of an shares of the produce belonging to each party interested

individual of it, who are numerous in Guzerat ; the Banya a register kept by the village accountant of the respective

or Banian of other dialects, and of European writers : in shares of the produce assignable to the cultivator and pro-

Guzerat they are distinguished into two great classes, as prietor, or the state.

Vaishnavas, or Jains, both of whom follow various lines Vdrada-davasa, Karn ( <0 oOOOSiO) The crops ^ divided

of business, as shopkeepers, retailers, merchants, and bankers, between the tenant and landlord.
see Banya : in Mar. the term is modified as Vdni or Wdni Vdrana-bhumi, Karn. (a3~3o OCaT^^) Land of which
i'^Wi) • it is no doubt derived from the S. Vanij or Vanik. the rent or assessment is paid by a portion of the crop.
Vansa, Wansa, Bansa, S. &c. (^) A race, a family, also Vdradai-olai, Tam. (6Lirri7(5fDl_£p3ai) A deed of lease.
a bambu : see Bama. Vdrapaftu, vulgarly, Vdrapat, Tam. (6UrT(7ULJ(T)mj)
Vansdvali, S. &c. (^j^T^cS^) A genealogy, a list of persons Subject to share, held in shares, an estate, &c. : it is applied

of one family or race. also to lands, a share of the produce of which is receivable

Vdnsphoro,Gaz. {'ii°^\([?,0 "^ caste, or member ofit,'who by the government in kind, ^s distinguished from Tirvai-
works in bambus, making mats, baskets, &c.: see Bansphor. pattu lands, or those paying a money assessment, and
Vanta, VuNTA.orWuNTA, Mar. (^), Vantu.TcI. (5odo) Mdnyam, those held rent-free: Vdrapat lands may be
A share, a part, a portion (of an estate, of a contribution, either in wet or dry cultivation.
of a mercantile concern, &c.) Vdrapattu-nilam, Tam. (r^eOLo) Land, the produce of
Vanta- or Wantd-ddr, Mar. ('#71^^ The holder or con- which is divided in shares.

tributor of a share. Vdrapirivu, Tam. (6LJrTCrULjlcflQ-|) Division of shares.

Vantni, or Wantni-patra, Mar. (?) A document specifying Vdrasattam, Tam. (61JrTCriS'©'l_l_LD) A table or register

the proportions in which any property is to be divided. of the cultivator's share of the crop.

Vara, or, vernacularly, Vah, War, orBlR, S. &c. (ik) A Vdratundu, Tam. (6Urri7SS;<33Z5r®) A deduction from the
day, used in composition as Soma-vdra, day of the moon, share of the cultivator added to the government share.

Monday; ilfow^aZa-tara, day of Mars, Tuesday; Buddha- Vdrdvdri, Karn. (oJ dO coj c8) Settlement, assessment

vdra, day of Mercury, Wednesday ; Vrihaspati-vdra, day adjustment of shares.

of Jupiter, Thursday; Suhra-vdra, day of Venus, Friday; Vara, vernacularly. Bar, Bur, S. &c. i'^x) A bridegroom.
Sani-vdra, day of Saturn, Saturday ; Eabi-, or Aditya- Varadahshine, Kara. (S. So0^r3) Present made by the

vdra, day of the Sun, Sunday : see Bdr. bride's father to the bridegroom on the consummation of

VARA,Karn. (a3~o)0),YARAM,orWARAM, corruptly, Warem, the marriage.

Tam., Mai. (6UrTI7Ui, OJ3(0o) A share of the crop or Varadhdvd, Vardhdvd, Mar. (^T.in^T, ^1^) The brother
541 6v
 VAR VAR
of the bride, or some person representing him, going in JSrU'Vardta, Karn. (KjQQoJa o do) A compulsory de-

procession to bring the bridegroom. mand of payments.

Varaghodd, Mar. (^T^sft'St) The marriage procession of a VarAtaka, S. &c. (^t:T7«I!) The small haunri shell used

bride and bridegroom ; also of a boy on his way

, to be as money.

invested with the characteristic cord. VarathA, VarthA, vulgarly, Wartha, Mar. (gm) A
Varana, Mar. (S. "^JJSS) Choosing or accepting in marriage, washerman.
betrothal. Varava, Tel. (^OO) A channel for conveying water to a

Vardta, or Vardt, in H. Bardt, Mar. ('^T.Tir) A marriage reservoir.

procession, the friends and attendants escorting the married Varatu, Tel. C^O^) Income, profit.

pair to their home. Varavudu, Tel. (tfOa^QtS) A servant.

VarAdA, Karn. (3 (3 Q (3) A. subscription among the vil- VAbbdhushika, S. &c. (^T^i^«li) A money-lender, a usurer,

lagers to defray the village expenses. one lending money at interest.

VaradI CHATtJRTHi, S. &c. (^^T^rT^fF) A festival in honour VArendra, S. (^ir^) A native of Varendra, part of Bengal

of Durga as the giver {da) of blessings (joard) on the north of the Ganges, designating especially one great

fourth of Mdgha. division of the Brahmans of Bengal.

Varadi, Karn. (^oQ) News, report. Varga, vernacularly Varg, vulgarly, Wurg, S. &c. (^) A
Ukkadadavaradi,Ka.Ta. (tAJoOO^oQ) A patrol or police class, a tribe, a multitude of similar persons or things ;

report. in Karnata, an ancestral hereditary estate.

Varagu, Tarn. (61JI7@) A kind of grain (Paspalum fru- Vargaddr, vulgarly, Wurgddr, Karn. (Saf~S3o) The
mentaceum) : it is also applied to^ other kinds of millet, proprietor of a hereditary estate,, and in that capacity some-

as Puharagu (l_j^SUCr@) (Panicum colonum). times the representative of a whole village, collecting and

VarahA, Tel. 0^^r*), Varahan, Tam. (OJunrSOT) paying the assessment of the whole, although others may
A gold coin, so named from its originally bearing the have portions of the village lands as separate property

figure of a boar {oardha), or of Vishnu in the boar the title is also, though laxly, assigned to lessees under

avatdr, the signet of the Rajas of Vijayanagar : it was the original proprietor, who are known as Sub-Tourg-ddrs.

subsequently more usually termed by the Mohapimadans Mulavarga, corruptly, Mooly-wurg, and Wurg-mooly, Karn.
Sun, or by Europeans Pagoda, the latter from its having (S. »^, root) Original proprietary right in land.

on one face a Hindu temple. Mulavargaddr, corruptly, Moolmurgddr, Karn. (P. .It>,

Varakamu, less correctly, Warakum, Tel. (oT^OS^X)) who has) The proprietor of an ancestral hereditary estate.

VArakkam, Tam. (SLirrrTSSLQ) Advance made to cul- Vargamdr, Karn. (SAF~tO cDO) According to estates, as-

tivators to enable them to carry on cultivation ; more sessments, &c.

usually designated Takdvi, q. v. Vari, Tam. (SLirifl), Karn. (^6) Tax in general, toll, tri-

Varakka, or Warakka, Mai. (aJ(Pc661) A plaint, a claim, bute, cess, impost, assessment.

a lawsuit. Manaivan, Tam. (LoSstsreLlcfl) House-tax.

Varakhu-kdran, Mai. (cufPceadBsOfDofc) A plaintiff, a Pulvari, Tam. (l_j606Llcf1) A tax on pasturage.

complainant. Talaivari, Tam. (^9sC6Urfl) Poll-tax.

VarAnilam, Mai. (aj9fD0a51aJo) Barren or waste land. Varikdran, Tam. (eUirflaarTIJonr), Varigdra, Karn.

Varapu, Varupu, Tel. (So,^, ^&c^) Drought, dry (^8 A c)0) A tax-gatherer, a collector of duties or taxes.

weather. Varisai, Tam. (SLIcflODDiff) Fixed rate of assessment.

Varappu, Vahambu, Tam. (qjIJUL^, QJCri£il_l) A limit, VAri, Mai. (OJO^pl) A ruler, a governor.

a border, a boundary, a low ridge or bank to retain water Vari, vulgarly, WuREE, Tel. (^S) Rice in the stalk, ^arfrfy.

in fields for irrigation. Vari, Mai. (OJiPl), Vali, Vazhi, Tam. (qjl^) A road,

Varasi vAri bAki, Tei. ('55J^IST°6ET°S) Total balance. a way.

VaRata, Karn. (So dO) An assignment on the revenue, Varikdran, Mai. (aJ!Pld9610(OfT6) A traveller, a wayfarer.

an order for payment : see Bardt. Varikari, Mai. (aJSPlce€1(61) Provender for a journey.

342
 VAR VAS

Variyufta, Mai. (fi-J?1cCL)§) Food given to travelling Karn. Vartana, Vartane, (^«5r-rC5, ^Sfio) Vartanai,

Brahmans by the state. Tam. (jolimBiSssf) Fees, perquisites, especially of grain,

Vari, S. &c. (^ft;) Water. paid to the public servants of a village or town for their

Vdnpuram, Mai. (ojfDla_J(Oo) A flood, an inundation. support.

Vari, also, Varinama, (?) Mai. An agreement, a contract, Varttaka, S. &c. (^toU), Tel. Karn. (^4^^) One who
a written engagement. possesses or earns a maintenance, a trader, a merchant.

VAriyan, Mai. (O-iOfOlCDJnrt)) A man of a particular class, Vartahamu, Vartaka, Tel., Karn. (^«^F-^&0, ^Sr-O)
a servant in a temple. Varttakam, Turn. (SUD'S^'S'^l) Trade, traffic : also,

Varna, vernacularly. Varan, Barna, or Baran, S. &c. Karn. a trader, a merchant.

(^Jir) A tribe, a class, a caste. Vartakudu, Tel. (^e3r-&>i^0), A merchant: also, Var-
Varnasankara, barbarously, Hurrunshunkur, S. &c. ('ro- taha, or Wartaka, Mar. (^W«ir) A particular officer of a

«c|iO A mixture of castes : a mixed caste, or one of a town or village, a sort of bailiff.

mixed caste, one sprung originally from parents of different Varttala, or Warttala, Mar. (^#Tg5T) Surplusage or

castes, either in successive or inverted order, as from a gain on exchanging coins of different currency, excess of

Brahman father and Sudra mother, or from a Sudra father grain as measured in a particular way : balance over or

and Brahman mother, constituting in the present day the in hand (in squaring accounts).

entire body of the Hindus exclusive of the Brahmans ; the Vartanio, or Varatanio, or Bartanio, corruptly, Bhur-
pretensions of some of these castes to represent the genuine TUNEEAjGuz. (°l^<^''ll**tl) A village guard or watchman,

unmixed Kshatriya, Vaisya, or Sudra, being in the highest the village Chauhidar of Hindustan : he is commonly a
degree questionable. man of low caste, or a Bhil, and is paid by an allowance

Vi.RO, Guz. (Hl"^U A small spot of land assigned to each of land rent-free.

of the principal inhabitants of a Koli village. VarttaniJka, Warttanijka, or Warttakuk, Mar.

Varsha, also, vernacularly, Varas, and Varkha, S. &c. (^WTTSir) Conduct, behaviour ; subsistence.

(.^^) Rain, the rainy season ; also a year. Varttanuha-idmini, or Wurtunook-zdmin, Mar. (^rllUeh'-

Vdrsha, S. &c. (^^) Annual, celebrated annually, relating »nf''«fl') Security given by friends of the parties litigating

to a year : also relating or belonging to the rainy season. before a Panchayat that they will respectfully obey the
Varshagdntli, Mar. iytmftiZ) A birthday, or the ceremonies award.

observed upon it ; lit. the year knot, the age being recorded Varuni, S. &c. (qfujii/l) A festival on the thirteenth of the
by a knot tied annually on a string kept for the purpose. latter half of Chaitra, in honour of Varuna, the deity of

Varshala, Mar. (^55) The year of possession by one of the waters ; if it fall on a Saturday it is of especial sanc-

a number of proprietors of an estate who occupy it for a tity, and is termed Mahd-vdrunL
year in turn. Vasa, Mai. (oJC/a) A husband's sister ; a wife.

Varshdsan, vulgarly, Wursliasun, Mar. (^^T^r), Varkhd- Vasa,S. &c.(^to) A dwelling, a habitation : dwelling, abiding.

san, Varhhdsun,Varsdn,GviZ.{<^,:iyi\.'iX%, H^^il^", Vdsi, S. &c. (tI^) a dweller, a native.

°l«l^llli) An annual allowance, a salary, a pension paid Vasa, or Wasa, corruptly, Wussa, Guz. (H^D A square
either by the public treasury or by assignment on the re- measure of land, twenty of which are equal to one highd :

2
venues of a village or district, and entered upon the village in Guzerat it contains 1429 square yards.

expenses : also an assignment or a charge on an estate made Vis-vasd, corruptly, Wis-rvussa, Guz. (hI^H-UD The
by the proprietor in favour of another person. twentieth part of a Vasa.

Varshdsanddr, Mar. (=IMI*(H<(k) The holder of an annual ViSA-BANTRAVUTU, or pron. -BANTRATO, Tel. {rD^<3^?^0~
allowance, either in pay or in assignments. \^k5j,^&^) A watchman or guard appointed to superintend
VdrsMka, S. &c. (wif^) Relating to the rainy season, cultivation.

produced in it, &c. : annual, occuring or celebrated yearly. Vasanta, vernacularly, Vasant, or Basant, S.'&c. (g^Tir)

Vaettana, vernacularly, Vartan, S. &c. (^#«t) Means Spring, the season of spring, the two months Phdlgun
of subsistence, occupation, income, profit. In Tel. and and Chaitra.
543
 VAS VEC
Vdsanta, Vdsanti, also Vasantotsava, S. &c. (^^PtT: -TTti trict exercising undefined authority in revenue and judicial

^^»(flrtl'^) A festival, or series of festivals, celebrated in matters,' under the order of an officer of government in
spring. charge of a district.

Vasati, Tel. (S. ^r6S) A dwelling: an allowance, sub- FaiiaAffliniZam, Tam. (61JL.I_(rosrtl sold) An enclosed field.

sistence money, or land granted rent-free for that purpose : Vatta, Karn. (^«)i Vattamu, Tel. (^w^^). Vattam,
also, Guz. Population, inhabitants. Tam. (SUlII— Lq) The rate of exchange between currencies

Vasati-ddra, Tel. (6!6&iy6) A holder of an allowance, of different values, either premium or discount : the Batta
or rent-free land, for his support. of Upper India.

Fa«a<z-pa<raA, Guz. (H^lrllM. ft -1^4) A census, a statistical Vaftachchittu, corruptly, Vattachit, Tam. (61J1_L.<&<^l1®)

return of population. A bond with premium granted for goods exchanged or

Vasavaia, incorrectly, WaswIya, Wuswaieba, Guz. (H-H- money lent on interest.

°LLy •'tl) The village establishment of artisans and Vattasochcham, Tam. (6UI_l_i&'0(^]T<B>€g>Ui) Interest,

servants : the land assigned them for their services. balance, or premium.
Vasavdid kamdl, Wusmaya kumal, Guz. (A. JUi", total) Vaftakkdran,T!a.m.isU\lj—S)S>nt7<^) A money-changer.

The whole amount or value of fees paid to the village Vatti, Tam. (6UI_1^, S. ^flf) Interest on money.
servants. Anydya-vatti, Tam. (cjjr^UJrTLUQJlll^, from S.^Tsnil,

VaselA, Guz. (H^^L) Fallow (as land left for a year un- improper) Usury, unlawful interest.

cultivated). Darma-vatti, Tam. (SI7LQ5UI_UJ., from S. >|?§, law) Law-

Vastu, S. &c. (^h) Thing, substance. ful interest.

Vastuvaka, Mai. (fUOrOoJsBj) Property, real or personal VatukAn, Mai. (OJSAnri)) A bondsman, a servant, a man
estate, goods, chattels. of a certain tribe considered as originally from Telingana.

Vdstavika, vernacularly, Vdstavik, S. &c. (iTOf^os) Sub- Vav, or Vait, Guz. (HLH, S. ^xft) A large oblong well

stantial, real, actual, genuine, correct. with steps to the water's edge.

Vdstavika-vriddhi, S. (from ^i^, increase) Just or legal Vdvadi, or Vdvari, the H. Baori, or Baoli, q. v. Guz.

interest of money. (°Ll°lsl)°llH3CL) A small well into which people descend

Vastu, S. &c. (^W) The site or foundation of a house to get water.

also a house. Vavani, Guz. (°U°m^) The act of sowing seed.

Vdstupujd, S. &c. (qi^i'^i) Ceremonies observed on laying Vdvanio, Guz. (°Ll°lllJl^l) A drill-plough, a sowing

the foundations of a dwelling. machine.

Vasudeva, corruptly, Wasoodeo, Mar. ('^T^^^) A class of Vavah, or Wawar, Mar. (^T^) The cultivated or cultivable

mendicants in the Dakhin who beg early in the morning land in a village.

to wake up the residents, so named from Vasudeva, a Vavva, Guz. (°ILH°U) Planting, as trees: sowing seeds.

name of Krishna, the son of Vasudeva. Vatal, Tam., Mai. (qJLJ_I&) A rice-field: ground fit for

Vata, vernacularly, Vat, or Wat, S. &c. iWJZ) A road, a rice cultivation : any open field or plain.

path, a way. Vayalkharai, Tam. (oJLUQiaaeroD') A rice-cora field.

Vdt-mdryd, Mar. (^ZVrmO A footpad, a highwayman. Vayalpditam, Mai. (nJ<m(b<i_iO§o) Rent of rice-fields.

Vatau, Guz. (=Lil*l) Exchange, balance of difiFerent cur- Vayippa, Mai. (oJOCQjIaj) A loan, a debt.

rencies : discount or premium : see Batfa. VaykAl, Tam. (sumuSiSrT^) A water-channel.

Vattam, or Wattam, corruptly, Wuthum, Tam. (6LIl1i_iL ,

VIyola, Mai. (o_l06^CG)0ai) A written agreement on palm-

S. g^) A circle, or any thing of a circular form, as a leaf, making over land, &c. to another : a deed of transfer

well, a pond, &c.: applied also, in Tanjore, to a small tract or conveyance : a written voucher deposited in a heap of

or district comprising three or four villages under one grain specifying its quantity.

head man. Vechala, (?) Karn. A small additional contribution or fee

Vattamdniyakdran, corruptly, Wuthum monigdr, Tam. in grain from the Maniyam or privilege land claimed from

(6LIL.L.LarT(3OTfllJj<EB£BnrUOT) The head man of a dis- the holders by the original proprietor.

544
 VEC VEL
Vechj[n,Guz. (S. nailUi) Sale, the act of selling (H.Bechna, A mad crop, one that is excessively exuberant or that

to sell). wholly fails.

Vechdnid, Guz. ( «i=H lUll=H Saleable, applied to lands Vb'lai, Tam. ((oQjasO) Work, labour.

properly belonging to the state, but which have been sold Velaikdran, Velaiydn, Tam. ((SeugSOSsarTCrOTT, SQJSsO-
by the Patels and have been excluded from the assessment. LUrronr) A servant, a workman.
Bom. Reg. x. 1831. Velama DOHA, Tel. (from ^ ^, a master, a chief) A name
Fec/iaw/t^ai,Guz.( =lJHl Ul^ft) A deedof sale, a conveyance. given to a military tribe, formerly retained by government

Vechdn nakarid, Guz (=LHlUl*l%^^L) Lands exempt for service in the northern Sarkars.

from tax or rent. Velama, incorrectly, Velma, Tel. ( o^eJ^) The name of
Vechdnsabhdmid, Gnz. (HMIUI^'HI'^'Q.^^L) Land sub- a principal tribe of Telugu Sudras, or of a member of it
ject to a quit-rent. they claim descent from the Rajas of Waranhal.
Veda, S. &c. (^^) The general name of the chief scriptural VELi,erroneously,VELLAi,Tam.(0SLJ6rfl)An open place orfield.
authorities of the Hindus : it is most correctly applied to Manadai-veli, Tam. (LQrjOjyDSGeUffrfl) A public place for

the four canonical works entitled severally the Rig-Veda, cattle outside a village.

Yajur-Veda, Sdma-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, but it is Mei/ssalaveli,Tam. (0LQLLJ<&'i&SCiG6LJ6rfl) A pasture ground.

extended to other works of supposed inspired origin, In Vayalveli, Tam. (eULUQlGsuerfl) A rice-corn field.

the sense of science or system, as Ayur-Veda, the science Veli, corruptly Valee, Valie, Valy, Vaily, Weli, Tam.
of life, i.e. medicine; Dhanur-Veda, the science of the (SeueiSl) A measure of land containing five kdnis or six

bow, or military science; Gdndharha-Veda, the science acres and six-tenths : a field of that extent.

of music, so named from the heavenly musicians or Velivada, Tel. ( •oO'^T^C^) The outer part of the village

Gdndharhas. tenanted by JPareyar.

Veda-hriyd, or -karma, S. &c. (^^f^T -"^S^) Any cere- Vellam, Tam. (GeUerTeTTLQ) Flood, inundation, irrigation.

monial regulated by the texts of the Vedas, as are all the Vellakddu, Tam. (GeUfffrsnssrT®) Total inundation
essential observances or Sanskaras of the Hindus. of a place or field.

Vedanta, S. &c. (^^^sr) A system of pantheistic philosophy Vellapdl, Tam. (GeUfffrerruurr^) Com destroyed by

or psychology inferred from scattered texts of the Vedas, inundation.

and thence named their end ' or substance. Vellavdri, Tam. (GojefrffTTSUrTrfl) A channel for supply-

Veda, Tel. ( o30) Sowing seed. ing water to a tank.

ViIdan, plur. Vedah, corruptly, Vaidun, Veddah, also VellAmai, Tam. (GsuefrsTTrroSDLQ) Agriculture, husbandry,

BEDAN,or Weden, Tarn. ((o6UI_OT, plur. (oQJl_ 17), Mai. as depending especially upon irrigation.
(6inJSrr6) A hunter, a fowler, a name given to a wild Velldlan, orVeUdzhan, or Velldlm,Tam.(Q6L16rrenn l£i(^,
tribe, or to an individual of it, inhabiting the hills and G6U5fT6rrn6rr<3OT) A man of the agricultural caste, which
forests in the south of India, almost in a state of nature, constitutes a numerous body of the cultivators of southern

and gaining a wretched subsistence by killing birds and India : during the native Tamil government no other classes

beasts with bows and arrows ;

possibly the aboriginal race were permitted to hold landed property in Tondamandalam.
of the peninsula : in Malabar they are included amongst Velldnkudi, Tam. (G6U efrsTT PT FEJ @l^) A village of farmers.

the prsedial slaves, and are employed in cutting timber, Velldnsetti, Tam. (QeiierTenrXf^QS'L-ic^) A merchant of
constructing fences, and watching crops, but are not per- the tribe of agriculturists.

mitted to take any part in agricultural labour : they are Vellavarsi, (perhaps for GflUsfrsrTQjrfonDiff, which last

described as very wild and miserable, but timid, and flying word is used for order, rank) Tam. (?) A class of cultiva-

from the approach of other tribes to the woods : the name tors in Dindigal and Coimbatur, resident in the villages, and
is also written Vedu and Veduvan, but incorrectly : the cultivating the lands for themselves, but not having a here-

first meaning hunting, and the second being properly Vet- ditary or proprietary right to them : (there is some mistake
tuvan, q. v. most probably in the name : 5th Rep. p. 832, and in another

Vedenpik, or Wedepeek, Mar. (^ra^jft^, from ^, mad) place, p. 977, the Velldlax are substituted for them).

545 6 z
 VEN VIB

Venati, (?) Mar. House-tax, or tax on trades ; apparently Veth, or Weth, Mar. Guz. (^) Labour or service exacted

the same as Muhtarafa, q. v. by government, or a person in power, without paying for

Vennilai, Tam. (GeUSOTTSJJCifl^) Any thing given with- it : a load carried by a person or animal impressed : also,

out a pledge or mortgage. but superfluously, Veth-begdr. See Begdr.

Vennilai-patram, Tam. (G61J<5BT5r<SSCfl3aiUS^rTLD) A Vethio, Guz. ( =Lil^ l) A person pressed to carry wood, or

note of hand, or bond, without a mortgage. to perform any labour without recompense.

Vennu, Tel. ( o^r^^) An ear of corn. Vet-kInam, (?) Mai. A mortgage-lease engaging to reim-

Veppa, or Veppu, (?) Mai. Mortgage-bond (?). burse the mortgagee for any improvements he may make
Veri, Tam. (SSUrfl) The unfermented sap of the palm tree. on the lands he holds, in lieu of interest.

Vero, incorrectly, Veera, Veyrah, Guz. (H^I) Tax, im- Vettai, Vettam, Tam. ((oSUl1(3!5D1_ , (o61Jlll_Ui) Hunting,

post, duty, any tax or cess levied in addition to that ou the chase.

land, as upon trades, professions, goods, and the like ; a Vettuvan, Tam. ((D6uC®6LiOTT) A hunter, especially a man
particular tax levied upon the land, or upon ploughs, in of a wild and forest tribe whose chief subsistence is from

addition to the standard assessment ; also a tax levied on the chase. See Vedan : they are considered as prsedial

the Grasia tenures paying no other revenue to the state. slaves in Malabar.

Veru, Tel. ( olJeSO) Separation, division, especially of families Vettan, Tam. (GSUL-l— rTOTT) A married woman.

which had been previously living together in common. Vetti, Tam. (G6IJLIL9.) A road, a way. Tel. ( <^^) Per-
VerumpIttam, corruptly, Veerompattom, Mai. (QaJOo- formance of the lowest offices in a village, as those of a

Q_10§o) Rent of land or gardens without any advance or labourer or porter, grain watcher, scavenger, &c.

loan. See PdtiaTn. Vettimai, Tam. (G6Ul1i:j.(3J5DL£i) The office of an inferior

VerumpdttacMtfa, Mai. (6iaJaon-J0§.^§) Lease of village servant ; see the next.

lands or gardens, agreement to pay a stipulated rent. Veftiydn, Tam. (GsUl—Uj-UJrTOOT) A village servant who
Ves, or Wes, Mar. (^) The gate of a village, hence the discharges the lowest offices, sweeping the chaultri, keep-

payment of the government revenue which was formerly ing the threshing-floor clean, measuring the grain, and,

enforced by shutting the gates of the village and allowing according to some authorities, employed to burn dead

no one to leave it until all demands had been realised. bodies ; he is also the messenger of the Pdtil, and acts as a

Veskar, Weskar, Mar. (^tnB^) The porter or gatekeeper guide to public officers and travellers (from Vetti, a way,

of a village, usually a Mang, and employed in other menial which is from Vetta-kiradu,to cut or dig, as a road or way).
offices for the village. Vettivddv, Tel. ("^l^oJ "<30) A Vetti-maxi, a village

Vesangipakta, Tel. ( <^rOO'K^oi6) A crop that is cut in servant who acts as messenger, scavenger, &c.

the hot season. Vettubadi, Tel. ( tOUo&DG) An advance on goods or mer-

Veta, (?) Mar. Excess of rate of assessment upon one por- chandise.

tion of an estate in consideration of another being under Veva, VehavA, Guz. (=1=11, ^ll^HL, from the S. fw?)
assessed. Bom. Reg. xvii. 1827. Marriage.

Vetan, pronounced commonly, Vedan, or Wedan, q. v. Tarn. Vevilipolamu, Tel. ( <Ot>e)'<»J "OSiD) a field ploughed

Mai. (©eUl—OOr) The name of a wild forest tribe last year but left fallow this year.

Vetuvan, Mai. (6)nJ§aJnr6) One of a tribe of wild people. VibakIram, and VivahAram, Tam. (eiJluarrCTlli, 61J1-

Vet A N A , vernacularly, Vetan, or Wetan, S. &c. (^iTt) Wages, 6LI<srTI7LQ) Law-suit, legal proceedings. SeeVyavahdra.
hire; in Marathl it especially applies to the stipends of VibhIga, S. &c., vernacularly, VibhAg, and Bibhag (f^>TTT)

public officers. Part, portion, division, especially portion of inheritance or

Vetandddnam, S. (^•n^'t) Non-payment of wages, a partition of property : according to law, either the simple

branch of judicial proceedings. apportionment of the property of a deceased person amongst

Vetani, or Wetanee, Mar. (^ilrft) Stipendiary, receiving pay his heirs, who may nevertheless hold the whole in common,
or wages, given in lieu of wages (land, &c.) : relating to or, as more usually employed, the several distribution of

pay or wages in any respect. the shares amongst the sharers, and their mutual separation.
546
 VIB VI

Jivad-vibhdga, S. (from »ft^i^, living) Partition made Vijdrippu, Tam. (6lJl(0'rTi:flui_|) Management, superin-
during the life of a father. tendence : a district or village, &c. under any one's charge.

Ajivad-vibhdga, S. (^i^t^iT, not living) Partition after a Vijdrippukdran, Tam. (siJl(B'rTcflui_|asm7<5OT) An

father's decease. administrator, a manager.

Prakdsa-vibhdga, S. (from inn^r, manifest) A public par- Vidai, Tam. (5lJlot5DS) Seed of plants : also Virai, q. v.

tition made in the presence of witnesses. Vidaittal, Tam. (slUotdSS^^) Sowing.

Mahasya-vihhdga, S. (from t?53T, secret) Partition made Vidaippunam, Tam. (6lJl(3DDSUi_|(30rui) A spot of ground

privately in the presence of a few friends only. newly cultivated.

Anyonya-vibhaga, S. (from ^^zft'sr, one with another) ViDESA, S. &c. (f^^^) A foreign country.

Mutual partition made by the sharers without the presence Videsastha, S. &c. (f^^^tw) One living abroad.

of any other persons. Videsi, S. &c. (f^^J[ft) Foreign, foreigner.

Sama-vibhdga, S. {vn, equal) Division of the property ViDHA, Tel. (S. t)$) Hire, wages.

amongst the sons in equal shares. ViDHAvi, S. &c., vernacularly ViDHwi. (f^^T) A widow
Vibhdga-hhdk, S. (Wcff, who shares) One who shares in ivi, without, dhava, a husband).

property already distributed, as a son born subsequently to ViDHi, S. &c. (f^fv) A rule, a precept, especially one enjoin-

the partition of the paternal inheritance. ing some particular act or observance in law or religion,

Vibhdga-patrikd, S. (tjf^cin, a leaf) A deed of partition, any act, or rite, or ceremony, so enjoined.

the deed drawn up at the time of partition which should ViDU, Tam. {eu®) A house.

specify whether the property is ancestral or acquired, the Vittuhkudaiyavan, Tam. (6lJU®<Si©(3!53l—LU5UdOT) The
particulars of its acquisition, the names of the sharers with master or owner of a house, a landlord.

their respective shares : it should be signed by the parties, F«f!!wjjjoarfi?/aw,Tam.(6l3l_®UULj.U_irTOT) A field or out-

witnessed and dated. door servant who receives his daily hire in rice-corn.

Vibhakta, S. &c. (f^H^, past part, of f^^Tf, to divide) ViDYA, S. &c. (f^OT) Knowledge of any kind, learning,

Divided, separated ; either the property, or, as applied to science, art, &c.

persons, the sharer who has separated from his coheirs and Vidyddhana,S. &c .(yiH , wealth) Money acquired by leaching.

holds his portion in severalty. ViDYAMANA, S. &c., vernacularly, Vidyaman, corruptly,

Vishama-vibhdga, S. (f^R, unequal) Division of the pro- VidymAn, Weedyman, Mar. (f^^RTfj) Being present
perty by the father in his lifetime amongst his sons in applied in Mar. to the presence of a third person as a

different proportions, which may take place with property witness in money transactions.

self-acquired, not with ancestral property : after the father's Vf JA, S. &c. vernacularly, Vfj, or BiJ (^»t) Seed, lit. or fig.

death the sons divide equally, although under the ancient Viji, S. (^^»ff) A sower : a progenitor : the kinsman appointed

law the eldest son was entitled to a larger portion, or to by a childless man to raise up issue by his wife : the

a preferential choice of certain articles, and the practice father of a son legally begotten on another's wife.

prevails in some places, or in some families, especially in VlJAYA, S, &c. (f^iftt) Victory : the twenty-seventh year of

the Dakhin, where also various modifications of the law the cycle.

of partition are admitted in different castes and with refe- VijayA, S. &c. (f^5IXlT) Hemp : also a name given to the

rence to different hereditary rights and possessions. 3d, 8th, and 12th days of the lunar fortnight : see also

ViBHAVA, S. (f^'^) The second year of the Hindu cycle, the next.

A.D. 180S in the current cycle. Vijayddasami, (f^sTilT^^l'ft) The tenth lunation of the light

ViCHARA, S. &c. vernacularly, Vichar (f^'BTI^ Investiga- half of Aswin (Sept.-Oct.) on which the image of Durga,

tion, judgment. on the termination of the festival in her honour, is cast

Vichdrane, erroneously, Vecharanai, Karn. (t>33T)^rj) into the water.

Superintendence, management. VikIri, S. &c. (fg«l!TT;t) The twenty-third year of the cycle

Vichar aneharta, Karn. (t>83^0E388f-) A superintendant, = A.D. 1839-40.

a manager. ViKRAMA, S. &c, {f%'m) The fourteenth year of the cycle.

547
 VIK VIR
ViKRAYA, S. &c. (f^^^) Sale, selling. VlMO, Guz. ("Hi "Hi) Insurance, a contract of idemnity, by

Vihraydnusaya, S. (f^'gRTTTfl^^ttt) Rescission of sale. which one party engages for a stipulated payment to malic

Vikrayi, S. (frai^) A vendor, a seller. good to another any loss that may arise from accidents :

Vihrita, S. &c. (fg^iT) Sold. the premium paid to the insurer (this is a corruption of

Vikritaputra, S. &c. (f^'aftira^) A son sold by his natural the H. Bima, q. v.).

parents and bought to be adopted as a son. Vividni-chithi, Guz. (*U'Hl*LL*Hl<il) A policy of insurance.
Vikriydsampraddnam. S. (f^^tl, having sold, ^^Tl^^, ViMUKKADU, Tam. (6lJl(LpaarT®) Rate.

non-delivery) Non-delivery of an article sold, recission ViNAl, Tam. (eiJlSsOT) Work, action.

of sale. Vinaiseyvor, Tam. (aJ^iSszsrGSUUGfflJrro") Servants, la-

ViKHiTA, S. &c. ('fttoif'ii) The twenty-fourth year of the cycle. bourers.

VlLA,orWiLA,Mal. (0-i'la-l),ViLAi,Tam. (siJlasO) Price, value. Vinainar, Tam. (6lJloeOT(6]^D") Artificers, ploughmen, men
Vilacharakka, Mai. (CiJ\B-i^t^Sei) Goods exposed for of the servile or labouring classes.

sale, merchandise, a valuable article. VlNi.YAKUDU, Tel. (ScS^COD^Q.:)) The vernacular form
Vilatirva, Mai. (oJlajfZnlnj) A bill of sale transferring of ViNAYAKA, S., a name of Ganesa, but as a revenue

property without any reservation of future claim. term it signifies a certain quantity of grain offered to that

Vilattaram, Mai. (njla-l(tr^(Oo) Price or value of corn deity at the time of measuring.

levied as tax or rent. ViNNAPAM, Tel. (bo^^Sio, S f^^1»?) Respectful repre-

Villangamu, Tel. (tiei^oXSjXD) A claim or dispute. sentation, petition.

SarvavillangmuddMgd, Tel. (?6c^^ti0^oX^ja-7^) with- ViPALAj vernacularly, Wipal, or Bipal, S. &c. (ft^^j) An
out any reservation or claim, a phrase used in bills of instant, the sixteenth part of a pal. See Pala.

sale and transfer. ViRA, (?) Mar. A local tax or cess on persons possessing
ViLAi, Tam. (QJlSSO) Price, value. rent-free lands. Bom. Reg. xvii. 1827.
Vilaidundu, Tam. (glJ13sO<5l6tror®) A charge on the Virasaivar, Tam. (6lJcr<roi06LJ[j) A name given to the

gross produce of a village, deducted from the share of the followers otBasava, or the Jangamas, the worshippers and

villagers and added to that of the government, on account wearers of the Linga, a type of Siva.

of the difference between the price at which the cultiva- VlHAl, Tam. (QjIoddIT) Seed of plants.

tors had sold their grain and the exported retail prices Viraigal, Tam. (SlUctDIJsrr^) Land fit for sowing.

at the place of sale. Viraippadu, Tam. (siHcTUUrT®) Sowing a field.

ViLAl, Tam. (6ul%rr) High ground not supplied with water. Viraippv, Tam. (6lJl(3tDrjl_ll_|) Land on which seed is sown.
ViLAlCHCHAl., Tam. (6lS\S5nS-&i<:>) Ripe corn in the field VirIlamu, Tel. (^"Cy^^^X)) A tax or impost.

ready for reaping. VirIttam, pron. Vrattam, Tam. (fflJlmTSSiL) 'Collection

Vilainar, Tam. ^oJl^ni^rj) Husbandmen, ploughmen. of tribute or rent.

VUai-nilam, Tam. (6lJl&rrrfl60LQ) A field, fertile or arable Virdttakhdran, Tam. (eiJlcrrTiSSasrTCrctST) A collector,
ground. a tax-gatherer.

Vilaivu, Tam. (aJl&TTSl^) Growing of corn in a field. Virodhakrit, S. &c. (fg^if^Tj;, making obstruction) The
Vilaivupalan, Tam. (6L51&rr6L|U6CiOT) The corn or crop in forty-fifth year of the cycle, a.d. 1851

a field. Virodhi,S. &c. (f^t!t^, obstructing) The twenty-third year

ViLAiYUL, Tam. (6lJl&nU_|6fT) A field. of the cycle,

ViLAMBiN, S. &c. (f^^f^'sr, lit. delaying) The thirty-second ViRUDDHASAMBANDHA.S. (f^^^g, opposed, ^^'U, connexion)
year of the cycle = a.d. 1838. Degree of consanguinity or relationship, within which
Vi'lu, Tel. (boo) Estimated revenue of a village or district, marriage is prohibited, extending to seven degrees, or all

an arrangement or settlement. connected by offerings of the funeral cake or Sapindas.

VilujdUtd, Tel. (beogJ^eseT") An account according to ViRUTTi, Mai. (njltKnr^) Land, &c. granted by the govern-

estimate. ment free of tax or assessment on condition of performing

ViMARSA, S. &c, (f^^) Investigation, trial. any public service when required without pay.
548
 vfs VIT
Vinittikdran, Mai. (oJlRaravoTloeeOfDn*) A person hold- or other of his manifestations, especially as Ramachaudra
ing land free of rent or tax on condition of public or as Krishna.

service. Vishnupriti, S. (f^^TftflT) Land granted rent-free to Brah-

Visa, Karn. (3?rO), Visamu, or Visam, corruptly, VrssuM, mans in honour of Vishnu, or to maintain his worship.
Veesum, Tel. (bi=6&0), VisAM, Tarn. (eiSs'lL) The V-isknuttara, S. &c. (f^iaot) A grant of rent-free land for

sixteenth part or fraction of any thing' ? a weight of gold the worship of Vishnu.

equal to one grain of rice-corn : a measure of land equal ViSHTi, S. &c. (f^f?) Labour, especially enforced and un-
nearly to two acres ; a share, a portion. paid labour: also, wages, hire.
Visabadi, or Visubadiy corruptly, Veesabuddy, Vissabady, ViSHU, Mar. &c. (ft^, S. equal) The equinox, either vernal

Veespaddi, Tel. (bi^eoa, bi^XiaDS) In the ceded dis- or autumnal ; also the fifteenth year of the cycle.

tricts, and Telingana, under the Madras Presidency, a co- Vishuva, S. (ft^) The sun's entrance into Aries and
parcenary village, of which the lands or profits are allotted Libra : the vernal or autumnal equinox.
by sixteenths and fractions of sixteenths, among the here- VisvAsi, corruptly, Wiswussa, Guz. (Hl^l'll^al) A land-

ditary proprietors ; the revenues of such a village being measure, one-twentieth of a Vasd, q. v., ^-th of a biffhd :

engaged for by some of the principal sharers, the propor- a nominal coin of the lowest value, loooth of a rupee.
tions are allotted in the same way as the lands, so that a ViswAVASu, S. &c. (f^'^rra^) The thirty-ninth year of the

distinct portion of the gross revenue is fixed upon every cycle.

field or lot of land : a Visabadi, settlement is therefore ViT, Webt, Mar, i^z) Blight, mildew.

identified with the settlement by fields or their individual VfTAM, Tam. (SLI^Lq) a share, a portion a rate. ;

cultivators, and is the same as a Ryotwar settlement : also ViTASTi, S. &c. (f^fta') A long span measured by the thumb

a tax on the profits of trade levied in periodically settled and little finger extended, considered equal to 12 fing-ers.

proportions upon the merchants, traders, shopkeepers, retail VitikA, S. &c. (Tift«RT) A preparation of pieces of Areka nut

dealers, mercantile agents, and all the inhabitants of a with spices and a small quantity of caustic lime, rolled up in

village or town engaged in trade. —Madras Reg. iv. 1818. a leaf of the Piper Betel and used for mastication. See Paw.

VisAi, Tam. (siJ fitO.S'), Vise, Tel., Karn. (t>"^) A weight ViTTA, S.&c. vernacularly, Vit, or WiT,('f%^) Wealfh,substance.
in use at Madras, commonly called Viss, one-eighth of a Vittavishaya, or Viitvishay, barbarously, TVeetrveesaye,

Madras maund, or 31b. 2oz. avoirdupois. Mar. (f^^f^^n) Riches, possessions.

VisALU, Tel. (oic3^tO) An elementary weight, equal to one ViTTAL, Tarn. (aJl_rf)nQ^) Selling, sale.

grain of rice. ViTTu, Tam. Tel. (eiJl^Sl,. t)&), Vitta, Mai. (nil 05^),

ViSARA, or ViSARA, WlSAHA, &c. Mar. (ftlHTt, f^Wtl) ViTTANAMU, Tel. (t)o ^fO^30) Seed of plants.

Earnest money. Vittara, Mai. (o-TlcSYZrifO) A certain rent paid by a culti-

ViSARjANA, 8. &c. (fg^^tr) Gift, donation, dismissal ; set- vator or renter to the proprietor, or as a tax to the govern-

ting a bull at liberty on particular occasions : throwing ment, amounting to half the quantity of seed sown.

images of divinities into the water at the close of festivals Vittanalu-jdbitd, Tel. (from A. <x!oL») A statement of the

in their honour. description and quantity of seed sown by each Ryot.

ViSHA, S. &c., vernacularly, ViSH, or BiSH, (f^^) Poison, Vittuhdl, Mai. (oJlra^cejOob) Rent or tax equal to a

any poisonous substance, animal, vegetable, or mineral: fourth of the seed sown.

in Hindustan it especially indicates the root or juice of Vittumdttam, Mai. (oJlni^QOOOo) Harrowing, after

the Aconitum ferox. sowing.

Vishpaddrth, Mar. (S. IJ^T^, a substance) Poisonous sub- F«<<Mpato,Mal.(nj1«^n_JOs) The quantity of ground sown.

stances and drugs collectively, especially those specified in Vittupdti, Mai. (aJl(r^o_10f?nl) An agreement between

Bombay Reg. xiv. xxi. 1827. the cultivator and proprietor, by wliich the latter allows

Vishnu, S. &c. ('N'BBf) The second of the three principal the former half the seed, and receives half the produce.

deities of the Hindus, the preserving power personified. Vittupattam, Mai. (Q-Tln^Q_10§o) Rent or tax equal to

V'ishnubhakta, S. (fg^iTaO A worshipper of Vishnu in one the whole amount of the seed sown.

549 7a
 VIT VRI
Vittuvali, incorrectly, Vettoovally, Mai. (ojIfiPgjO-ifiJ) Viyyapurdlu, Tel. (?>o;i)§^"ty°e«) The mutual affinity

Seed and labour. of mothers-in-law.

ViTTUMUDAL, Tam. (6lJl_fT)^(tp,S^) Proceeds of sale. VoNDRA, or Ondra, Tel. (i^J "OiQ/) A favourable assess-

VivAda, S. &c. (f^T^) Dispute, discussion, a legal dispute, ment. —Kondavir.

a law-suit. VoHORO, or WoHORO, also, Ohoro, Guz. everywhere else

ViVAHA, S. &c. (f^^Tf), Veva, Vevaha, Veheva, Guz. called BoHRA (HIiaCl, ^L^lCl) An individual of a
(HHU HHLt^, "=1^=11) Marriage, of which eight forms a class of Mohammadan Indians found chiefly in Western

are enumerated by Manu : 1. Srdhma, the gift of a India, following various occupations and trades, as pedlars,

daughter to a Brahman bridegroom learned in the Vedas, packers, glaziers, lantern makers, haberdashers, &c. ; the

voluntarily invited : Tam. Aranilai. 2. Daiva, the gift of more respectable are bankers and merchants ; they are

a daughter to the officiating priest at a sacrifice. 3. Arsha divided into two principal tribes denominated Sulimdni
or that of the Rhhis, in which the father of the bride and Ddudi.
receives from the bridegroom one or two pair of kine Vows, Mar. (?) Race, lineage, family (it is either some cor-

Tam. Porul-kol and Aridam. 4. Prdjafatya, that of the ruption of, or some blunder for, Vans or Wans, q. v.)

Prajdpatis, or patriarchs, in which the father gives away Vrata, S. &c. (wcT) Any devout or ceremonial observance,

his daughter with due reverence : Tam. Oppu, meaning as fasting, ofiFering sacrifice, or the like, voluntarily im-

consent. 5. Asura, that of the Asuras, in which the bride- posed upon one's self: gifts under a self-imposed obliga-
groom makes valuable gifts to the father and relations of tion to Brahmans.
the bride ; Tam. Arumponi-vinai 6. Gdndharba, that Vratya, S. &c. ('aTw) A man of either of the three first castes

of the Gandharbas, in which the mutual agreement or in- for whom the ceremony of investiture with the characteristic

clination of the parties is alone necessary : this is considered cord had not been performed within the prescribed ages, and

to comprehend the Smayamhara, in which a princess who therefore becomes an outcaste : in Tam. Vrdtyan,
chose her husband publicly from a number of suitors as- (eiJlurT^^LlJOOT) is said to mean a man who is born

sembled for the occasion : Tam. Ydlor-huttam. 7. Rdh- of a father of low rank by a mother of a higher caste ; also

shasa, that of the Mahshasas, or evil spirits, the violent one who has relinquished the duty of his tribe.

abduction of a maiden after defeating or slaying her rela- Vrdtyastoma, S. ('aim^H) A sacrifice performed by persons

tions : Tam. Irdkkadam (the i being prefixed for euphony). who have lost their caste through not receiving investiture,

8. Paisdcha, that of the Pisdchas or goblins, the viola- for the purpose of being again allowed to receive it.

tion of a girl when asleep or in liquor, or of weak intellect Vriddha, S. &c. (yes) Old, ancient, an old man, one above

Tam. Pey-nilai. Some of these forms are considered to be seventy.

illegal, and the one more commonly in use is the Aswa, Vruddhapadiyd, Tel. (S^jOcODCXXr") Land uncultivated

in which presents are made to the father. from time immemorial.

Vivdhaswdmi, S. (from ^IJft, a lord, a husband) A hus- VriddhIjS. &c.('^f§r),inthe dialects of the south, Vruddhi (ri

band, but especially a first husband, second marriages being pronounced rw), it also occurs as Vaddi, and Vaddi,
being allowed amongst some of the inferior castes in the Tel. (6§, ^g), Vruddhi, and Baddi, Karn. (^e)§,
Dakhin. 2^^), and Vaddi, and Virutti, Tam. (6iJl(rRS^)
VivASA, S. (f^, separate, ^TH, dwelling) Banishment, expul- Vaddi', or Vatti, Mai. (oJ§l) Increase, especially the in-

sion from house and home. crease of money, interest : various kinds of interest are

ViYOGi, vernacularly, BuoGi, corruptly, BErJOGEE, S. &c. recognised by Hindu lawyers, as, 1. Kdyik-vriddhi (from

(f^'lt^) One who is separated from society, applied espe- S. Kdya, body) Bodily interest, explained as either the

cially to a religious mendicant who is unmarried and has advantage arising from the body of an animal pledged as

no family : the reverse of Sanyogi. security for a loan, or as interest paid repeatedly without

VlYYAM:u,Tel.(»i°^§^^) Connexion by affinity or marriage. reducing the body or principal : Karn., interest on money

Viyyankudu, Tel. (?>OiX)g09J3o) The mutual connexion paid at stated periods; 2. Kdlikd-vriddhi, (from Kdla,

of fathers-in-law. time) Periodical, payable weekly, monthly, annually, &c.

550
 VRI VYA
it is most usual in practice to compute interest by the as gifts to courtesans, wrestlers, panegyrists, or money lost

month : in Karnata this term is explained, the usual in- at play, &c.

terest on money left to accumulate (apparently the mean- Vritti, S. &c., in the south, Vrutti, in Hindustan changed
ings of this and the preceding being- interchanged) ;
to BiRT, q. V. ('^f'3) Maintenance, means of livelihood
3. Chakra-vriddhi, (from Chahra, a wheel) Compound in- profession: the proper means of subsistence for a Brahman
terest, interest upon interest; 4. Kdritd, or Kdrikd vriddhi are 1. Rita (true), Lawful gleaning ; 2. Amrita (im-
(from Kdra, act) Stipulated interest, interest at a stipu- mortal), Unsolicited alms ; 3. Mrita (deadly), Solicited

lated rate higher than the usual rate, or without regard to alms, begging : in time of distress he may have recourse

the legal rate ; 5. Sikhd-vriddhi (from Sikhd, a lock of to 4. Pramrita (very deadly) Agriculture ; 5. Satydnrita
hair, as growing continually), Interest at a usurious rate, (true and false). Trade, traffic ; the last kind, 6. Smavritti,

payable daily ; 6. Bhogaldhha (from hhoga, use, and or dog-maintenance, that is, servitude, should never be en-

Idhha, getting). Advantage accruing to a creditor from the gaged in : the term means, also, a customary allowance,
use of any article handed over to him as security, as the fee, or perquisite, a grant of revenue from a small tract of

usufruct of land, gardens, beasts, &c. : other terms occur land made by Zamlndars to indigent Brahmans : lauds

more or less adopted in the dialects, as, Dharma-vriddhh assigned to Zamindars, or appropriated by them for their

Lawful interest ; Anydya-vriddhi, Improper or usurious personal support: a particular tenure in Gorakhpur and

interest ; Niddna-vriddhi, Moderate interest ; Parama- Benares of the nature of a dependent tadluh, granted by
vriddhi, or Pard-vriddhi, Interest at the highest legal rate; a great revenue proprietor to the head man of a village :

Samdni-vriddhi, Interest at the usual or a moderate rate ;

in the Tamil countries it is applied to the portion of land

Vdstavd, or Vdstavikd-vriddhi, Established, just, or cus- held in joint proprietary or Mirdsi right by Brahmans.
tomary interest. Vrittichhed, Mar. (^f^^, from S. if^, cutting off) Con-
Vriddhi-srdddha, S. ('^fif^TS) An offering to the manes fiscation of a patrimony, deprivation of a hereditary office,

celebrated on any joyful occasion, as at the birth of a son, any taking away of the means of subsistence.
or the like. Vritti-ijdrd, or JBirt-ijdrd, Beng. (P. ^j\s-i) A grant of land

Vrihaspati, S. (^^^H^fri) The planet Jupiter and its regent, in perpetual farm made by a Zamindar to some person for

the preceptor of the gods. his maintenance at a stipulated amount of revenue payment.
Vrihaspaii-vdra,8. &c.(from^^,a day) Thursday, d/esJo«ts. Vritti, or Britti-mahdbrdhmani, Hindi, &c. (^fw^^railTloft)

Vrinda, S.
(=P^)
The Tulasi plant, the holy Basil (Ocymum Fees and presents received by a Brahman who conducts
sanctum), personified also as a nymph beloved by Krishna funeral obsequies : fees received as of hereditary right by

a creation of very modern times. a body of Brahmans at Gaya, where the performance of

Vrinddvana, vernacularly, Vrindavan, and, vulgarly, Bin- the Srdddha, or obsequial rites is of especial efficacy.

draban, 8. (^t^T^H) A town near Mathura, fabulously VuRTTf, VooRTY, (?) Tel. A measure of land.
the site of a forest in which Krishna, as Gopdla, or the Vyabhichara, S. &c. (^fn^llO Going astray, doing wrong,

cowherd, passed his youth, associating with the cowboys profligacy, adultery.

and milkmaids attached to the cattle grazing in the forest Vyabhichdrini, S. &c. (^ffl^lfttiri') A loose woman, an
at present there are but few trees and no pasturage, and adultress.

probably they never were there : a raised platform or altar Vyahi, Mar. ("an^) The father-in-law of one's son or

of earth in a house in which the followers oi Krishna plant daughter : the two fathers are so termed respectively to

and preserve the Tulasi or Vrindd. one another, and to their child's mother-in-law (8. vivdM,

Vrishotsarga, S. &c. (gtj, a bull, and ^Wn, letting go) connected by marriage).

Letting a bull go loose at certain ceremonies, as at mar- Vyaja, vernacularly, Vyaj, Biaj, or Viaj, S. &c. (^HTW) In-

riages, obsequies, &c. : the bull is considered sacred, and terest, usury.

wanders about unmolested and unappropriated. Vyajdu, Vydju, Vyaji, Mar. (^tTrr3i, ^^, ^nsft) Bear-
VrithAbana, S. &c. (^^^H) An improper gift, and one ing interest, a loan, a debt.

that may be annulled, or, if only promised, not performed, Vydjkafdrvani, or Vydjphaildwani, Mar. (3n5loB2l^J!ft,
551
 VYA WAD
^»ra^T^^) Making out an interest account, calculating Duties of man and wife ; 17. Ddyabhdga, Partition of

the interest at different periods on sums on either side of inheritance ; 18. Dyuta, Gambling : these titles are some-

the account, and drawing out the balance. times differently classed, and a few are added, as Vyava-
Vydjbald, or -bafid, Mar. (^1»R3T -JT) A general term hdra mdtrika, Legal process in general ; Sdkshya, Oral
for the items of the business of a banker or money- evidence ; Lehhya, Written testimony ; Divya, Ordeal
lender. Abhyupetya susrushd. Contracted service ; and Prdkir-
Vydjhhari, Mar. (3n»i>n;t) One deeply in debt, whose naAa, Miscellaneous.
whole resources are absorbed in the payment of interest. Vyavahdri, Vyavahdrika, S. &c. ("aj^^rxft, 'aR^ft«ir) Re-

Vidju, Guz. (m^l-€3) Lent or borrowed at interest. lating to law or judicial procedure : a suitor, a litigant
Vidjhhor, Guz. ("Hl^l6v''^l^) A usurer, a moneylender. an adult, one who is of age to manage his own affairs,

Vyajyamu, Tel. (o3n'gaJg&o) a dispute, a law-suit. one who is engaged in the active occupations of life.

VydjyaHhadu, Tel. (oJ "gaigOOO) A suitor, a litigant. Vyavahdri Jyotishi, barbarously, Wywharee josee, Mar.
Vyapaha, vernacularly Byapara, S. &c. (^tn^) Business, (S. ^^fTt'i' Wlfir^) A Brahman who, besides the duties of

affairs, trade, occupation, profession. daily worship, conducts the ceremonies of initiation, mar-

Vyajpari, vernacularly, Bydpdri, &c. S. ('ajltlK^) A trader, riages, and, in some places, funerals, and keeps the kalendar
a dealer, a man of business. he is entitled to certain fees and perquisites which he may
Vyasa, S. &c. (^ITIEt) A celebrated sage, the reputed arranger dispose of to others : in some cases he also discharges the

of the Vedas in their present form. duties of the Dharmddhikdri, having authority to inves-

Vydsanthole, (?) The model of a hand said to be carried tigate alleged infractions of caste, to prescribe penance,

in procession by the Lingaiis, in commemoration of the impose fines, and sentence loss of caste.

alleged amputation of the hand of Vyasa. Vyavasaya, S. &c. (anranr) Labour, effort, active occupa-
Vydsohta, S. (^ITO, and '5^, said) A class of Brahmans tion. Vevasaya, or Wewasay, Mar. (^W^) Buying
in Bengal said to have been constituted Brahmans by the and selling, trade, traffic. Vyavasayamu, Tel. (ǤS-
appointment of Vyasa. c^^OjO^O) Agriculture, cultivation.

Vyasana, S. &c. (^'H'T) Vice, dissipation, profligacy. Vyavastha, corruptly, Byvfustah, Byw^usTER, barbarously,
Vyavahara, vernacularly, Byohar, Byouhar, H. q. v., Wywaust, S. &c. ('ajg^T), ViVASTHA, or Vevastha, or

S. &c. (^q'^^R), Vevehar, Wewehar, Guz. (HHt^L?.) WiviTASTHA, &c. Mar. (f^^Wt) Separating, setting apart
Affairs, business, worldly occupation, as trade, profession, settlement, arrangement: a written opinion on points of law,
&c. : but especially judicial procedure, practice of the courts with citation of the original texts on which it is based, given

of law, administration of justice, both civil and criminal by Hindu law Pandits.
law-suit. Vyavastha patra, S, (XRT, a leaf) The written dictum or

Vyavahdra-vishaya, S. (^a^^fRf^^^) Object or title of opinion of a Hindu lawyer.

legal procedure : according to Manu the titles or subjects Vyaya, S. (^m) Expense, outgoing : the twentieth year of

are 18 : 1. Rinadana, Contraction of debt ; 2. Nihskepa, the cycle = a.d. 1826.

Deposit, bailment ; ^: Asmdmivikraya, Sale without owner-

ship or authority ; 4. Sambhuya sa/mutthdna. Concerns

W.
amongst partners ; 5. Dattdpraddnika, Resumption of

gift ; 6. Vetanddana, Non-payment of wages ; 7. Samvid Wabastah, H. (p. <U«*j1j) Bound to, connected with, de-

vyatihrama, Breach of agreement; 8. Krayamkr.ayd pendant upon : a dependant, a relation, an adherent.

nusaya, Rescission of sale and purchase ; 9. Srvdmipd- Wdbastagi, H. (^-OuijIj) Dependence, connexion, adherence.

layor vivdda, Disputes between master and dependant Wada, H. (a. ii£-^, WayadI, Mar. (WI^^) A promise, an

10. Simd vivdda, Boundary disputes; 11. Vdkpdrush- agreement, an engagement, especially with a fixed term,

ya. Defamation, abuse ; 12. Danda pdrushya, Assault a farm, a contract.

13. <Si/e^«, Theft ; 14. Sdhasa, Violent seizure of property, Wddabandi, H. d^SMiSc^) An agreement, especially for

robbery; 15. Sirisangraha, Adultery; \Q. Stripumdharma the payment of money at a stipulated period.

552
 WAD WAJ
Wddaddr, H. (JldiSc-i^) One who is bound by an engage- WaUmdtddr, Mar. (^^TT^t) An officer entrusted with

ment, a contractor, a government officer responsible for the the conduct of any important business, as the government

collections of a Zamxndari, a farmer of the revenue. of a province or collection of the revenue : the represen-

Wddaddri, H. (^^bsArj) Farm of the revenue of a dis- tative or manager of the affairs of an individual, especially

trict, mating a contract or engagement. in his absence.

W&dakhildfi, H. (A. i_jiL=«-, contrary to) Breach of pro- Waiim, H. (a. *aj) Opinion, imagination : in law, suspicion,

mise or engagement. doubt, notion of the improbability of a charge, or doubt

Wdyade-chittM, or -rokhd. Mar. (^ij^f^t, -^^) A writ- of the evidence.

ten engagement, especially with a specified term for its WairAn, Wiran, H. (A. Desolate, depopulated, waste :

^Jj>,^

fulfilment. a village under the head man of a different village.

Wada, or WiDA, H. (A. ct>.) Depositing or entrusting any Wairdna, H. (<wl^j) A deserted or desolate place.

thing to another. Wairdn-kherd, H. 0^^, from S. ^7) Deserted site of a

Wadidt, H. (A. ui^J.) A deposit, a trust, any article or village.

property given in charge or trust to another. Waja, (?) Name of a military and agricultural tribe in

Wadaka, Wajdari, Mar. (^STT:, ^ITTt'f) A low caste, or a Kattirvdr,

member of it, whose chief occupation is killing rats and Wajab, H. (P. («_^3-j) A space of nine inches.

vermin. Wa JH, H. (A. iJs-j) Cause, motive : face, appearance : also

Wadil, Mar. (^Tt^) An ancestor. P. and H., wages, hire, salary.

WadIopdrjita,Mav. (^3'9^tnftnT, from S. ^mf^Tr, acquired) Wajdhat, Wajuh, H. (A. c:^J»ls-j , JS^j) In law, personal

Amassed or acquired by one's ancestors, property, &c. respectability, credit.

Wadlo, Wadlin, Mar. (^3^, ^^Y) By or through ancestors. Wajhd, H. (^=-j) Salary, pension.

Wafa. H. (a. lij) Faith, fidelity, keeping a promise or en- Wajh-i-hdl, H. (JLs-<S»-^) Mode of living, state of cir-

gagement, a conditional or security sale see Baia-hil-mafd. : cumstances.

Waguzashta, H. (P. Juil jjlj) Released from attachment or TF'fl/A-i-A*Vaia,H.(<!Cj]^<);i-j) Ground-rent, charges for lodging.

distraint, relieved from assessment, remitted. WujuhjWujuhdtf corruptly, Ojoohat, H. (s^j ci^la^j, pi.) ,

Wahabi, H. (a. tjl^) A follower of the doctrines of an Salaries, allowances, wages: extra collections by Zamindars
Arabian reformer of Mohammadanism, Shaikh-id-Wahdh, for personal expenses : in law, pleas, reasons, or grounds of
who attempted to reform many of the abuses that had crept appeal ; also the summing up of the judge, with the grounds

into the religion, especially the practices of the Shias : in of his decision.

India it has become a term of abuse equivalent to infidel Wujuhdt-i-kkdx-navisijH. (,w.iji(ja[s., government writer)
or unbeliever A former cess on account of the salaries of government clerks.

Wahi, corruptly, Wyhee, Mar. ('^) A stitched book for Wajib, H. ((.^..^s.1.) Right, proper, necessary.

accounts, of which several are kept by bankers and mer- Wdjib-ul-drz, H. (A. fjOjuWi, -^=lJ) Lit. Fit for, or worthy
chants, as the Kachcha-wahi, rough cash or day-book; of representation : a petition, a written statement or repre-

Pakha-wahi, daily cash-book or journal, shewing receipts sentation, a written agreement ; in the north-west pro-

and disbursements ; Nahl-wahi, a register of hundis or vinces it designates what is considered to be the most

bills drawn, accepted, and paid ; Jarigar-rvahi, in which important of the documents relating to the village admini-

an account is kept of goods given to a broker for sale ;

stration, describing the established mode of paying the

Chithtka-wahi, a letter-book; Vydj, or Wajuk-wahi, government revenue, the actual shares or holdings, whether
interest account-book, &c. : it is the Bahi of Bengal, q. v. held in severalty or in common, and how separation or
WAhib, H. (a. <--^!^) A giver, a donor: in law, one who re-allotment takes place, the powers and privileges of the

executes a deed of gift. Lambardars, and how elected, what extra items of collec-
Wahil, WIhel, Mar. (^TT?^. ^^) Tillage, cultivation. tion are recognised, the rules regarding fruit and timber

Wdhil, Mar. (^Tl'^^) Cultivated, not waste. trees on the estate, and how irrigation is maintained ; the

Wahiwat, Mar. (^ff^TS) Administration, management. appropriation of waste lands, the village servants and their

553 7 B
 WAJ WAL
fees, and the pay of the village watchmen : it should be, the private journal, records, and letters, and to superintend

in fact, a complete view of the organization of the village, the household troops and establishment : any news- writer
and is to be attested by the signatures of all the Lambar- or intelligencer (but little known in this sense).

dars and as many of the shareholders as choose to sign, Fil-wdMa, H. (A- li*i\^\^) In fact, truly, actually.

and by the signatures of the Patwari and Kdnungo : it Wakil, Wukeel, often read Vakil, Vukeel, Vagi'l, cor-

should be read aloud in open court in the hearing of the ruptly, Vaqueel, H. &c. (A. OMj) A person invested

subscribing parties and the settlement officer, and be ap- with authority to act for another, an ambassador, a repre-

proved and signed also by him : the term seems to have sentative, an agent, an attorney : in India, an authorised

been superseded of late years by Khewat. public pleader in a court of justice. Ben. Reg. xxvii. 1814.

TFa;j6-wZ-^aiZ,H.(A. (>ulli._,%»-y Deserving death, capital, Act xili. 1838. Mad. Act vii. 1843 : amongst the Marathas

as an offence. also the hereditary assistant of the Desmukh : a cess im-

Wdjab-miti, Mar. (^»I^filift) The true time : the actual posed to meet the expense of entertaining a Wakil.

date of an occurrence set down in a bond or other docu- Wakdlat, or Vakdlat, corruptly, Vaqualict, H. (A. Ci-Jl^))

ment, either before or after its happening. Representation, agency, attorneyship, the office of a Wakil.

Wajjha, Mar. (^j*fiiT) A man following the double occupa- Wakdlat-mufriddt, H. (A. from OjLc, single, simple)

tion of blacksmith and carpenter. Special agency limited to some particular transaction.

Wakf, H. (i__aij) A bequest for religious or charitable pur- Wakdlat-ndma, Vakdlat-ndma, H. (P, X«l> , a document)

poses, an endowment, an appropriation of property by will Credentials, letter of authority, power of attorney.

or by gift to the service of God in such a way that it may Wakil-mutlak, H. (jjiii* (J^j) -A. plenipotentiary, a repre-

be beneficial to men, the donor or testator having the sentative with absolute powers.

power of designating the persons to be so benefited. Wakla, Wukla, (?) Mar. A bullock-load of grain.
Wakf-ndma, H. (P. AoU, a document) A written deed of Wal, or Wala, H. (a. JIj, 'i\j) Used only in composition it

endowment. denotes a person who does any act, is possessed of any pro-

Wakhab, Mar. i'^^tK) A warehouse, a store-room. perty, is charged with any duty, &c., as, rakh-wdld, a

Wakhdrddr, Mar. (giBR^^) A store-keeper. guard or guardian ;

gdo-wdld, or gwdld, a cowkeeper

Waki H. (A. «s1j) Happening, occurring. ghar-wdld, the master of the house ; DUli-wdld, a man

WdMa, H. (A. (iwU) Event, occurrence : news, intelligence. or inhabitant of Dehli, &c. : (its origin is uncertain, but it

Wakdid, H. (A. ^Uj, plur. of Wakda <)Ck5j) Events, oc- is probably from the S. adjunct van, in the sense of having,

currences, news. possessing, as dhana-vdn, having wealth, wealthy •-

in Te-

Wakdid-navis, or -nigdr, corruptly, Waheh-negar, Wake- lugu it becomes vddu, or wddu.

negar, H. i.\ti- \j^i^'^}i ffo"" P- navis, a writer, or WalA, WilA,

also a. (Uj, lit., proximity, kin, friendship)

nigdr, an inspector) A remembrancer, a recorder of events In Mohammadan law, a peculiar relation voluntarily esta-

an officer on the royal establishment under the Moguls, blished, and conferring a right of inheritance on one or

who kept a record of the various orders issued by, and both of the parties so connected : it is of two kinds.

transactions connected with, the sovereign, in the revenue Wald-dtdkat, or -nidmat, (from iXjUc , manumission, or

department : an officer of this denomination was also at- C>.<*«J, favour) Relationship between a master and a

tached to the Ndzim or provincial governor, who reported manumitted slave in which the former inherits any pro-

to the principal remembrancer at the court the particular perty the latter may acquire after emancipation.

revenue transactions of the province : any communicator Wald-murvdldt, A. (from LuSlyo, related persons) The con-

of official intelligence. nexion arising out of mutual friendship, especially between

Wdkanivis, or -nis, vernacular form of the preceding, Mar. a Mohammadan and a convert. See Mauld.

(^IcIif'T^'tH -fft^) An officer on a great man's establish- WAlajIh, or WalashAn, (sU-81j, JJiH^, from P. ^Ij, su-

ment, the manager of the household and chief caterer, a perior) High in rank, noble, of great dignity.

sort of major-domo : under Sivaji the Wdkanis was one Wala, A Rajput tribe forming the ruling tribe
(?) in Katiwar.

of the eight principal ministers whose duty it was to keep Walad, Wulud, H. (a. jJj) a son.
554
 WAL WAR
Walad-maghrur, A. (jjyjwiljj) In law, the son of a person to the officers of the customs, over and above the duty, as
who has mistaken the condition of the mother, as begotten a perquisite : a tax on grain, &c., brought to a market,
on a female within the prohibited degrees of relationship originally granted to the person opening it, but reverting

without his being aware of it, or on a female slave sup- to government.

posing her to be a free woman : in the latter, the child is WAni, Mar. (^l!rt, S. ^fi!I»T) A particular caste, or member
the property of the master of the slave, but the father may of it, usually a retail dealer : a grocer or corn-chandler, the

redeem it. Banya of Bengal.

Wdlid, H. (A. s]\j) A father. Walida, (jsjJIj) A mother. Wanjaka, or Wanjahi, Mar. Guz. (^»in;T -K!t) A parti-

Walagbeth, (?) Dues claimed by the Padhdn, or head cular caste, or a member of it, carriers of grain : see

man of a village. —Kamaon. Banjdra : the same caste, but following a different occu-

Waland, Guz. ("=11410^) A barber, a village barber. pation, makers of coarse hempen cloths and bags.
Wali, H. (a. Jj) a master, a friend, a prince, a saint: Wanjdr, Mar. (^jIR) A camp or company of Banjdras.
in law the term indicates the relation, natural or legal, in Wanta, or WAtA, corruptly, Waunta, Mar. (gtTT, ^T^T,

which one person stands to another, as a guardian, a trustee, the H. Bdt, Batdi, S. Vata, Vanta) Share, part, portion,

protector, or the like ; also, the person entitled to exact division : also Vanta, q. v. : in Guzerat it denotes .lands

retaliation for personal injury or murder committed upon eitheB exempt from assessment or held at a quit-rent, chiefly

a kinsman or connexion. by Rajputs, although sometimes by Kolis and Mohamma-

Waliahad,M.iA.ti^^^ An heir, especially to a sovereignty, dans : the tenure is prescription of remote antiquity without

the heir apparent, a vicegerent, a deputy. any deeds or grants.

Wali-h&id, H. (A. tkk*; , remote) A legal guardian of a Wdnteddr, Wdntekari, Wdnteli, &c.Mar. (^TJ^, ^iS^itt,
more remote degree than father, brother, or uncle. '^^, &c.) A sharer, a divider, a partaker.

Wali-jdbir, or -majbir, A. (jJUiS^-,jX>js~L) An authori- Wdntani, or Wdntni, Mar. (^Tllft) Distributing, apportion-

tative guardian recognised by the law. ing : a share, a portion.

Wali-jindyat, A. (LUrj-^^) The next of kin, or other person Wdntni-bdb, Mar. (from ^T^, an item) Items of shares of
entitled to exact retaliation for offences against the person assessment to be divided among the cultivators.

of a relative, or of one under his charge. Wdntnipatra, Mar. (S. vm, a leaf) A writing or document

Waliniamat, H. (A. ci.^-*j«J,Jj) A title of respect desig- exhibiting the proportions in which patrimonial or other

nating a father, a patron, a benefactor. property is to be distributed.

Wali-ud-dam, A. (/iJiSWj) A person entitled to exact re- WAr, WAri, also VATi,and BAti, or Bari, (H. ^j\j from S. ."Ij
, ,

taliation, or the price of blood. ^Tjt) An inclosure, a garden, a house, a dwelling seeVdda. :

Walit, Mar. (^T35^il) Ejected or turned out of a caste : out- Wdrhure, Mar. ('^ToS'S) A yard round a house.

caste ; also, sub., the expulsion of one from his caste. Wara, (?) Guz. A portion of land assigned to each member
Walbas, (.'') Guz. A spot of land in a jangal prepared for of a Koli village at a quit-rent.

tillage by burning the bushes and brushwood and leaving WAran, or VAhan, Guz. (Hl-lUi, ^om the English 'warrant')

the ashes as manure. A writ, an order for the apprehension of a criminal.

Walsari, (?) Mar. A sandy soil, a variety of the Tamri, WarAt, Mar. (^THiT) A marriage procession, an assignment

copper or red soil. on the revenues. See Bardt.

Wai.uvan, (?) Mai. A class of agrestic slaves in Malabar. Warhi, or WAdhi, Mar. (^s't) Surplus (of grain, &c.) given

Wam, H. (p. »U) Debt, either lending or borrowing, a loan. by way of compensation in returning a quantity borrowed.

Wdmddr, H. ( iliXo'j) A debtor, a creditor. Wdrhi-dirhi, Mar. (^IS^f^a'^) The practice of borrowing

Wdmkhrvdh, H (P. i\^J}i<^) A creditor. or lending grain, &c., on condition of receiving back half

Wangi, Mar. (^'^'ft) A sample, a specimen, a portion of as much again, more or less.

grain or goods exacted by the hereditary officers of a vil- WArid, H. (a. i);'j) Coming, approaching.

lage, portion of produce presented by the lessee to the lessor Wdriddt, H. (culj;'^, plur. of J,lj) Events, occurrences,

of a garden, plantation, &c., a portion of an article given circumstances.

565
 WAR WAS
Wdrid-sddir, H. (A. jjUsiJjlj) A guest, a traveller. Wast, corruptly, Wussee, H. (A. ^j^;) A testator, one

Waril, or Wadil, Mar. i^^'^) One from whom a person who commands, recommends, or bequeaths any thing : an
descends, an ancestor, an elder, a superior, the head of a executor, an administrator, a guardian, meaning one ap-
family. pointed by will, in distinction from the Wali, or natural

Warilpana, Mar. ('^^^'WJ, from^T^^, best, and ijlff, affix, guardian.

implying the abstract, as hood,' &c. in English) The rights Wasdia, Wasiat, H. (A. <loLflj, 5>/Oj) A precept, a com-

and privileges of the eldest member or head of a family mand : in law, a will or testament defined to be the en-

also those of the eldest son, primogeniture (the first word is dowment of any thing or person with his property by an

only a various reading of the preceding, substituting r for r). individual, after his demise : a will can convey away only

Warilparampard, Mar. (^T^cSTTimi) Line or succession of one-third of the testator's property, except with the consent

ancestors. of the lawful heirs, and in the order of discharge, legacies

WAhis, H: &c. (A. ej,lj), Vahasu, Tel. (Sd'XX)) An heir come after liquidation of debts, before the claims ofinheritance.
any one having right of heritage. Wadat-ndma, corruptly, Wami/out-ndwa, H. (P. <uli a

Warsa, or Wirsa, H. &c. (A. *Jy), Wdrasd, Mar. (TITW) document) A written will or testament : the will.

Vdrasu, Tel., Kam. (oJn'OfOa) Heritage, an inheritance, Wasikat, a. (*ft^5j) A compact, an agreement, a bond, a

a property acquired by inheritance or bequest, any claim written obligation.

or title to property. Wasil, H. &c (J.'^'j, from {J^jJ Joined, connected, attached,

Warm, or Wirxa-ddr, H. (.jiiilu.^), Wdrisddr,OT Wdrseddr, realized : as a revenue term it implies the amount of re-

Mar. (^r<.*l<K, ^TC^i;), Vdrasuddr, Tel. Karn. (<>-' "O. venue collected : it formerly denoted, in Bengal, the amount

r\X)"S°0) A.n heir, a proprietor by hereditary right. of all collections from additional sources, as from the an-

Warsandma, or Wdrisndmd, H. &c. (jLoMij,^, ^rft^iTRT) nexation of territory, assessment of lands previously rent-

A document setting forth a claim to inheritance. free, or resumption of assignment : in Bombay, the total

Wardsat-ndma, or Vardsat-ndma, incorrectly, Verasut- amount of revenue received in the last or a recent year

nama, H. (P. ILeU) A deed or document, either in proof from any portion of land.

of the distribution of an inherited property, or of being Wdsildt, H. &c. (euLslj , plur. of (J-«^j), Wdsaldt, Mar.
legal heir of the deceased. (^^^Tir) Collections of revenue from every head of receipt,
Wirdsat, H. (A. Ci^yj) Heritage, hereditary right, receiving the proceeds of an estate, mesne profits of land : in Mar.,

by inheritance, the condition of being heir. also, the line having part of the letter m at the head, drawn
Wakkah, (?) Mar. A sort of money-lender amongst the across the paper containing revenue accounts, as the de-

Marathas, frequenting the weekly markets and lending signation of papers on that subject.

small sums of money for short periods at a high rate of Wdsildt-patra, Uriya (O'ilCtSi.lQOS^) Account of revenues

interest (from nidva, or vdra, a day), collected.

Wdrhari, (?) Mar. A cess or tax levied on the preceding Wd.nl-bdki, H. &c. (^1j (J-*'j) Collections and balance,

class or money-lenders. an account shewing the amount of revenue realized, and

Waekas, Mar. (^t«B'B) Common denomination for the inferior the remainder outstanding.

grains, for all except rice and the kinds of pulse : it is Wdnl-bdki-kharch, H. (A. -.ji- , expense) An account for-

also applied to the dry cultivation, and to the lands on merly kept shewing the amount of revenue assessed, the

which it is carried on. portion realized, the balance outstanding, with the deduc-

Warhas-jamin, Mar. (from P. ^^i^J) Land suited to the tions for charges of collection: it was drawn up at the

cultivation alone of the inferior grains. close of the year at the settlement of the revenue accounts.

Waeru, (?) The name of a tribe in Katiwar. Wusul, H. &c. (Jj^j), Wasul, Mar. (^^) Collections,

Was, Mar. (g^, also Os ^^, q. v.) Desolate, forsaken, as revenue, rent, &c. : money annually realized by govern-
a village: uncultivated, as land. ment, proprietors, or bankers.

Was, Guz. (H^) Division of a KoU village under its own Wasulbdki, Mar. (^W^^oUt) Collection and application or
head man. administration of the revenues.

356
 WAS WIL
Wasulddr, Mar. (^W^^) A collector of revenue. Watani, Mar. (^IHT't) Pertaining to a property or Watan,

Was&li, Mar. (^B^) Yielding a good revenue ; also an privileges, emoluments, deeds, &c., obtained by inheritance
inferior officer employed in the collection of the revenue, or purchase, held In one's own right.

likewise Wasulya (^ff^^). Watanwdri, Mar. (^11^1^) A patrimonial estate, patri-

Wasulrodsul, Mar. (^W^TH^s) Revenue, rent (compre- monial lands and tenements.

hensively), the collection, appropriation, and management Waveyley, (?) Guz. The privilege lan,ds granted to village

of it. servants and officers.

Wasi'la, H. (a. ^^JmJ) Prop, support, means, mediation, Wamyleehdra, (?) Guz. Village servants and artisans hold-
intervention. ing rent-free lands.

Wasiladdr, H. (j1j<)J.Jjjj,) A client, a dependant. WAzil, Waziat, (a. j^.i^, ^j-ij) Trust, deposit : a deposit:
Wasi'l-eil-nikah, (?) H. (i^ Jl Ih l)j^)) An agent or a deduction : in the revenue accounts of the Mohammadan
negociator in effecting a marriage (? if the first term should government it designated the authorised deductions from >

not be Wakil, or Want). the gross revenue on account of dismembered territory and
Wasita, incorrectly, Wasta, Wastah, H. &c. (A. .$k.»jlj) legal allowances to the Zamindars. See Mukhdrij and
Any thing or person intervening, as an agent, a broker, a 3Iazkttrdt.

middle-man, one who contracts with a dealer to supply Wazifa, H. (a. <sa^j, plur. Wazdif ^.Uij) A pension
him with goods manufactured by others, also Wasiiagdr, a stipend, a grant of land rent-free, or at a quit-rent, to

and Wastdni, and Wasitaddr, corruptly, Wastahddr. pious persons, or for past services : revenue collected at a
Wdxifatdluh, H. (A. jfUliSk^lj) A dependent iadluk, one stipulated or fixed rate for a certain quantity of land.

subordinate, not to a Zamindar, but to a superior Tadluhddr. Wazifa-ddr, H. (JiiiAA)^) The holder of a pension, or of
N'ask, a. ijf^}) A load of corn, a horse or camel load. a rent-free grant of land.

Vat, Mar. {"^tZJ A road, a way. See Sat, and Vdt. Wazn, or Wazan, H. &c.. In the Hindu dialects, Wajan,
Wdtddi, Wdtddyd, Mar. (^T71^ -Z{\} A guide, one who or Ojan, (A. ^j^, ^Tt^.or, Beng. Ojan ^Sf^I) Weight,

accompanies to shew the road. weighing.

Wdtmdrgi, Mar. (*CTSflT»ff) A traveller, a wayfarer. Waznddr, H. &c. (j\i^jj) A weighman.

Wdtmdryd, Mar. (miH'HTT) A robber, a highwayman ; also Waenkash, H.
(.^J^jJ) A weighman, one who weighs the
Wal/pad-u, and Wdtpddyd (^isms, ^TTITSfT). See Bdt.pdr. grain of the' village : It appears to be used sometimes
Vatan, Wutun, incorrectly, Wuttujv, H. &c. (^J^, ^tfrf) laxly for cash-keeper or money-weigher.

Country, native country, place of residence, home amongst : WaznhasM, corruptly, Wozunkushee, H. {JiSJj^ The
the Marathas it has come to import any hereditary estate, office dues or perquisites of the village weighman.

office, privilege, property ,or means of subsistence, a patrimony. Wazir, Wuzeer, sometimes Vazir, incorrectly, Vizir,
Watanhandhu, or Watatibhdu, Mar. (^JT^V, ^jlrivn^) A Vizier, H. &c. (A.^Jj, g^rk) The principal minister

co-heir, a joint inheritor, also a fellow hereditary officer, in a Mohammadan sovereignty.

one who holds an office jointly with another, a brother Wazdrat, H. &c. (A. Cujj.) The office of prime minister.
Desmuhh, a fellow Pdtil, &c. ; many of the district and WiGU, or WiGHU, less correctly, WlGA, or Viga, Guz. {<^%
village offices, with their emoluments, being held conjointly hI^ ,
no doubt a vernacular corruption of Bighd) A land
by more than one individual. measure in Katlwar, the sixtieth part of a Santi, said to
Watanddr, Mar. (=|riH(^K) The holder of a hereditary right, measure 160 yards by 10 : the Gujarathi Bighd is fequal

property, or office, with the privileges and emoluments at- to 284g square yards.

tached to it. WiLAYAT, H. &c. (ei-jHj, f^cmTfT) An inhabited country,

Watanjapti, Mar. (gTHTSTSft, from A. zahti (Jfl^, seizure) a foreign country; applied by the natives of India to
Produce of rent-free lands or other emoluments of here- England especially, sometimes to Europe generally, and
ditary officers sequestrated by the government. to Persia and Turkey.
Watanpatra,yia.t. (S. ij^, a leaf) Title-deed of hereditary Wildyaii, or Vildyati, H. (JCj^j) Foreign, European : the
property. name of an sera current in Orissa commencing a.d. 692f
- 557 7c
 WIN YAJ
WiNDiRi, or VindIri, Mar; (f^^Ttt, from S. fq^?!I, split- borne by several Rajput tribes who pretend to trace thei'r

ting) The name of a caste, or a member of it, said to be descent from this prince.

sprung from a Kshatriya mother and Vaisya father, whose Yaft, H. &c. (vi-^V.' f"^"™ !*•
\J*^^.i to fi°d) Profit, gain

occupation is drilling beads and pearls, and polishing '

fees, perquisites, as,

shells, &c. Ydft-i-Subahddr, the income or revenue of a Subahddr, or

WoDALA, WuDDALA, (?) A class of Mohammadans on the Narndb.
coasts of Gujarat and Kach, manning either trading or Ydft-i-khidmat, corruptly, Ydft-kedmat, H. (from c:,«v« J.i.

pirate boats. service) Attainment of office or employment, fees or pre-

WoLLA-DHARMA, (?) Mai. A private gift to a temple or sents paid on the grant of an office or jurisdiction, as of

religions establishment.
: a Zamindari.
WoRABAT, (?) H. Inheritance. —Shahabad. Yaga, S. &c. (tjit) a sacrifice, an offering, an oblation.

WoRRAH, (?) Tel. A well lined with cylinders of coarse Yainir, or AiNiR, Karn. (C^£^S)5P) Rice used for the first

earthenware. —Northern Sarkars. crop : the first crop of rice.

WosAON, Hindi (^^l^ftf) The winnowing of grain. YajaMana, S., and in most dialects modified as Yajman, ver-

WouSH, (?) Mar. Race, family, generation (a blunder, no nacularly, Ajman, Ijman, corruptly, Yijman, Eejiman,
doubt, for Vans or Wans). Ejhaman, or Yejaman, (m^IHH) A person who employs
WOWANDKARI, or OwANDKARI, Mar. (^<i'oh*!i, ^ jgch^.^) a priest or priests to perform for him either fixed or occa-

A person cultivating land in a village, but residing in, and sional religious ceremonies : as he is usually a householder,

belonging to, another. it has come ^to signify also the head' of a family or household>

WuDj[AWAH, WooDEBAWAR, (?) probably for Udiya, or a chief, a head man, a master, the, head of a caste, tribe,

Uriya-vadu, Tel. A man of the Udia or Orissa country, or trade: it .is sometimes applied to one of several asso-

considered as of a low caste, and employed especially in cut- ciated in the employment and payment of priests for a

ting stones and digging wells and tanks in the Northern sacrifice ; the office offamily priest is sometimes hereditary,

Sarkars. and the Yajamdna has no power to change him as long

as he performs his functions efficiently : in some parts of

the Tamil countries the Yajamdn, or Ijaman, as head of

the community, has peculiar powers and rights : he dis-

Ya, pron. Ja, Beng. ('Ti) A husband's brother's wife. ' tributes the lands when held in common according to fixed

Yad, H. &c. (p. i>b) Remembrance. Mar. (TIT^) A memo- rules among the cultivators, and holds a parcel of land
randum, a scrap, a little account, a note addressed to an rent-free, as well as appropriates the JHfirdsiddrs' grain

equal on official subjects. •

fees ; no sales can be made, nor strangers allowed to settle,

Ydd-ddsht, H. &c. (ci-'i'tJiJb, from P. JiJi^O, to have) without his sanction, sometimes singly, sometimes in con-

Yaddstu, Tel. (CX>J~°iyf03) A note, a memorandum, a junction with other head villagers;; bis land and emoluments

memorial, a petition, a certificate. are hereditary privileges, not grants from the state, and are

Yachita, S. (tnf^tr, lit. asked) A particular form of deposit, transferable by sale, gift, and the like.

in Hindu law, in which the holder of the deposit may Yajamdn, or JEjamdn-grdmam, Tam. (LLJsff'LQrTOT,

have the use of it. eSllJITLDLQ) A village where the lands are cultivated in

Ydchitaha, S. (J?Tf'=nT«li) An article deposited or lent common, but under a distribution' ms^de by the. head man :

for use. also a village which is the property, of a single individual.

Yadrichchhika-putra, S. (^llfta^ "^•' f™"" ^4^'> of See Ehabhogam.

one's own accord or will) A son who offers himself for Yajamdrtrmdniyam, Tam. A grant of rent-free land to a
adoption. respectable householder.

Yadu, S. &c. (^15) An ancient Hindu sovereign, eldest son Yajamdna-krityd, S. &c. (^i1HM°lii<4T) What is to be done

of Yayati, and founder of the race of Yadus or Yddavas in the family of the patron or master of a ministering priest,

Yaduvansa, S. &c. (iS'^ip) The race of Yadu, a name astrologer, or the like.

558
 YAJ YAT
Yajamdni,M&r. (S. THPTI •ft) The principal or presiding person oath relating to past events, one the swearer hastily believes

at a marriage feast or other entertainment amongst Sudras. to be true although in fact false.

Yajana, S. &c. (M»ti) Sacrificing, offering sacrifices, either Yamin mimdkid, or mdkud, A. (from i\sjtl«, or li^i*^,

personally or by competent ministers, on one's own account bound, from 43>ftc) An oath or vow concerning some future

the duty of the three first classes. matter which should be kept unless sinful, in whicji case

Yajana, S. &c. (TtT»nT) Conducting sacrifices or ministering it may be broken, .subject to expiation.

for others : the exclusive office of the Brahman. Yamin-faur, or Yamiin-fur, A. (fromjj^, haste) A sudden
Yajna, S. &c. (tf^) A sacrifice, performance of a sacrifice, oath or vow, one made upon an emergency.
offering of libations of Soma juice, or oblations of butter. Yantra, S., in all the dialects, sometimes pronounced Jantra
Yajna pasu, S. &c. (TTIR5f) A victim, an animal offered (^^) A machine, an instrument, an engine, any mechanical
in sacrifice. contrivance.

Yajnopavita, S. (^'^tl^ftcr) The cord originally worn by Yanirakdran, Yantrikan. Mai. (c!Qj(J3c6€10fDfY6, <Si\[^-
the three first classes, but now of right only by Brahmans ; <B€)no) An engineer, an artificer, a mechanic.

the ceremony of investiture. Yar, H. (A.jb) A friend.

Yajush, S. &c. (TT^j in composition Yajur, as Yajur-veda} Chary dri, H. (P. ^j\i\»-, from ilf&-, four) A sect of

The second of the four scriptural authorities of the Hindus. Mohammadans who venerate equally the four successors

Yak, (?) The c^awwri-taiied ox of Tibet (Bos or Poephagus, of Mohammad : a silver coin or rupee having the names
griinniens). of the first four khalifs on the margin.

Yak, H. (p. i-^) One : more usually Ek, q. v. Yara, H. (p. iJS) Toll, tax, revenue.

Yaksha, S. &c. (^T^) a sort of demigod, especially attendant Yara, Karn. (o&c5) A loan.

on Kuvera, the god of riches. Yarakalapa, Tel. (CxX3~°OS£>oJ) Implements of husbandry.

Yakshini, S. &c. (^'^Jlft) A female Yaksha, attendant on YARAPU,alsoERAPU,Karn. (0035;^) A loan without interest.
Kuvera and Durga, but often holding intercourse with Yardi, Mar. (^TW;^^) The hereditary assistant of the Des-
mortals. pdndyd : in general Ydrha, and Ydrdd, are applied to

Yalam, or Yalam, incorrectly, Yalium, (?) Public sale, men and animals of little value or estimation.

auction, a lottery (a corruption, apparently, of Nildm). Yahghamal, corruptly,ERUGMAL, H.(P. JL*c^) Ahostage
YaLAVALLOR-KUTTAM, Tam. (LljrT_I^SLI6?)GeOrTIT(5g)Ll- Yahlan, read also Yerldn, Yerlinaloo, (?) Mai. The
L_Lq) The Gdndharba form of marriage, union by mutual name of a class of agrestic slaves in Malabar.

consent. Yasawal, H. (p. [JjUmJ;) An officer of parade, one carrying

Yama, S. &c. (xpr) The Hindu ruler and judge of the dead. a gold or silver staffs, a state messenger.

Yamadanshtrd, Mar. (S. im^^:, lit. Yama's teeth) The YATA,YATAMU,Karn.Tel.(oSir33,0&~^§&0) An engine on
last eight days of the month Aswin, and the whole of the principle of a lever for raising water for fieldsor gardens.

Kdrtik, considered as a .period of general sickness. Kaiydta,^ara. (O^OaJ~3S) An irrigating machine worked
Yamadmitiyd, S. (tH, and fgirl^, second) The second by hand.
of the light half of Kdrtika, when brothers and sisters Kdgadaydta, Karn. (O^XOoI^Tc)©) a paper-mill.

exchange gifts and honours (in allusion to the attachment Yathartha, S. &c. (^n^'q) Truly, rightly, correctly, accord-

of Yama and his sister Yami). ing to the sense or object.

YAma, corruptly, Jamam, and Zamum, S. &c. (^h) A Yathayogyam, S. &c. (jliiinftjil) Suitably, fitly, as it is

watch, an eighth part of the day, or period of three hours. proper or right.

Yamin, H. &c. (a. ^^Ji^) An oath, a vow, an adjuration by Yatheshtha, S. &c. (^?) According to desire, as it is wished
the name of God, or by such of the divine attributes or or commanded.

other terms ordinarily employed for the purpose. Yati, or also, vernacularly, JaTi, S. &c. (^ifk) An ascetic,

Yamin-ghamus, A. {{joyAA, perjury) A false oath, wilful the member of the fourth order of the Hindus : in common
perjury concerning an afikir past. use applied especially to a religious teacher of the Jains.

Yamin laghoi (»«), inconsiderate) A rash or inconsiderate Yatim, H. (a. (t^Ju) An orphan, a ward : it is applied in

559
 YAT YER
Mohammadan law to a child whose father dies before he Yedaru-chitu, corruptly, Yedroonoody-chit,. Karn.

or she arrives at maturity, although the mother be living. (CS^OOoar-^cjJ) A counterpart agreement, an engage-

YatrA, S. &c., also, vernacularly, JAtrA (^^) Going about, ment given by the tenant of an estate held under lease or

travelling, but especially travelling to places of reputed montgage to pay a consideration annually for its occupancy

holiness, pilgrimage: a periodical festival in honour of some also a writing given by the purchaser of land to the pro-

idol to which its worshipper? resort : a company of pil- prietor, engaging to give it back on receiving his money
grims : in Bengal, a dramatic representation. again within a stipulated period. See Edaru-chitu.

irdt7'adabi. Mar. (HT^^^) Proceeds of the votive offerings Yeduru-gattu, Tel. (CXX)Q3O0A2a:)) Throwing a dam
by pilgrims in a temple. across a canal or river :. also Eduru-gattu.

T'dtrakaru, Ydtrekari, or Ydtrekarv, Mar. (^T^oir^, IT^- Yeduru-badisanadu, Tel. (p3j&i6oi:iQ,f6c6&)) A samd
WJ^, "m^CSS^ A pilgrim. or agreement passed by one to another in discharge of the

Ydtri, or Jdtri, S. &c. (irnft) A pilgrim. original sanad or grant : more properly, Edy,ru, &c., q. v.

Ydtrotpanna,coTr\i-pl\y,Yatra ootpun,S.iWW'(t'li()^ees paid Ybllavadu, more correctly, Ellavadu, corruptly, Yella-

for the privilege of erecting stalls at places of pilgrimage. WAR, Tel. (,wf oJ "<30) lit. The boundary man, a village

YiiUTAKA, or Yautuka, S. ('^«lf, ^H^), Yatuka, Beng. servant, usually of a low caste, who looks after the village

(<(«i<j?) A nuptial gift, presents made to a woman at her boundaries, distributes water, and acts as guide to travellers.

marriage, becoming her property; a marriage dower or por- Yelmi, (?) Td. A class of cultivators in the northern Sarkars,

tion ; also, a gift to a youth or child at any of the who are often soldiers, and affect to be regarded as Bajputs.

initiatory ceremonies or Sanskdras. Yenuka, also, Yenuka-Chit, more correctly, Enuka, cor-

Yaum, H. &c. (A. *^j) A day. ruptly, Yennuck, Yennek, Yenke, Yennuck-chit,
Yaum-al-Jitr, H. (A. jlsfliL^j) The day of breaking fast, EtJNACK, (?) Mai. A document of various application, but
after the fast of Ramazdn. connected with the transfer of landed property ; as, a cer-

Yaum-al-inkifda, A. (cUailiSL^j) The day of cessation, the tificate or acknowledgment from the owner to a lessee or

day on which any thing termiufttes : in law, the last day mortgagee that he has let or mortgaged his estate ; autho-

Off which any one who has become possessed of property rity to such lessee or mortgagee to transfer his interest to

illegally may restore it, or make compensation to the owner. another ; or in the event of sale or mortgage to a third

Yaum-ul-karr, H. (A. _/aJl|»»j) The day of rest, the day party by the owner, a deed of notice or apprisal of the sale,

after the sacrifice of the tenth of Zilhijjah, when people and directions to the occupant to receive the amount of
repose from their labours. his claims from the purchaser : also, a counter document

Yaum-un-nahr, H. (A. j^\*ji) The day of sacrifice, that given by the occupant to the proprietor announcing his

is, the tenth of the month Zilhijjah, or the festival of the having transferred his interests in the property.

Bakr4d. Ybri, (?) Mar. Black soil.

Yaumid, corruptly, Yeomiah, YeomeA, H. &c. (l^y.) A Yerkullevar, (?) Tel., probably for Erukuvadu, plur.

daily allowance to pensioners of any kind. ERUKUVi.Ni)LU,and the same as those corruptly termed Yer-
Yaumiaddr, H. &c. (I^. .Ij, who has)' A daily pensioner KELW^ANLOO, YeRA-KEDI,YeRAKELLOO ( cjeJ50»JoJ "&;)

or grantee. The designation of a wild migratory tribe who subsist on

Yava, S. &c., vernacularly, Yau, or Jau, {^^^) Barley, a game and all sorts of flesh : they make and sell baskets and

barley-corn, especially as a rudimental measure of length. mats, and are considered as outcastes : both men and women
Yavana, S. &c., vernacularly, Yavan, or Jaban, (^IWrj) A pretend to be fortune-tellers and conjurors : they are also

foreigne'r, applied originally by the Hindus to the lonians said to be called Kodrsfie-wanloo, Yerhel-wanloo iwdnlu,

or Greeks, but in later times to Arabs and Europeans : in or, more correctly, vdndlu, being only the plur. of vddu),

Tam. the plur. Yavanar (UJeUSCKj) implies all kinds Yera-kedi, and Yerahelloo, but to be known amongst them-
'
of artificers, also the lowest class of Mohammadans. selves as Kurru : they are possibly the same who appear

Yavanna, or Ya WANNA, (?) Tam. A fee in money paid to among the praedial slaves in Kurg under the name of

the collector or manager of the revenue. — Tinnivelly. Yerrmanroo, i. e. Erra-vdndlu, ? red men, or Yevaru, q. v.

560
 YER ZAB
or Terlan, ox Erehlen, (?) ''also specified amongst the ser- ^ra, a slave) A slave by reason of having been taken in

vile races of Kurg. battle.

YERBACHAKKU,morecorrectly,ERBACHAKKU,Tel.(o^^'^^, YuGA, S. &c. ('tniJ) An age, especially a subdivision of a

from oJ^ , red) A red sort of soil containing a small great age, or aggregate of four Yugas, which are severally

quantity of lime. the Krita, or Satya-yuga, the Dm&para-yuga, the

Yerhah-walleroo, (?) Tel. A division of the shepherd or Tretoyuga, and the Kali-yuga, the duration of which

Dhangar tribe in the northern Sarkars. is severally computed at years 1,728,000, 1,296,000,

Yerwaddy, (?) A Ryot who cultivates land in a village in 864,000, and 432,000, making a Mahd-yuga of 4,320,000

^^
which he does not reside. 6th Rep. 832 : (corruption of years : the world is now (1854) in the year of the Kali
r f

some derivative of Er, (Tam.) a plough, as Erdlar, age 4955.

ploughmen. YuKTi, S. (jrf^) Union, connexion, fitness : in law, the reason

Yes, Mar. (^^) The gate of a village (preferably Wes, or of a thing or argument, consistency given to a passage of

Ves, ^). law by the determination of its sense or purpose : also

Yeshar, Mar. (tJHoRT) A village servant, the porter or gate- usage, custom.

keeper, who performs also other duties, and is usually a YuVABAJA, corruptly, JoB-RAj, S. &c. (^I^IsTT) The young
Mhar (preferably Veshar). Raja, properly the eldest son of a Raja who succeeds to the

Yetubatte, Tel. (CX^^eaoeO p) A canal cut from a river; Raj by the right of primogeniture ; but it is also applied

(from Eru, q. v). to a young prince associated with his father in the govern-

Yevaru, or more correctly, Evaru, (?) Mai. The designa- ment before his death.

tion of a tribe of prsdial slaves in Kurg, of whom several

subdivisions are specified, as Panay-Yeream, Punjay-

Z.
Yewaru. &c.
Yoga, S. &c. {"^fji) Abstract devotion, by means of which Zabardasti, H. (p. i_fitMiijij) Violence, force, oppression.

superhuman faculties are supposed to be acquired : it is Zabita, in the Indian dialects* JAbitA, or JAbatA, H. &c.
one of the schools of Hindu philosophy, but, in common ((KlajLo, »nf^tn, ^TRTIT) a rule, a statute, a law : esta-

use, is the practice of magic or supposed magical rites blished practice, usage. Tel. (^^SOB ) A list, a roll.

in law, collusion, fraud : wealth, or its acquisition : an as- Zabh, H. (A. ^ i3) Killing an animal, either for sacrifice or

sembly or court of Brahmans, which took cognisance of food, according to the prescribed manner, by cutting the

religious matters. vessels of the throat so as to exhaust the blood, and in-
Yogi, S. &c., in various dialects Jogi {"^^ A follower voking the name of God : where circumstances render this

of the Yoga philosophy, a practiser of ascetic devotion, impossible, as in killing wild animals or game by shooting,

in common use, a religious mendicant, and reputed conjuror the eating may be allowed.

or magician ; there are various orders or sects of Yogis Zabih, H. (A. fai^) Sacrificed, a sacrifice.

the name of a Hindu caste, usually weavers. Zabih, H. (A.

f»>}^)
A sacrificer, a butcher.
Yogakshema, S. &c. (^ITT?*!, from T(\t\, gaining, and T^IJI, Zabt, Zubt, also ZabtI, Zubtbe, vernacularly, Jubt,
preserving) Property, possessions : having property, being Jubtbe, Juptee, Jufht, H. &c. Oax^, Ssx^, h^k,

well oflF: in law, especially property assigned for the per- sTTft) Occupation, seizure: in law, attachment, distraint,

formance of religious ceremonies and accomplishment of sequestration, taking lands under tbe management of the

benevolent objects, as constructing temples, reservoirs, &c. government officers: land which had been held free but

also, transport or custody of goods, and charges on that has been subjected to a money-assessment.

account. ZabU, vernacularly, Zapti, Zafti, Jdbti, Jafti, Japti, cor-

Yogini, S. &c. (jftfira^) A female devotee : a female fiend ruptly, Zehty, H. {,Jax^, »Rift, ^llrt) Sequestrated, at-

or divinity of an inferior order, often associating with tached, applied to lands taken possession of by the govern-

human beings, and usually working mischief. ment officers, or to rent-free lands which have been sub-

YuddhapeIpta-dAsa, S. (jlf. war, mv, obtained, and jected to assessment : in Bengal lands were so designated

561 7d
 ZAD ZA.M

which had been resumed from Jdgir grants by Jaffar Zamdnat-ndma, H. (P. i^ ,• a document) A deed of surety

Khan : in the north-west provinces the term is applied to by which a person makes himself answerable for the debts

the assessment in money on lands in which the more valu- of another.

able products are raised, as sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, Zamdn-ha,-'bhdat-m-samani,h..{iJ~*!i^'^ l:i.>4X^ ^j^jU-o) Se-

esculent vegetables, and the like. curity for the fulfilment of a bargain of sales on the part
Zaft, or Japht-aminu, Tel. (a^qJ^es^rCi)) An officer sent of the vendor.
to sequestrate estates. Zamdn-b'il-dark, A. (cJjjJlj ^J-m) Bail for accidents, for

Zafti, or Japhti-patta, Kam. ^rom H. IL) A document any contingency, or for any undefined amount,
conveying a title to land or houses sold under distraint Zdmin, vernacularly, Jdmin, H. &c. (^j-eto), Jdmin, Mar.
to the purchaser ; and Watan-zabti, or -japti. Mar. (see (Wnft'T) A surety, a security.

Watan) Produce of lands sequestrated by the state, an Zdmini, vernacularly, Jdmini, or Jamini, H. &c (A. ^ji^Lo)

item of revenue : in Guz. the lands once exempt, now sub- Suretyship, becoming responsible for another, either for

ject to assessment. person or property, distinguished as

Japtiddr, Mar. (»lrf^R) A bailiff, an officer employed to Fil-zdmini, H. (A. Juti , act) Security for good conduct, or

execute an attachment. for a person's refraining from any proscribed offence or

Zkv), H. (t>lj) Food, provisions, especially such as are taken misdemeanor.
with him by a traveller setting out on a journey. Sdzir-zdmini, H. (from j,d^»- , present) Being surety for

Zi.DAH, H. (P. JSiilj) Born, a child, used chiefly in compo- a person's appearance.
sition as Shdh-zddah, a prince, a king's son ; Shdh-zddi, Mdl-zdmini, H. (from JU , wealth) Being surety for pro-

a princess ; Saram-zddah, of illegitimate birth : used as a perty, as for the payment of any pecuniary obligation.
term of abuse, rascal, scoundrel. Zar-zdmini, H. (P. jj > gold) Surety for money payment.

Zahr, H. (A.^) Mid-day. Zanjir-zdmini, H. (from V.j^j, a chain), Jdmin-sdn-

Zahr-namdz, U. (A.jUJ, prayer) Mid-day prayer. hhali, Mar, (from TltS^^, S. T^^T, a chain) Chain se-

ZMA, H. (A. ^U) Lost, destroyed. Jaya, Tel. (.&^oSy-°) curity, a number of persons binding themselves severally

Loss, damage. or jointly for each other, joint responsibility of the culti-

Zaif, a. (i —ajj) Light or dipt money, current but not re- vators of a village or district for the whole revenue, or for

ceivable at the public treasuries. money borrowed of a banker.

Zail, H. (a, (JjJ) Appendix, supplement to a letter or book, Janjarbandi-jdminuiKarn. (SjOajO&DoQ^SFclSXi.-OD) Bond
the margin of a book with annotations : the lower margin or bail for a prisoner : (Reeve, but quere if not the same

of a Zamindari grant, in which the names of the lands meaning as the preceding).

granted are recapitulated : any supplementary detail of par- Varttanuk-zdmin, Mar. (from ^^55Icir, conduct) A surety

ticulars. for a person's submitting to the decision of a Panchdyat,

ZakIt, vernacularly, Jakat, H. (A. LsJij) Alms, contribu- though it should be against him.

tions of a portion of property, obligatory on every Moham- Jdmittrkatabd, or -kadabd. Mar. (*nit'I'<*ri*II -«ir^T, from

madan possessed of capital : it is received by the Imdm and A. uyUi, a book) A security bond.'

is payable by him to the poor and needy : the proportion Jdminki, Mar. (»IT»rt»r^) Suretyship, security.

is properly a tenth, but it may be increased to any amount, Jdminddr, Mar. (SIW^-l^K) A surety.

according to the piety of the individual : the term literally Zamin, Zumeen, vernacularly, Jamin, Jami, H. &c. (P.

signifying purification, is applied to the Zakdt ; because ^jXoj , 'Sprtf^ »nft) Earth, the earth, land, ground, soil, &c.

the alms, &c. given, sanctify the use of the remainder. Zamin-bdb, H. (A. <—jb, an item) Relating to land,

ZamAn, or Zamn, A. (^^U-i, ^^y^»o) Surety, bail, security Zamlnddr, Zumeenddr, vernacularly, Jaminddr, Jamiddr,
in general, answering or being surety for another, either Jamiddr, corruptly, Zeminddr,}i. &c. ((j^^ , land, and .Ij
for person or property : according to the Shias the term who has or possesses, »Ul')rr^t, »J*ft(5H, aj»5JSBO) An oc-
is restricted to security for property, whilst Kafdlat is that cupant of land, a landholder : the rights of the Zaminddr
applied to personal bail. have been the subject of much controversy with reference

562
 ZAM ZAM
to his character as hereditary owner of the land he occupies, in 1793, by the terms of the perpetual settlement, which

or as the responsible collector only of the revenues on recognised Zamindars and independent Talukdars as actual

behalf of the government. Under the Mohammadan ad- proprietors," enjoying their estates in absolute ownership

ministration the latter was the capacity in which the Za- as long as they paid the government revenue, or nine-tenths
mindar was ordinarily considered, and the chief authorities of the fixed nett proceeds of the lands, and liable to dis-

never hesitated to exercise the power, when they possessed possession in case of failure, by the sale of their lands at

it, of turning out a Zamindar and placing another in the public auction. Ben. Reg. viii. 1793 ; iii. 1794; v. 1795 ;

Zamindari, whence the one in possession was termed Sanadi, ii. xxvii. 1803. The same measure was subsequently
or Ahkdmi, the Zamindar by patent or command. Whilst adopted at Madras, and Zamindars were designated as
managing the lands and realising the revenue the Zamin- proprietors of land, along with other classes with whose

dar was allowed a fee or commission of ten per cent, upon rights and recognition, as was afterwards explained, it was
the total collections, and a portion of the land was exempted not intended to interfere. Mad. Reg. xxv. 1802; ii. 1806;
from the revenue assessment to the extent of five per cent. iv. 1822. In the Upper Provinces, Zamindaris sometimes

on the collections, under the denomination of Ndnkdr, occur which are held by an individual in absolute pro-

being intended for the personal support of the Zamindar prietary right, the most common instances of such tenure
and his family : further deductions from the stipulated being where the right has been acquired by purchase, and
amount of revenue, termed Mathaut, were also allowed, to especially where this has been effected at public sale for

cover various charges borne by the Zamindar : on the other arrears of revenue ; but the more usual form of Zamin-

hand, he was empowered to levy internal duties and cus- dari tenure is where the lands are held by a number of
toms on articles of trade passing through his district, and coparceners, thence termed Mufassal or village Zamindars,

to impose petty taxes, or Abwabs, on the cultivators, in who hold and manage the village lands in common : the

addition to the portion 'of the public revenue demandable rents paid by the cultivators, whether those cultivators be

from them individually : on his relinquishing the manage- the proprietors themselves or tenants holding under them,

ment of the Zamindari, or being removed from it without together with all other profits from the estate, are thrown

cause of grave offence, it was customary to assign him, as into a common stock, and, after deduction of the govern-

Mdlikdna, ten per cent on the Sadr collections, or the ment demand, and other expenses, the balance is divided

same rate on the nett collections when held khds, or amongst the proprietors according to a fixed law. Ben.

managed by the government officers direct. But although Reg. ii. 1795, &c. From the circumstance of one of the

in these respects the Zamindar appears to be a represen- number of s(ich coparceners representing the whole, as

tative of the state, employed to realise and transfer to the responsible for the government revenue, the designation has

public treasure nine-tenths of the revenue, and to be nomi- been given to him especially of Zamindar, or Mdlik-za-

nated or removed at pleasure; yet the practice of hereditary minddr, but he is a Zamindar only by virtue of the share

succession, and the right to mortgage and sell, partook or shares he holds in the joint proprietary : the designation

more of the tenure of ownership, and extensive tracts came of Sadr or Pargana-zaminddr, denotes m.erely a Zamin-
to be held by successive generations of the same family, dar, or Talukddr, in the sense of an individual proprietor.

through more or less protracted periods, in some instances In the Maratha provinces the term Zamindar was applied

apparently from a date anterior to the fiscal regulations of indiscriminately to the local hereditary revenue officers,

the Mohammadan governments : in the decline of the latter, whether of the districts, as Desmukh, Despande, and others,

also, many Zamindaris which were held originally under or of the villages, as thePatil, Chaughala, and Kulkarani.

a special grant were converted into hereditary proprietaries, Zamin-ddrdn, H. (plur. of Zaminddr) Feudal tenures of the

and the Zamindars, appropriating by fraud or force very nature of conditional Jagirs conferred on certain of the

extensive districts, assumed the state of chiefs and princes, frontier Zamindars of Bengal by the Mohammadan go-
and were sometimes powerful enough to resist the authority vernment.

and withhold the revenues of the state. The question of Zaminddrdna, H. (,lSJi\jSij^j) The pay of a Zamindar, the

right was, however, set at rest in Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, allowance made to him when set aside.

563
 ZAM ZAN
Zaminddri, vernacularly, Jamind&ri, catrVi'fiiy, Zemindar ry, Zamin'khirdji, H, (A. —K*- , tribute) Land paying tribute.

H. {^jSiiXxvj) The office and rights of a Zamindar : the Zamin-mazrud, H. (A. Pji^, cultivated) Tilled land.
tenure ofaZamindari, whether individual or coparcenary; the Zamin-navid, H. (P. ifuJ^, writing) An office for the

tract of land constituting the possessions of a Zamindar or of registry of estates and transfers and mortgages of land.
coparcenary Zamindars : it more usually designates the former. Zamin-uftdda, H. (P.' JSiilSsI , fallen) Waste land, land left

Zaminddr-hazur-tahdl, H. (A.^j-i2»-,the state, and (J,J..^isS', uncultivated.

collections) A Zamindar in the ceded Provinces formerly Jamin-jumld, Mar. (»IMlHaHMciJI) ^om A. ia.Aj>-) Lands and
paying his revenue instalments to the collector of the Zila, tenements, a whole estate.

and charged vrith the superintendence of the police in his Jaminjhdrd, blunderingly, Zumeen-ihara, Mar. (»nftH*RjRT)
Zammdari. Ben. Reg. xxv. 1803. A descriptive paper or roll of towns, villages, lands, &c.

Zaminddri-hismddri, H. (A. <La». , a share, P. i_s;\ii , having) one of the village accounts shewing the extent and distri-

A Zaminddri held in shares, described as a village or estate bution of the lands.

in which the sharers cultivate separately, and raise the go- Jamin-mojani, Mar. (»PThT'fl»r'!ft) Survey of land.
vernment revenue by a bdchh : the lands are not divided Jamin-navis, or -nis, Mar. (»ni^tT«f^^ -»rt^) The officer

amongst the sharers in proportion to their shares and in- that inspects the soil, crops, &c., and fixes the assessment.

terests in the village, and no sharer can have his share Jamin-sirastd, Mar. (jW^^iff^jT^) Rate of land, the rate

separated except by decree in a civil suit : the term is of assessment established after survey.

regarded, however, as somewhat ambiguous. Jaminujkadit'i, Jaminujhddi, Karn. (ftJo^^rOSOI^ptSa^

Zaminddri-patta, H. (<XJu , a lease) A document granted by a^^^rODCXvTQCS) A, particular account of the produce of

government in recognition of the possessions of a Zamindar. ^ a Zamindari or of the qualities of lands belonging to a

Zaviinddri-sanad, H. (A. iXami) Deed or patent granting village.

a Zamindari. Zamm-sang-jamd-masil-hdM, H. (S. kf.^-Vu> , together with)

Zaminddri-rasum, H. (A. j»j«<, , fees) Cesses or fees levied An account of the lands of a village, of the revenue as-

by a Zamindar. sessed, and the state of its realization ; one of the village
Zaminddri-jamd, H. (A. %^s^) The amount of revenue accounts.

which the holder of a Zamindari engages to pay to the Zanana, vernacularly, JanAna, incorrectly, Zenana, H.
government. (<)tJU) , from P. jjj > a woman) The female apartments, used

Zaminddri-ckauki, H. f,cfj*- > a station) A post at which sometimes for their inhabitants : the females of a family.

the officers of the Zaminddr formerly collected tolls and Zandni-zubdn, H. (P. ^JJj , the tongue, speech) The style

customs on goods passing through his estate. or language of the women, differing in some terms and
Zaminddri-daftar, H. {yiii, a record) An office established phrases from ordinary Hindustani, and considered improper

by the British government in Bengal in 1772, in which for men to use.

all grants of Zamindaris, Taluks, &c., were prepared and Zanjir-zamini, less correctly, Zanjira, vernacularly, Jan-
registered, as were mortgages and transfers of the same JIR-JAMINI, or Janjira, H. (p. i^^^jji^j) lit., Chain-

the record and accounts of a Zamindari. security, persons becoming mutually sureties for each other :

Zaminddri-muchalka, H. (A. *^W*. an agreement) An in some provinces it applies especially to the different

obligation entered into by a Zamindar on receiving the i- payers of revenue in a village ; if one is in default the others

grant of a Zamindari, engaging for the due observance of are expected to make the deficit good.

its conditions. Zann, a. (.^^) Opinion, suspicion : in law, presumption

Zaminddr-jamdddr, H. (jlii^i**- jliiox*)) An officer charged that a charge is well founded although the evidence is

with the preservation of the peace and administration of inconclusive.

justice in the town of Chandranagar, upon its capture from Zann-i-ghdlib, or Ghalib-oos-zana, A. (t^Jlc, strong)
the French. Strong presumption of the truth of a charge, although the

Zamin-kdbil-zardiat, H. (A. JjU', fit, OJ-^mi cultivation) evidence does not amount to conviction.

Cultivable land. ZannAr, vernacularly, Janar, incorrectly, Zennar, H. (A.

564
 ZAR ZER

J6j , sl«n';) A belt, a zone : the thread worn by the Brah- Zar-i-surhh, H. (P. A-jm , red) Red, i. e. pure gold, gold

maus, and sometimes assumed by other castes. in general.

Zanndr-ddr, H. {F. j\ii, who has) The wearer of the Zar-i-samdn, H. (S. ^j_,'.a«, like, equal to) Purchase-money

characteristic thread or cord, especially a Brahman. of an estate bought at public auction.

Zah, Zuh, incorrectly, Zeh, H. (P-jJ) Gold, money, a Zar-i-taufir-nildm, H. (A. jiy , increase, and aX^, auction)
money-payment, the land revenue in money. Surplus of sale proceeds, balance realised over the amount

Zar-andud, H. (P. li^iiJl, smeared) Gilt. of defalcation, for which the lands are sold, payable to the

Zar-bafty H. (P. u>Jb , woven) Brocade, cloth of gold. defaulter.

Zar-doz, H. (P. Jji> , sewing) Embroidered with gold : an Zarb, H. (A. i-r^^) A blow, striking : a stamp, an impres-

embroiderer. sion, stamping coin ; stamped, struck, as coin ; as Zarb-

Zar-gar, H. (F-^jj) A goldsmith. i^ Murshidabad, Zarb-i-Arhdt, struck at those cities, part

Zar-kliarid-Tadlluh, H. (P. i^j^jj > bought with cash) In of the inscription on the Sikka and Arcot rupees.

Bengal, a purchased Taluk, one bought of a Zamindar Zaruriat, H. (P. cyb.^j/i, P.jjj/^. necessary) Neces-

it implies generally a dependent Taluk held hereditarily saries, requisites.

under a Zamindar, and reverting to him on failure of heirs. Zat, H. (A. Cjlj) Possessed of, master, owner : person

Zar-mathaut, H. (ciJjfWjj) A series of cesses imposed by essence : (S. strfil) Sort, kind, tribe, caste, race, lineage,

the Mohammadan government of Bengal, consisting of four family, birth. See Jdt, Jdti, &c.

items : 1. Nazr-i-punya, Presents exacted from the Za- Zdti, H. (A. ij,\S) Essential, natural, personal.

mindars, at the time of the Punya or annual settlement Jdt- (for Zdti) jdgir, or Saranjdm, incorrectly, Zat-suran-

2. Sahdi-i-khildt, A charge to defray the expense of hono- zam, Mar. (»fTlI»ll'fli, »ilri*l(.5ITH) A grant of the revenues

rary dresses presented to individuals by the government of lands alienated from the government revenue in favour

3. Pushta-bandf, Charge for keeping in repair the banks of individuals, either as a personal favour, or on the con-

of the Bhdgirathi, in the vicinity of Murshidabad dition of personal service ; a personal grant

4. Itasum-i-Nazdrat, A fee paid to the Nazir or officer Jdtkd, Mar. (alTislil) Personal, as a grant of revenue, either

commanding the escort of the collections from the interior as a personal favour or for personal service.

to the public treasury. In the first fiscal arrangements of Jdt-saranjdm-Jdgir,'M.a.r.(.^H'AiMV^-'^^'ftt) Grant of lands,

the British government through native functionaries these or their revenue, on condition of personal service.

charges were added to the standard collections, and carried Zdti-, vernacularly, Jdti-mukaddam, H. (aiXLo <jli>) In
to the credit of the government, amounting to about one Cuttack, a class of head men who, although collecting the

and a half per cent on the total assessment, and realizing government revenue from the villagers, act in this respect

a lac and a half of rupees : (the word is written Zer- either as the agents of the Mdlguzdr or person who is

mathote, (lsj^^Xc^j), and, corruptly, Zyr-mathote, in the responsible for the payment to the officers of the govern-

fifth Report, and is explained in the Glossary as derived ment, or as the representatives of the inhabitants of the

firom the P. Zer ijjX under, below, but it is called in village, having no substantive right of their own to pay
the text, p. 278, a money-contribution, which makes it the whole revenue.

most probable that Zer is intended for Zar or Zwr, ZatmirAs, (?) Fees in grain allowed by the cultivators out
money). of the gross produce to the servile class.

Zar-parjouti, (?) H. Revenue, principal and interest ZawIjir, H. {K.j»-\^j ,

plur. ofjsy) Prohibitions, forbidden
Zar-i-peshgi, or Zarpeshgi, H. (P. ,_5^«JJ , advance) Pay- things. Zarodjir-i-shardi, Prohibited by law.

ment in advance, a deposit or engagement to advance Zawi-ul-Arham, a. (Af-Ji^ijjii , from yi, possessed of, and
money, a bonus or premium on a lease, an advance of *5>-i , the womb) Uterine relations, kindred between whose
money upon the farm of the revenue : money lent upon a affinity a female intervenes ; they are considered as distant

usufructuary mortgage. kindred in Mohammadan law, because under the rules of

Zar-i-peshgi-ddr, H. (P.^IJ, who has) One who has ad- inheritance a share rarely comes to them.

vanced money. A
565
Zer-zamini, H. {^Jx^jjij)
" *7b
subterraneous chamber, one
 ZEV ZIL
under (ger) ground (.zamin), intended as a retreat in the galpur) ; 5. & 6. East and West Burdwan (Bardmdn) ;

hot weather. 7. Chittagong (Shaigdon); 8. Cuttack (.KatoA) ; 9. Dac-

Zevetum, Karn. (?) corruption for Jivitam, S. (sftf^if), ca (j)AaAa); 10. Dinage^ore (Dindjpur); 11. Hooghly
Means of living, subsistence. {Huglij; 12. Jessore {Jaisur); 13. Midnapore (Medi-
ZiAd, Ziada, Ziadat, commonly, Ziyad, Zitada, &c. H. nipur); 14. Mymensing (Maimansinh); 15. Moorshed-
(A. iiuji iii^ji ii'^V.j) Increase, surplus, more. abad (Murshiddhdd) ; 16. Nuddea {Nadiya); 17. Patna
ZiAN, H. (A. ^.v4;)j Loss, damage. (Pattana) ; 18. Purneah {Puraniya) ; 19. Twenty-four

Zidn-rva-nafd, H. (A. jiij ^^\>j) Loss and profit. Parganas ; 20. Rajashahye (Rdjashdhi) ; 21. Rungpore
ZiAfat, H. (Aij^iU-i) A feast, an entertainment, an invitation. (Rangpur) ; 22. Sarun (Sdran) ; 23. Shahabad (Shdh-

ZiARAT, H. (A. CiJjUj) Pilgrimage, going on pilgrimage abdd) , 24. Sylhet (Silhat) ; 25. Tipperah (Tripara) ;

to any holy shrine among the Mohammadans : in Hindu- 26. Tirhoot ( Tirhut). Recently the Commissionerships of
stan, also, repairing to the grave of a deceased person on Asam, Arakan, Kachar, Hazaribagh, and Tenaserim, have
the third day after the burial, when the Kuran is read and been included among the Zilis of the Lower Provinces.

prayers are recited, and offerings made in expiation of the II. North-west Phovinces. — 1. Agra ; 2. Allahabad
sins of the defunct ; also called Tijd (S. tritiyd) Third, ^. MlyghMx {Alighar) ; 4. A.zimg\ah{Azimgliar); S.Be-
the third (day), and Phul-charhdnd, Scattering flowers, nares (Bandras) ; 6. Bareilly (Bdrel'i) ; 7. Bundlecund
flowers being the chief offerings. (Bundelkhand) ; 8. Cawnpore {Khdnpur) ; 9. Delhi
Zidratgdh, H. (P. xli, a place) A place of pilgrimage, a 10. Furruckabad (Farakhdbdd) ; 11. Futtepoor (Fatih-

holy spot or shrine. pur) ; 12. Ghazeepoor {Ghdzipurj; 13. Goruckpoor (Go-
Zi-HAIAT, H. (a. t:uU»-,_sJ) Living, possessed of life: during rahhpur); 14. Jounpoor(Jbnp«r): 15. Mynpoor (jfa^in-
life, a life-tenure. pur) ; 16. Meerut (Merath) ; 17. Mirzapoor (Mirza-
Zi-HAK, H. ijis^i^S) lit Possessed of right : applied to a pur) ; 18. Moradabad ; 19. Saharunpore ySahdranpur).
class of pensions payable under treaty through the Nawah To which are to be added the Courts of the Commissioners

of Parakhabad. of the Narmada, districts and Kamaon.

ZXHAP, H. (a. j^o) a formula of divorce, such as saying to III. Madras.— 1. Bella ry (^eZaW) ; 2. Calicut (ZaZi^ai)
a wife " You are my mother," i. e. our marriage is within 3. Chikakol {SHkdkol) ; 4. Chingleput (?) ; 5. Chittoor

the prohibited degrees, and is therefore dissolved. iChit'dr) ; 6. Combaconum {Kumbhakonam) ; 7. Coim-
Zi-HIJJA, or Zi-L-HIJJA, H. (a. &sr" t^ J , &s^Il,ji3) The last batore {Koyimbatur) ; 8. Cuddalore (?) ; 9. Cuddapah
month of the Moharamadan year. (Kadapah) ; 10. Gantoor (Gantur) ; 11. Honore (Ho-
ZiLA, corruptly, Zillah, Zelah, plur. Zilajat, H. (A. ndmar) ; 12. Madura {Madhurd) ; 13. Mangalore (Man-
«Lo, plur. c^lss*^) Side, part, a division, a district: galur) ; 14. Masulipatam {Machlipattan) ; 15. Nellore

under the British administration, a province, a tract of (Nelur); 16. Rajamundry (-Ra^a"*''^*^'*^'"*) 5 17. Salem(?);

country constituting the jurisdiction of a commissioner or 18. Tellicherry (Telicheri); 19. Tinnavelly (Tinavalli)

circuit Judge, and the extent of a chief coUectorate. The 20. Trichinopoly (Trisirapalli). There are also Agency

Zila Courts in Bengal and Bahar were established by Courts at Ganjam and Vizagapatam.

Reg. iii. 1793 ; those of Benares, &c. by Reg. vii. 1795 IV. Bombay. — 1. Thana, comprising Ratnagiri ; 2. Surat,

those of the ceded provinces by Reg. viii. 1805 ; but various including Baroch ; 3. Ahmadabad ; 4. Ahmadnagar ;

modifications have been since made from time to time, some 5. Candeish {Khandes ?) ; 6. Dhirwar ; 7. Poonah (Pu-
having been abolished, some created, and the limits of others na); 8. Sholapore {Solapu7').

having been altered. Act xxi. 1826. Mad. Act vii. 1843. Zild-tahsil, H. (fjjuo^, collection) Collection of the revenue
The Ziia Courts are at present as follows, according to by an officer in charge of a Zila or district, in opposition

their usual but corrupt designations, and to those which to the collections received by the chief European officer,

are probably more correct the Sazur-tahdl.

I. Bengal. — 1. Backergunge (JB«Mir^awj) ; 2. Beerbhoom Zild-dddlat, H. (A. b^liXc) The chief civil and criminal

(Birhhum) ; 3. Behar {Bahdr) ; 4. Bhaugulpoor {Bhd- court of a Zili.

566
 ZIM ZIR

Zil&ddr, H. (P.jlj , who has) The officer in charge of a ?ila, vernment, the payments of properties in the vicinity of his

a provincial governor, sometimes applied to the European own : these dependent Tdluks, or estates, are designated his

collector or judge, whose authority extends over the Zili Zimma, in distinction from his own, or Nij.

in the Delhi territory the title was also given to the head of Zimma-ndma, H. (x«li<tSj) A deed of trust, authority to

a village, who was chosen to superintend the revenue affairs have charge and make the collections of an estate.

of several adjacent villages, united under him for the con- Zimmarvdr, H. (jljiCJ) A person placed by government in

venience of revenue arrangement : in the Maratha country, charge of an estate in arrear of revenue until it is sold.

a petty revenue officer, having jurisdiction over several vil- Zimma-ndma, H. (iX^liiLcj) A deed of trust, authority to

lages, comprising a taraf, or other small division of coun- have charge and make the collections of an estate.

try subordinate to the officer in charge of a Pargana. Zimmi, H. (A. ^JcS) One living under protection, a client, a

Zildddri, H. (P. jjf^lii*lxi) The office or jurisdiction of a dependant, especially applied to a subject of a Mohammadan
Zildddr. government of a difierent religion, as a Christian, a Jew, &c.,

Zila-kharch, H. District expenses, said, in Tirhut, to include who is allowed to live without molestation on paying tribute.

the cost of weeding indigo fields, and other incidental ex- ZiMJf, corruptly, ZmiN, Zimmum, Zymn, H. (A.
^J^) The
penses of the factory. endorsement of a grant, giving an abstract of its contents

ZlMAN, A. (yjUwc) Recompence, compensation. an abstract statement or account, a cover, an envelope, a

Zimdn-i-Atdk, A. (^Uc, manumission) Extra labour per- clause in a legal regulation : also, suretyship, obligation.

formed by a slave as a compensation for his manumission. See Zaman.

Zimdn-i-fasdd, or Ziman-ul-ifsad, A. (oLji , injury) Com- Zimn-navisand, H. (P. JoUujJ , let them write) A form of
pensation for personal injury or damage. words, let them write the abstract,' formerly inscribed upon
Zimdn-i-jandiat, A. (iyU»., a wound) Compensation for any a sanad granting an assignment of revenue or Zamindari,

act of violence against the person, as for wounds and the like. which served as authority for the subordinate officers to

Zimdn-i-tamalluk, A. (c^Jd^', taking possession of) Com- make out the particulars of the assignment or grant.

pensation for appropriation of property : the indemnification ZiMNOTA, (?) Consideration usually received by a surety.

which a man who possesses only a share in a slave pays ZiN, H. (P. ^^>j) A saddle, a horse's trappings.

to his partners on setting the slave at liberty. Zingar, H. (P.^£uj) A saddler.

ZiMAR, A. ( iLtui) In law, any thing uncertain, as disputed ZiNA, H. (A. iJj) Fornication, adultery, any illicit intercourse

debts, treasure-trove, fugitive slaves, and the like : any pro- of the sexes, whether the parties be married or single.

perty of which the possession or recovery is doubtful. Zdni, H. (A. (Jlj) A whoremonger, a fornicator, an adulterer.
ZiMMA, or ZiMMAT, H. (A. k^t>) A deed of protection, an ZiNDAGl, orZiNDAGANi', Vernacularly, Jindagi, Jindagani,
authorised assurance of immunity in life and property, such H. (P. (JlSiiJj, ^ii!ij) Life, means of living or subsistence.

as may be granted to infidels under a Mohammadan go- Jindagi, Jindagani, Karn. (^o5^, a30Q~?V^S)) Trea-

vernment : also the corresponding obligation of subjection, sure, money.

fidelity, obedience ; also, trust, charge, custody : a tenure Jindige, Karn. (^o£) A) An estate, a domain.

in trust, but which, by possession, came to signify a tenure ZiNDAN, H. (P. ^^'^ij) A prison, a gaol.

in right in some places, in others an under tenure or a ZirAa, also pronounced, DibAa, corruptly, Direah, Direh,
subdivision of an estate, in which the holder is entitled to H. (A. pjjj) A measure of length, a cubit, a yard : in the

levy the revenue due by the cultivators, and pay it either Regulations it is considered synonymous with Oaz, q. v.

to the Zamindar, or sometimes direct to the government Zikaat, H. &c. (A. u:..^clM•), vernacularly also JirAit, and

a sub-tenure, part of a Sawdla. JirXyat, q.v., corruptly, Zarayet,Zeroyet. Agriculture,

Zimmaddr, H. {j\iilCii) A trustee, a person in charge : in cultivation, farming : a cultivated farm or field : sometimes
Eastern Bengal it is applied especially to the holder of an lands not artificially irrigated ; also, Karn., a pension.

under tenure or portion of a Zamindari, paying revenue Zirddti, vernacularly, Jiraiti, corruptly, Zeroytee, H. &c.

either to government direct, or to a Zamindar : it also applies Cultivable arable lands ; also, sometimes, assess-
(t>=J;j)

to a Zamindar who is authorised to collect, on behalf of go- able lands, subject to assessment.

567
 ZOR AIN
ZoR-TALAB, H. (P-j}ji force, and A. (wJda, seeking) A i. e. of money value, as the equivalents of an article sold,

compulsory exaction, enforced augmentation of amount of goods, chattels, &c.

revenue. ZuBiN-BANDi, H. (P. ^JJj , the tongue, and (_?ii>Aj , binding)

Zu, H. (A. ji>) A lord, a master, used chiefly in composition Deposition, affidavit, a written record of the questions put

to imply possessed of, as Zu-al-karnm, Possessed of two to a witness, and his answers.
horns, i. e. of the east and west, a sovereign ; applied espe- Zuhdni, H. ((j\J), Jabdni, Mar. (a|«IHl) Adeposition, a decla-
cially to Alexander the Great. ration, a written as well as a viva voce statement of a claim.
Zm-al-yad, A. (iXjJljJ , having in hand) The actual occupant ZuLFAKAKi. H. (a. i^lAfliljii) The current silver coin of

or possessor of property. Hyderabad (from its bearing the impression of a sword, that

Zudt-ul-Imsdl, A. (JU.«llli.sj'jJ) Things possessed of equi- of Mohammad, and afterwards of Ali, named Zu-al-fahdr).
valency, in respect of weight or measure, receivable as the ZuLM, H. (a. Jila) Tyranny, oppression, extortion, a heavier
price of an article sold, as grain and the like. assessment than the people can bear.

Zudt-al-kim, A. (*ASjt d^LtJ) Things possessed of price, Zdlim, H. (A. Jit) An oppressor, an extortioner.

ADDITIONS AND COEEECTIONS.

A. Adi, corruptly, Audy, Tam. (sLt^) The fourth month of the

Abchak, H. (CJ^. I ) A water-way, a drain. Tamil year (July-August).
Abddi, H. (t/jbl) The part of the village lands on which Adima-janm. The mortgage so designated is said sometimes

the dwellings are erected. to imply perpetual immunity from servitude when granted
Ahdd-kdri, H. (^^J^li\J\) Right derived from first clearing to a person of a servile caste.
away and occupying land : also, adj., improving, as an Ag, corruptly, Aug, Hindi i^StrO Rate levied as a share of
estate, increasing, as rent. government revenue on the cattle of a coparcenary village;

Abhimana-putra, S. &c. (^fiwHxig) A foster son. rate of grazing charge for cattle, that on a buffalo being

ACHANDRAKKAM, COrruptly, AUCHENDHARKUM. called an Ag, that on a cow half an Ag, and that on a
Adam, Tam. (^l_lL) A measure used for oil=20 padis. calf a quarter Ag. — Delhi.

AdepIde, Mar. (^T^'ITs) Portion of grain taken by the Agario, Gua. (=^.1^1^=^) A salt-maker.

Pdtil from each cultivator's heap as his due. AgradAna, corruptly, Ugurdanee : the same Brahman is

Adhidr, corruptly, Adyar, H. A cultivator who assists in also termed Agrasrdddhi, corruptly, Ugursradee.

cultivating land on condition of receiving half the crop. Ahar ; also any piece of water. Ahari, vulgarly, Akri, a

Adhikdr, vernacularly, Adhidr, corruptly, Adyar. small reservoir.

Adhikdri, corruptly aUso Adigary, Odkecaree: in Bengal the Ahitagni, corruptly, Auhaetagee.
term is sometimes used as a family name or title, as Jdbal- AhUi-hdr, in the sing., less correctly Ahil-kdr, is also the

kiswar Adhikdri : it usually implies a Brahman descent. title of the chief native judge^ whether criminal or civil,

Adhak, Arhak, alsoAKHA, Arhi, corruptly Ara, Arra, in Kuch Bahar.

Aree, Arree, Ben. ('srfl»'F, 'SfW, '^Ttlf^). In Bengal the Ail bater, (?) A narrow pathway sufficient for cattle, especially
Arhi is a grain measure containing two maunds : in some on the top of a boundary ridge or mound, whence it denotes a

places it also denotes a measure of land, apparently much boundary of such a description : a cow-road (perhaps from
the same as a Bighd subdivided into Katthds. A. Aili^}, a goat or stag, and H. vLjb, hdt, a road).
Adholi, corruptly, Adolee, Adolt, Mar. (^Wt^) A mea- Aima, erroneously, Ima.
sure of capacity, properly equal to half a Pdhali, or two Aima-khardj, H. A grant of land bearing a quit-rent
A
Sers, but varying in different places. AiN, corruptly, Iyen.

568
 AIY AYA
Ainat, or Ainath (?) H. Rate of assessment. Arkati, H. (^l^t) A pilot.

AivAN, corruptly, Ieayer : also the head of a relig^ious Arkatia, Urkutteea, (?) H. A difference of 2^ Biswas
community. per Bighd between local and government measurement.
Ajnd-paira, corruptly, Aglan-putr. Ghazipur.

Al, incorrectly,- Ait., All; alsoa boundary mark. S^e Ail-hater AnPAN-NAMA, H. (from S. ^'q?rr, delivering) A deed of gift,

Alavagulu, also read Alavoloogoo and Oolagoo. especially to a temple or idol.

Alavi : also, an instalment. Arpasi, corruptly, Alpesee, Tam. (aj tT)l_i<^) The seventh
J.ZaOT-joatra,corruptly, Alvyputra,Knrv.. Aninstalmentbond. month of the Tamil year (Oct.-Nov.).
Ali is sometimes said to be a measure of 22' Sisis. —Kamaon. Arra, Arrar, (?) Beng. A fishery, a hole in the bed of a

Alii/a santdna, corruptly, Alydsantan. river in which fish are eaught.

Amada, (?) Tel. A distance of eight or ten miles. Arthi, corruptly, Aruteah.
Amddni, Guz. (^'*l'tl''lL) also, duty on imports. Arzi musannd, H. (JM^ ^Ojc) A petition or plaint in

Am, H. (a. *c) An uncle, a father's brother. duplicate.

Am zdda, H. (!i4>lj>*c) An uncle's son, a cousin. AsBlAT, H. (A. c:,^AA,>ac) Affinity entitling to a share of
Anmnat-paiti, (?) Tel. A separate account. inheritance: according to some authorities, to a sixth.

Angan: in the S. more usually Ankanam, corruptly, AsiN, sometimes Aswaja.

Ankaunum. ASTACHI, (?) Tam. A writing, a deed, an agreement.

Ani, more correctly, Ani (^OCfl) The third month of the Atveth, (?) Mar. Personal service exacted from the culti-

Tamil .year (June- July). vators by the revenue contractor or government officers.

Ankanam, corruptly, Ancunna, Tel. (esosSSO) a. mea- Aukdt guzdri, (^Iji Cijw.l , plur. of Wakt, time) Subsis-

sure of land, a definite quantity of ground : a division of tence, allowance, means of passing one's life.

a house, which is commonly described as consisting of so AusAT, corruptly, OsCT, Oshut, Osit, Usit, (? perhaps from

many Ankanams, from three or four to between thirty and A. Sa.uj wasf, middle, included) Beng. Subordinate, under,

forty : it also applies to ground unoccupied adjacent to the dependent, as a tenure of land, or part of an estate held

house : according to Brown, it means an apartment, or the of a superior : the term is peculiar to East Bengal, and

space between two beams or pillars, which latter is also is much the same as the Fatiani, or Putni of the west.

Campbell's interpretation : the former appears to be its Ausat-hamdla, Beng. A subordinate holding termed Ha-
ordinary meaning. wdla, q. v.

Ankhra, Ankra, (?) Guz. The total assessment of an estate, Ausat-tdluk, Beng. A portion of a Taluk held in subordina-

without reference to the items of which it consists : (no tion to the entire Tdluh.
doubt from Ankhu ^1°"^, whole)- Nim-ausat-tdluh, Beng. (P. |»JJ , a half) A subdivision of

Ans, also a land measure = 1 Bisi. — Kamaon. the preceding.

Ansam, corruptly, Amshom, Mai. (S. CS^6C/3o) A part, a AiitM, Mar, (^traH'li't) A portion of grain per plough levied

share, a subdivision of a province, a territorial division. at harvest as the perquisite of the Pdtil.

Anu.bhavam, corruptly, Anubhom. AvANi, vulgarly, Auvany, Auny, Tam. (ajjQJSSCfl) The
Anumati, corruptly, Anoomaty, S. (^'J^Hfil) Assent, consent, fifth Tamil month (Aug.-Sept.).

permission. AvirA, barbarously, Obeera.

Anumati-patra, corruptly, Oonamuttee-piitter, Unamuttee- Awan : it is also elsewhere called the field into which the
pottah, TJnamuttee-puttur. rice has been transplanted.
Apas-nAma, H. ((>»> I> self, selves) A voluntary deed of ad- Ayakattu-alavognlu, (?) Karn. An account of the lands of

justment between parties. a village, and of their distribution amongst the cultivators

Aravar, vulgarly, Arvcar : it is said also to designate a and proprietors.

usufructuary mortgage for a stipulated period. Ayamera, corruptly, Ayameera, Karn. Portions of the

Ariyat-ndma, H. An engagement to return any article or crop assigned at harvest-time to the village servants and
property which has been given on loan or in trust. officers,

S69 7f
 AZM BAN
AzMAiSH, vernacularly, Ajmaish, corrupjtly, Ajmash. Bairak, Bairakh, H. (s^jXi, ^JfS) A flag, especially one

Ajmaishi-patti, or -patta, corruptly, Ajmaishy-putty, (?) set up on taking possession of new or unoccupied land,

Survey statement.' whence it has come to signify the act of taking possession

of such land, or official authority to do so : this, however,

is more correctly expressed by Bairak-dhddi, corruptly,

B.
Byrucli-abadee.

Babria, (?) Guz. The name of a tribe of Hindu cultivators Baishnav, very corruptly, Bustum and Boshtom, which
in Kattiwar, after whom the district of Babriawar is named : seem to be, however, vernacular corruptions.

seventy-two divisions of them are enumerated, of whom Baishnavottar, "corruptly, Bushtomoottur, Boshtomoottur.

the Kotila, Dhdnkra, and Wpra clans are the principal. Baitiian, corruptly, Bytan, H. i^J^^^) A homestead, a farm,

Badaero, corruptly,BuDUROW, H. (P.jjjiXj) A drain, a sewer. the residence of the farmer, and ground adjacent.

BIdiga, incorrectly, Badega. Bajantari, corruptly, Birjuntry.

BIdikabi, (?) Mar. A non-resident cultivator in a Khot vil- Bdjrid, Guz. (^Is/jOL^L) Producing millet or other in-

lage engaging for a share of the crop. ferior grains : a village or class of villages.

Bagalo, commonly,BuGGAL aHjGuz. (^Ol^i Atradlng vessel Baka, Tib. A cloth measure = 2 breadths. — Kamaon.
navigating along the Malabar coast and in the Persian Gulf. Bakhar, incorrectly, Bukkar.
Baha, erroneously, Bhaha. Bakhra, incorrectly, Bukra.
BahAdur, H. &c. (p. jiil^j) A hero, a warrior : under the Baki, barbarously, Buckoy.
Mohammadan government, a title of honour given to the BIki-jai : add, or any balance.

nobles of the Court, usually associated with some others, as Bakla, (?) Beng. A small square of timber used in ship or

Khdn-bahddur, Raja-bahddur : in more recent times it boat-building.

is given to persons of inferior, although respectable station, Bakra, (?) Uriya. A measure of land, apparently the same

and to some of the government native officers. as a Bighd. — Cuttack.

Bahi, corruptly, Bhai, Bhye. Balal, Ballal, (?) Karn. A title in some parts of Karnata
Sahi-ddn,'R. (P.j^li), who knows) An auditor, an account- (perhaps the same as Valldlan, q. v.).

ant, a person appointed to examine an account-book or books. Band : this is sometimes employed, though laxly, to designate

Bahi-suUdni, H. (from ^J^sLu , a prince) A public or go- the piece of water confined by an embankment.
vernment register. Bandar : when not a sea-port it especially applies to a mart

Bahi-ydd-ddslit, H. (P. ci»^«*iliJ'^W A memorandum or on the banks of a river like Kalna or Patna.
note-book : a diary of proceedings kept by an Amin, or Bandara, (?) A stone dam or dyke, an embankment of

Sadr-amin. masonry.

Bahli, H. (,J^^ , ^^) A two-wheeled carriage for riding in. Bandhak, corruptly, Bandoh : the word is also laxly used

Bai-haiadna, corruptly, Bye-leanah, H. {liAxXi ^) A con- for a piece of water confined by a dyke or embankment.

tract of sale, with acknowledgment of advance on account Ghair-band-o-basti, H. (j}s-, other) Unsettled, as an estate

of the purchase-money. unassessed or with the revenue not determined.

Bai-hdmil, H. (J»«\^, perfect) Final or absolute sale. Band-phdnta, blunderingly, Bund-phatuk.

Bai-muddmla, H. (ijLoU-*, affair) A fictitious sale. Bandhmdra, H, (jSi^ysjJu) Specification of boundaries.

Bai-mukdsa : add ; or sale of property in favour of a wife BANiK;.4Ri,Beng. (Ti^t^t^) Anabetterand aider in an offence:

in lieu of her relinquishment of dower : in some cases (but, properly, the term denotes only one who joins in dis-

it is a fraudulent transfer of property to a wife as an equiva- seminating language (,bdni) which reay be calumnious or

lent for a dower, but which she sells : it is also laxly used libellous).

for a deed of sale for a settlement, and for a deed of sale Bans : also the standard measuring-rod in Guzerat, equal in

to a widow by the heirs of her husband. some parganas to 20 feet 65 inches, in others to no more
Bai-ndma, corruptly, Bayana-ndma. than 7 feet 5 Jq inches.

Bailu, corruptly, Bhyle. Bantoi, (?) H. Coparcenary proprietor. —'Kamaon.

570
 BAN BHA
Bhdi-bdnt, H. (c:^lji_sl^) Hereditary family share, appli- Be-mdru : also, used laxly, without an owner.

cable only occasionally to all the shares of a coparcenary Behri : also a large division of a village including many
village. Pattis. —Bundelkhand.
Anhdnt, H. (ci^iLul) Undivided, unseparated ; paying the Berij-patta, Mai. A grant of land by the government at a

revenue collectively through a representative, a village, &c. stipulated rent.

Banya, corruptly also Bunneea. Besah, Besari, (?) Guz. A mixed sort of soil partaking of

Bar ; add, a piece of forest land. the properties of black and light soil.

Bae, (?) Guz. Weight by which cotton is weighed, equal to Beth, (?) H. Occasional personal services of the villagers

20 Dharis of 48 Sers each, or to 960 Sers. to the head man or proprietor, especially in cultivation (it

Barar, incorreetly, Berah. is most probably an error for Bhef, q. v.) —Kamaon.
Bardasht : add, Furnishing porters and provisions to go- Bett : also, waste land.

vernment officers and troops, and European travellers. Bew^ARTTA, (?) Uriya. An officer or agent under a Raja or

Kamaon. Zamindar of the kilajdt estates, who manages the affairs

Barguni, (?) Asam. Police tax. of a district more or less extensive.

Barhi, (?) H. Garden lands belonging to the government. Bhadonnii, also, corruptly, Bhudwee, Bhudduee, Bhuddye,
Kamaon. Bhodaee.

JBarhti-hafta, H. (<U^^fcjj) Commission, charge for agency. i?Aa(7a-D?'«a»'am,corruptly,'Fi6aram,Tam. (l—irTSSJleU (JLD)

Bari, Asam. Village lands. Separation or separate account of shares.

Barotha, Hindi (^3T) A washerman : a vestibule, a portico. Bhdgzdt, (?) Beng. An agreement to divide a property

Bas-o-hds, (?) H. A local rate or cess payable by resident under specified conditions.

cultivators in addition to the land revenue, calculated at I)ori-bhd,g, (?) Guz. A principal share.

one rupee eight anas per plough : held to be illegal. Bhaikar, (?) H. Petty rent in kind paid to the owner, a

Bastu, vernacularly, Bast. quit-rent. —Kamaon.

Bater, Batur, (?) H. Raised boundary of a field : see Bhains, H. i^j/Jji-^i) A buffiilo. See Bhyns.

Ail-bater, it occurs also Gvr-batur ? for Ghar-bater. Bhainslet, H. (from ly, to roll) A puddle, a pool (where

Bat : also a small land measure. — Ghazipur. Ijuffiiloes might roll).

JBatwdrd, is now most generally in use to imply a separa- Bhara, (?) H. A land measure = 2j Bids. — Kamaon.
tion of coparcenary holdings at the desire of some or of BharajMA, corruptly, Bhurrun, Burra.
all the coparceners, or the detachment of the share of an Bharari, (?) Alluvial land.

individual so as to constitute his share an entirely distinct Bharat : also Responsibility of an individual as Lumherdar.
property, made with the sanction of the revenue authorities :
Bharati', corruptly, Bharthee, Hindi (vntift) Name of one
it is also, though laxly, applied to the deed or document of the ten orders of JDas-ndmi ascetics.

under which the partition is made. Bhari, corruptly also Buerree, it also denoted a rupee, the

Sambatwdrd, H. (from S. ^JR , all) The entire division into Company's Arcot rupee coined in Calcutta, in value S-g- per

severalties of a coparcenary estate. cent, less than the Sikka rupee.

BatelI, corruptly, Botilla : it is a single-masted vessel of BHARJfA, corruptly, Burna, Bijrhna : also, a pledge : a ter-

the burthen of from 30 to 85 tons, employed in the coasting minable mortgage, or one redeemable by the application

trade of the Malabar coast. of the surplus proceeds of an estate held as security.

Bati, corruptly, Battee, page 67, 2d col. 38th line. Bharndddr, H. (P.jlj, who has) A mortgagee, one who
Bauli, more correctly, Bhauli, q. v., should be Bhaoli, q. v. has occupation of an estate, the rent of which is retained

Bauri : add, A land measure. —Bahar. until it liquidate the principal and interest of the debt.

Baydna^palra, Beng. (S. ij^ , a leaf) Acknowledgement of Tamassuk-hharnd, H. ((iA«j.AJ , a bond) A bond with pro-
an advance. perty pledged or land transferred, the proceeds of which

Bayengi, (?) H. The wool of the hill or Tibetan sheep. are to be set off against the principal and interest of
Bdz-dawd-ndma,'B.. ii^i^^dyS) A deed of relinquishment. the loan.

571
 BHA BOH
BhaktEj H. (ijjif) lit. A filling;: an accretion of land from Biradar, H. {S.jd)ji) A brother.
alluvial deposit. Birddar-am-zdda, H. A first cousin, an uncle's son.

Bhata, (?) Guz. Light sandy soil, but productive : also a BiRT, also of various kinds ; as,

tract in which such soil prevails. —Guzerat. Birt-jajmdn, or -jajmdni, H. (from S. il5fI»nH) The right

BhAti, (?) H. A grant of land made originally for the sup- to the performance of the domestic ceremonies of a house-

port of the grantee. holder, and the fees payable thereupon.

Blidtijama, H. Revenue derived from Bhdti land. Birt-hhairdt, H. (A. L:i.MAi- , alms) A small gratuity to

Bhatu, also read BhAta, Guz. (fHl £> Land subject to inun- religious persons on various occasions.

dation, or deposited by returning floods : alluvial soil. Birt-patra, H. (S. .1) , a leaf) A title-deed, or rather a

Bhaunria, corruptly, Bhoureah, Bhowreah. voucher for any holding of land or property as Birt, or
Bhavanti : also a tiled house. subsistence.

Bhawar, (?) H. Another name for the Tardi or low lands Birt-purohiti, corruptly, Birt-prohitai, H. (S. tj^rf^ir) Dues

along the foot of the Himalaya. claimed by the hereditary family priest.

Bhed-bahi, (.'*) Beng. A waste-book. Behh-birt, (?) H. A kind of tenure, land held on a quit-

Bheja, Guz. ((H^) Moisture oozing from the surface of the rent. — Saran.

soil, also damp exuding from walls, &c. Kus-hirt, (?) The hereditary right of certain Brahmans to

Bheli, corruptly, Bhailee. perform the domestic ceremonies of the better orders of the

Bhent-ndma, H. (<iUiL> Li^JU^) A deed of gift. Kurmi class of cultivators. —Bahar.

Bhera, (?) H. Cess on wild-bees' nests. —Kamaon. 3Iitiya-birt, (?)H. The hereditary right of certain Brahmans
Bhet, also, in Kamaon, personal service exacted by the Zamin- to perform the domestic ceremonies of the lower orders of

dar or Padhdn from the cultivators. the Kurmi class of cultivators. —Bahar.
BhHar-hdri, corTa-pi\y,Beetu7--hdree, H. (^lu^), inner, tg^'o, Ndkdi-hirt, H. (A. iXaj, ready money) A money allowance
a house) The ground on which a house stands, and the or pension.

land immediately adjacent or inclosed round it Bf s, Beng. ('^HT) A large measure of grain = 40 mans.
Bhlti-bdri, H. (t/jV ,^_^^ A homestead, the site of a house BiSA, (?) H. A measure of land equal to four Bisis. —
and the land adjoining to and dependent upon it. * Kamaon.
Bhogyddhi, corruptly, Bogueady. BiSAYA, (S') Asam. A native officer who collects the revenue

Bholan, Guz. (fHliHlUI) Flood, inundation : adj. swampy, from the cultivators (perhaps the Bisoi of Orissa).

marshy. BiSHNi, (?) H. A denomination of lands held under a peculiar

Bhundari, also corruptly, Boondah. local tenure. —Shahabad.
Bhura, (?) Beng. A given quantity of sand ; a boat load. Bisi : the measure of land in Kamaon is also said to be as

Bi, Bee, (?) H. A measure of grain, a subdivision of a Pauti. much as shogald be sown with twenty ndlis of seed.

—Dinajpur. Biswdnsi : the subdivisions of this are differently enume-

Bid, (?) Karn. A temple. rated, and the proportions nowhere defined, although they

Bigha, also, corruptly, Biggah. are possibly twentieths: one statement makes them Tis-

Bijdmari, also, corruptly, Bejawary, Beejevary. wdnsi, Kachmdnsi, Anmdnsi ; another Kachmdnsi, Nan-
BiLKA, (?) H. A sheaf of corn, used in Kamaon as a means wdnsi, Tismdnsi ; and a third, Tiswdnsi, Kachrvdnsi, An-
of measuring land, the number oiBUkds being computed as rvdnsi, Nanmdnsi.
corresponding with that of the nalis of seed sown in a Bisi. BoGSA, Name of a tribe inhabiting the low Tardi adjoining
BisiBATi, (?) As'am. Wet land. Kohilkhand.

Bindast,MeiT.{S.P. f^tf^^) Exempt from revenue, land,&c. BoHUDA, (?) H. Rent-free land granted by village commu-
Biral, Birral, Beral, (?) A kind of hook for holding nities to religious societies. —Doab.
planks together in ship building. — Chittagong. BoHRA, in Guzerat a considerable portion of the Boliras are

Binrvdnsi, H. (^jmJIJu) A subdivision of a Tismdnsi. See agriculturists.

Bismdnsi. Boldddr, less correctly, Bolehdar, H. {jSi^) A tenant

572
 BOL CHI
under a' verbal agreement : in some parts of the north- Chamdrin, H. (,^1**-) The wife of a Chamar or female of
west provinces there are two descriptions of such cultiva- the caste, who commonly officiates as the village midwife.

tors, viz. Chdndfii-rdyat, Beng. A shopkeeper or artificer owning

JBoldddr-hand-sJiard, the cultivator of land, amount not the ground on which his shop or dwelling stands in a bazar.
specified, at a fixed rate during the term of the present Chandla : also a present sent to a man in whose family a
settlement of the district. marriage is about to take place.

Boldddr-hil-mukta, the cultivator of a specified amount of Chara, (?) Beng. Land on which plants are reared for trans-
land during the same term at a quit-rent : both tenures planting. —Sylhet
are hereditary during the stipulated term. Chardi: also a tax on pasturage levied in the Tardi.
—
Bora, also H. OjjO '•
also a canvas sack for holding grain or Kamaon.
salt, and sometimes considered as a measure of a definite Charandas, Hindi (^7?!I, the foot, ^Tt, the slave) The
quantity of two or three maunds. name of a founder of a sect of Vaishnavas in the middle

Bosi, (?) Sindh. Cultivation depending on river inundation. of the eighteenth century.

Brahmottara : other corruptions are Burmetter, Burmit- Charanddsi, Hindi (Mt^cfl^) A follower of the sect of Cha-
ter, Burmutteear, Bilmootter. randas : the peculiar observances and doctrines of the sect.

Brita, (?) H. Tenure of land held by Brahmans (probably Charkh, Charkha, Sindh (P. .^y*-) A water-wheel : cul-

corruption of Birt or Brit). —Kamaon. tivation dependent on water supplied by a wheel.

Kusa-britajH. (S. eir^t, sacred grass) Absolute grant of land Charhhabi, Sindh (P. from t_jl , water) Irrigated by means

to a Brahman at an eclipse, or on some other solemn oc- of water-wheels, land, &c.

casion, the grant being affirmed by the presentation of a Charkhshumdri, Sindh (P. j_f,U>« a numbering) Tax on ,

tuft of kusa grass. —Kamaon. water-wheels.

BuDDALl, BuDDlLl, Karn. A leather vessel for holding oil, Chas, also a ploughed furrow. — Guzerat.

opium, &c. (.'' from the English '

bottle '). Chdsio, Guz. (•HL^ll^l,) Grown in furrows, applied espe-

B0KKA, (?) Karn. A hollow bambu tube attached to the cially to the best sort of wheat.

plough of cotton-fields, serving as a drill. — Karnata. Chattiram, inaccurately, Chuthum, also a temple.

BiJrha, H. Ci'jji) lit. An old man : in Kamaon, the senior Chauhdchha : in some villages the specification is Kurt,
or head man of a village. Pdg, Ag, cattle, and jDharti, land.
Burhdli, H. (^l»)y) Land or privileges attached to the Chaudhari : also, in Asam, the hereditary native collector.

headship of a village: the same as Padhdnchdii. —Kamaon. Chauhadda : also a boundary statement, a boundary map
or plan.

Chautheli, Mar. (4l^^) The fourth part of the produce of

a farm or field.

Chdk-hasta, H. (P. ^'«kJ , bound) A definite portion of land. Chawal ; this share is said to be equal to a sixteenth of
Chdk-basta-ddr, H. (P.jtii, who has) A renter of a definite an ana, or subdivision of a bhdg or share : it should pro-
portion of an estate. perly be a sixteenth, but this is not always the case; six
Chak-ndma : A register or specification, &c. hhdgs of a certain village being reported as containing
Chakrdnkam, S. &c. (^^^) The mark of the discus of ninety anas : (but this may be an error for ninety-six.)

Vishnu, stamped with a hot iron on the persons of his Chawar, (?) Guz. A drill plough.
worshippers. Cherukanam, (?) Mai. A sub-mortgage lease.
Chahrdnhadam, Tel. (from S. ^, who or what gives) Stamp- CHHiR, also Chhar-chitthi, incorrectly, Chab, H. (jlp-,
ing the followers of Vishnu with his chahra or discus.
^j^js^J^) A deed of remission of rent or revenue granted
Chaldn, also, Chelan, Chillun : also, a memorandum of by the proprietor or by the collector on the part of government.
money received and invested. Chhdr sanad, incorrectly, Char sunnud, H. A revised and
Chalta,Guz.(^(H,<^L) Entire, perfect, as a share in a village. confirmed sanad or grant.
Chamar, corruptly, Chumhar, Chumbar. Chihnit, corruptly Chinnut : also a division of an estate.
273 7g
 CHI DAS
Chilla ; also a place or house in which a temporary shrine Daka, Sindh. A water-wheel for irrigation, the cultivation

of a Mohammadan saint may be set up. depending on it.

Chinka, (?) H. (S. kshanika, temporary) An apparatus for Ddkhil-kdr, corruptly, Dukl-kar.
crossing rivers in the Himalaya, a cable fastened across a Ddkhild, corruptly, Dahhilla, DhaMilla.
stream to trees or posts, along which a basket in which Dal, Dul, Beng. (^) A sort of aquatic grass (Panicum

the passenger places himself travels, suspended by a wooden stagninum).

ring and drawn across by ropes. Dalbehera, corruptly, Dulbera.

Chihaghi ; also, in Eastern Bengal, a tenure of land appa- Dal, (?) Determination of the value of a crop by selecting

rently rent-free. and threshing portions from different parts of a field.

ChitpaUa, H. (<)tJO d^»-) A memorandum of a lease. Daladok, (?) H. Village dues, usually in kind.
CniTTAHAi, Tarn. (.^^SOfDIJ, S. ^^) The first month of Dalan, H. (jjj^W) An apartment : a vaulted building : used
the Tamil year (April-May). laxly for any building,
Chittha, also, corruptly, Chitta : also a banker's acknow- Dalhi, (?) Mar. Arable land on acclivities inaccessible to

ledgment of accountability for money deposited. the plough.

•Chok, (?) A subdivision of an estate. Dam : also, in Kamaon, the maximum weight of metals, &c.

Chopri, also Chopra, Guz.: also a field-book containing equal to about 100 Farakhabad rupees weight.

a specification of the lands of a village. Damdatt, ? DandatTi H. Gift upon gift of land. —Kamaon.
C/wrakharch, Guz. (•HI.'l^^'H) Private expenses, secret Damola, (?) Half a hdnch or tola of gold dust. —Kamaon.
service money, the contingent expenses of a village for en- Ddnpatti, H. (^J^i^J^'^) A deed of gift.

tertaining travellers, &c., not entered in the regular accounts Ddnsdgar, H. (S. WT^, the ocean) A ceremony, as a
of disbursements. Srdddha or the like, at which the full amount of usual
Chotela, (?) H. A measure of land, a Bisi and a quarter. gifts is distributed.

— KamaoD. Dandakavila (?) Tel. Specification of the shares of a divided

ChukAni : also, in Asam, land cultivated by tenants on the property.

tenure of an equal division of the crop with the landlord. Danga : also used laxly for land in general or any parti-

Chukti : also annual rent. cular spot, as,

Chulavero, Guz. (H"tl. a tax) A tax on hearths or cooking Kalai-ddngd, inferior land ; Gochar-ddngd, pasture land
places. or common. —Birbhum.
Churu, (?) Asam. Hearth tax. Dar-ijdra-ddr, H. (P.jb, who has) The holder of a sub-
lease or farm.

Dar-o-hast-hakuk, H. (A. ^jf.>-, a right) All "right and

D.
title whatever.

Dab, also DhAb. Darail, Daryle, (?) H. A ridge of land forming a boundary.

Daba, also Dab : also an abstract of a list or register, a Daridbndi, H. (from bp, the sea, ?) Land recovered fi'om
statement of shares. the Sunderbans in Eastern Bengal.

Dabar : also a hollow. D ARiCHE,(?)Mar. land prepared for Sowing by previous burnino-.
Dada, Dddah, A list of the cultivators of a village.
(?) DarkhIst, corruptly, also, Dubgast, and Dirgast : it is

Daf, H. (P. uJi^) A small flat drum or tambourine. also sometimes applied to the document issued by the re-

Dafali, H. (^liti) A drummer, a player on the Daf, one venue officer acceding to the terms offered for land.
whose especial business it is to play on the instrument. Darkdst-ddr, Mar. (^'^rei^TO The offerer of a tender of
Ddin-mahr, corruptly, Deyn-mohur, Dine-mohur, Den- rent or purchase of land.

meher, H. (^^^.li) A dower, the amount due as a dower. Bar-shihami, H. (from Xi, the belly) Subordinate, as a
See Mahr. tenure or sharer under a shikami holding or holder.
Dain-mahr-mudjil, corruptly, Den"meher-moujjul, H. (A. Dasabandam, incorrectly, Dusdbundum also, land
: held
Ja:^^) Dower paid at the time of marriage. Se& Mahr. at a reduced rent.
S74
 DAS DES
Dasahhdgam, S. &c. (^5'*"'^^ A tenth part, tithe : the tenth DhAlbol, also Dhali-boli : also, foreclosure of a mortgage.

of the produce of a field irrigated from a reservoir, applied Dhalkazamin, Sindh. Land paying money-rent, as growing

to keeping it in repair. articles more valuable than grain, as cotton, tobacco, &c.

Ddsanu, vulgarly, Dasen, Karn. ('SBrOrOD, S. ^re) A slave: Dhdna-bandi: also, in Sindh, settlement of division of the

a hereditary mendicant. crop between the cultivator and the government according

Dastawez, also, corruptly, Dustavees, Dustiwvj. to previous agreement.

Dastaiwaj-yddi, Mar. (^WlJ^allT^) A bond, an acknow- Dhdn-madi, corruptly, Danmoodie.

ledgment of a loan. Dhangaria, Dangureea, (?) Guz. Villages or lands pro-

J5asi6aw<^^aS,corruptly, Dus}ithindiic1i,li. A simple mortgage. ducing rice crops.

Dast-garddn, Dast-garda, H. (? the latter) : also, a loan Dhanu, Mai. (S. Ojresi) The fourth Malabar month, De-

on verbal acknowledgment : any purchase or loan on a cember, the sun being in Sagittarius.

verbal promise to pay : it is also applied laxly to a note Dhara, (?) H. A subdivision of a village. —Kamaon.
of hand promising payment of a settled sum or value. Dhara : a right to a portion of a village, varying in extent

Tirhut. and value from many fields to a single tree, held at a fixed

Dastur-i-hlidnddn, H. (P. ^IjJli-) Family usage. rate of assessment.

Daul : also a counterpart lease. — Tirhut. Dharo, incorrectly, Dara, Guz. (tlL^l) Rule for govern-

Daul-darmni, corruptly, Dool-dursanee, (?) H. A roll or ment dues and collections.

register of landed proprietors kept in the north-west pro- Dhdrekari, incorrectly, Darehuree, Mar. (V'fi.oJiO) The
vinces under the native government. holder of land lightly assessed : laxly, the land so held.

Daura, (?) Beng. A canal, a water-course. Dhari, corruptly, Durree : in Guzerat it is also applied to

Ddydda, corruptly, Diadee, Diadi, Diadul. a measure of cotton = to 48 sers.

Ddyard, corruptly, Daierah, Hindi (^I^t) Inheritance, Dharmdsanam, vulgarly, Durmasanom, Tam. (S. Vwrt^aH)

hereditary property. Land or villages granted to Brahmans either rent-free or

De, Tibet. A measure of capacity, one-twelfth of a Dobu. — at a quit-rent.

Kamaon. Dhdrmasddhana, S. &c. (from 5TV»T , a means) A deed

Deak.e, (?) Asam. The deputy or vice-president of a religious of gift.

conference or assembly. Dharta, corruptly, Durta : also, bonus, premium.

Debba, (?) Marshy land. — Chittagong. Dharti : also, proportion of government revenue in some of

Debsebd, Beng. (S. tff^'Rl) lit. Service of a deity : any the villages of the north-west provinces payable by each

religious purpose or endowment. coparcener according to the extent of his share.

Degree-jam, Beng. (<JJf'^fS^^5rf^, from the English 'degree') Dhekuri, (?) Guz. An apparatus for raising water from a

Proceeding or recovering, as a loan, gradually, or by de- river by bullocks, similar to that used for wells, practi'^

grees ; a sentence of court to that effect. cable only when the^river runs under a nearly perpen-

Deorhi : it is also applied to an inclosure containing a lesser dicular bank.

or greater number of buildings. Dhon, (?) H. A grain measure = 16 Patlias, or one-twentieth

Devadt, Mar. (^qf, and ^, afield) Land granted free to of a Khdri (? if it should not be Dron. See Khdri). —
a person who has been successful in an appeal to divine Garhwal.
agency, as in an ordeal on behalf of the village community. Dhotah, (?) Karn. A coarse cotton-cloth manufacture in
Devasevd, vulgarly, Dehsheva, H. (S. 'tl^T, service) Doing Dharwar.
the duty or managing the affairs of a temple; also a Dhungra, (?) Guz. Name of people who gather the cotton

religious grant or endowment. pods from the field.

Devasom, (?) Mai. A temple (perhaps an error or corrup- DiarX, also corruptly, Dearah, Deehara.
tion of Devasthdn, or Devaswam. Digri-jdri, Beng. (fiiTt^l^iflt) The written sentence or

Devala, H. (S. ^^5J) a bankrupt. decree of a court.

Devottara, also corruptly, Demutter, Daooter, Debater. Dehbandi, incorrectly, Dehabundee.

•575
 DIK EDD
Dihmdri-nmntdkhdb, H. (A. C^sCVa^) An abstract account E.

of an estate, according to the villages in it. Eddangali, corruptly, Dungalie, Dungally: sometimes
DikIrIj Asam. The head of a religious assembly or con- said to be equivalent to a Madras Ser.
ference (probably an abbreviation of Adhihdri). Eddavam, less correctly, Edav AM, Mai. (nS)§nJo) The ninth
DiKSHA, corruptly, Theetcha. (? the eighth) month of the Malayalam year (May-June).
DinAr : also, a gold coin variously valued at 25- or 5 rupees, Edurunudi, or Yedurunudi, Karn. ( oicSoojfOjQ) A coun-

being said to be of the weight of 20 Kirdts, each Kirdt terpart agreement.

being equal to 5 Jaus (seed of barley or millet) : a Dinar, EkjAi, H. (from P. l»-, place) In one lump, in one total;

therefore, is equal to 100 Jaus, or 10 Chinams, which, in the same place.

at 15 rupees per tola, is equal to 5 rupees. —Masulipatam. Elebale, (?) Leaf of the Piper betel.

Diwan-bo, (?) H. Revenue from newly-cultivated waste land. Elangal-tottakAl, (?) Tam. Land lately prepared for

—Kuch-Bahar. garden cultivation.

DoBA, incorrectly, Dhoba, a pond. Errayat-nama, (?) Tam. A document issued by a collector

DoBHAL, (?) H. The name of one of the principal Brahman confirming and authenticating a compromise between parties

tribes in Garhwal. in a litigation concerning land. — Tiniveli.

DoBU (?) Tibet. A measure of capacity equal to a Kachchd

man of 20 Se)'s : in some places it is said to be equal to

18 Be, in others to 12.

Doha, (?) Beng. A fishery in marshy land. Faisala, corruptly, Fysalla.

DoJA,(?) Tibet. An ingot of silver stamped at Lhassa, current Faisalndma-xdlisi,H. (A.Li^U, third) An arbitration award.

in the hills for something less than 20 Farakhabad rupees. Fard : also, a statement or account.

Dohatthi, corruptly, Docutty, H. (P. ji>, two) A feudal Fard-pattiddri, H. (^^liiajLjJ^) A list or schedule of the

claim by the lord paramount of the produce of two Katthas shares of a joint estate.

per Bighd, now obsolete — Bhagalpur. Do-fardi, H. («ii, two) A double account, shewing the

Don, (?) Beng. Partly dry bed of a river. amount of land held, and rent paid by each Ryot.
Drishtabandhdk, vernacularly, Duhibandhak, corruptly, Sisdh-i-fard, H. (J^^Imi*-) A detailed account, an account

Distbunduh. particulars.

Drona, commonly, Droox, sometimes DooN, A land mea- Fdrigh-khatti, also, corruptly, FarghuUee, Farkuttee,

sure in Sylhet, &c. Parehut.

Dru-payih, Tarn, (from S. 5;, a tree) Produce of trees, as Faringati, (?) Asam. Dry or unirrigated land.
cocoa-nuts and the like. Farmdish : also, a requisition on a village for small articles

Dugalamu, Dugulamtj, Tel. (i&Xo&O, 5bXoe)&0) The of consumption, as grass, firewood, &c. ; formerly levied

sixteenth part of a pagoda. , for the use of the district officers.

DuLHA, Hindi (3^) A bridegroom. Fad-chdr, H. (jU-J^) An acquittance granted by the

Dulhan, Dulhin, corruptly, Dholohn, H. (^v^l, 3f^|»r) collector for the harvest produce of land exempted from

A bride. revenue.

Dumdld-jhdrd, Mar. (from (iK,K7!J, a sweeping away) An Fad-jdsti, barbarously, Fuzzle-jaste : also used laxly for

official scrutiny of titles to alienated lands. any enhanced assessment on land.

Durah-jdr, (?) H. A comprehensive term for lands within Fad-ndma, corruptly, Fusul-namah, H. (P. i^^ , a docu-

the limits of a known portion of an estate (some blunder ment) An agreement entered into by a number of the
perhaps for Dar-ijdrd). members of a village community (perhaps it should be

DwAR, or DoAR, Asam. A frontier district (perhaps from Fahal-ndma.

Z)wdr, a door). FoRAS, (Pott, fora, without) A term applied in Bombay to

waste land adjacent to cultivated land, and granted to the

cultivators of the latter at a quit-rent : it occurs in old

576
 GAB GHA
grants of the local government especially in the phrase Gdonkari, Mar. (jtT^oBt^) A villager, but especially one

foras and pertengas, the latter also Port., dependencies, having a right to share in the village lands or crops.

appurtenances. Gaon-hd-goti, (?) Asam. A village accountant under the

native collector.

G. Gdon-ki-matan, Mar. (see niatan) Hereditary and inde-

Gabhan : also, Guz., land on which to erect a house, or that feasible right to a share in the lands of a village not

on which the houses of a village are erected. effaced by even long absence.

Oadi, also, in Bengal, often denotes a house of business, a Gdonkhdtd-zamin, (?) Guz. Land let on account of the

banking-house ; also, the headship of a religious esta- village community ; such as they may be able to dispose

blishment. of, from a lapsed bhdg or 'share, through want of heirs.

Gadi, or Gaddi, (?) H. A class of cultivators in the Delhi Gdon-nisbat-mirds, Mar. (ftTIH , hereditary property) Land

district. of which the proprietary right resides in the community col-

Oaini-eduruvali, (?) Karn. A written agreement to pay a lectively.

stipulated rent, given by the renter to the proprietor. Gdonsdri-cJialdn, or -ddli, H. Passing on letters, goods,

Chal-gaini, (?) Mai. (3. ^^ , to go) The tenure of a tem- prisoners, treasure, &c., on public service, from village

porary occupant, a terminable lease. to village without charge. — Kamaon.

Kraya-gaini, (?) Karn. (S. Wi, purchase) Purchase of the Garasi, or Garsi, (?) Tel. A frame-work of sticks lining a

property and rights of an original proprietor. temporary shallow well dug in a loose soil.

Mul-gaini, (?) Karn. (S. n^, root) Original and unvary- Garasi-hdvi, Tel. A shallow well in a loose soil.

ing rent, a perpetual lease. Garbi-iottar, corruptly, Garbutter, Beng. ("tfat^) A

Gairan, Mar. (iRTT, from the A.jXi., other) Lands in a ravine forming in the rains a water-course leading to a.Nala.

village other than those regularly assessed. Garh, H. (,a;o) A weaver's seat, the place in which his

Gameti, (?) Guz. Designation of proprietary villages held by loom is erected.

Rajputs paying revenue. — Guzerat. Garjan-kkola, (?) A plantation of Garjan trees (Diptero-

Ganda : it is also in constant use to denote a proportionate carpus).

quantity of land. Gaitda, (?) Karn. A large granary or grain store.

Gdndharba : the practice still exists among the hill Kajas, Gaul, (?) H. A water-course. —Kamaon.
and gives to the woman a station above that of a concubine, Gaun, (?) Beng. A land measure larger than a Dun.
although below that of a wife married according to the Garvik, (?) Mar. The fourth part of the lands of a village

Vaidih ritual. held by a Kliot, and managed by himself.

Ganot, less correctly, GuNWUT : also, any lease of land. Gayal, corruptly, Gvallee.
Ganotid, incorrectly, GunKUteea,Guz. (oHif l«^**H Paying Gaz : in Guzerat the gaz is 27^ inches.

rent or revenue per bighd, according to agreement with Reshmi-gaz, (?) Mar. A measure under the former govern-

each cultivator separately —a village or estate. ment = 18 or 19 tasus.

Chdlu-ganot, Guz. ("Hl^, inactive) A permanent rent. Gehun, incorrectly, Ghook.

Phirta-ganot, Guz. (from H. li^j , to go about) Varying rent. Gehun-chdsia, Guz. (from 5^1^, a furrow) Wheat grown
Gantha : or rather 7 feet 5io inches: in some places the without irrigation.

Gantlid is the same as the Bdns or standard rod = 20 Ghardhan, H. (iITV^) lit., house-wealth : in Asam, poll-tax.

feet 5;j inches. Gharenia, also, corruptly, Girrania, Gurranea : also, lands

Dar-gdnthi-ddr, H. (P.jii prefixed) , A sub-tenant holding alienated on mortgage by village communities, and on that
of the Gdnthi-ddr. account withdrawn from assessment, an unauthorised aliena-

Gdnthi-jama, corruptly, Gatee-jumma. tion of public revenue.

Gdnwin, corruptly, Gaeen, Hindi (itW) Village expenses. Ghariddr, H. (P. jb, who has) The clock or bell striker.

GdoTikar, sometimes Gdmhar: also, the head man of a Ghar-padhdn : also, the oldest Asdmi appointed in a co-

village. parcenary Zamindari to manage the estate. See Pradhdn.

577 7h
 GHA HAN
Ghas-ddna : it was originally imposed for the use of the of the crop assigned to the village servants before removal

cavalry employed in the Mulkglri collection of the revenue, from the field.

but was continued after the practice had ceased. Gurigliar, (?) A cottage, a bangala.

Gkdti, H. (jji^i