EnE-410

Industrial Waste Management (3 + 1)

Fall 2017
Wed-0800-1000 Hrs
Thurs-0900-1000 Hrs
Fri – 1000-1300 Hrs

Class Teacher: Dr Zahiruddin Khan

Lab Teacher: Engr. Saba Waheed, GA
 Zahiruddin Khan, PhD.
• Education
• BSc Civil Engineering, UET, Lahore 1985
• MS Civil/Environmental Eng., Univ. of Rhode Island, RI, USA 1988
• PhD Environmental Eng., Colorado State Univ. Ft. Collins, CO, USA 1993
• Lead Auditor in ISO 14001, ISO 18001 and ISO 18002
• Career Highlights
• Assistant Director, Research, PCRWR, Islamabad 1985-1995
• Founder & 1st Principal of IESE, NUST 1995-1997
• Consultant, CWWT, UNSW, Sydney 1997-1999
• Authorized Environmental Officer, Local Govt, NSW 1999-2004
• Associate Professor, IESE, NUST, Rawalpindi 2004-2008
• HoD Env. Engineering, IESE, NUST, Islamabad 2008-2014
• Chief Technical Officer, Punjab Saaf Pani Company, Lahore 2014-2017
• Associate Professor, IEER, UET, Lahore 2017-todate
• Research Interests
• Physical Chemical Treatment of Water and Wastewater, Environmental Management-Cleaner
Production, OHS etc.
• Research Outcome: 2 PhDs, 22 MS, Over 50 Publications including 15 IF Papers
Course EnE-410: Objectives
1. To provide general understanding of industrial processes and
waste characteristics.

2. To enable the students to carryout industrial waste surveys

and source reduction to minimize treatment requirements.

3. To provide basic concepts of industrial waste (liquid, solid,

gaseous) treatment processes.
 Course (EnE-410) Outlines
• Introduction to industrial waste management, Sources of industrial wastes.
• Environmental Standards & Regulatory Loading Limits of industrial waste, NEQS
• Physical, Chemical, Biological and Thermal Waste Treatment Technologies
• Industrial waste survey, Development of material flow diagram of industrial processes.
• Industrial waste types and characteristics
• Liquid waste-Physical, Chemical and biological characteristics;
• Solid Waste-Physical, Chemical and biological characteristics;
• Gas Emissions-Physical, Chemical and biological characteristics),
• Industrial waste reduction & reuse techniques: Industrial Waste Minimization and Management,
• General industrial waste treatment techniques: Industry Specific Treatment Techniques
• Hazardous waste-Characteristics and Treatment
• Solid Waste management
• Air pollution control
• Noise management

Text and Reference Books:

1.W. Wesley Eckenfelder, Industrial Water Pollution Control, Third Edition, 1999, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 0070393648
2.METCALF AND EDDY, Inc. “Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse.” 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Inc., 2003.
3. Environmental Engineering & Sanitation by Saluate (1992) Wiley Inter- Science
4. Hazardous Management , M.D. LaGrega, P.B. Buckingham and I.C. Evans,1994, MC. Graw Hill
 Course EnE-410 Weekly Lecture Plan
Lecture No. Topic
Week 1 • Introduction to course outline, books etc.
• Ecology and the Environment
• Types of Industries
• Environmental standards and regulatory limits of industrial waste,
• SMART-Program

Week 2-3 • Industrial waste types and characteristics (Liquid waste-Physical, Chemical and
biological characteristics)
• General differences between Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Industrial Waste
Water Treatment
• Problems related to waste flow and material balance of industrial processes,
• Industrial Waste Minimization approaches and techniques,
• Pollution Reduction Techniques (recirculation, Segregation, Disposal, Reduction,
Substitution),
Week 4 • Estimation of organic content in industrial wastewater:
• BOD (Kinetics, typical BOD curve, and bacterial growth curve, reaction occurring in
BOD bottle, Effect of Seeding/Acclimation of Seeding) ,COD,THOD,TOC,
• Problems related to organic matter estimation
 Course EnE-410 Weekly Lecture Plan
Lecture No. Topic
Week 5 Introduction to treatment technologies for Industrial Wastewater
Week 6 Neutralization, Problems
Week 7 Equalization, Problems
Week 8 Quiz 1 + Exam
Week 9 Toxicity Measuring techniques, Problems
Week 10 Industry Specific Solution to effluent pollution-1
Week-11 Industry Specific Solution to effluent pollution-1
Week-12 Industry Specific Solution to effluent pollution-1
Week 13 Hazardous & Hospital waste management and removal protocols
Week 14 Air pollution control; Air stripping –Basic concept and process, identification of toxic
components(ion exchange, metal chelation,etc)

Week 15 Design of air Stripping Towers,

Week 16 Noise management
Course EnE-410
Evaluation Methodology & Weightage
Mid Semester Exam: 30%
Quizzes : 10%
Assignments: 10%
Final Exam: 40%
Class Participation: 10%

LAB:
1. Development of flow charts showing raw material inputs, manufacturing
processes, the pollution streams of selected industries

2. In plant control measurements of selected industries.

3. Up gradation of various problems in industries
4. Physical, chemical and biological options for wastewater treatment of
selected industries.
ECOLOGY & THE
ENVIRONMENT
Ecology and the Environment
Ecology
• “Ecology is the study of living organisms in relation to
the surroundings where they live”
Ecosystem
• Consists of the plants and animals and the physical
environment in which they live e.g., A small pond, a
big forest
Components of an Ecosystem
• Two components of any ecosystem are abiotic ie,
physical (non-living) environment such as climate,
topography, and biotic ie., living environment such as
plants, animals and aquatic life.
Ecology and the Environment
• Both abiotic and biotic environments are interrelated
and supplement and influence each other.
• The abiotic or non-living component of an ecosystem
comprises of:
• Inorganic substances e.g., Ca, O2, Water, CO2, CO3, HCO3,
which are usually cycled through the system
• Organic substances e.g., Carbohydrates, proteins, humic
substances, etc. which are actually the bi-product of
activities of living organisms and synthesized by them
earlier; these substances link the biotic and abiotic
components in the ecosystem
• The Climate Regime – Moisture, wind, solar radiation, heat
etc., which control the activities of biotic components.
 Ecology and the Environment
• The biotic or living components of an ecosystem are divided into three
functional types of living organisms such as: Producers, Consumers and
Decomposers.
• PRODUCERS i.e., Largely green plants, which can synthesize organic molecules for
their own growth and transform the solar energy into a chemical form. The
energy remains stored in the chemical form and is utilized in the organism’s other
activities. Such organisms are called autotrophic organisms.
• CONSUMERS:
• There may be two types of consumers: primary and secondary
• Primary consumers feed on plants
• Secondary consumers derive their nutritional requirements from procedures
(plants) indirectly through primary consumers
• Both 1o and 2o consumers are called heterotrophic means other feeding
Ecology and the Environment
• DECOMPOSERS or micro-consumers: These include bacteria, fungi,
etc., which degrade the dead plants and animal materials into simpler
materials and absorb them for their growth and other metabolic
activities. In this process mineralization of organic substances are
accomplished and released inorganic substances are made available
to the producers again. Decomposers are also called apostrophes
 ENE 802 - Dr Zahiruddin
9/7/2017 15
Khan
Temperature Zone In a Lake System

WINTER
Winter Summer
SUMMER
 Carbon – Oxygen Cycle
● Carbon is the most significant element for the existence & survival
on earth:
• C in air →CO2 ;
• C in H2O → CO2, CO3, H CO3 & H2CO3
• C in earth exists as CO3 (Lime Stone) in fossil fuel , coal etc
• C in the environment is constant around 49 % of dry Wt of organisms
● Most noticeable movement of carbon takes place through biotic processes
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration + Synthesis
● Secondary movement of carbon is through:
- Combustion & volcanic activity and
- Adsorption in oceanic reservoir
● Tertiary & very slow movement of Carbon is through
- Geological cycles &
- Precipitation (Acid rain)
The Oxygen Cycle
Production
Through photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + h2o  (CH2O) n+ O2

Absorption
a) During aerobic respiration
b) Exchange of O2 between Atmosphere, human & u-org

Consumption
a) Combustion: C + O2 → CO2
CH4 + 2O2 →CO2 + 2 H2O
b) Weathering in minerals
4FeO + O2  2 Fe2O3
c) Bulk rusting from (ii) to large deposits of Fe2O3
4Fe+2O2 + 4 H 2 O  2 Fe2O3 + 8 H+
-
Nitrogen Cycle
• All biological molecules except water,
carbohydrate & fat contain N2

• N2 exits as N2 gas in air but is not very much

consumed by human or plants as it is; except by
some N2 fixing μ-org.
• Fixed N2 exists as NH3, NO2 & NO3

• Atomospheric Fixing of N2 or Nitrification

• N2  NH4, NH3 , NO2, NO3
• N2  NH3  NO2  NO3 (De-Nitrification)

• Excess of N2 & P => Eutrophication

Phosphate Cycle
• PO4 help in growth & maintenance of bones & teeth

• Organo-phosphate are essential for cell division involves the

production of nuclear DNA & RNA.
• 2-Cycles of PO4
• Terrestrial Cycle
• Aquatic Cycle
• Terrestrial Cycle
• Plants (Absorb PO4 from soil)  Animal  Death  Soil  Rivers
(rain)
• Aquatic Cycle
• Phytoplankton (floating Algae)  organo phosphate Zooplankton
 other aquatic animal

• Agricultural run off containing Super-Tripple phosphate + Domestic

Sewage adversely affect Water bodies & can cause Eutrophication
 Sulfur Cycle

• Sulfur helps in synthesis of amino

acids & protein in human being
and animals.
• Sulfur makes it possible for
proteins and other nutrients and
gases to pass across the
membranes into the cells. Thus
strengthens our immune system
• Sulfur in Rocks & minerals 
Water  Animals  Dead
Animals  Soil  Rivers
Industrial Waste Management - Introduction
• Types of Industries in Pakistan
• SMEs
• What are SMEs
• There are approximately 2 million Micro Small and Medium Enterprises in Pakistan.
• 400,000 Manufacturing units, 600,000 Service sector units and 1 million Trade retailers
• Over 90 % of Industries in Pakistan are SMEs
• Employing 80% of Labor Force
• GDP Contribution = 11-12 %
• 41% Urban and 59 % Rural Units
• Types
• House Hold Units – 160,000 Approx. (2-10 Employees/Unit)
• Small-Medium Units – over 260,000 Approx. (11-250 employees/Unit)
• Importance of SMEs – Supplier of Raw material to Large Industries

• Large Industries (Less than 10,000 Units) – 24% of GDP

• What are Large Industries?
• Importance of Large Industries – Export Based and local suppliers
Industrial Waste Management - Introduction
• Industrial Centers in Pakistan
• Karachi Lahore Faisalabad Gujranwala
• Hyderabad Gadoon Hattar Peshawar
• Multan

• Major Industries in Pakistan

Textile Leather Pulp and Paper Sporting Goods

Pharmaceuticals Cement Fertilizer Sugar

Glass Plastics Surgical Items Automotive

Defense Chemicals Food Processing Telecom

 Industries and Sub-Industries
1. The Apparel Industrial
1.1 Textile Industries
1.1.1 Ginning
1.1.2 Weaving
1.1.3 Weaving and Finishing
1.1.4 Dyeing and Finishing
1.2 Leather Industry
1.3 Laundry Industry

2. Food Processing Industries

2.1 Cannery Industries
2.2 Dairy Industries
2.3 Pharmaceutical & Brewery Industries
2.4 Meat Packing and Poultry Industries
2.5 Feedlot Industries
2.6 Sugar Industries
2.7 Coffee Beans Processing Industries
2.8 Rice Industries
 Industries and Sub-Industries
2. Food Processing Industries (Contd……….)
2.9 Fish Industries
2.10 Pickle Industries
2.11 Soft Drink & Beverages Industries
2.12 Bakery Industries
2.13 Vegetable Oil Industries
2.14 Floor Mills Industries
2.15 Restaurant Industries
3. The Material Industries
3.1 Wood Fiber Industries
3.2 Pulp and Paper Industries
3.3 Fertilizer Industry
3.4 Photographic Industries
3.5 Metal Industries
3.4.1 Foundries & Steel Re-rolling Mills
3.4.2 Metal Sheet Industries
3.4.3 Metal Plating Industries
3.4.4 Motor Industry
 Industries and Sub-Industries
3. The Material Industries (Contd….)
3.6 Liquid Material Industries
3.6.1 Oil Field and Refinery Industries
3.6.2 Rubber Industries
3.6.3 Glass Industries
3.6.4 Candle Manufacturing
3.6.5 Ply-wood Industries
4. Chemical Industries
4.1 Acid manufacturers
4.2 Corn Starch Manufacturers
4.3 Soap and Detergent Industries
4.4 Personal Care Industries (Make-Up)
4.5 Phosphate Industry
4.6 Explosive Industries
4.7 Pesticide manufacturers
4.8 Plastic and Resin Manufacturers
5 Energy Industries
5.1 Steam Power Plants
5.2 Coal Power Plants
 Undesirable Waste Characteristics
Depending on the nature of the industry and the projected uses of the waters of the receiving
stream, various waste constituents may have to be removed before discharge. These may be
summarized as follows:
1. Soluble organics causing depletion of dissolved oxygen. Since most receiving waters
require maintenance of minimum dissolved oxygen, the quantity of soluble organics is
correspondingly restricted to the capacity of the receiving waters for assimilation or by
specified effluent limitations.
2. Suspended solids. Deposition of solids in quiescent stretches of a stream will impair the
normal aquatic life of the stream. Sludge blankets containing organic solids will undergo
progressive decomposition resulting in oxygen depletion and the production of noxious
gases.
3. Trace organics. When receiving water is to be used as a potable water supply, phenol
( C6H5OH) and other organics discharge in industrial wastes will cause tastes and odors
in the water. If these contaminants are not removed before discharge additional water
treatment will be required.
4. Heavy metals, cyanide, and toxic organics. The US-EPA has defined a list of toxic
organic and inorganic chemicals that now appear as specific limitations in most permits.
 Undesirable Waste Characteristics
5. Color and turbidity. These present aesthetic problems even though they
may not be particularly deleterious/harmful for most water uses. In some
industries, such as pulp and paper, economic methods are not presently available
for color removal.
6. Nitrogen and phosphorus. When effluent are discharge to lakes, ponds, and other
recreational areas, the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus is particularly undesirable
since it enhances eutrophication and stimulates undesirable algae growth.
7. Refractory substance resistant to biodegradation. These may be undesirable for certain
water-quality requirements. ABS (Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate) from detergents is substantially
nondegradable and frequently leads to a persistence of foam in a watercourse. Some
refractory organics are toxic to aquatic life.
7. Oil and floating material. These produce unsightly conditions and in most cases are
restricted by regulations.
8. Volatile Materials. Hydrogen sulfide and other volatile organics will create air-pollution
problems and are usually restricted by regulations.
9. Thermal Discharge: Besides causing out-right death, the problem also may result in the
interference with natural life process such as growth rates, respiration, reproduction and
distribution of species.