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CHAPTER 3
BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
3.1 INTRODUCTION
permanent magnet with rotor position sensor, and the related commutation
circuit could be either independent or integrated to the motor. In 1955,
Harrison and Rye developed a thyristor-based commutation circuit for a
BLDC motor.
Input
Supply BLDC
Power Converter
Motor
Rotor Position
Control Circuit
Sensor
distributed winding, the coils are dispersed evenly over the surface of the
stator which leads to better cooling of the winding. In short pitched winding,
the windings are shortened at the end of the winding which helps to save the
copper material and weaken the torque harmonics.
The position sensors in the BLDC motor are meant to detect the
rotor position and transform it into corresponding electrical signal. These
electrical signals provide the correct commutation information for the logic
circuit. Due to the correct commutation of the winding, the BLDC motor
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 3.2 Different types of radial field rotor (a) Surface PM (b)
Surface inset PM (c) Interior PM (d) Interior PM with
circumferential orientation
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[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ](3.1)
( ) (3.2)
( ) (3.3)
( ) (3.4)
( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ )
( ⁄ ⁄ )
( ) ( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ⁄ ) (3.5)
( ⁄ ⁄ )
[( ⁄ ) ( ⁄ ) ]
L R
i
+
v e
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] ( )
(3.7)
Ignoring the mechanical loss and stray loss, the electromagnetic power is
totally converted into kinetic energy
(3.8)
[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ] (3.9)
60
(3.10)
̇ (3.11)
where [ ]
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
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eas
Ep 210
30 150 -Ep 330
ebs Ep
ecs
-Ep
ias ip
-ip
ibs ip
-ip
ics
-ip
eas ias
ebs ibs
ecs ics
Po qr
0
T
T0
Trated
0 wb w
The speed control of the BLDC motor is achieved with the power
electronic converter modules. The BLDC motor can be operated in full wave
mode, in other words with six step inverter or in half wave mode. In the full
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wave mode, each phase is operated for 240 electrical degrees whereas, in half
wave mode, each phase is operated for 120 electrical degrees. Number of
converter topologies emerges for half wave mode.
T1
Dr1 Cf Vs
a
D1 A phase
DC
supply
B phase C phase
Cf
Vs
Dr2
b
T2 D2 D3 T3
The popular converter topologies for the half wave mode are split
phase converter, C-dump converter, variable DC link converter and variable
voltage converter with buck-boost at the front end. In the half wave mode, the
windings carry positive current alone. In the split phase converter topology,
the BLDC motor requires one switch per phase winding. The power switches
T1, T2 and T3 are connected to the three phase windings of the BLDC motor
and unidirectional current flows through the winding. The schematic diagram
of the converter is shown in Figure 3.7. The unidirectional current handling
capability of this converter results in underutilization of the motor. Four
quadrant operations are possible in this converter with proper switching of
power devices.
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A
B
C
D3
Vd Cd
D2
D1
C0 T1 T2 T3
Tr
D1 D2 D3
Dc
Tc
T1 T2 T3
i1
Vdc Cd
L C V
Phase Phase Phase
A B C
T1 T3 T5
T4 T6 T2
switch carries the negative currents. The conduction interval of each phase is
determined by the hall sensor output. The sum of the torque generated by the
two windings constitutes the total torque.
Pole Pairs 2
5000
4000
Speed in RPM
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time in secs
(a)
20
15
Torque Nm
10
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time in Secs
(b)
150
Back EMF Stator Current * 5
100
Stator Current in A
Back EMF in V
50
-50
-100
-150
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15
Time in Secs
(c)
Figure 3.11 Simulated output of six step inverter fed BLDC motor for
(a)Speed(b)Torque (c)Back EMF and Stator current
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3.7 APPLICATIONS
3.8 CONCLUSION