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Fractured Reservoirs
H. KAZEMI
MEMBER SPE-AIME
L. S. MERRILL,,JR. MARATHON OIL CO.
K. L. PORTERFIELD LITTLETON, COLO.
P. R. ZEMAN
MEMBER SPE-AIME
~ FRACTURE
f- f- f-
terms of the potential gradient in the fractures, the
capillary-pressure difference between the liquid in
the fractures and the matrix blocks, and the density
L ITT
J I I
I I I
I I I
~-><v
~
MATRIX
BLOCK
difference between liquid phases. Barenblatt does
not give any solution to his formulation, but Braester
offers a solution for one-dimensional vertical
PRESSURE
displacement in Ref. 11 and a similar solution for TREND
These papers have been concerned primarily with FIG. 2 - IDEALIZATION OF FLOW AND ELEMENTAL
RESERVOIR VOLUMES CONTAINING MATRIX BLOCKS
imbibition aspects of the flow mechanism in the
IN A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR.
where
a
a DI 144 , ·
(6) ~
ama = pama - P (13)
CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLES
L for N =· 1
J
L = l2~ XLyI ( LX + Ly ) for N = 2 To test the simulator, we made several conceptual
runs with applications to a quadrant of a five-spot
3L X Ly LZI(L X Ly + Ly LZ + LZ LX ) *In finite-difference formulation, it can be shown that for a
full three-dimensional case,
for N = 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9)
0.0
0.0 0.2
WATER SATURATION, Sw
"' 0.8 1.0
reaching 1.0 in about 530 days. It is interesting to
note that the WOR reached about 5 at 1,200 days-
nearly the same as in the unfractured system. In
FIG. 4-CAPILLARY PRESSURE FOR A FRACTURED fact, at this time, the curves crossed over and the
RESERVOIR WITH IMBIBITION. unfractured system's WOR increased at a faster
rate than the fractured rock with imbibition.
By setting the capillary effects to about zero and
0:
0
ill
Time, Days
Jl
0.7 incremental saturation change from n to
rn
i 0.6
n+1
mobility coefficient of phase a in the
~ 05
rn fracture (a function of phase satura-
04
' ' .... tion), md/ cp/(RB/STB)
/1 viscosity, cp
t= 0, a~. 24~ days ' ,
02
',
p phase density, lbm/ cu ft
'' '' a shape factor reflecting the geometry of
0.1 '.......... ....... ..............
om a oil in matrix, Fig. 3 7. Birks, J.: "A Theoretical Investigation Into the
Recovery of Oil From Fissured Limestone Formations
w wetting phase by Water-Drive and Gas Cap Drive," Proc., Fourth
wf water in fracture World Pet. Cong., Rome (1955) Sec. IljF, 425-440.
APPENDIX
NUMERICAL METHODS
where
i kxkar). n
= 0. 0011271 B ~Y~z/ ~x '
\
lla a
f
= 0. 0011271 ( kz:arJ"
lla a f
t,xt;y I t;z '
=
k k
0.0011271 ( ll s:r a
)n
a rna
n n+1 . ] [ • ) n ]
.[~ xTax ~ X~ a f + ··· + ~ xTax ~tS a f ~ x~ a f + ...
[ ~ Tn ~ ~t~ (~+1)
f + ... ] + [ ~ X ( TWX
, ~tS f ) ~ ~ nf + ... ]
X WX X W W X W
DECEMBER, 1976
325
- (llxllyllz)(Tn )(ll q,(t+ 1)- ll q,(t) + P' ll S(t+1)- P' ll S(t) + n n )
nwma t wf t wma cf t wf cma t wma q,nwf - q,nwma
Vn 1
= M-B- [( 1 sn )(c + c )(ll q,(t+1) + P' ll s(t+1)) - ll s(t+1)J
nw wf ~f nw t nwf cf t wf t wf
- [A0 Tn A ~n + ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-7)
X nwxox~nwf ···
= -T'll 5(t+1)(q,n _ n )
w t wma wf q,wma
. . . • . . . . . (A-8)
Eqs. A-6 through A-9 are in the form Ax = b, where xis! column vector with components ~/P;.}/ 1 ),
~tsU +1), ~t((l(l+1), and ~ S(l+1). A is the coefficient matrix, b is a constant vector, and l is the iteration
w1 wma t wma
number.
To obtain a solution, we solve Eqs. A-6 and A-7 for ~t<P~/ 1 ) and ~ts~t ), using ~t<P;j~a and ~tS~~a·
1