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(3) The CHBMLI has very less THD when compared to three- inverter is switched by hybrid modulation technique. In order to
level based inverters, which in turn reduces the output filter track the MPP of the PV array and the WT, a novel sliding mode
size for the compliance of grid harmonic standards [12,13]. control strategy is used, which is more accurate and fast in track-
(4) Since this topology allows the connection of independent ing the MPP for varying environmental conditions.
RESs, each dc-link voltages can be independently con-
trolled, the maximum power extraction of a reduced num-
ber of PV modules can be accomplished with the help of 2 System Configuration
MPPT algorithms [14].
The proposed single phase 11-level grid connected MLI is an
This paper proposes a novel single-phase grid connected MLI enhanced version of the inverter developed in Ref. [9]. It consists
fed from PV arrays and WT coupled PMSG. The proposed of two inverters connected in cascade (namely, upper and lower
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6 MS7 MS8 AS1 Vup Vlow Vtotal Mode
inverters). The upper inverter is a conventional H bridge inverter, strategy of the proposed inverter. The signals R01 and R02, shown
whereas the lower inverter is the one established in Ref. [9]. in Fig. 3, are responsible for generation of PWM pulses for the
Figure 1 shows the circuit configuration of the proposed MLI. upper inverter. Signal R01 is compared with the high frequency
This proposed inverter configuration has a lot of advantages such carrier to generate PWM for MS1 and MS4, similarly R02 gener-
as less number of power electronic devices, power diodes, capaci- ates PWM for MS2 and MS3. Since the lower inverter switches at
tors, and isolated DC sources when compared with other configu- low frequency, the switching signal generation of lower inverter
rations and is best suited for renewable energy applications. switches can be determined easily by simple arithmetic and logi-
The upper inverter is fed from a PV module through a DC–DC cal computations. The switching signals for the lower inverter are
boost converter, and the lower inverter is fed from a WT driven also shown in Fig. 3.
PMSG through an uncontrolled rectifier and a DC–DC boost con- The total reference waveform of the inverter is generated, as
verter. The DC–DC boost converter in the upper inverter is used shown in Fig. 4(a) and defined in the following equation:
to track the MPP of the PV module. The uncontrolled rectifier in
the lower inverter converts the AC voltage generated from the Uref ¼ sinðxtÞ (1)
PMSG to a DC voltage. The DC–DC boost converter in the lower
inverter is used to track the MPP of the WT and to convert the rec- The reference waveform for the upper inverter is generated by
tified DC voltage to a high voltage DC. High dc bus voltages are using the following expressions:
essential to make sure that power flows from the PV module and
the WT to the grid. A filtering inductance Lf is used to filter the
1 if Uref > 0
current injected into the grid. Switches SW1 and SW2 are used to Z1 ¼ (2)
disconnect the PV power generation system and wind energy con- 0 if Uref < 0
version system from the grid during islanding operation. The load
is placed between switches SW1 and SW2. By switching
the inverter properly, it can produce 11-output voltage levels from
the DC supplies.
The next step is to divide the lower inverter reference signal (5)
into two signals (i.e., R01 and R02) and they are given as
1 : if VLower;ref > 1
R1 ¼ (6a)
0 : if VLower;ref < 0
1 : if VLower;ref > 2
R2 ¼ (6b)
0 : if VLower;ref < 0
Parameter Value
Fig. 10 Inverter output voltage with modulation index of 0.95: Fig. 11 Total, upper, and lower inverter voltage along with load
(a) simulation and (b) experiment current of the proposed CHBMLI: (a) simulation and (b) experiment
signal, MSY S, which is then fed to the individual subinverter con- ipk
½p1 þ p2 ploss ¼ Vrms Irms ¼ Vrms pffiffiffi (14)
trollers. Each local controller then scales MSY S to create a unique 2
modulation signal, M1 and M2 such that the local dc-link capacitor
voltage is regulated. In addition, both PV source and WT is inter- where p1 and p2 are the power delivered from PV module and
faced to a dc–dc converter which performs MPPT. From inspec- WT. Assuming losses are small so that ploss is approximately zero
tion of Fig. 7 is apparent that the MPPT controllers are decoupled then Eq. (13) can be rewritten as
from the rest of the control system. With the proposed controller,
the task of capacitor voltage balancing is decomposed into two pffiffiffi 1
2 ½p1 þ p2 ¼ ipk (15)
separate problems. Namely, the master controller regulates the ag- Vrms
gregate sum of the capacitor voltages, and the local controllers
manage their respective dc-link voltage. It then follows that the quantity, iapprox, in Fig. 8 is approximately
equal to the required peak output current for energy balance.
4.1 Master Controller. The master controller, as illustrated However, because losses are uncertain and nonzero, an adjustment
in Fig. 8, has two purposes: (i) regulate the sum of the dc-link vol- term, iadj, is necessary. This adjustment term is generated by com-
tages to a prescribed value and (ii) deliver a sinusoidal output cur- paring the aggregate dc-link voltage to a fixed set point, VTOTAL
rent to the grid. The first objective can be recast in terms of and feeding the error to a proportional integral (PI) controller. The
energy balance. Since the dc-link capacitors are energy storage aggregate dc voltage command value, VTOTAL must be chosen suf-
devices, their voltages can be maintained by ensuring that the ficiently higher than the peak grid ac voltage. The sum of iapprox
energy generated by the PV and WT (minus losses) is delivered to and iadj then forms the peak output current command ipk .
the grid. The current control stage can be designed using conven- The second stage of the master controller is designed to syn-
tional current control methods. Each of the two master control chronize to the grid and regulate the output current. As shown in
sections is described below. If the total power conversion loss is Figs. 1 and 7, the measured grid voltage is utilized by a phase-
ploss, RMS output current is Irms, and peak output current is ipk, locked-loop (PLL) to generate a sinusoidal reference, sin(xt),
then the energy conversion can be written as which is in phase with the grid voltage. Here, it is assumed that