1. What are the main perspectives of psychology?

-behaviourism
-cognitive psychology
-analytic psychology
-humanistic psychology
-biological approach
-evolutionary psychology

2. What are the principles of behaviourism/behavioural psychology?

- tabula rasa
- conditioning
- associations
- learning by trial and error
3. Which experiment demonstrates the principal of behavioural psychology?
Puzzle box experiment/ learning by trial and error
- Cat learns/ solves a problem by trying alternative possibilities until a correct solution or
desirble outcome is achieved.
4. Which are the principles of cognitive psychology? (schema)
- Schema, thinking schema
- Mental representation
- Insight learning
- Are not tabula rasa
5. What experiment demonstrates the principles of cognitive psychology?
Kohler monkey: Kohler hung a piece of fruit out of reach of the chimps, he then provided
the chimp two sticks and watched, kohler noticed that after the chimps realized they
could not simply reach or jump up to retrieve the fruit, and only one stick is not enough
to reach the fruit they stopped and had a seat.
There wasnt any trial and error behaviors
after a few moments, suddenly, from one moment to the next, the chimps stood up and
proceeded to solve the problem, the placed a smaller stick on top of the long one and
now they could reach the fruit.
The solution goes suddenly, without preliminary behavior, attempt.
After all the monkey can convert the solution to another problem such as 3 sticks, and
putting them one on top of the other but before that, bite a little of the sticks so they
would match.

6. Which are the principles of analytical psychology?

-Defence mechanism
- Sexual and aggressive urges (instincts) direct, control, influence the human behavior.
- These sexual and aggressive instincs are unconscious.
7. Show the Freudian topographical model of psyche.
1. conscious
2. preconscious
3. unconscious
8. Show the Freudian Structural model of psyche.
1. Id:
- Pleasure principal
- Ancient, unconciuos, emotional
 - contains the libido
2. Ego:
- reality principal
- Rational, intellectual
- Relates to reality, enviorment
- relates to id and super ego
- employs defence mechanism
3. Super ego
- Conscience, ego ideals
- Contents cultural rules
9. What is the defence mechanism?
Defence mechanism = is the basic working method of psych. Ego supress the undesirble
emotions, thoughts, happenings to unconscious.
10. What type is Freud’s development theory, and what are the stages?
psychosexual
1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic stage
4. latent stage
5. genital stage
11. Whose concept is the extroversion, introversion, and what means it?
- Carl Gustav Jung
- Extroversion and introversion: whereabouts directs the libido?
Extroversion: the persons attention directs to outward, he or she desires to confirmation
from others
introversion: the person’s attention directs to inward, the subjective experiments are
determinatives, he or she dont desire confirmation from others.
12. Which age is the more important in Erikson’s development theory, and why?
Adolescent. Its the last stage to fix every thing.
13. Whose central concept is the identity? In which period is it formed, and what is the importance
of this period?
Erik Erikson psychological development, it is formed in the adolescent( 12- 18). it is
important because it is the last stage to fix everything until that point.
14. Whose central concept is the foreclosure, and what does it mean?
James Marcia,
-crisis
- exploration
crisis and exploration are a normal way of development in diffusion there is no decision
or commitment, but instead there is exploration, there are plans for the future but they
cant make a decision. Afterwards there is the adult life with achievements leading not
only to foreclosure but commitment to. In foreclosure the exploration is absent but there
is commitment so the person doesn’t know the possibilities or opportunities
15. Which are the principles of humanistic psychology?
-Phenomenology(philosophical background): We cant recognize the inner structure only
the phenomenon, the surface
- Everyone is a unique miracle, everyone has a unique organization, there isn’t good
theory for everyone
- The human is good basically, in everyone exists a little Buddah.
 - the therapist and the patient are coequal, client ( instead of patient).
- Empathy, holistic approach
- personal freedom
- Rogers: encounter groups, Maslow: hierchy of needs.

16. Whose concept is the encounter group and what does it mean?
- Carl Rogers
*T- group, training group, sensitivity
* Psychic Meeting
* “Here and now” phenomenom.
17. Show Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
- The needs are organized in a hierarchy.
- A higher need isn’t important for the person until a lower need isn’t satisfied
18. What’s the difference between humanistic and analytical psychology?
- Analytical: The human is originally bad; the human has unconscious sexual and
aggressive instincts.
- Humanistic: The human is originally good, you have a tiny Buddha in your spirit
19. Show Piaget’s development theory! What are the stages of this theory?
Cognitive development
1. Sensory motor stage
2. Pre-operational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stage
20. Whose concept is object permanence and what does it mean?
Piaget, it means that objects continue to exist even though they cannot be seen.
Example: a candy under a pillow will remain there in the mind even if the object is not
seen in contrast to a baby under 1 month who will think the candy does not exist.
21. Whose concept is three-mountain problem and what does it mean?
Piaget, the three mountain problem is an experiment to show if a kid is egocentric or not
by showing him three mountains with different objects on them, than letting the child
walk around the picture. After that putting a doll in various positions. The kid than is
shown 10 pictures and asked which is from the dolls point of view. Usually the kid
chooses hes own. Meaning the kid is egocentric.
22. Show James-Lange theory. Which are the Cannon’s criticisms of this theory?
- Arousal or energy level equals the intensity of emotion.
- The perception of body changes its subjective experience of emotion.
- Emotion is a feedback from the body
* we feel sorry because we cry, we are angry because we strike, afraid because we
tremble, and not that we cry because we are sad or striking because we are angry or
tremble because we fear.
Critics:
- Too slow, and the fast emotion
- The pattern of automatic arousal doesn’t seem to differ much from one emotional state
to another.( heart beat faster= fear, angry or love).
- Artificial visceral changes don’t contributes to emotions
23. Show Schacter-Singer’s two-factor theory. Which evidences demonstrate this theory?
Emotion is a cognitive appraisal of arousal (seeing something makes you think and what
you are thinking causes your emotion).
 -Evidence:
Lazarus: A film from an African tribe: you see a young bondaged boy with wounds and
ants walk over hes body
- Explanation1: Boy is tortured = you fear
- Explanation 2: This is an initiation ceremony, rite = you are happy
24. Show the properties of short-time memory and long-time memory.
STM:
- Capacity is very limited
- 7 +-2: 5 – 9 items
- Recalling is easy
LTM
- Capacity is immeasurably large
- Recalling is difficult, interference
25. Show Baddeley’s model of working memory.
Baddeley’s model of working memory
1. Central executive
2. Articulatory process(active) or fonolingical store (passive)
3. Visuo-spatial skatchpad
Evidences:
1. Auditory task + knight jumping (chess)
2. Imaginary task + knight jumping (chess)
26. List homeostatic motivation.
Hull’s Drive- reduction theory: The strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied.
Upon satisfying a drive the drive’s strength is reduced.
- Ideal statement, value
- Real statement, value
- Comparing these values
- Difference between ideal and real value cause stress, drive
- If you decrease this difference by your behaviour, you will be satified.
27. List human-specific motivation.
Types:
- Competency (white) – I have to affect the environment
- Self- determination (Rotter) – I control my life
- Achievement
- Self actualization
- Aesthetic needs
- Creative motivations
- Self- transcendence
28. List non-homeostatic and non-human-specific motivations.
- Prosocial behavior = altruistic behavior
(why an animal will sacrifice itself for another animal? Closer- more frequent)
- Curiosity
* A strong desire to know or learn something
* Non-human specific
* Exploring the environment
– Sexuality
• Hormonal regularity among animals
• Cognitive process among people – Parental care
 • Hormonal regularity with learned behavioral
• Imre Hermann’s clinging instinct
• Harlow’s Cloth/Wire Mother Experiment
29. Which are the main conclusions of Harlow’s cloth/wire mother experiment?
- Attachment is an inborn motivation
- The basic of attachment isn’t hunger
- Attachment is an independent motivation
- Parental care is partially learned motivation and behavior
30. Show the Big Five theory.
The most famous personality questionnaire
- Extroversion/Introversion
- Neuroticism
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiouness
- Openness to experience
31. Show the Cloninger’s personality model.
Temperament and Character Inventory
- Temperament dimensions
* Novelty Seeking (NS)
* Harm Avoidance (HA)
* Reward Dependence (RD)
* Persistence (PS)
- Character dimensions
* Self-Directedness (SD)
* Cooperativeness (CO)
* Self- Transcendence (ST)