6.0 Transportation System in High-Rise Building: PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 6)

PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 6)
6.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING

The high-rise building is generally defined as one that is taller than the maximum height
which people are willing to walk up; it thus requires mechanical vertical transportation. The
building or structure used as a residential and/or office building. In some areas they may be
referred to as "MDU" standing for "Multi Dwelling Unit". High-rise buildings became possible
with the invention of the elevator (lift) and cheaper, more abundant building materials. The
materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and
steel. Most style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential blocks are usually
constructed of concrete. There is no clear definition of any difference between a tower block
and a skyscraper, although a building with fifty or more storeys is generally considered a
skyscraper.
High-rise structures pose particular design challenges for structural and geotechnical
engineers, particularly if situated in a seismically active region or if the underlying soils have
geotechnical risk factors such as high compressibility or bay mud. They also pose serious
challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. New and old building
design, building systems like the building standpipe system, HVAC systems (heating,
ventilation and air conditioning), fire sprinkler system and other things like stairwell and
elevator evacuations pose significant problems.
6.1 Types and Function of Transportation System In High-Rise Building

Transportation systems form integral building blocks for a modern society. Efficient and
safe movement of people and goods ensures a thriving economy and provides for an
improved quality of life. Because transportation systems are interrelated with many other
activities, the challenges of creating and managing transportation systems must be addressed
in an interdisciplinary manner.
There are two types transportation in high-rise building; it’s vertical and horizontal
movement. Vertical and horizontal transportation means that transportation that is used to
transport people and goods from one level to another for example vertical, and one point to
another same level point such as horizontal. The used of this transportation will save time and
energy of human being in our everyday life.
Other than that, it is also useful and convenient especially to elderly and people who are
lugged down by their shopping load or luggage. This type of transportations can be found in
various office buildings, shopping complexes, airport terminal, and many more. There are
various types of vertical and horizontal transportations, some may only serve the purpose of
transporting, and others are installed as part of the aesthetic value, for example in exhibition
halls, zoos, museum, and many more.
For vertical transportation consists of elevator and escalator, while for horizontal is
travelator or walkway. This transportation is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that
transports people, across a horizontal or inclined plane, over a short distance.
6.2 Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase a conveyor transport device for carrying people
between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked
steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators
would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls,
airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings.
Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 1

Figure 6.1: Moving staircase transform
6.2.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Escalator

Escalators, like moving walkways, are often powered by constant-speed alternating
current motors and move at approximately 0.3 - 0.6 m per second. The typical angle of
inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard
rise[clarification needed] up to about 18 m. Modern escalators have single-piece aluminum or
stainless steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop. There are the
advantages and disadvantages when use this transportation, it’s:
i. The advantages
a. Have the capacity to transport large number of people at shorter time.
b. Faster mode of transportation for short vertical distances.
c. Can be placed/substituted as normal staircase even during malfunction.
d. No waiting internal except during heavy traffic.
e. May be weather – proved for outdoor use.
f. Power – driven, continuously moving staircase.
g. Moves at a constant speed at approximately 0.3-0.6m per second with a standard
rise up to about 18m.
ii. The Disadvantages

a. Only convenient for short vertical distance, better to use lifts for lengthier vertical
distance
b. Takes up space to install
c. Higher risk of injuries
6.2.2 Design and Layout Consideration of Escalator

Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of
the steps. This helps riders steady themselves, especially when stepping onto the moving
stairs. Occasionally, a handrail will move at a slightly different speed from the steps, causing it
to "creep" slowly forward or backward relative to the steps. Riders may find this effect
disconcerting and this problem should be fixed.
Escalators have three typical configuration options

i. Parallel (up and down escalators side by side or separated by a distance)
ii. Crisscross (minimizes space requirements by "stacking" escalators that go in one
direction)
iii. Multiple parallel (two or more escalators together that travel in one direction next to
one or two escalators)
iv. Spiral (develop more comfortable public environments for humankind and a
pioneering technology)

Figure 6.2: Parallel escalator Figure 6.3: Multiple parallel escalator
Figure 6.4: Spiral escalator Figure 6.5: Crisscross escalator
The direction of escalator movement (up or down) can be permanently set, or be

controlled by personnel according to the predominant flow of the crowd, or be controlled
automatically. In some setups, direction is controlled automatically by whoever arrives first,
whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction is not
reversed while a passenger is on the escalator). A number of factors affect escalator design,
including:
i. Physical requirements
Physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned must be
considered. These factors will determine the pitch of the escalator and its actual
length. The ability of the building infrastructure to support the heavy components is
also a critical physical concern.
ii. Location
Location is important because escalators should be situated where they can be easily
seen by the general public. In department stores, customers should be able to view
the merchandise easily.

iii. Traffic patterns

Up and down escalator traffic should be physically separated and should not lead into
confined spaces. Traffic patterns must also be anticipated in escalator design. In
some buildings, the objective is simply to move people from one floor to another, but
in others there may be a more specific requirement, such as funneling visitors
towards a main exit or exhibit. The number of passengers is important because
escalators are designed to carry a certain maximum number of people.
For example, a single-width escalator traveling at about 0.46 m per second can move
an estimated 170 persons per five minute period. The carrying capacity of an
escalator system must match the expected peak traffic demand, presuming that
passengers ride single file. This is crucial for applications in which there are sudden
increases in the number of riders. For example, escalators at stations must be
designed to cater for the peak traffic flow discharged from a train, without causing
excessive bunching at the escalator entrance
iv. Safety considerations

Escalators help in controlling traffic flow of people. For example, an escalator to an
exit effectively discourages most people from using it as an entrance, and may
reduce security concerns. Similarly, escalators often are used as the exit of airport
security checkpoints. Such an egress point would generally be staffed to prevent its
use as an entrance, as well. It is preferred that staircases be located adjacent to the
escalator if the escalator is the primary means of transport between floors. It may also
be necessary to provide an elevator lift adjacent to an escalator for wheelchairs and
disabled persons.
v. Aesthetic preferences
Consideration should be given to the aesthetics of the escalator. The architects and
designers can choose from a wide range of styles and colors for the handrails and
balustrades.
6.2.3 Escalator Component

Escalator is a stairway whose steps move continually on a circulating belt or simply they
are the moving stairs. An electrical services engineer should also know something about
escalator. The main component an escalator:
i. Landing platforms
These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears
and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform contains the motor assembly and
the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These
sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In addition, the platforms contain
a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to
stand before they step onto the moving stairs.
This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow
easy access to the machinery below. The comb plate is the piece between the
stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is so named because its edge has a
series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb. These teeth mesh with matching
cleats on the edges of the steps. This design is necessary to minimize the gap
between the stair and the landing, which helps prevent objects from getting caught in
the gap.
ii. Truss
The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom
and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom
landing platforms via steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track
sections connecting the upper and lower sections.

iii. Tracks
The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously
pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop. There
are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called the step-wheel
track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track). The
relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out
from under the comb plate.
Along the straight section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance apart.
This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to
the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling a
staircase. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the
front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This causes the stairs
to lay in a flat sheet like arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel
around the bend in the curved section of track.
The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the
bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before
exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate and the steps once again
assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as the steps are
pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.
Figure 6.6: Escalator components
iv. Steps
The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or steel. Yellow
demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges. "step-type" escalators
featured flat treads and smooth risers; other escalator models have cleated treads
and smooth risers. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a
closed loop. The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two
wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front
wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. As described above, the
position of the tracks controls the orientation of the steps.

v. Handrail
The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the
escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is
connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. It is constructed of four
distinct sections. At the center of the handrail is a "slider", also known as a "glider
ply", which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile.
The purpose of the slider layer is to allow the handrail to move smoothly along its
track. The next layer, known as the "tension member", consists of either steel cable
or flat steel tape, and provides the handrail with tensile strength and flexibility. On top
of tension member are the inner construction components, which are made of
chemically treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating.
In the factory, handrails are constructed by feeding rubber through a computer-

controlled extrusion machine to produce layers of the required size and type in order
to match specific orders. The component layers of fabric, rubber, and steel are
shaped by skilled workers before being fed into the presses, where they are fused
together.
Table 6.2: Escalator step width and energy usage

Width (between Power
No. Size Single-step capacity Applications
balustrade panels) consumption
A rare historic design
Very One passenger, 3.7 kW
1 400 mm found mostly in older
small with feet together (5 hp)
department stores
Low-volume sites,
uppermost levels of 3.7 kW
2 Small 600 mm One passenger
department stores, (5 hp)
when space is limited
One passenger +
Shopping malls,
one package or 7.5 kW
3 Medium 800 mm department stores,
one piece of (10 hp)
smaller airports
luggage
Mainstay of metro
Two passengers
systems, larger airports, 7.5 kW
4 Large 1,000 mm – one may walk
train stations, some (10 hp)
past another
retail usage
6.2.4 Safety Procedures in Handling Escalator

Incidents involving elevators and escalators kill about 30 and seriously injure about
17,100 people each year in the United States. Injuries to people working on or near escalator
including those installing, repairing, and maintaining, and working in or near shafts account for
almost half of the deaths. The two major causes of death are falls and being caught
in/between moving parts of escalators.
For the safety when used the escalator follow by:

i. Wear Safe Clothes and Shoes
Wearing long sweaters, mittens, long skirts, untied shoelaces, drawstrings in
waistbands or sweatshirts, wide pants, scarves and soft-sided shoes are very
dangerous as they can get stuck in escalators. So remove these types of things
during your escalator ride to protect yourself from an accident.
ii. Always Hold the Handrail

Handrails are designed to keep you in place while moving so always hold them.
Handrails decrease the risk of slipping and tripping accidents. While the escalator
moves, they will help you to remain on place.

iii. Always Face Forward

When standing on the escalator, always face forward on the middle of the step. Also
keep the feet somewhat apart and don’t touch the stationary sides. Facing forward
will also help you to take necessary actions if the person riding in front of you falls by
accident.
iv. Keep Space

Always keep space between you and the person riding in front of you to decrease the
chances of injury. To avoid injury, just wait for some steps to pass over after the
person riding the escalator in front you climbs on. This will also avoid crowding at the
exit of the escalator.
v. Don’t Put Children in Strollers, carts, or walkers

During an escalator ride, never use walkers, strollers or carts as they can create
danger for you and other people. So before climbing on an escalator, remove babies
and toddlers from walkers, strollers or carts.
vi. Always Secure Children

When riding on escalator, allow children to stand on the same step or in front of you
so that you can easily reach to them in case of an emergency. Also hold hand of your
children and don’t let them to play, jump or sit on the steps as even a simple fall can
cause cut on the jagged metal steps.
vii. Avoid the Edges of Steps

When riding on the escalator always avoid the edges of steps where entrapment may
occur. All the escalators are designed to show the edges where you may entrap. To
avoid entrapments, there are yellow lines on the sides of the escalator steps which
show where you have to keep your feet.
viii. Know Emergency Shut-off Buttons

You should know where the emergency shut-off buttons are placed in case you want
to stop escalator. Generally, these buttons are at the top and bottom of escalators on
the right side when facing the steps.
ix. Others Safety Tips

a. Don’t ride on escalator with barefoot.
b. Never ride in the opposite direction of the escalator.
c. People who are wearing bifocals should pay particular attention.
d. Watch the direction of the moving step while climbing or exiting the escalator.
e. Always hold small packages tightly in one hand and hold the handrail with other
hand.
f. Make your kids aware of how to get off and on the escalator by verbal commands
and modeling the action with them.
g. Never allow the children to use an escalator unattended as well as don’t let them
to drag their feet on the sides.

Figure 6.7: Escalator innovation

Figure 6.8: Escalator safety device

6.3 Elevators (Lift)

The elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or
goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structures. Lift system
installation requirements are based on the needs of the use of a building. There are several
types of lifts used. Refer table 6.3 below.
Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or
counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a
jack. The elevators can be broadly classified as either electric traction type or hydraulic type.
i. Traction elevators (Electric)

An elevator car and counterweight attached to opposite ends of hoist ropes. The hoist
ropes pass over a driving machine that raises and lowers the car. Traction elevators
run on load-bearing rails in the elevator hoist way. Traction elevators are most often
used in mid-rise and high-rise buildings with five or more floors. Virtually limitless rise
(high and mid rise), it’s also found a gear and gearless traction.
ii. Hydraulic elevators

Raised by forcing pressurized oil through a valve into a steel cylinder located above
ground or underground. The pressure forces a piston to rise, lifting the elevator
platform and car enclosure mounted on it. The car is lowered by opening the valve
and allowing the weight of the car to force oil from the cylinder in a controlled manner.
When the valve is closed the car is stopped. Since the weight of hydraulic elevator
cars is borne by the piston, there is no need for a structural framework or load-
bearing rails. Hydraulic elevators are commonly found in low-rise buildings with two to
five floors or six stories. Lower speeds and cost in a higher power consumption.

Figure 6.9: Traction

elevator
Figure 6.10: Hydraulic

elevator

Table 6.3: Types of elevator or lift

No Types of lift Diagram Description
It works using a lift cab for the passengers to access

and travel on, raising vertically between floors. It’s
Passenger
1 rather than bespoke so follows a well-established
lift
method of creating lifts and will suit a wide variety of
needs.
This elevators are distinguished by wider doors and

Hospital/bed
2 larger platform sizes to allow faster, more secure of
lift
people and equipment. Commonly used at hospital.
View of the artistic style and the surrounding sights in

Panorama riding the elevator. It usually has a glass door, or is
3
lift entirely made of glass, and can be situated either
inside or outside of buildings.
Used for lifting & lowering of gifts and can carry up to

4 Goods lift
three tons of load at one go.
Used for lifting & lowering options for either passengers

Good/passe
5 or goods
nger lift
Commonly used at hotels, restaurants and other food

6 Service lift service to make sure the food gets to the customer
piping hot and without getting dropped on the stairs.

Residential homes almost exclusively for disabled

Residential individuals who need a lift to easily reach upper floors
7
lift of their home, helping them retain their independence
and carry on living in their own home
Owners can design according to their own preferences

8 Bespoke lift for use at home or shopping mall.
This lift type will be alongside an existing, short internal

staircase or external steps, to allow access to the
9 Platform lift
building with a wheelchair, or by people who have
difficulty using steps.
Usually used in parking garages and car repair. Lift is

built in accordance with the maximum size and weight
10 Car lift
of the car.
An mechanical device for lifting people and wheelchairs

up and down stairs. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is
Stair chair
11 mounted to the treads of the stairs or on the wall beside
lift
the stairs. A chair or lifting platform is attached to the
rail.

6.3.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Elevator
i. The Advantages
a. Suitable for high-rise building
b. Vertical transport that efficiently moves people or good between floor of a building
c. Safest mode of transportation
d. Faster mode of vertical transportation for lengthier vertical distance
e. Statistic shows lesser risk of injuries/accident
f. Traction lift more faster than hydraulic lift
g. Convenient – does not take much space except for the maintenance room
h. Elevator doors protect building tenants from falling into the shaft
i. Hydraulic mechanism is cheaper, but installing cylinder greater than a certain
length becomes impractical
ii. The Disadvantages

a. Expensive to maintain
b. In case of malfunction, need to use other mean of transportation
c. Longer waiting period especially heavy traffic
d. Lesser capacity to transport people and good at a certain time
e. Hydraulic lift is slow movement
6.3.2 Design and Layout Consideration of Elevator/Lift

Several numbers of passenger elevators are usually required in most buildings in order to
cope with the traffic density. The number of elevators is derived from a traditional traffic
calculation during morning up peak. In this scenario, an elevator loads at the lobby, delivers
passengers to their floors, and returns empty for the next trip. The number of elevators
required shall be selected on the basis of a 25 to 30 second response waiting time interval
between elevators.
The main design considerations for choosing either electric traction drive or hydraulic for
a particular project are the number of floors, the height of the building, the number of people
to be transported, desired passenger waiting times and frequency of use. The major
components were machine room, cabs and hoistway/pits.
Figure 6.11: Three major elevator component part

The other mode of vertical building transportation is “Escalator”. It can be described as

moving stairs typically used to carry large number of people at high volumes through a limited
no of floors. These are commonly used in high density areas or where sudden traffic surges
are expected at times; for example at discharge times from offices, railways underground
stations, airport terminals, theaters, shopping malls and departmental stores. In such
applications, escalators will provide shorter travel time than elevators because elevator cars
are limited in size and passengers have to wait longer for the service.
Other typical parameter in design of elevator includes:

i. Characteristics of the premises
a. Type and use of building
b. Floor plate size and height of the building
c. Size of population and its distribution in the premises
d. Fire safety and regulations
e. The house keeping of the premises
f. Comfortable
g. Aesthetics value
ii. Circulation efficiency/performance

a. Number of cars and their capacity
b. Location and configuration of elevators in entrance lobby
c. Travel length, number of stops and maximum acceptable waiting time
d. Arrangement with the combination of elevator, escalator and emergency stairs
iii. Characteristic of the equipment

a. Type of transportation systems
b. Rated load and car dimensions
c. The speed of the lift/escalator system
d. The type of motor drive control system of the machine
e. Mode of group supervisory control and safety features
f. Cab enclosure and hoist way door finishes
g. Emergency power supplies and fire protection systems
h. Requirements of the local regulations on vertical transport system
i. Zoning of elevators
j. Elevator doors
The elevators capacity is derived from up-peak traffic analysis. The nominal capacity of
the elevator and the rated maximum passenger capacity is than known from manufacturer’s
catalogues. Table below provides standard nominal capacities and passenger relationship:
Table 6.4: Passenger Elevator Service Capacities

Nominal Rated Max Passenger Passengers Per Trip (Normal
Capacity Capacity Peak)*
1140 kg 17 13
1360 kg 20 16
1600 kg 23 19
1800 kg 27 21
2250 kg 33 27
2730 kg 40 32
3180 kg 47 37
3640 kg 53 43
*Peak passengers per trip (normal peak = 80% of rated capacity).

In modern high rise buildings each lift is not usually required to service every level, as this
would imply a large number of stops during each trip. The effect is to increase the round trip
time, which in turn increases the interval and the passenger waiting time and the passengers
have to endure long journey times. The solution is to limit the number of floors served by the
lifts.
A rule of thumb is to serve a maximum of 15-16 floors with a lift, or a group of lifts. This
introduces the concept of zoning. Zoning is where a building is divided so that a lift or group of
lifts is constrained to only serve a designated set of floors. There are two forms of zoning:
interleaved and stacked. An interleaved zone is where the whole building is served by lifts,
which are arranged to serve either the even floors or the odd floors. This has been a
common practice in public housing and has been used in some office buildings.
Many tall buildings are divided into several zones: low zone, mid zone, high zone, etc.
with service direct from the main terminal floor, situated at ground level. These are called
`local' zones. This becomes impractical with very tall buildings and shuttle lifts are employed
to take passengers from the ground level main lobby to a `sky lobby'. Four basic sky lobby
configurations:
i. Single deck shuttles, single deck locals, eg: World Trade Center, USA
ii. Double deck shuttles, single deck locals, eg: Sears Tower, USA
iii. Double deck shuttles, double deck locals, eg: Petronas Towers, Malaysia.
iv. Single deck shuttles, single deck top/down locals, eg: none
v. Double deck shuttles, single deck top/down locals, eg: UOB Plaza, Singapore.
Configuration 4 would be difficult to engineer, as offset lobbies would be required.

Generally shuttle lifts serve between two stops only, hence the term `shuttle', but sometimes
they serve three stops, ie: with two sky lobbies (Sears Tower, USA). The number of shuttle
lifts that are installed world wide is not large. Their traffic design is relatively simple, but their
application in a building requires expert consideration.
Figure 6.12: The elevator design concept

This elevator system will corresponds to the demand by distinguishing the peak hours
such as early of working hours and lunch time from the non-peak hours. The latest elevator
group control system allows multiple elevators to work together systematically and optimally
while providing maximum conveniences to the passengers.
Figure 6.13: The possibilities of lift grouping arrangement concept
Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common configuration is
to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic
configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors run on
independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed,
they form cascading layers on one side.
Figure 6.14: Types of

an elevator doors

6.3.3 Safety Procedures in Handling Elevators

Elevators are potential sources of serious injuries and deaths to the general public and to
workers installing, repairing, and maintaining them and fire and rescue personnel. Common
injuries are tripping, caught clothing, being hit by closing elevator doors, or falling down an
elevator shaft when trying to exit a stalled elevator car. Accidents can occasionally occur as a
result of unsafe riding practices. Though elevators are one of the safest forms of
transportation, following simple guidelines can help further improve passenger safety. It’s
important to not only know how to properly ride elevators, but also what to do if the elevator
becomes stalled.
i. When waiting for elevators

a) Know your destination.
b) Push the elevator call button once for the direction you want to go in.
c) Look and listen for the signal announcing your car’s arrival.
d) Be aware of health conditions that could contribute to falls or accidents.
e) Stand clear of the elevator doors and stand aside for exiting passengers.
f) If the arriving car is full, wait for the next car.
g) Don’t attempt to maneuver in or stop closing doors, wait for the next car.
h) In the event of a fire or other situation that could lead to a disruption in electrical
services, take the stairs.
ii. When boarding elevators

a) Watch your step – the elevator car may not be perfectly level with the floor.
b) Stand clear of the doors – keep clothes and carry-ons away from the opening.
c) Hold children and pets firmly.
d) Passengers nearest to the doors should move first when the car arrives.
e) Push and hold the DOOR OPEN button if doors need to be held open, or ask
someone to push the button for you.
f) Never try to stop a closing door, wait for the next car.
g) Once on board, quickly press the button for your floor and move to the back of
the car to make room for other passengers.
iii. When riding elevators

a) Hold the handrail, if available.
b) Stand next to the elevator wall, if available.
c) Pay attention to the floor indications.
d) If the doors do not open when the elevator stops, push the DOOR OPEN button.
iv. When exiting elevators

a) Exit immediately at your floor. Do not wait for others behind you.
b) Do not push the people in front of you when exiting.
c) Watch your step – the elevator car may not be perfectly level with the floor.
v. In the event of an elevator emergency

a) If the elevator should ever stop between floors, do not panic. There is plenty of air
in the elevator.
b) Never climb out of a stalled elevator.
c) Use the ALARM or HELP button, the telephone or the intercom to call for
assistance.
d) Above all, wait for qualified help to arrive and never try to leave an elevator that
has not stopped normally.
e) Emergency lighting will come on in the event of a power failure.
vi. What to do if you are stalled in an elevator

a) Push the "Door Open" Button - If you are near the landing the door will open. You
can slowly and carefully step out of the elevator. Be sure to watch your step as
the elevator floor may, or may not, be level with the landing.
b) Remain Calm - If the door does not open, you are still safe. Do not try to exit the
elevator. Wait for trained emergency personnel to arrive. Even if the air

temperature feels warm, there is plenty of air circulating in the elevator and its
shaft way.
c) Press the Alarm or Help Button, and use any available communication systems
 Push the alarm button and wait for someone to respond to you.
 In newer elevators, there will be a "PHONE" or "HELP" button instead of an

alarm button this will place a call to a party that is trained to take action (i.e.
elevator company, alarm company, etc.). It will give the exact location of the
building and elevator you are in. Trained emergency personnel will answer
the call for service within several minutes.
 Some elevators have a two-way speaker system or telephone that will allow
for communication between you and the building or rescue personnel. Do not
be alarmed if you cannot be heard or if the phone does not work. Some
phones are designed to only receive calls. Trained personnel should call
when they arrive at the building.
vii. Relax, and do not try to extract yourself from the elevator
a) Never try to exit a stalled elevator car. It is extremely dangerous. always wait
for trained emergency personnel.
b) Your best course of action is to relax, get comfortable, and wait for
professional assistance.
c) You may be inconvenienced but you are safe.
6.4 Walkway/Travelator
A moving walkway or moving sidewalk is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that
transports people, across a horizontal or inclined plane, over a short distance. Moving
walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one
for each direction.
A travelator, moving
ramp or escalator for
transporting people,
comprises a people
mover; a balustrade
extending alongside
the people mover
throughout its length.
The balustrade
comprises a handrail
belt formed as an
endless loop and
having an upper
handhold portion,
which the passenger
can grasp with a hand
for support, a lower
return portion, and a
turn-around portion
between the handhold
portion and the return
portion.
Figure 6.15: Travelator schematic

The balustrade frame comprises a turn-around guide at the end of the balustrade to form a
turn-around to support and guide the turn-around portion of the handrail belt. The turn-around
guide comprises a number of pressure rollers spaced at a distance from each other and
arranged in a sequence in the form of a circular arc. In addition, a drive assembly is arranged
to move the handrail belt.
The drive assembly comprises a drive belt formed as an endless loop and having a
contact portion which is in driving contact with the handrail belt over a predetermined length,
and a power mechanism for driving the drive belt. The contact portion of the drive belt is
passed over the sequence of pressure rollers between the pressure rollers and the turn-
around portion of the handrail belt. The Features were:
i. Lays on existing floors - No floor pits Low Profile - 150mm Slashes civil engineering
costs.
ii. Quick installation and removal
iii. Easy to re-locate
iv. Modular and extendible
v. Walk-on, walk-off
vi. Easy gradient, non-slip ramps
vii. Only 150mm deep ± no need to dig expensive pits into the floor
viii. Double Handrail Walkway
Figure 6.16: Airport travelator

6.5 Best of Practices in Handling Escalator and Elevator
i. Safety Procedures During Repair Work or Maintenance
Maintenance includes the inspecting, cleaning oiling and adjusting of a lift or an

escalator in order to keep the equipment and their accessories in good working order
and prevent faults from occurring. Some overhaul/repair works in the industry such as
the replacement of main hoisting ropes in traction drive lift, the replacement of
hydraulic jack in hydraulic lift, the replacement of safety gear etc. require special
attention on the employees’ safety and health at work.
A proprietor/contractor should devise a safe system of work for a special

overhaul/repair work by taking into consideration the current legal safety
requirements and the instructions, in particular, the safety precautions and warnings
included in the maintenance manuals published by the lift/ escalator manufacturers.
All the engineers/supervisors and workers should observe and follow strictly the safe
system of work and the safety instructions of the maintenance manuals.
Any alteration and deviation to the safe system of work and/or the safety
instructions in the maintenance manual should be made only under the instructions
and supervision of persons who are competent and having the appropriate technical
skill and experience. In addition to the relevant safety precautions as mentioned in
the previous section, special attentions should be paid to the following when carrying
out the special overhaul/repair works:
a) During the special overhaul/repair works, safe method of lifting or mechanical

handling of spare parts such as the lift car or hydraulic jack, etc. should be
devised in advance in the site safety assessment. Reference should be made to
the recommended method of the maintenance manual published by the
manufacturers.
b) The wire rope used for rigging a lift car should be of adequate strength and
length. The sharp corners of the lift car should be padded to avoid any damage to
the wire rope.
c) During the lifting of a lift car, the wire rope should be fixed at the anchorage
points for the frame instead of tying around the top beam of the lift car. The wire
rope should preferably be of simple 1:1 suspension system at the anchorage
points in order to eliminate the relative movement of wire rope with respect to the
anchorages.
d) If the wire rope is tied around a diverter pulley for lifting a lift car with a 2:1
suspension system, the wire rope should be placed in the groove of the pulley.
e) Lifting hook speeded beyond the allowable limit should be discarded immediately.
f) When a wire rope is required to be looped or is making short bend, thimbles
should be used in the application. U-bolts of all clamp fastening should be on the
dead end of the wire rope.
g) In clamping a wire rope into an eye, the loose end should be clamped against the
main rope with minimum three clamps. The distance between two clamps should
be 6 to 7 times the rope diameter apart. Clamp fastenings should be inspected
and maintained regularly.
h) As a safety precaution, when the lift car (with its car top as the working platform)
is hoisted up to the required position for working purposes, the safety gear of the
lift car should be immediately activated so as to securely fix the lift car in position.
i) Main Hoisting Rope Replacement Work.

 Replacement of all the old main hoisting ropes in one goal for a traction drive
lift is not recommended. For the sake of safety during the rope replacement
work, at least some numbers of the old hoisting ropes should remain intact to
hold the lift car in case of emergency.
 The main switch of the lift should be turned off, locked out and tagged.
Proper warning notices warning that the lift is out of service should also be

posted at prominent positions so as to avoid any disturbances caused by the

persons in the building intending to use the lift.
 The counterweight should be set at the lowest level at the lift pit and should
be securely and adequately supported to prevent it from moving during the
replacement work.
 For easy and safe handling of new hoisting ropes during the rope
replacement work, the new ropes to be used should first be cut to the
required length before delivering to the work site.
 For safety sake, the old hoisting ropes should be replaced with the new
hoisting ropes one after the other.
 In replacement of the main hoisting ropes, the old ropes should be properly
transported down to the ground for removal from the work site.
j) Hydraulic Jack Replacement Work

 The main switch to the hydraulic lift should be turned off, locked out and
tagged.
 The pressure at the hydraulic jack to be replaced should be released and the
jack should retract completely to the lowest position after the hydraulic lift car
has been supported by the lifting appliance installed at the top of the lift well
or at the machine room located above.
k) Safety Gear Replacement Work

 The lift car should be set near the bottom terminal landing to reduce the risk
of falling from height during the replacement of safety gear at the bottom of
the lift car.
 Proper working platform erected from the lift pit should be provided for the
working personnel carrying out the safety gear replacement work.
 After the special overhaul/repair work, the lifting appliance and the lifting gear
for lifting/rigging purposes should be dismantled properly and the support for
counterweight should also be removed before putting back the lift to normal
service in the building.
ii. Best of Practices in Handling Escalator and Elevator

Safety is the elevator and escalator industry’s first priority. The industry has
stringent codes in place to help ensure the safety of its products, and to make certain
that machinery is maintained and inspected according to its respective codes.
a) Duties of The Company Safety Authority

 Issue annual operating permits.
 Issue contractors licenses and approve qualification of contractors.
 Inspects all new elevator systems before they can be used.
 Inspects all new equipment for elevators and escalators.
 Approve all elevator and escalator renovations.
 Investigate accidents and incidents.
 Record and monitor schedule inspections.
b) Duties of The Owner’s and Owner’s Representatives

 To keep onsite all manuals, construction prints, schematics, shop drawings
plus a disk copy of proprietary software.
 Annual operating permits must be mounted in the elevator machine room.
(check web site for fee schedule)
 Keep on file current elevator contract. Give a copy to whoever is responsible
for the elevators for your company. Make sure they understand all the details
of the contract.
 Keep a hardbound logbook for each elevator. All work done on an elevator
must be recorded and signed. All records must be kept 6 years.
 If the contract is terminated, request from the Safety Authority all elevator
records.

iii. Rules by The Local Authority
Elevators design shall comply with the latest edition of ASME A17.1, “Safety Code for
Elevators and Escalators” with amendments and Uniform Building Code (UBC).
Therefore, The adoption of the EN Standard as a Malaysian Standard was

recommended by the Working Group on Lifts and Escalators under the authority of
the Industry Standards Committee on Mechanical Engineering.
This Malaysian Standard is the first revision of MS 2021-1, Safety rules for the
construction and installation of lifts - Part 1: Electric lifts.
This Malaysian Standard is identical with EN 81-1:1998, Safety rules for the
construction and installation of lifts - Part 1: Electric lifts, including its Corrigendum
1:1999, Amendment 1:2005, Amendment 2:2004 and Amendment 3:2009, published
by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) with the exceptions as listed
below. In the source text, “this European Standard” should read “this Malaysian
Standard”;
6.6 References
Books
Egan M David (1986). The Building Fire Safety Concept. University Technology Malaysia,
Skudai.
Fullerton R. L. (1979). Building Construction in Warm Climates. Volume 1, 2, 3. Oxford

University Press, United Kingdom.
Hall F. (2000). Building Services & Equipment. Pearson Limited, England.
MS EN 81-1:2012. Malaysian Standard. Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation of
Lift- Part1: electric Lifts (first revision). Department of Standards Malaysia.
Nor Rizman (2010). Risk Assessment for Demolition Works In Malaysia. Faculy of Civil
Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Undergraduate
thesis.
Prashant A/L Tharmarajan (2007(. The Essential Aspects of Fire Safety Management In Hihg-
Rise Buildings. University Teknologi Malaysia. Degree of master science thesis.
Riger W. Haines, Douglas C. Hittle (2006). Control System for Heating, Ventilating and Air
Conditioning. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Stein, Benjamin, Reynolds, John S., Grondzik, Walter T., and Alison G. Kwok, (2006).
Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 10th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2006.
Tan, C. W. and Hiew, B.K., (2004), “Effective Management of Fire Safety in a High-Rise
Building”, Buletin Ingenieur vol. 204, 12-19.
Journals
N.H. Salleh and A.G. Ahmad. (2009). Fire Safety Management In Heritage Buildings: The
Current Scenario In Malaysia. CIPA Symposium Kyoto Japan. UIAM and USM.

Code of Practices
Approved Code Of Practice For Demolition: Health And Safety In Employment Act 1992.
Issued And Approved By The Minister Of Labour September 1994.
Code of Practice for Lift Works and Escalator Works. (2002 ed).
Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings 2004. Published by the Building Department.
Printed by Taiwan Government Logistics Department.
Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings (2009). Malaysia Standard Supersede Ms 282
Part 1: 1975. Technical Committee For Construction Practices Under The
Supervision Of Construction Industry Development Board, Malaysia.
Demolition Work Code Of Practice (July 2012). Australian Government.
Work Health and Safety (Demolition Work Code of Practice) Approval 2012. Australian
Capital Territory. By Dr Chris Bourke, Minister for Industrial Relations.
Others Publishing
Coby Frampton. Benchmarking World-class maintenance. CMC Charles Brooks Associates,

Inc.
Electrical Installation and Systems (2006). Training Package UEE06. Industry Skills Council,
Australia.
Fire Safety Manual (2002). Florida Atlantic University USA.
Garis panduan Pendawaian Elektrik di bangunan Kediaman (2008). Suruhanjaya Tenaga

Malaysia. Jabatan Keselamatan Elektrik.
Laws of Malaysia. Act 341: Fire Services Act 1988. Publish by The Commissioner Of Law
Revision, Malaysia Under The Authority Of The Revision Of Laws Act 1968 In
Collaboration With Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd 2006.
Operations & Maintenance Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency.

(August 2010). Release 3.0.
Principles of Home Inspection: Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps. (2010). Educational Course
Note.
Routine Maintenance Modules. Part II.
Uniform Building By Law 1984. (1996). MDC Legal Advisers: MDC Publishers Printers
Guidelines For Applicants For A Demolition Licence Issued Under The Occupational Safety
And Health Regulations 1996. Occupational Safety And Health Act 198. The
Government of Commerce, Western Autralia.

Websites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity
http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/citizens/home_fire_prev/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations
http://academia.edu/406774/Demolition_Work_in_Malaysia_The_Safety_Provisions
http://www.mbam.org.my/mbam/doc/news/010-05Oct09-COP%20Demolition%20Works-
corrected%20on%20%2030th%20sept%202009-1.doc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/700/Demolitio
n%20Work.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/heat-island-sprawl.html
http://www.projectnoah.org/education
http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/other_methodological_issues/interactions_with_o
zone_layer/application/pdf/subgene.pdf
http://www.cibse.org/Docs/barney2.doc
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Building_Services/Vertical_Transportation

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PSMZA Course Note (Chapter 6)

6.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING

6.1 Types and Function of Transportation System In High-Rise Building

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 1

Figure 6.1: Moving staircase transform

6.2.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Escalator

ii. The Disadvantages

6.2.2 Design and Layout Consideration of Escalator

Escalators have three typical configuration options

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 2

Figure 6.2: Parallel escalator Figure 6.3: Multiple parallel escalator

Figure 6.4: Spiral escalator Figure 6.5: Crisscross escalator

The direction of escalator movement (up or down) can be permanently set, or be

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 3

iii. Traffic patterns

iv. Safety considerations

6.2.3 Escalator Component

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 4

Figure 6.6: Escalator components

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 5

In the factory, handrails are constructed by feeding rubber through a computer-

Table 6.2: Escalator step width and energy usage

6.2.4 Safety Procedures in Handling Escalator

For the safety when used the escalator follow by:

ii. Always Hold the Handrail

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 6

iii. Always Face Forward

iv. Keep Space

v. Don’t Put Children in Strollers, carts, or walkers

vi. Always Secure Children

vii. Avoid the Edges of Steps

viii. Know Emergency Shut-off Buttons

ix. Others Safety Tips

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 7

Figure 6.7: Escalator innovation

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 8

Figure 6.8: Escalator safety device

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 9

6.3 Elevators (Lift)

i. Traction elevators (Electric)

ii. Hydraulic elevators

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 10

Figure 6.9: Traction

Figure 6.10: Hydraulic

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 11

Table 6.3: Types of elevator or lift

It works using a lift cab for the passengers to access

This elevators are distinguished by wider doors and

View of the artistic style and the surrounding sights in

Used for lifting & lowering of gifts and can carry up to

Used for lifting & lowering options for either passengers

Commonly used at hotels, restaurants and other food

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 12

Residential homes almost exclusively for disabled

Owners can design according to their own preferences

This lift type will be alongside an existing, short internal

Usually used in parking garages and car repair. Lift is

An mechanical device for lifting people and wheelchairs

Ver. 1 (MSH-Jun2013): CC608 Building Services 13

6.3.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Elevator

ii. The Disadvantages

6.3.2 Design and Layout Consideration of Elevator/Lift

Figure 6.11: Three major elevator component part