Survey 3

TACHEOMETER
Tacheometry is the branch of surveying in which we determine the horizontal and

vertical distances with the angular measurements with an instrument, Tachometer. It is not
accurate method of finding the horizontal distances as the chaining is, but it is most suitable
for carrying out the surveys to find the distances in the hilly area where other methods are
quite difficult being carried out. It is generally used to locate contours, hydrographic surveys
and laying out routes of highways, railways etc.
Purpose of tachometric surveying
The primary object of tacheometry is the preparations of contoured plans. It is

considered to be rapid and accurate in rough country and has thus been widely used by
engineers in location surveys for railways, canal, and reservoirs.
Whenever surveys of higher accuracy are carried out tachometry provides a good
check on distance measured with a tape or chain.
Instruments used for tachometric survey
An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm is generally used for
tachometric survey. The stadia diaphragm essentially consists of one stadia hair above and
other an equal distance below the horizontal cross hair, the stadia hairs being mounted in the
ring and on the same vertical plane as the horizontal and vertical cross-hair.
Different systems of tachometric measurements
The various systems of tachometric survey may be classified as follows:
 The stadia system

 Fixed hair method of stadia method
 Movable hair method ,or subtense method
 The tangential system
1
Govt. Polytechnic college, Muttom Survey practical 3 manual
The principle common to all the systems is to calculate the horizontal distance between
two points A and B and their distances in elevation, by observing the angle at the instrument
at A subtended by a known short distance along a staff kept at B, and the vertical angle to B
from A.
Fixed hair method
 In this method, the angle at the instrument at A subtended by a known show distance
along a staff kept at B is made with the help of a stadia diaphragm having stadia wires at
fixed or constant distance apart.
 The readings are on the staff corresponding to all three wires taken.
 The staff intercepts that is the differences of the reading corresponding to top and
bottom stadia wires will therefore depend on the distance of the staff from the
instrument.
 When the staff intercept is more than the length of the staff, only half intercept is read.
 For inclined sight, readings may be taken keeping the staff either vertical or normal to
the line of sight.
 This is the most common method in tacheometry and the same ‘stadia method’ generally
bears reference to this method.
Subtense method
 This method is similar to the fixed hair method except that the stadia interval is variable.
 Suitable arrangement is made to vary the distance between the stadia hair as to set them
against the two targets on the staff kept at the point under observation.
 Thus in this case the staff intercept i.e., the distance between the two targets is kept fixed
while the stadia interval, i.e., the distance between the stadia hair is variable.
 As in the case of fixed hair method, inclined sight may also be taken.
Tangential method
 In this method, the stadia hairs are not used, the reading being taken against the
horizontal cross-hair.
 To measure the staff intercept, two pointing of the instruments are, therefore, necessary.
 This necessitates measurement of vertical angles twice for one single observation.
2
The principle of tacheometry is based on the properties of isosceles triangles, where the
ratio of the base from the apex and the length of the base is always constant.
So according to the principle,
D1/S1=D2/S2=D3\S3=f/i[constant]
The constant f/i is known as multiplying constant.
Where,
‘f ’ is the focal length of the objective.
‘ i ’ is the stadia intercept.
3
FIELD WORK
4
Field work no : 1
Date :
TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS
AIM:
To find out the instrument constants of a tacheometer.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
Tacheometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Peg, Mallet.
PRINCIPLE:
Tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm and anallatic lens. The
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and the additive constant is zero.
PROCEDURE:
 Select instrument station ‘O’. Set up theodolite over ‘O’ and do all the temporary
adjustments.
 Keep the telescope of the tacheometer horizontal by making the vertical angle zero.
 Select two stations A and B on the level ground and take stadia readings and thus find
the staff intercept S1 and S2.
 The tacheometric constants K and C are determined from the principle of stadia
method.
5
OBSERVATIONS:
Inst. at Staff Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizontal

station hair intercepts distance
Top(m) Bottom(m) reading (m) (m)
(m)
CALCULATIONS:
D = KS +C
D1= D2 = S1 = S2=
D1 = KS1 + C
D2 = KS2 + C
6
RESULT:
Multiplying constant K =
Additive constant C=
7
Field work No : 2
Date :
STADIA TACHEOMETRY (Elevation angle)
AIM:
To find the RL of a given point and the horizontal distance from instrument station to
the staff station.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
Tachometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Peg, Mallet
PRINCIPLE:
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and additive constant is zero.
D = K S Cos2Ѳ +C CosѲ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ / 2) + C SinѲ
PROCEDURE:
 Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all temporary
adjustments.
 Benchmark and staff station A were sighted and stadia readings were taken. The
vertical angle was also noted.
 Calculations were done to find out the RL of A and horizontal distance D.
8
OBSERVATIONS:
Vertical angle Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizontal

hair intercept
Inst. Staff reading Distance
at station (m)
° ‘ “ Top Bottom (m) (m)
S1 = S2 =
9
CALCULATIONS:
D = K S Cos2Ѳ + C Cos Ѳ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ /2) + C Sin Ѳ
S1 = D2 =
Ѳ1 = V1 =
V1 = h1 =
S2 = h2 =
Ѳ2 =
V2 =
RL of instrument axis = RL of BM +h1 + V1 =
RL of A = RL of instrument axis + V2 – h2 =
RESULT:
RL of A =
Horizontal distance D =
10
Field work no: 3
Date:
STADIA TACHEOMETRY (Depression angle)
AIM:
To find out the RL of a given point and the horizontal distance from instrument
station to the staff station
INSTRUMENTS USED:
PRINCIPLE:
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and the additive constant is zero.
D = K S Cos2Ѳ+ C CosѲ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ/2) +C SinѲ
PROCEDURE:
 Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set up the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all the
temporary adjustments.
 Benchmark and staff station A were sighted and stadia readings were we taken. The
vertical angle was also noted.
 Calculations were done to find out the RL of A and the horizontal distance D.
11
OBSERVATIONS:
Instru Staff Vertical angle Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizont

ment station hair intercept al
at Top Bottom readin distance
(m) (m) g (m) (m)
̊
' " (m)
12
CALCULATIONS:
D = K S Cos2Ѳ + C CosѲ
V= K S (Sin2Ѳ/2)+C SinѲ
S1=
Ѳ1=
V1=
S2=
Ѳ2=
V2=
RL of instrument axis = RL of BM + h1 + V1
RL of A = RL of instrument axis + V2-h2
RESULT:
RL of A =
13
Fieldwork no: 4
Date:
STADIA TACHEOMETRY (Gradient between two points)
AIM:
To find out the gradient between A & B and the horizontal distance from instrument
station to the staff stations A & B.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
PRINCIPLE:
multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and the additive constant is zero
D = K S Cos2Ѳ + C Cos Ѳ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ/2) +C Sin Ѳ
PROCEDURE:
 Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set up the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all temporary
adjustments.
 Benchmark and staff stations A & B were sighted and stadia readings were taken. The
vertical angles were also noted.
 Calculations were done to find out the RL of A & B and the horizontal distance D1 &
D2.
14
OBSERVATIONS:
Inst. Staff Vertical angle Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizontal

at station hair intercept distance
Top Bottom reading (m) (m)
̊
(m) (m) (m)
' "
15
CALCULATIONS:
D = K S Cos 2Ѳ + C CosѲ
V = K S (Sin2Ѳ/2) + C SinѲ
S1=S2= S3=
Ѳ1= Ѳ2=Ѳ3=
V1=
V2= K S2 ( Sin2Ѳ2/2)+ C SinѲ
V3=
D1=
D2=
RL of instrument axis =RL of BM + h1 + V1
RL of A = RL of instrument axis + V2 – h2
RL of B = RL of instrument axis = V3 – h3
16
Gradient between A &B = level difference / total distance
= (RL of A – RL of B) / (D1 + D2)
RESULT:
RL of A =
RL of B =
Horizontal distance D1 =
Horizontal distance D2 =
Gradient between A & B =
17
Field work : 5
Date :
TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY
AIM:
To find out the RL of a given point and the horizontal distance from instrument
station to the staff station.
INSTRUMENTS USED :
PRINCIPLE:
Tacheometer is a transit theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm and analletic lens.
The multiplying constant of tacheometer is 100 and additive constant is 0.
CASE 1
When both the angles of target are the angle of elevation.
D = S / (tanѲ1 - tanѲ2)
V = D tanѲ2
CASE 2
When both the angles of target are angle of depression
D = S / ( tanѲ2 – tanѲ1)
V = DtanѲ2
18
CASE 3
When one of the angle of target are angle of elevation and other angle of
depression
D=S/ (tanѲ1 + tanѲ2)
V=DtanѲ2
where
S=Distance between the targets
Ѳ1=Vertical angle made by upper target
Ѳ2=Vertical angle made by lower target
PROCEDURE:
 Select the instrument station ‘O’. Set up the theodolite over ‘O’ and do all the
temporary adjustments.
 Axial hair reading towards the BM was noted.
 Vertical angles towards the given targets were also noted.
 Calculations were done to get the required reduced level.
19
OBSERVATIONS:
20
Vertical angle Axial hair Horizontal
readings distance
Inst. at Staff
station (m) (m)
º ' "
CALCULATIONS:
21
RESULT:
RL of A =
22

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TACHEOMETER

Tacheometry is the branch of surveying in which we determine the horizontal and

Purpose of tachometric surveying

The primary object of tacheometry is the preparations of contoured plans. It is

Instruments used for tachometric survey

Different systems of tachometric measurements

The various systems of tachometric survey may be classified as follows:

 The stadia system

Fixed hair method

So according to the principle,

The constant f/i is known as multiplying constant.

‘f ’ is the focal length of the objective.

‘ i ’ is the stadia intercept.

To find out the instrument constants of a tacheometer.

Tacheometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Peg, Mallet.

Inst. at Staff Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizontal

STADIA TACHEOMETRY (Elevation angle)

Tachometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Peg, Mallet

Vertical angle Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizontal

V = K S (Sin2Ѳ /2) + C Sin Ѳ

RL of instrument axis = RL of BM +h1 + V1 =

STADIA TACHEOMETRY (Depression angle)

Tacheometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Peg, Mallet.

Instru Staff Vertical angle Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizont

RL of A = RL of instrument axis + V2-h2

STADIA TACHEOMETRY (Gradient between two points)

Tacheometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Peg, Mallet.

Inst. Staff Vertical angle Stadia reading Axial Staff Horizontal

V2= K S2 ( Sin2Ѳ2/2)+ C SinѲ

RL of instrument axis =RL of BM + h1 + V1

= (RL of A – RL of B) / (D1 + D2)

Gradient between A & B =

Tacheometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Peg, Mallet.

When both the angles of target are the angle of elevation.

When both the angles of target are angle of depression

D=S/ (tanѲ1 + tanѲ2)

S=Distance between the targets

Ѳ1=Vertical angle made by upper target

Ѳ2=Vertical angle made by lower target

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