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Response of Pedestrian Bridges due to Dynamic Loading

- An Analytical study
Dipankar Bhawal **
ABSTRACT

Pedestrian or foot-bridges are an integral part of infrastructures like roads, highways, railways etc. which has
evolved into aesthetically appealing flexible and slender structures with the use of high strength materials or due to
space and clearance constraints. These footbridges are often made to blend with the landscape and sometimes being
treated as landmarks also. Existing provisions of codes should be modified to take care of design or analysis of such
structures which are becoming more and more susceptible to the adverse effects caused by dynamic loadings
generated by the movement of pedestrians with different characteristics. This study will be concentrating on the
numerical investigation on the basis of a load model representative of a crowd of pedestrian walking across a typical
footbridge and thereafter be compared with the output due to static loading recommended by the existing code.

Keywords : Pedestrian Load Model, Dynamic Load , Synchronisation

1. INTRODUCTION
Pedestrian footbridges can be designed to the passage in order to simplify the design
by applying static loads according to the norms process [2], [3]. To arrive at workable principles
available in the existing national codes. This and easy analytical solutions suitable models of
loading may not be sufficient to determine the pedestrian loads need to be formulated. These
actual behaviour and design of certain loadings are usually probabilistic in nature and
footbridges which has long spans or flexible dependent of demography, occupation, density
decks. There can be some situations when of the population and other factors in relation
critical dynamic loading may affect these type of with different regions. Therefore field researches
footbridges during their service stage, which can need to be conducted to collect samples of data
be in the form large permanent deflection, before valid load models could be created.
deformation, excessive vibrations causing The movement of a single, a group or a
discomfort to majority of the pedestrians at a crowd of pedestrians can be varying from
time or reduced service life of the superstructure walking state to running state. In addition a
etc. The collapse of the pedestrian bridges may group of people can be jumping , jogging away,
not be directly attributed to the dynamic actions laterally swaying, bobbing and even perform
on the bridge, however possibility of such vandal actions when passing through a
occurrences at ultimate stage cannot be ruled out footbridge. As the footbridges are little bit
for special footbridges. The choice of load controlled from the point of view of restriction
factors can be what is used for vehicular actions in width of the passage, a certain amount of
or as decided by committees. Practical approach correlation between density and speed of
should be targeted towards achieving an pedestrians can be established [3]. For
economy in design by varying the design loads footbridges close to zones with dense population
according to the need of the users during the where fairs, festivals and enormous meetings or
inception stage of the project. Therefore congregations are held, sudden erratic rush of
different types of footbridges should be crowds can be expected there with high
categorised into relevant groups according to the probability of recurrence. This study will be
volume or density of pedestrians having access carried out considering such a situation where a

Chief Consultant-Newline Consulting Engineers , Kolkata; BE(Civil) , M-Tech(Struct) ; e-mail:


dbhawancel@gmail.com 1
footbridge is presumed to be most critically bend vertically in plane only and longitudinal
loaded by a crowd traversing at a certain speed deformation and torsion is neglected. Pedestrian
and pace and observe the maximum responses movements can exert forces in longitudinal,
due to dynamic actions. vertical and lateral directions simultaneously [3].
In this study responses in vertical directions will
2. OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY be discussed. The load model is considered to
have a continuous contact with deck. An
For a standard design of any bridge due idealized load model can be adopted from
to the loading of footways, there are two basic 'Vibrations In Structures Induced by Man and
loads of footways in terms of intensity say 400 Machines'[2].The load model is represented by a
kg/m2 or 500 kg/m2 which is to be chosen on the forcing function in the form of a combination of
basis of density and type of users IRC:6-2014,cl: static and harmonic components of the force.
206.3 [1]. This loading can be used for analysis The crowd is considered to be constituted of say,
of a model of a bridge after modifying according a series of rows 𝑖𝑖 = 1 … 𝑅𝑅 where each row 𝑖𝑖 can
to the formulae which is a function of span and contain a maximum 'P' number of individuals
width of the passage or footway. The static such as 𝑗𝑗 = 1 … 𝑃𝑃 (an optimised lateral spacing
response of a footbridge with this loading shall is found approximately by 1.200 m and
be considered as benchmark against which the longitudinally the spacing is 1.11 m, giving R =
dynamic responses in terms of displacements 24 nos. , P = 3 nos. of person per row ) . The
and accelerations will be compared. This forcing function in vertical direction for any
comparative study can demonstrate the need to person can be numerically written as 𝑓𝑓1(𝑡𝑡)𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 =
improve or add some provisions to the standard 𝐹𝐹0 + ∆𝐹𝐹1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠�2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡� + ∆𝐹𝐹2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠�2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 −
specifications indicating whether additional
𝜑𝜑1 ) + ∆𝐹𝐹3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜑𝜑2 ) ....................(𝐸𝐸1)
analysis of footbridges due to dynamic actions
The contribution by 2nd. and 3rd. harmonics being
should be conducted or not and guide
small the last two components are neglected.
accordingly. Also relevant criteria of
The reference static amplitude is considered as
acceptances for different classes of footbridges
the weight of an individual to be 𝐹𝐹0 = 700N
in terms of responses like amplitude of
(can also be chosen as 800 N, which can be
displacements or accelerations and also levels of
based on country specific data). The maximum
comfort of pedestrians in general for all age
amplitude of dynamic component ∆𝐹𝐹1 ≈
groups should be constructed.
0.4 𝐹𝐹0 = 280 after presuming that an average
frequency of the crowd should lie in the range
3. DESCRIPTION OF MODELS
close to 2.0 Hz. The pacing frequency of
individuals will be random and for
A simply supported straight (all steel)
simplification it is assumed that an individual
box-girder pedestrian bridge of span length L =
within any row 'i' has same frequency as the
40.0 m (Fig. 1, 2) with uniform section and self-
average of 'P' numbers of person i.e. 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖 and also
weight (along with imposed loads) will be
chosen for this study. Total width of the deck is the phase lag of pace between individuals in a
3.0 m and effective width of passage is 2.5 m for row is negligible. Different random frequencies
a crowd of pedestrians walking through. The of any row will be normally distributed (Fig. 3)
superstructure is considered as a beam element having mean pacing frequency as 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≈
which has flexural rigidity and the section do not lowest natural frequency of the structure
have any shear deformation property. It will assuming it to be closest to the resonant

Chief Consultant-Newline Consulting Engineers , Kolkata; BE(Civil) , M-Tech(Struct) ; e-mail:


dbhawancel@gmail.com 2
frequency and is found to be 2.161 Hz by synchronization force, it will be formulated here
iteration. The standard deviation is in by assuming that the maximum amplitude of
conservatively chosen as fs ≈ 0.13 Hz for this the dynamic force�𝑓𝑓2(𝑡𝑡)𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 � ≅ ∆𝑆𝑆1 where
distribution. Pedestrian speed will be assumed ∆𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑚𝑚 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) ×
as v = 1.903 m/s (Fig. 2.2 [2]). The density of 𝑔𝑔 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔) × 𝜒𝜒. By defining an
the crowd is presumed as ~ 0.600 persons/m2 equivalent dynamic mass as 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 = 𝜒𝜒 𝑚𝑚 it can
(refer Fig. 5.1 [3] ,by extrapolation, which can be argued that dynamic action , caused by self-
be based on national data also ) corresponding to excitation, the additional force is 𝑓𝑓2(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 ×
given v. If the vertical displacement is found to 𝜅𝜅 where 𝜅𝜅 is a factor based on the probability of
be greater than 10mm or more [2] further the fraction of crowd participating in this
investigation of the responses shall be carried phenomenon of synchronization and assumed as
out in this study due to the additional forces 𝜅𝜅 = 1 to maximise the effect. The total
exerted during 'feedback' and 'synchronization' pedestrian can be expressed as,
phenomenon between pedestrian movement and 𝐹𝐹(𝑡𝑡)𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 = 𝑓𝑓1(𝑡𝑡)𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 + 𝑓𝑓2(𝑡𝑡)𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 ...................(𝐸𝐸2)
vibrating deck. As there is no specification or
standard load model representative of this

Fig. 1 : Schematic of a footbridge under study.

Fig. 2 : Idealised model of pedestrians and beam element Fig. 3 : Normal distribution of pace-frequency
(random)

4. NUMERICAL BASIS OF THE spatial models can be used where effects of


ANALYSIS several modal vibrations can be derived.
The analysis of the beam element can be However the maximum response can occur
performed on the basis of a forced dynamic when the beam vibrates with its lowest natural
analysis derived from the (Euler) beam theory frequency, which is sufficient for majority of the
[4]. For advanced analysis, finite element based cases.

Chief Consultant-Newline Consulting Engineers , Kolkata; BE(Civil) , M-Tech(Struct) ; e-mail:


dbhawancel@gmail.com 3

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