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Thermodynamics
• the energy released when that same apple falls one meter to the
ground.
• the energy required to heat one gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree
Celsius.
Source: Wikipedia,
Energy….
100 10
Energy
Transformation
Process
90 (140)
In this course….
20 J
All energy is accounte d for...
100 J
12 J
X
108 J
Used energy
Open System Thermodynamics …
100 J 4J
There are as many statements of the 2nd Law as there are researchers studying it…
3J
97 J
100 J
Open System Thermodynamics …
(- 273o C)
Open System Thermodynamics …
Ludwig Boltzmann
Maximum Empower
Open System Thermodynamics …
!
Recall: Efficiency...
Source
No flow
1
No Useful
efficiency of 50%…
Source
1 Power
100%
Heat
A) 100% efficient, no work 0
Power
Falling
Lifting
0 50 100
Efficiency
Load
OS T
pen ystem hermodynamics…
Energy Transformation
Hierarchy
Spatial view of units and their
territories
T1 - T2 = ΔT
T1 Efficiency = T2 - T1 = ΔT
T2 T2 T2
Heat and Entropy…(continued)
1 gram of water…
Net absorption and release of latent heat
energy for the Earth's surface. High
temperatures and a plentiful supply of water
encourage the evaporation of water.
Negative values of latent heat flux indicate a
net release of latent energy back into the
environment because of the condensation
or freezing of water. Values of latent heat
flux are generally low over landmasses
because of a limited supply of water at the
ground surface.
Chemical Potential Energy… (continued)
J. Willard Gibbs
Zoran Rant
Exergy …
“The chief aim of exergy analysis is to detect and to evaluate quantitatively the
causes of the thermodynamic imperfection of the process under consideration.”
Szargut, Jan, David R. Morris, Frank R. Steward, Exergy analysis of thermal, chemical,
and metallurgical processes, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,1988, ISBN
0-89116-574-6.
Exergy …
Of the 86 PW solar
radiation exergy incident
on the surface of the
earth 90 TW is chemical
exergy contained in net
primary production
(NPP).
(Accumulated standing
biomass is indicated by
ovals)