Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Statistical Methods
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
1. Involves
• Collecting Data
• Presenting Data
• Characterizing Data
2. Purpose
• Describe Data
Inferential Statistical
1. Involves
• Estimation
• Testing of Hypothesis
2. Purpose
• Make decisions about
population characteristics
Descriptive Statistics
LEARNING OUTCOMES
4 right
(positive) skew
3
X
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
5
D
4 left
(negative) skew
3
X
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
D
Kurtosis (Peakedness or Flatness)
Median
Positional average
Mode
Mathematical Average
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
Use- To find growth rate,
For construction of index number
Harmonic mean
Median
the point in a distribution above and below which are 50% of the
scores
Use- Qualitative data
Mode
( f m f1 )
Mode M 0 Highest ocuurence M 0 l h
m
2 f f 1 f 2
Weighted Mean
X
wx
, where w weights
w
Combined Mean
n1 x1 n2 x2 ...... nk xk
X
n1 n2 ...... nk
Points to remember
• When the Mean is greater than the Median the data distribution
is skewed to the Right.
• When the Median is greater than the Mean the data distribution
is skewed to the Left.
• When Mean and Median are very close to each other the data
distribution is approximately symmetric.
Range
Quartile deviation
Mean deviation
Standard deviation
Range
Difference between two extreme values (H-L)
Use- Share Price , weather forecast
Quartile deviation
One half of the difference between the inter quartile
(Upper quartile – lower quartile)
Q.D= Q3 Q1
1
2
Where 3N N
( C .F ) ( C.F )
Q3 l 4 h Q1 l 4 h
f
f
Mean deviation
1
Mean deviation taken from mean x x
n
For raw data
1
f xx
N
For grouped data
Standard deviation
It is the positive square root of the deviation taken from
arithmetic mean
2
1 2
1 x
S tan dard deviation
n
x x
n
x 2
n
For raw data
2
1 2
1 fx
N
f
x x
N
fx 2
N
For grouped data
Variance
2
2
1 2
x
Variance x x x 2
1
n n n
For raw data
2
2
fx
f x x fx 2
1 1
N N N
For grouped data
Coefficient of variation(C.V)
(C.V ) 100
x