CONTENTS

Chapter No Page No

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

1.2 AIM

1.3 DATA AVAILABLE

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 METAL PLATING

2.2 NICKEL PLATING

2.3 CHROME PLATING

2.4 PROCESSES GENERATING WASTE WATER

2.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE WATER

2.6 METHODS OF CHROME AND NICKEL REMOVAL

2.7 SEWAGE TREATMENT

Chapter 3

SCOPE OF WORK

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The metal finishing process often produces undesirable byproducts or wastes including air
emissions, wastewater, and hazardous and solid wastes. These wastes predominately result from
organic halogenated solvents, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, and acids used during the surface
preparation stage of the process and from metals (primarily present in the form of dissolved salts
in the plating baths) used during the surface treatment stage. Cyanide, used in many plating
baths, is also a pollutant of concern. Following Table provides a summary of these pollutants and
their sources.

Process Inputs and Pollution Generated (EPA 1995b)

Process Material Input Air Emission Process Solid Waste

Wastewater
Surface Preparation
Solvent  Solvents  Solvents  Solvent  Ignitable
Degreasing and  Emulsifying (associated  Alkaline Wastes
Emulsion agents with solvent  Acid wastes  Solvent
Alkaline and  Alkalis degreasing wastes
Acid Cleaning  Acids and emulsion  Still bottoms
cleaning
only)
 Caustic mists

Surface Finishing
Anodizing  Acids  Metal ion-  Acid wastes  Spent
bearing mists solutions
 Acid mists  Wastewater
treatment
sludges
 Base metals

Chemical  Dilute metals  Metal ion-  Metal salts  Spent

Conversion  Dilute acids bearing mists  Acid solutions
Coatings  Acid mists  Base wastes  Wastewater
treatment
sludges
 Base metals

Electroplating  Acid/alkaline  Metal ion-  Acid/alkaline  Metal

solutions bearing mists  Cyanide  Reactive
 Heavy metal-
 bearing  Acid mists  Metal wastes wastes
solutions
 Cyanide-
bearing
solutions

Plating  Metals (e.g.,  Metal ion-  Cyanide  Cyanide

salts) bearing mists  Metal wastes  Metal wastes
 Complexing  Acid mists
agents
 Alkalis

Other Metal  Metal fumes  Metal  Polishing

Finishing  Acid fumes  Acid wastes sludges
Techniques  Particulates  Hot dip tank
(including dross
polishing, hot  Etching
dip coating, and sludges
etching)  Scrubber
residues

Wastewater

The rinsing process is the primary source of waste generated in metal finishing operations.
Rinsing removes plating solutions or cleaners from the work piece. Rinse waters often contain
low concentrations of process chemicals carried by the work piece into the rinse (also known as
dragout).

Sources of wastewater that are typically treated on site include:

1. Cleaning rinsewater
2. Plating rinsewater
3. Tumbling and burnishing rinsewater
4. Exhaust scrubber solution

Wastewater that is typically regulated but not treated includes:

 Non-contact cooling water

 Steam condensate
 Boiler blowdown
 Stormwater

To meet air emission regulations, vapors and mists, which are emitted from process baths, are
controlled by exhaust systems equipped with mist collection and scrubbing systems. This
treatment process generally produces a metal hydroxide sludge that must be managed as a
hazardous material. Once treated, wastewaters are discharged to a sewer authority or to a body of
water (EPA 1995b).

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Metal finishers periodically discharge process baths when they lose their effectiveness because
of chemical depletion or contamination. Accidental discharges of these chemicals also can occur
(e.g., when a tank is overfilled). These concentrated wastes are either treated on site or hauled to
an off-site treatment or recovery facility. In general, the sources of hazardous and solid wastes at
a plating shop include:

 Spent plating baths

 Spent etchants and cleaners
 Strip and pickle baths
 Exhaust scrubber solutions
 Industrial wastewater treatment sludge, which can contain materials such as cadmium,
copper, chromium, nickel, tin, and zinc
 Miscellaneous solid wastes such as absorbants, filters, empty containers, aisle grates, and
abrasive blasting residue
 Solvents used for degreasing

Pollution Control Board Regulations

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), statutory organisation, was constituted in
September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further,
CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981.

It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment
and Forests of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Principal Functions of
the CPCB, as spelt out in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells
in different areas of the States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution, and (ii) to
improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.

In order to protect the environment from pollution CPCB has laid emission standards for
different industries. Following are the standards applicable for electroplating industry.
 Environmental Standards
Effluent ELECTROPLATING
Concentration not to except, mg/l
INDUSTRY : WASTEWATER
(except for pH and temperature)
DISCHARGE STANDARDS Parameter
pH 6.0 to 9.0
should not exceed 5°C above the ambient
Temperature
temperature of the receiving body
Oil & grease 10
Suspended solids 100
Cynaides (as 'CN') 0.2
Ammonical nitrogen (as N) 50
Total residual chlorine (as Cl2) 1.0
Cadmium (as Cd) 2.0
Nickel (as Ni) 3.0
Zinc (as Zn) 5.0
Chromium as Cr
Hexavalent 0.1
Total 2.0
Copper (as Cu) 3.0
Lead (as Pb) 0.1
Iron (as Fe) 3.0
Total Metal 10.0

1.2 AIM OF PROJECT

Aim of this project is to design Sewage and Effluent Treatment Plant for a Chrome-Nickel
Electroplating Industry.

1.3 DATA AVAILABLE

1 Type of Industry : Chrome Nickel Electroplating Industry

2 Location
3 Cr- Bearing Wastewater
4 Concentration of Cr
5 Ni-Bearing Wastewater
6 Concentration of Ni
7 Sewage
: Bangalore
: m3/d
: ppm
: m3/d
: ppm
: m3/d
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 METAL PLATING

Plating is a surface covering in which a metal is deposited on a conductive surface. Plating has
been done for hundreds of years, but it is also critical for modern technology. Plating is used to
decorate objects, for corrosion inhibition, to improve solder ability, to harden, to improve wear
ability, to reduce friction, to improve paint adhesion, to alter conductivity, for radiation
shielding, and for other purposes. Jewelry typically uses plating to give a silver or gold finish.
Thin-film deposition has plated objects as small as an atom, therefore plating finds uses in
nanotechnology.

2.2 Nickel Plating

In industries normally two methods are used for nickel plating:

1 Electro Nickel Plating

2 Electro less nickel

1 Electro Nickel Plating Process

Electro nickel plating, also known as nickel electro-deposition, is becoming an increasingly

popular process for a variety of different manufacturing applications. Electro nickel plating is a
process that uses an electrical current to coat a conductive material, typically made of metal, with
a thin layer of nickel. Other metals used for electroplating include stainless steel, copper, zinc,
and platinum.

Pre-treatment Process for Electro Nickel Plating

Proper pre- and post-treatment of the base product has a direct correlation to the quality and
deposition rate of electro nickel plating. To help ensure uniform and quality adhesion, chemical
or manual preparation includes the following three steps:

Pre-treatment surface cleaning: Surface cleaning entails eliminating contaminants through the
use of solvents, abrasive materials, alkaline cleaners, acid etch, water, or a combination thereof.

Surface modification: Modifying the exterior of the base product improves adhesion through
processes such as striking or metal hardening.

Post-treatment surface cleaning:

Performing finishing operations, such as rinsing, end the electroplating process.

2 Electroless nickel plating

Electroless nickel plating (EN) is an auto-catalytic chemical technique used to deposit a layer of
nickel-phosphorus or nickel-boron alloy on a solid workpiece, such as metals or plastic. The
process relies on the presence of a reducing agent, for example hydrated sodium hypophosphite
(NaPO2H2•H2O) which reacts with the metal ions to deposit metal. The alloys with different
percentage of phosphorus, ranging from 2-5 (low phosphorus) to up to 11-14 (high phosphorus)
are possible. The metallurgical properties of alloys depend on the percentage of phosphorus.

Electroless nickel plating is an auto-catalytic reaction used to deposit a coating of nickel on a

substrate. Unlike electroplating, it is not necessary to pass an electric current through the solution
to form a deposit. This plating technique is to prevent corrosion and wear. EN techniques can
also be used to manufacture composite coatings by suspending powder in the bath.

Electroless nickel plating has several advantages versus electroplating. Free from flux-density
and power supply issues, it provides an even deposit regardless of workpiece geometry, and with
the proper pre-plate catalyst, can deposit on non-conductive surfaces.

Pretreatment

Before performing electroless nickel plating, the material to be plated must be cleaned by a series
of cleaning chemicals such as bases and acids, this process is called the pre-treatment process.
Failure to remove unwanted "soils" from the part's surface would result in poor plating. Each
pre-treatment chemical must be followed by water rinsing (normally two to three times) to
remove the chemical that adheres to the surface. De greasing removes oils from surface; acid
cleaning removes scaling. Activation is done with a weak acid etch, or nickel strike, or, in the
case of non-metallic substrate, a proprietary solution. After the plating process, plated materials
must be finished with an anti-oxidation or anti-tarnish chemical (trisodium phosphate or
chromate) and pure water rinsing to prevent unwanted stains. The rinsing materials must then be
completely dried off or sometimes baked off to obtain the full hardness of the plating film.

The pre-treatment required for the deposition of nickel and cobalt on a non-conductive surface
usually consists of an initial surface preparation to render the substrate hydrophillic. Following
this initial step, the surface is activated by a solution of a noble metal, e.g., palladium chloride.
Silver nitrate is also successfully used for activating ABS and other plastics. Electroless bath
formation varies with the activator. The substrate is now ready for nickel deposition.
Chrome Plating

Hard Chrome Plating

Hard chrome plating is chrome plating that has been applied as a fairly heavy coating (usually
measured in thousandths of an inch) for wear resistance, lubricity, oil retention, and other 'wear'
purposes. Some examples would be hydraulic cylinder rods, rollers, piston rings, mold surfaces,
thread guides, gun bores, etc. 'Hard chrome' is not really harder than other chrome plating, it is
called hard chromium because it is thick enough that a hardness measurement can be performed
on it, whereas decorative chrome plating is only millionths of an inch thick and will break like an
eggshell if a hardness test is conducted, so its hardness can't really be measured directly.

Hard chrome plating is almost always applied to items that are made of steel, usually hardened
steel. It is metallic in appearance but is not particularly reflective or decorative. Hard chrome
plating is not a finish that you would want on a wheel or bumper.

TREATMENT OF PLATING WASTEWATER

Metal Finishing Industry Wastes Recovery techniques are treatment methods used for the
purpose of recovering or regenerating process constituents that would otherwise be discarded.
Included in this group are the following:
1. Evaporation
2. Ion exchange
3. Electrolytic recovery
4. Electro dialysis
5. Reverse osmosis

Solids removal techniques are used to remove metals and other pollutants from process
wastewaters to make these waters suitable for reuse or discharge. These methods include the
following:
1. Hydroxide and sulfide precipitation
2. Sedimentation
3. Diatomaceous earth filtration
4. Membrane filtration
5. Granular bed filtration
6. Peat adsorption
7. Insoluble starch xanthenes treatment
8. Flotation
Three treatment options are used in treating common metals wastes:

1. The Option 1 system consists of hydroxide precipitation followed by sedimentation. This

system accomplishes end-of-pipe metals removal from all common metals-bearing wastewater
streams that are present at a facility. The recovery of precious metals, the reduction of hexavalent
chromium, the removal of oily wastes, and the destruction of cyanide must be accomplished
prior to common metals removal.

2. The Option 2 system is identical to the Option 1 treatment system but with the addition of
filtration devices after the primary solids removal devices. The purpose of these filtration units is
to remove suspended solids such as metal hydroxides that do not settle out in the clarifiers. The
filters also act as a safeguard against pollutant discharge should an upset occur in the
sedimentation device. Filtration techniques applicable to Option 2 systems are diatomaceous
earth and granular bed filtration.

3. The Option 3 treatment system for common metals wastes consists of the Option 2 end-of pipe
treatment system plus the addition of in-plant controls for lead and cadmium. In-plant controls
would include evaporative recovery, ion exchange, and recovery rinses. In addition to these three
treatments, there are several alternative treatment technologies applicable to the treatment of
common metals wastes. These technologies include electrolytic recovery, electro-dialysis,
reverse osmosis, peat adsorption, insoluble starch xanthenes treatment, sulfide precipitation,
flotation, and membrane filtration.

PRECIOUS METALS

Precious metal wastes can be treated using the same treatment alternatives as those described
forth treatment of common metals wastes. However, due to the intrinsic value of precious metals,
every effort should be made to recover them. The treatment alternatives recommended for
precious metal wastes are the recovery techniques of evaporation, ion exchange, and electrolytic
recovery.

COMPLEXED METAL WASTES

Complexes metal wastes within the metal finishing industry are a product of electro less plating,
immersion plating, etching, and the manufacture of printed circuit boards. The metals in these
waste streams are tied up or complexes by particular completing agents whose function is to
prevent metals from coming out of solution. This counteracts the technique used by most
conventional solids removal methods. Therefore, segregated treatment of these wastes is
necessary. The treatment method most suited to treating complexes metal wastes is high-pH
precipitation. An alternative method is membrane filtration16, which is primarily used in place
of sedimentation for solids removal.
TREATMENT OF CHROME PLATING WASTEWATER

HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

Hexavalent chromium-bearing wastewaters are produced in the metal finishing industry in

chromium electroplating, in chromate conversion coatings, in etching with chromic acid, and in
metal finishing operations carried out on chromium as a basis material. The selected treatment
option involves the reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium either chemically or
electrochemically. The reduced chromium can then be removed using a conventional
precipitation-solids removal system. Alternative hexavalent chromium treatment techniques
include chromium regeneration, electro dialysis, evaporation, and ion exchange.

Chromium Reduction

There are three treatment methods applicable to wastes containing hexavalent chromium. Wastes
containing trivalent chromium can be treated using chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
which is discussed below. The three methods applicable to the treatment of hexavalent chromium
use the following:

1. Sulfur dioxide
2. Sodium metabisulfite
3. Ferrous sulfate

Hexavalent chromium reduction through the use of

sulfur dioxide and sodium metabisulfite has found the
widest application in the metal finishing industry. It is
not truly a treatment step, but a conversion process in
which the hexavalent chromium is converted to
trivalent chromium. The hexavalent chromium is
reduced through the addition of the reductant at a pH
in the range 2.5 to 3 with a retention time of
approximately 30 to 40 min.

Ferrous sulfate has not been as widely applied. However, it is particularly applicable in facilities
where ferrous sulfate is produced as part of the process, or is readily available. The basis for this
technology is that the hexavalent chromium is reduced to trivalent chromium and the ferrous iron
is oxidized to ferric iron.

Chromium Precipitation

Chromium precipitation is accomplished through the addition of a chemical reagent to form

metal precipitants, which are then removed as solids in a sedimentation step. The options
available to a facility as precipitation reagents are lime [Ca(OH)2], caustic (NaOH), carbonate
(CaCO3 and Na2CO3), sulfide (NaHS and FeS), and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The
advantages and disadvantages of these reagents are summarized in the following:
1. Lime
a) It is the least expensive precipitation reagent.
b) It generates the highest sludge volume.
c) The sledges generally cannot be sold to smelters or refiners.

2. Caustic
a) It is more expensive than lime.
b) It generates a smaller volume of sludge.
c) The sledges can be sold to smelter and refiners.

3. Carbonates
a) These may be used for metals where solubility within a pH range is not sufficient to meet
treatment standards.

Lime is the least expensive reagent, but it generates the highest volume of residue. It also
generates a residue that cannot be resold to smelters and refiners for reclaiming because of the
presence of the Calcium ion.

Caustic is more expensive than lime, but it generates a smaller volume of residue. One Key
advantage to caustic is that the resulting residues can be readily reclaimed. Carbonates are
particularly appropriate for metals where solubility within a pH range is not sufficient to meet a
given set of treatment standards. The sulfides offer the benefit of achieving effective treatment at
lower concentrations due to the lower solubility’s of the metal sulfides. Sodium borohydride has
application where small volumes of sludge that are suitable for reclamation are desired.

TREATMENT OF NICKEL PLATING WASTEWATER

Nickel removal from wastewater is achieved by means of a precipitation treatment. The options
of chemicals that can be used are same as Chromium Precipitation. Using NaOH leads to
minimum sludge generation during precipitation. pH of wastewater will be maintained at 10.5 to
achieve maximum Nickel precipitation.

Summary of Conventional Chemical Treatment Method (EPA, 1995)

Treatment Treatment Usage Optimum pH Minimum Comments

Method Chemical ratio Reaction
Time
(min)
Hexavalent chromium reduction
Acid Sodium 1.5:1 pH = 3.0-3.5 5 Reaction time
method metabisulfite dependent on pH.

Sulfur dioxide 1:1 pH = 3.0-3.5 5 Reaction time

dependent on pH.
8:1 pH =3.0-3.5 5 Reaction time
Ferrous sulfate dependent on pH.
Treatment Treatment Usage Optimum pH Minimum Comments
Method Chemical ratio Reaction
Time
(min)
Metal precipitation
Hydroxide Hydrated lime Variable pH = 7.0-10.0 20 Optimum pH
varies depending
on metal to be
removed.
Sulfide Caustic soda Variable pH = 7.0-10.0 20 Optimum pH
varies depending
on metal to be
removed.
Ferrous 5:1 pH = 8.0-9.0 15 Polishing after
sulfide/sodium hydroxide
sulfide precipitation when
complexing agents
present.
Carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Variable Variable 15 Advantageous for
lead ,cadmium,
nickel removal.
Insoluble Cross linked 5-10:1 pH >7.0 Instantane Polishing after
starch starches ous hydroxide
xanthate precipitation when
complexing agents
present.

Relation between pH and % nickel precipitated

pH Adjusted to % Nickel precipitated

7.5 6.4
8.0 64.0
8.5 94.5
9.0 99.0
The optimum pH required for precipitation of metals can be found out by following graph:
TREATMENT SCHEME OF CHROME PLATING WASTEWATER

The hexavalent form is very soluble at all pH values and is quite toxic to microbial growth.
Chromium Reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent is conducted in a baffled reaction chamber
utilizing quadravalent sulfur as the reducing agent.

The reaction zone maintains a pH of less than 3 with at least 5 minutes reaction time and a mixing
rate of 2.5-3.0 tank turnovers per minute. Since the Chrome Neutralizer effluent contains Sodium
Meta Bi-Sulphite (SMBS), it will reduce Cr VI into Cr III. The effluent containing trivalent
chromium will then be pumped into the Flash Mixer. Alkali, Coagulant and polyelectrolyte will be
mixed in the effluent in flash mixer for pH adjustment and coagulation. pH required for optimum Cr
precipitation is 7.5. The effluent rich in coagulants will then be transferred into Flocculation tank
followed by clarifier. Cr sludge will precipitate in the clarifier and the clarified water will flow into
the filter feed tank by gravity.
TREATMENT SCHEME OF NICKEL PLATING WASTEWATER

Nickel removal from wastewater will be achieved by means of a hydroxide precipitation treatment
using NaOH as it leads to minimum sludge generation during precipitation. pH of wastewater will be
maintained at 10.5 to achieve maximum Nickel precipitation.

Nickel bearing wastewater will first be collected in an equalization tank for flow equalization. This
effluent will be transferred to a flash mixer where chemicals will be added. The chemically enhanced
effluent will then be transferred to a flocculation tank equipped with a slow speed agitator. Slow
agitation will help to form consistent floc which will settle in clarifier. The flocculated solution is
further transferred to a clarifier where nickel hydroxide precipitates out as sludge.
SEWAGE

Characteristics of Sewage

Sewage or wastewater is the waterborne human, domestic and farm wastes. It may include
industrial effluent, subsoil or surface waters. Human wastes include faecal material. Domestic
wastes include food wastes and wash water.

Chemical Characteristics of Sewage

A typical raw sewage contains about 99.9% water. The remaining 0.1 % is made up of about
70% organic and 30% inorganic solids. The solid content occurs in both suspended and dissolved
forms. The inorganic components include ammonia, chloride, grit, salts and metals.

These inorganic chemicals are actually those which are present in the water supply initially.
Metal industries and mines also contribute to the inorganic. Organic compounds may be either
nitrogenous compounds such as proteins and amino acids or non nitrogenous compounds such as
carbohydrates and lipids.

Organic substances are mainly the contribution of plant and animal wastes which are of different
composition. For example, animal sewage is relatively high in proteins and lipids. Plant materials
have a high content of cellulose and lignin.

Cellulose in sewage mainly comes from the cell wall of plants and plant products. Paper, cotton
and certain other plastic products contain cellulose. Since cellulose cannot be digested in human
digestive system, major proportion of cellulose in the human diet is excreted as undigested
waste. Hemicelluloses, pectin, starch and lignin are the other carbohydrate materials found in
sewage.

Microbiological Characteristics of Sewage

The composition of sewage varies depending upon the source of wastewater. This also causes
variation in the microbial flora of sewage. Almost all groups of microorganisms, algae, fungi,
protozoa, bacteria and viruses are present. Raw sewage may contain millions of bacteria per ml.

The bacterial group comprises mainly the soil borne organisms, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Achromobacter spp. and
Micrococcus spp. Bacteria of intestinal origin also occur in sewage in large numbers.

Mostly these are harmless organisms. Examples of this type are Escherichia coli, and other
coliforms, Proteus and Serratia species. Potential pathogens include enterococci (Streptococcus
faecalis) and Clostridium perfringens. Pathogenic bacteria which cause serious illness like Vibrio
cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella dysenteriae may also occur in
sewage.
Viruses which are released in the faeces from infected host are also occasionally found in
sewage, for example, poliomyelitis virus, infectious hepatitis virus and Coxsackie virus.
Bacteriophages also occur in comparatively large numbers. During treatment process the
microbial flora may be dominated by the corresponding physiological groups.

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW SEWAGE ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Sr. No. Parameters Concentration

1. Color Hazy

2. Raw Sewage Temperature Ambient

3. pH 7-8.5

4. TSS 200-350 ppm

5. Biological Oxygen Demand – 5-day 200-350 ppm

(BOD5)

6. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 500-600 ppm

7. Oil & Grease 10 ppm

TREATMENT METHODS:
Primary Treatment:
AEROBIC TREATMENT:
 CHAPTER 3

SCOPE OF WORK

1. Study of Wastewater generated in the industry

2. Selection of Treatment Scheme

3. Design of Treatment Plant (Effluent And Sewage)

CHAPTER 4

REFERENCES

1. Manual of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment -CPHEEO Govt of India

2. Wastewater Engineering – Treatment and Reuse – Metcalf & Eddy

3. A thesis on DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL

ACTION PLAN FOR CHROMALLOY (THAILAND) LTD. by Harnpon
Phungrassami (Asian Institute of Technology, School of Environment, Resources
and Development, Bangkok, Thailand, August 2001)

UNIT OPERATIONS/PROCESSES, THEIR FUNCTIONS AND DEVICES
USED FOR DOMESTIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Sr. No. Unit Operations And Process
1 Screening
2 Grit removal
3 Primary sedimentation
4 (a) Aerobic biological suspended
growth processes
(b) Aerobic biological Attached
growth processes
5 Anaerobic biological growth
process
6 Anaerobic stabilization of
organic sludges
TABLE 10.1
Functions
Removal of large floating and
Settleable solid
Removal of inorganic suspended
solids
Removal of organic and inorganic
settleable solids
Conversion of colloidal, dissolved
and residual suspended organic
matter into settleable bioflocs and
stable inorganics
Conversion of colloidal, dissolved
and residual suspended organic
matter into settleable bioflocs and
stable inorganics
Conversion of organic matter into
CH4 & CO2 and organic relatively
stable organic residue
Same as above
Treatment Devices
Bar racks and screens of
various descriptions
Grit chamber
Primary sedimentation tank
Activated sludge process units
and its modification, waste
stabilization ponds, aerated
lagoons
Trickling filter, rotating
biological contactor
Anaerobic filter, fluid bed
submerged media anaerobic
reactor, upflow anaerobic
sludge blanket reactor,
anaerobic rotating biological
contactor
Anaerobic digestor
 Table 10.3
EXPECTED EFFICIENCIEC OF VARIOUS TREATMENT UNITS

Process Percentage Reduction

SS BOD Total
Coliform

1 Primary treatment (Sedimentation) 45-60 30-45 40-60

2 Chemical Treatment 60-80 45-65 60-90

3 Secondary Treatment

(i) Standard trickling filters 75-85 70-90 80-90

(ii) High rate trickling filters

(a) Single stage 75-85 75-80 80-90
(b) Two stage 90-95 90-95 60-90

(iii) Activated sludge plants 85-90 85-95 70-96

(iv)
(a) Stabilization ponds (Single cell) 80-90 90-95 90-95
(b) Stabilization ponds (Two cell) 90-95 95-97 95-98