Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
TRICHY- CHENNAI TRUNK ROAD, SIRUGANUR, TRICHY
Unit I- Study Material (Dec ’13 -Apr’14)
Subject Code : AR2353 Degree / Branch : B.arch
Subject Name : Professional Practice and Ethics I Year/Sem/sec :III/ VI/A
Faculty :
UNIT – I
The word architecture is derived from the Greek word arkhitekton which means master builder is both
the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works in the material
form of buildings are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical
civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with the planning, designing and constructing form, space
and ambience that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It
requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow.
Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures including
scheduling cost estimating and construction administration. As documentation produced by architects,
typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior
of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architecture, by the Roman
architect Vitruvius in the early 1st Century. According to Vitruvius, as good building should satisfy the
three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, which translates roughly as –
Utility – it should be useful and function well for the people using it
Beauty – it should delight people and raise their spirits.
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as much as
possible.
Neo-Gothic architecture flourished in different parts of India under the British, inspired by the Houses of
parliament in London. In Varanasi, one of the true Gothic monuments is Queens college, built in a
perpendicular style by Major Kitoefrom 1847 to 1852. In Allahabad, the British built a series of edifices
including the University, All saints cathedral, the High court and the Mayo college. In Calcutta, a High
court was constructed following the Gothic style. The Howrah Bridge (1943), with its red brick façade
surrounded by eight square towers represents a combination of the Oriental and Roman styles. Fort
William, the stronghold of the British in mid 19th century that took 13 years to construct at a cost of
more than $3.5 million and the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta (1921), designed by Sir William Emerson,
are probably the most imposing of all British structures in India.
The British started assimilating and adopting the native Indian styles in the architecture. This led to the
development of Indo-Saracenic architecture towards the end of the 19th century. F.S.Growse,
SirSwinton Jacob, R.F.Chisholm and H.Irwinwas the pioneers of this style of architecture. The Chepauk
palace in Chennai designed by Paul Benfield is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India. Other
outstanding examples of this style of architecture include the Law courts, Victoria Memorial Hall,
Presidency College and senate House of Chennai, Muir College at Allahabad, Napier Museum at
Thiruvanthapuram, the post Office, prince of Wales Museum and the Gateway of Indian in Mumbai, the
Maharaja’s palace at Mysore and Lakshmi villas palace Baroda.
After the British left India in 1947, Indian architecture dropped into an abyss. Indian architects, who
were relegated to the role of being assistants to the British architects under the British Raj, took their
own time to express their ingenuity. Perhaps, there was an identity crisis, a dilemma whether to bask in
the glory of the past or move forward with times using new ideas, images and techniques. While in
other fields like art, music and culture, the distinct Indian imprint was more enhanced in the post-
Independence period; no such thing was discernible in the case of architecture. It is no doubt that the
Indian architects were unable to achieve a transformative architecture despite the existence of great
potential at the time of Indian Independence.
The post – Independence period saw the emergence of two schools of thought in architecture – the
Revivalist and the Modernist. The Revivalists, who advocated “Continuity with the past”, could not break
the shackles of the colonial legacy and left no significant impact on the neo-Indian architecture. The
modernists too depended heavily on the European and American models and tried to adopt them in
India without taking into consideration the regional aspirations, diversities and requirements. The
contemporary Indian architecture was also beset with problems like population explosion, lack of vision
among the planners, lack of support from the government and a less than satisfactory standard of
architecture education. The result was that during the initial years after the Independence, foreign
architects continued to play a leading role in Indian architecture.
Indian architecture witnessed a revolution when the Punjab government engaged Le Corbusier to design
the new city of Chandigarh. Built in three stages, Corbusier divided the city into three sections. The
“head” consisted of political, bureaucratic and judicial buildings, the administrative parts of the city. The
‘body’ housed the university and residential complexes in the heart of the city. The ‘feet’ consisted of
industrial sectors and the railway station. Apart from the initial layout of the city, Corbusier also
designed several buildings in Chandigarh. The High court buildings have a sloping roof, supported by
concrete walls which allow air to pass through them. The Assembly is a square structure topped with a
huge industrial chimney while the secretariat is made up of hundreds of rooms with an airy exterior.
Taking inspiration from Le Corbusier creativity, a young Indian architect B.V.Joshi designed the Institute
of Technology in Ahmadabad. Charles Mark Correa, Doshi’s contemporary, designed the Hindustan
Lever pavilion for the India International trade fair in 1961. The pavilion was an exposed concrete
structure resembling a crumpled packing case made of concrete with a zigzag ramp to walk along.
Correa also designed the Gandhi Sanghralaya in Ahmadabad as a tribute to Mahatma Gandhi.
The Asiad village in New Delhi, designed by Raj Rewal and built as a colossal complex with more than
800 residential units, landscaped courts, streets, restaurants and shops, all catering to sports persons
who had assembled for the 1982 Asian Games, is one of the architectural landmarks of modern India.
The lotus-shaped Baha’i temple in New Delhi, designed by Fariburz Sabah in 1980 and completed in
December 1986, is an awe-inspiring example of the ingenuity of the Indian architects.
People need places to live, work, play, learn, worship, meet, govern, shop and eat. These places may be
private or public; indoors or out; rooms, buildings, or complexes, and architects design them. Architects
are licensed professionals trained in the art and science of building design who develop the concepts for
structures and turn those concepts into images and plans.
Architects create the overall aesthetic and look of buildings and other structures, but the design of a
building involves far more than its appearance. Buildings also must be functional, safe, and economical
and must suit the needs of the people who use them. Architects consider all these factors when they
design buildings and other structures.
Architects may be involved in all phases of a construction project, from the initial discussion with the
client through the entire construction process. Their duties require specific skills-designing, engineering,
managing, supervising and communicating with clients and builders. Architects spend a great deal of
time explaining their ideas to clients, construction contractors, and others. Successful architects must be
able to communicate their unique vision persuasively.
The architect and client discuss the objectives, requirements, and budget of a project. In some cases,
architects provide various pre-design services: conducting feasibility and environmental impact studies,
selecting a site, preparing cost analysis and land-use studies, or specifying the requirements the design
must meet. For example, they may determine space requirements by researching the numbers and
types of potential users of a building. The architect then prepares drawings and a report presenting
ideas for the client to review.
After discussing and agreeing on the initial proposal, architects develop final construction plans that
show the buildings appearance and details for its construction. Accompanying these plans are drawings
of the structural system; air-conditioning, heating, and ventilating systems; electrical systems;
communication systems; plumbing; and possibly, site and landscape plans. The plans also specify the
building materials and, in some cases, the interior furnishings. In developing designs, architects follow
building codes, zoning laws, fire regulations, and other ordinances, such as those requiring easy access
by people who are disabled. Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) and Building information
Modeling (BIM) technology replaced traditional paper and pencil as the most common method for
creating design and construction drawings. Continual revision of plans on the basis of client needs and
budget constraints is often necessary.
Architects may also assist clients in obtaining construction bids, selecting contractors, and negotiating
construction contracts. As construction proceeds, they may visit building sites to make sure that
contractors follow the design, adhere to the schedule, use the specified materials, and meet work
quality standards. The job is not complete until all construction is finished, required tests are conducted,
and construction costs are paid. Sometimes, architects also provide post construction services, such as
facilities management. They advise on energy efficiency measures, evaluate how well the building
design adapts to the needs of occupants, and make necessary improvements.
Often working with engineers, urban planners, interior designers, landscape architects, and other
professionals, architects in fact spend a great deal of their time coordinating information from, and the
work of, other professionals engaged in the same project.
They design a wide variety of buildings, such as office and apartment buildings, schools, churches,
factories, hospitals, houses, and airport terminals. They also design complexes such as urban centers,
college campuses, industrial parks, and entire communities.
Architects sometimes specialize in one phase of work. Some specialize in the design of one type of
building for example, hospitals, schools or housing. Others focus on planning and pre-design services or
construction management and do minimal design work.
4.1 Masks of Architect
Most Qualitative to Most Quantitative
Visionary Philosopher
Theoretician
Socio-Ecologist
Teacher
Designer
Production Architect
Project Manager
Construction Supervisor
Businessman
Technocrat
It is very important that every qualified Architect, desirous of carrying on the profession of ‘Architect’,
be registered with the Council of Architecture because any reference in law to an Architect shall be
deemed to be a reference to an Architect registered under the Act.
A person can have his name entered in the Register, on payment of the prescribed fee, if he resides or
carries out the profession of Architecture in India and has the necessary qualifications, after having
undergone education in accordance with the Council of Architecture – Minimum standards of
Architectural Education Regulations, 1983.
On entry in the Register, the Registrar issues of registration, in which the Council of Architecture’s
Registration Number is mentioned. This registration Number has to be quoted by the Architect, when
signing on an Agreement or on any documents related to the project for which the Architect has been
signed.
An Architect may not be registered in rare cases, if he has not applied for registration or if he has not
paid the registration fee or renewed the registration. However in most cases, an Architect is not
registered because he does not hold a recognized qualification, or because he has not successfully
completed the Architecture course, or because his name has been removed from the register for some
act of professional misconduct or for some other reasons such as.
In case of a person whose name has been removed from the Register or who has died, his legal
representative should surrender his certificate of Registration to the Registrar and the name so removed
will be published in the official Gazette.
If any person whose name has been removed from the Register fails to surrender his certificate of
registration, he shall be punishable with fine of one hundred rupees, and in case of continued failure,
with an additional fine of ten rupees for each day thereafter.
Anybody times ‘pseudo architects’ operate as if they are real Architects and dupe the general public.
The only way you can prevent such malpractices, is by insisting that the Architect gives you his
‘Registration Number’. If any person whose name is not entered in the Register but falsely represents
that it is entered, or uses in connection with his name or title, any words to suggest that he is registered,
such acts tantamount to committing a criminal offence; and is punishable under section 36 or 37 (2) of
the Architects Act, 1972, with a fine of one thousand rupees.
Anybody who confirms that a person pretending to be an “Architect” is not registered with the Council
of Architecture can lodge a police complaint against the ‘pseudo Architect’ and complain to the Council
as well. Before this, the complainant must verify with the Council if the said Architect is registered or not.
Any person desirous of practicing as an Architect in India is required to be a registered in the Register
with the council of Architecture (coa).
The central Government provides a register of Architects in India. The council of Architecture prepares
and maintains the Register in accordance with the provisions of the ARCHITECTS Act. The register
includes the following particulars.
1. The full name with the date of birth, nationality and residential address of the Architect.
2. The Architects qualification for registration (B.Arch. or M.Arch) and the date on which he obtained
that qualification and the authority which conferred it.
3. The date of the Architects first admission to the Register.
4. The Architects professional address.
5. Further particulars prescribed by rules.
WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE FOR GETTING REGISTERED WITH THE COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE?
An application for registration is addressed to the registrar of the Council. The application along with the
prescribed fee and the necessary documents should be submitted personally of the office of the council
or sent by post to “The Registrar, council of Architecture, India habitat centre, core 6-Afirst floor, Lodhi
Road, New Delhi 110003”. The documents to be submitted for Registration include.
1. Application form in the prescribed format, duly filled in and signed by the applicant along with two
recent passport size photographs duly signed, with name mentioned at the back.
2. A copy of the date of birth certificate attested by either a Gazetted officer or Notary public/Oath
Commissioner.
3. The recognized architectural qualification certificate on the basis of which registration is sought. i.e.
5 year B.Arch. Degree or 5- year Diploma in Architecture or 5 – year Government Diploma in
Architecture or Membership of I.I.A certificate (as the case may be), in original, for verification and
return by registered post, along with a copy of the same duly attested by either a Gazette officer or
Rotary public/Oath commissioner. The recognized architectural qualifications (India and Foreign) are
listed in the COA SCHEDULE.
4. The copies of mark sheets for all the semesters/years of the recognized architectural qualification
duly attested by a Gazette Officer or Notary public/ Oath commissioner.
5. A copy of the Marriage certificate duly attested by either a Gazette officer or Notary public/Oath
commissioner towards change of name consequent upon marriage. However in case of change of
name due to reasons other than marriage, only a copy of the Gazette notification duly attested by
either a gazette officer or Notary public/Oath commissioner, will be accepted.
6. A duly attested copy mark sheet of 10+2 or equivalent examination with 50% marks in aggregate.
7. A demand draft for Rs.500/- (Non-refundable) drawn in favour of council of Architecture payable at
Delhi/ New Delhi towards registration fee. There is also an option of availing one-time payment at
the time of registration by paying Rs.5500/- vide demand draft. (i.e. registration fee of Rs.500/- and
onetime payment of Rs.5500/-) which is subject to submission of the final Degree/Diploma, in
original along with an attested copy of the same.
8. A self-addressed envelope of size 14” X 10” for sending the certificate of registration by registered
post.
9. If the Registrar is of the opinion that the applicant is entitled to be registered, then he shall enter
the name of the applicant in the register and issue a Certificate of registration, any person whose
application for registration is rejected the registrar, can within three months of the date of rejection,
appeal to the council.
CAN AN ARCHITECT HAVE AN ADDITIONAL QUALIFICATION ENTERED IN THE REGISTER OF ARCHITECT?
An Architect can have any additional recognized qualification entered in the register, on payment of
additional qualification fee of rs.100/- (per qualification) provided such a qualification is obtained
subsequent to registration as an architect. Only Architectural qualifications included in the schedule of
qualifications appended to the Architects Act 1972, can be entered on the certificate of registration.
A renewal fee of Rs.500/- for the current year, should be paid annually to the council before the first day
of April of the year to which it relates. An application for renewal along with the prescribed fee and the
necessary documents should be submitted personally at the office of the council or sent by post to
“The Registrar, council of Architecture, India habitat centre, core 6-Afirst floor, Lodhi Road, New Delhi
110003”. The documents to be submitted for Registration include.
1. A cash/ demand draft in favour of council of Architecture payable at New Delhi towards renewal. A
onetime payment of rs.5000/- is also accepted which is subject to submission of the final
Degree/Diploma in original for verification.
2. The certificate of registration in original.
3. The recognized architectural qualification certificate in original for verification and return by
registered post, along with a copy of the same duly attested by either a Gazette officer or notary
public/ Oath commissioner. The recognized architectural qualifications (Indian and foreign) are
listed in the COA SCHEDULE.
4. Any additional recognized architectural qualification certificates in original, for verification and
return by registered post,along with a copy of the same duly attested by either a Gazette officer or
notary public/ Oath commissioner.
5. The certificate of registration in original.
6. Any change in address should be notified to the council and the necessary attested copy of the proof
of address.
7. In case there is a change in the surname consequent to marriage, a copy of the Marriage certificate
duly attested by either a Gazette officer or notary public/ Oath commissioner. However in case of
change of name due to reasons other than marriage, only a copy of the Gazette notification duly
attested by either a Gazette officer or notary public/ Oath commissioner, will be accepted.
8. A self-addressed envelope of size 14” X 10” for sending the certificate of registration by registered
post.
On payment of the renewal fee, the registrar shall, in such manner as may be prescribed by rules,
endorse the certificate of registration accordingly and return it along with the original architectural
qualification certificate. In case the renewal fee is not paid before the due date, the registrar removes
the name of the defaulter from the register.
WHY IS AN ARCHITECTS NAME REMOVED FROM THE REGISTER OF THE COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE?
The council can remove from the register the name of any Architect, where it is satisfied, after giving
him reasonable opportunity of being heard and after such further inquiry gas been made, for the
following reasons.
A person whose name has been removed from the Register or where such person is dead, his legal
representative should surrender his certificate of Registration to the Registrar and the name so removed
will be published in the official Gazette.
If any person whose name has been removed from the Register fails to surrender his certificate of
registration, he shall be punishable with fine of one hundred rupees, and in case of continued failure,
with an additional fine of ten rupees for each day thereafter.
The council may, for reasons appearing to it to be sufficient and subject to the approval of the Central
Government, order that the name of the person removed from the register can be restored upon
payment of a prescribed fee. Restoration fee of rs.1000/- shall be payable w.e.f. 1st April of the year.
HOW CAN AN ARCHITECT GET A DUPLICATE CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION IN CASE THE ORIGINAL IS
LOST OR DESTTROYED?
if the Registrar is satisfied that a certificate of Registration has been lost or destroyed, the registrar will
issue a duplicate certificate of registration, upon payment of a prescribed fee.
After the first day of April every year, the registrar prints copies of the register, which are then available
to persons applying for a copy, on payment of the prescribed fee.
This post was about the procedure for registration for an Architect in India. An Architect is required to
maintain a high professional standard and conduct himself in a manner which is not derogatory to his
profession. otherwise his name is likely to be removed from the coa Register.
(i) Proprietor
(ii) Partner or associate
(iii) Employee in a private firm
(iv) A faculty, researcher in public service
(v) Architect/ developer, architect/builder
(vi) Architect employed with interior furniture makers- modular systems- offices and homes
(vii) Architects employed in computer software – designs firms
8. TYPES OF PRACTISE
Practice Spectrum
Far-out visionary and sometimes unbuildable
Civic Cultural & Corporate Monuments
Market Responsive Design Leaders
Commercial Design Leaders
Market Diversified Leaders
Program-based Leaders
Process Engineering Based Leaders
Vertically Integrated Leaders
RECORD OF DRAWINGS
Preliminary sketches
Drawings for statutory approval
Working drawings
Detailed drawings
Management as defined by HAROLD.D.HOOTZ as the art of the getting things done through and with
people in formally organized groups. An architect has to be a master manager who has to achieve his
objectives by coordinating the activities of complex groups of individuals rather than performing all
operations by himself. An architect has to plan ahead of time to control and co-ordinate the activities.
REGISTRATION OF ENTROLLMENT
Income tax
Service tax
Professional tax
Council of Architecture
Enrollment with local bodies
Registrars and firms
Enroll as member in professional bodies (IIA, IIID, Institute of valuers, and Institute of town planners)
An architect has to know about the basic features of accounting in order to manage his finances. He has
to pay income tax, service tax and file his returns in time on the basis of book of accounts. He has to
follow the rules prescribed by the Central Board of direct Taxes (CBDT).
1. Day to day expense is tallied once a week every expense, cash memo, vouchers and stamped
receipt are filed and accounted.
2. For every payment received whether by way of professional fees, reimbursement of travelling
and incidental expense, charges for supplying extra copies of plans or documents a proper
record of receipts issued is essential.
3. Must maintain a separate account of the amount received as deposit from his clients,
contractors or other agencies.
4. At the end of every financial year (1st April to March 31st) the income and expenditure account
profit and loss account and balance sheet is prepared and written down in cash book and ledger.
5. GENERAL ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTS – it is a summarized record of transactions affecting a person, a land of property
or a class of gains or losses.
PERSONAL ACCOUNTS- accounts recording transactions which do not affect particular persons
but affects the business in general. This may be classified as follows.
a. REAL ACCOUNTS- they are accounts of property or possession. Eg. cash, bank account etc.
b. FICTIOUS ACCOUNTS OR NOMINAL ACCOUNTS – they are accounts of expenses, gain or
losses eg- salary, rent etc.
BALANCE SHEET – sheets of balance shows a true and fair view of the state of affairs of a
business. It has two columns, assets and liabilities.
ASSETS – anything that gives an enduring value. They are properties o every description
belonging to a person and include all sums of money owing to him.
a. Fixed assets – Land, building, medicines, furniture, fittings, vehicles etc
b. Intangible assets – goodwill, patents and trademark
LIABILITIES – they are the debts owed by a person, obligation of an enterprise to various
parties – owners who financed may be recurring or non- recurring
CAPITAL – it is the excess of assets over liabilities.
BOOK- KEEPING – it is the art of recording business dealing in a set of books.
Ascertain accurately and with little trouble possible the amount he has gained or lost during a business
period and the amount of his assets, liabilities and capital in his business on a particular date.
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT - shows result of operations at the end of the financial year
PETTY CAHS BOOK - CREDIT -what comes in
DEBIT- what goes out
Debit the receiver, credit the giver Debit all expenses and losses and credit all incomes and gains.
Record all transaction of small value.
CASH BOOK – It records all transaction of income as well as expenses. Major expenses (total account
record)
LEDGER – It contains a summary of all items of cash book and other books if any (head wise
accounts)
DEBITOR -A person who owes something is called debtor.
CREDITOR – A person to whom something is owed.
SOLVENT – a person is said to be solvent when assets exceeds or equals liabilities.
INSOLVENT – A person is insolvent when his liabilities exceed his assets.
Professionals are required to discharge their obligations diligently and to comply with the standards
professionals conduct and etiquette. In order to project the consumers against breach of duty, ‘deficient
services’ have been defined by the statute and legal actions can be initiated on the erring professionals.
The services rendered by Architects have also been covered by the relevant laws of the country. The
council of Architecture being a statutory body regulating the Architectural profession and education in
India, has prescribed on ‘Architects professional Liability”.
The question of “Professional Liability of Architects during the post completion period of a project” has
vexed the council for many years. Because in many cases, legal action has been taken against Architects
(whenever a building or any other built-form of which there are Architect collapses), before even an
enquiry is made into the circumstances leading to the collapse. And most times, the accused Architects
were unconnected with the reason behind the collapse of the building, because in reality, the longevity
and stability of the building are dependent on the observance of safety and maintenance norms
especially after the completion of the building.
The resulting disrepute, embarrassment and mental agony caused to the innocent Architects has
prompted the COA, in it’s 40th meeting, to redefine the professional liability of an architect. These
guidelines have been formulated to make the Architects and owners/Occupants of the buildings aware
of the circumstances under which an Architect should be held responsible for a negligent act or deficient
services, and they also highlight the owners/occupants duties and responsibilities in preserving the
longevity of a building.
The Architect is not liable for any liability, in case of a building damage or collapse, if the damage has
been caused in the following circumstances
The building is used for purposes other than for which it has been designed.
Illegal or unauthorized changes/alterations / renovations / modifications have been carried out by
the Owners/ Occupants without the consent or approval of the Architect.
Changes/ alterations / renovations / modifications to the building have been carried out by
consulting another Architect without the knowledge and consent of the erstwhile Architect, or
without obtaining No Objection Certificate from him.
The safety norms have been compromised by the Owner/Occupant.
There is distress due to leaking from the terrace, toilets and water logging within the vicinity of the
building which can affect the strength and stability of the building.
There is a lack of periodical or inadequate maintenance by the Owner/ Occupant.
The damage is caused due to any reasons arising out of the deficient services rendered by the
‘specialized consultants’ with record to the design and supervision of the work entrusted to them.
Who were appointed in consultation with the client?
The damages caused to the building are for reasons beyond the control of the Architect.
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QUESTIONS (Unit-I)
Two Marks
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