1.

pH Value Test

A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for 'potential of
Hydrogen'). A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as the middle (neutral) point. Values
below 7 indicate acidity which increases as the number decreases, 1 being the most acidic.
Values above 7 indicate alkalinity which increases as the number increases, 14 being the most
alkaline. This scale, however, is not a linear scale like a centimeter or inch scale (in which two
adjacent values have the same difference). It is a logarithmic scale in which two adjacent values
increase or decrease by a factor of 10.

SL BEFORE TREATMENT AFTER TREATMENT

NO.
COLONIES COLONIES

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

AVG.
 2. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are the total amount of mobile charged ions, including minerals,
salts or metals dissolved in a given volume of water, expressed in units of mg per unit volume of
water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per million (ppm). TDS is directly related to the purity of
water and the quality of water purification systems and affects everything that consumes, lives
in, or uses water, whether organic or inorganic, whether for better or for worse.
Dissolved solids” refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. This
includes anything present in water other than the pure water (H20) molecule and suspended
solids. (Suspended solids are any particles/substances that are neither dissolved nor settled in the
water, such as wood pulp.)

In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the sum of the cations (positively charged)
and anions (negatively charged) ions in the water.

Parts per Million (ppm) is the weight-to-weight ratio of any ion to water.

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 BEFORE TREATMENT:

DESCRIPTION WEIGHT (g)

Weight of Clean Beaker W1

Weight of Beaker + Residue W2

Weight of Residue (g) W

Volume of Sample (ml) V

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) TDS

AFTER TREATMENT:

DESCRIPTION WEIGHT (g)

Weight of Clean Beaker W1

Weight of Beaker + Residue W2

Weight of Residue (g) W

Volume of Sample (ml) V

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) TDS

 3. TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Total suspended solids (TSS) is the dry-weight of suspended particles, that are not dissolved, in a
sample of water that can be trapped by a filter that is analyzed using a filtration apparatus. It is
a water quality parameter used to assess the quality of a specimen of any type of water or water
body, ocean water for example, or wastewater after treatment in a wastewater treatment plant.

BEFORE TREATMENT:

DESCRIPTION WEIGHT (g)

Weight of Clean Filter Paper (g) W1

Weight of Filter Paper + Residue (g) W2

Weight of Residue (g) W

Volume of Sample (ml) V

Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) TSS

 AFTER TREATMENT:

DESCRIPTION WEIGHT (g)

Weight of Clean Filter Paper (g) W1

Weight of Filter Paper + Residue (g) W2

Weight of Residue (g) W

Volume of Sample (ml) V

Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) TSS

 4. TOTAL HARDNESS TEST

Hardness in water is due to the presence of dissolved salts of calcium and

Magnesium. It is unfit for drinking, bathing, washing and it also forms scales in
Boilers. Hence it is necessary to estimate the amount of hardness producing
Substances present in the water sample. Once it is estimated, the amount of
Chemicals required for the treatment of water can be calculated.
The estimation of hardness is based on complexometric titration. Hardness of
Water is determined by titrating with a standard solution of ethylene diamine tetra
Acetic acid (EDTA) which is a complexing agent. Since EDTA is insoluble in water,
The disodium salt of EDTA is taken for this experiment. EDTA can form four or six
Coordination bonds with a metal ion.

Total hardness
Total hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and
sulphates of calcium and magnesium ions.
The total hardness of water is estimated by titrating the water sample against
EDTA using Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) indicator. Initially EBT forms a weak EBTCa2+/
Mg2+ wine red colored complex with Ca2+/Mg2+ ions present in the hard water.
On addition of EDTA solution, Ca2+/Mg2+ ions preferably forms a stable EDTACa2+/
Mg2+ complex with EDTA leaving the free EBT indicator in solution which is
Steel blue in color in the presence of ammonia buffer (mixture of ammonium
Chloride and ammonium hydroxide, pH 10).

BEFORE TREATMENT:

COLONY VOLUME BURETTE READINGS VOLUME INDICATOR

NUMBER OF HARD OF EDTA
WATER SOLUTION
SAMPLE (ML)
(ML)
INITIAL FINAL
AFTER TREATMENT:

COLONY VOLUME BURETTE READINGS VOLUME INDICATOR

NUMBER OF HARD OF EDTA
WATER SOLUTION
SAMPLE (ML)
(ML)
INITIAL FINAL
 5. BOD

BOD parameter helps us in determining an index to assess the effect discharged waste water will
have on the receiving environment. It is directly proportional to the amount of organic
compounds to a higher number of BOD. If the rate of DO consumption by bacteria exceeds the
supply of DO from aquatic plants, algae photosynthesis or diffusing from air, unfavourable
conditions arises. Depletion of DO causes stress on aquatic organisms, making the environment
unsuitable for life. BOD is also used for wastewater treatment, as decomposition of organic
waste by microorganisms is commonly used for treatment.

BEFORE TREATMENT:
SAMPLE CONCENTRATION DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT BOD
NO. (MG/l)

INITIAL FINAL
BOTTLE DO BOTTLE DO
VALUE VALUE

BOD value in mg/L = (Di – Df)/P=

If concentration is 0.1 % , then P= (0.1/100)= 0.001

AFTER TREATMENT:
SAMPLE CONCENTRATION DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT BOD
NO. (MG/l)

INITIAL FINAL
BOTTLE DO BOTTLE DO
VALUE VALUE

BOD value in mg/L = (Di – Df)/P=

If concentration is 0.1 % , then P= (0.1/100)= 0.001
 6. DISSOLVED OXYGEN:

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in water. More
the organic content, less is the oxygen, creating life difficult for the aquatic life. However the
dissolved gas concentration should not exceed 110 %. The concentrations are basically affected
by diffusion and aeration, photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.

BEFORE TREATMENT:

COLONY VOLUME OF IBR IN ML FBR IN ML DIFFERENCE.

WATER

AFTER TREATMENT:

COLONY VOLUME OF IBR IN ML FBR IN ML DIFFERENCE.

WATER