OAKRIDGE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Functions

1. Definition of Function: A function from A to B is a relation f from A into B which satisfies following
condition.
“ For every a  A, there is a unique b  B such that (a, b)  𝑓.
Or
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 is a function iff
(i) for every a  A, there is a b  B such that (a, b)  𝑓 and
(ii) no two ordered pairs in f have the same first element.

Note: If (a, b)  f we say that f maps a into b, b is called the image of a and is denoted by f(a). And also a is
called pre image of b.

f = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)} is a function
f = {(1,2),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)} not a function as two
ordered pairs have same first elements

Method to solve problems in exercise 2: In this type of problems function f(x) will be defined in algebraic
expression. You have to find value of a function at some x.
Illustration: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15.
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)− 𝑓(𝑥)
Find 𝑓(3), 𝑓(𝑥 + 1), ( )
ℎ

To find f(3) just substitute 3 in place of x everywhere i.e., f(3) = (3)2 + 2(3) – 15 = 0

To find 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) substitute 𝑥 + 1 in place of 𝑥 i.e.,

𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2(𝑥 + 1) – 15 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥+ 1 + 2x + 2 – 15
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 – 12.
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)− 𝑓(𝑥)
To find first find value of 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) i.e.,
ℎ
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 2(𝑥 + ℎ) –15
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 + 2 𝑥 + 2 ℎ – 15
Substitute value of 𝑓(𝑥) in given expression.

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)− 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 + 2 𝑥 + 2 ℎ – 15 −𝑥2 −2𝑥+15

Therefore =
ℎ ℎ

2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 + 2 ℎ
=
ℎ
= 2𝑥 + ℎ + 2
2. Graph of a function and vertical line test.

2. Inverse of a function: If f is a function then the set of ordered pairs obtained by interchanging the first
and second coordinates of each ordered pair in f is called the inverse of f and is denoted by f –1 and
read as “f inverse”.
f –1 = { (y,x)/(x,y)  f }
Note:- The inverse of function may not itself be a function.

f : {(2,5),(3,1),(4,7)} f-1={(5,2),(1,3),(7,4)}

3. Inverse function: If f: A  B be one-one and onto then for each bB then f-1(b) will correspond with
single element
in A. Thus f-1(b) in A. Thus f-1 is a function from B to A. If f is one – one and onto then f-1 is also a
function.

4. Composition of function: Let f: A  B , g: B  C be two functions, Then the composite function of f

and g denoted by gof (read as g circle f)
.g o f: A  C is defined by (gof)(x) = g(f(x))
Note:- a) The co domain of f is the domain of g.
b) The domain of gof is the domain of f.
c) The co domain of gof and g is the same set.
d) (gof)(x) = g(f(x)).
Illustration1: f: A  B, g: B  C
(gof): A  C (gof)(a) = g(f(a)) = g(x) = 1
(gof)(b) = g(f(b)) = g(x) = 1
(gof)(c ) = g(f(c)) = g(y ) = 2
Illustration 2: f: R  R, g: R R defined by f(x) = 2x +1, g(x) = x – ½, Find gof,
(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x + 1) ----------(1) We know f(x) = 2x + 1
We know g(x) = x – ½
Substitute (1) in g(x) to find g(2x + 1)
.g(2x + 1) = 2x + 1 – ½ = 2x + ½
Let f: A  B, g: B  C, h: C  D be three functions then their composition is obtained as following

Note:
1) (hog)of = ho(gof)
2) b) Both (hog)of and ho(gof) have same domain A.
3) c)both have same co domain D.
4) For every xA both give same image h(g(f(x)))
5) If f: A  B is said to be a real valued function if B  R ( Set of real numbers)
6) f is said to be real valued function of real variable if both A,B are subsets of R
7) If f: A  B is real valued function of real variable i.e., A  R, B  R then { a, f(a): a  A} is set
of ordered pair whose co ordinates are real numbers. Then we can plot a graph.
Graphs:
8) To plot a graph we take ‘x’ values on x-axis and f(x) on Y – axis.
9) Thus a relation is a function if no line parallel to the y-axis or y-axis cuts the graph more
than once

Note:- If f: A  R (AR) then the points a  A such that f(a) = 0 are called zeros of function f.
 Functions, domain and 2range
Topic - Functions and Equations Workbook IB SL/HL

Domain and Range

1. Write down the domain and range for each of the graphs shown below.

a)

b)

c) d)

e)

f)

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 Functions, domain and range IB SL/HL

2. For each of the following relationships write down the domain required to
transform the relationship to a function.

a) f (x) = 3x "1 b) f (x) = x 2 " 5x + 6

3 2
c) f (x) = d) f (x) = +x
x +1 3x
! !
1
e) f (x) = x 3 f) f (x) =
x2
! !
1
3. f (x) = x 2 + 3 g(x) = x " 4 h(x) =
! x
!
a) Calculate f (4). b) Calculate g(x) = 7.

What is special about the

c) Calculate h(x)"1 . d)
! inverse of h?
! !
e) Calculate g o f (3). f) Calculate g o h(x) = 2.
!
4. Which of the following are functions?
! !
a) f (x) = x 2 " 3x + 5 b) f (x) = 4 " 3x

! c) ! d)

5. Sketch graphs for each of each of the following relationships.

1
a) f (x) = 4 " x b) f (x) = +3
x
c) f (x) = x 2 " 3x " 28 d) f (x) = x 3 "1
! ! 2" x
e) f (x) = (x " 2) 2 + 1 f) f (x) = +3
x+5
! !
!
! Note: All sketches on tests and exams must be accurate to 2mm and have all major
! ! characteristics clearly labelled.
!
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Completing the square - B
Completing the Square (Part I)
IB Studies/SL/HL
2
1. a) Write the equation y = x 2 " 5x + 6 in the form y = a x + p ( ) + q.

b) Sketch the graph of the equation y = x 2 " 5x + 6 .

! !
c) Write the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve.
! 2
2. a) 2
Write the equation y = x + 3x + 2 in the form y = a x + p ( ) + q.

b) Sketch the graph of the equation y = x 2 + 3x + 2.

! !
c) Write the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve.
! 2
3.* a) Write the equation y = 2x 2 + 9x " 5 in the form y = a x + p ( ) + q.

b) Sketch the graph of the equation y = 2x 2 + 9x " 5.

! !
c) Write the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve.
!
4. Below is a graph of y = f(x) .

2
Write the function in the form y = a x + p ( ) + q, where a, p, q are real
numbers.

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!
 Completing the square - B IB Studies/SL/HL

#5 &
5.* f(x) is a quadratic. Given that f(x) has a vertex at % ,"12( , and that
$2 '
" 1% 2
f $ ' = (9 , write the function in the form f (x) = a( x + p) + q , where a,
# 4&
p, q are real numbers. !

!
! 2
6. a) Write the equation f(x) = x " 7x + 10 in the form
f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q .

b) Find the inverse

! of f "1(x) .
!
7.* f(x) = x 2 " 2x " 24 , find f "1(x) .
!
( )( )
8.** f(x) = 3x " 2 2x + 5 , find f "1(x) .
! !
Completing the square - exam style questions IB SL/HL
Completing the Square (Part II)
! !
1 The graph below shows the curve of y=a(x+p)2+q.

Given that the roots of the graph above are 2 and -3, and the

maximum point of the graph is find the values of p, q, and a.

! Given that the roots of the graph above are 2 and -3, and the maximum point of the graph
⎛ 1 25 ⎞
! is ⎜ − , ⎟ . Find the values of p, q, and a.
⎝2 2⎠ www.ibmaths.com
2 1
A relationship is defined as f (x) = ( x ! 3) ! 5.
2

2
Find,

a) the equation of the axis of symmetry,

b) the coordinates of the vertex,

c) the coordinate of the y-intercept,

d) the solutions to f(x)=0, leaving your answers as surds.

 Given that the roots of the graph above are 2 and -3, and the

maximum point of the graph is find the values of p, q, and a.

2 1
( x ! 3) ! 5.
2
A relationship is defined as f (x) =
2
Find,

a) the equation of the axis of symmetry,

b) the coordinates of the vertex,

c) the coordinate of the y-intercept,

d) the solutions to f(x)=0, leaving your answers as surds.

e) the inverse of the relations, f-1(x).

3 A relationship is defined as f(x)=3x2-16x+10.

a) Write the equation in the form y=a(x+h)2+k.

b) Hence, write down the coordinate of the vertex.

Completing the square - exam style questions IB SL/HL

4 Write the equation of the quadratic, in the form y=a(x+h)2+k, that has
a vertex at the coordinate (-3,-7) and passes through (1,25).

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5 The diagram below shows the graph of y = a(x + h) 2 + k.

a) Give the roots of the equation.

b) Use the graph to find the value of h.

c) Given that f(0)=-2 and f(3)=2 find the values of a and k.

Answers

1 " 1 % 25
2

y = !2$ x + ' +
# 2& 2
The quadratic discriminant IB HL

The Quadratic Discriminant

1 Non calculator

Determine whether each of the following quadratics have 0, 1 or 2

solutions.

a) x 2"3x + 4 = 0 b) 2x 2 "7x "1 = 0

c) x 2"8x + 16 = 0 d) 3x 2 +8x " 5 = 1

! e) 9x 2 "6x = "1 ! f) 5x =x 2+4

! !

2
! Non calculator !

Find the value(s) of k such that the equation x2+kx+40=0 has exactly
one solution. Leave your answer(s) as a surd.

3 Non calculator

Find the set of value(s) of k such that the equation -kx2+3x=-1 has two
solutions.

4 Non calculator

Find the value(s) of k such that the equation 3x2+kx-4k=0 has two
solutions. Leave your answer(s) as a surd.

5 Find the set of value of k such that the equation kx2+(k+1)x+4=1 has
no solutions.

6 Find the set of values of k such that the equation x2+kx+(k+5)=0, has
no solutions.

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