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Elements of Scientific

Method
Karisma Amjad
Lecturer
Department of Social Work
Asian University of Bangladesh

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Scientific Method

• Phillips (1985)-
The scientific method is a problem solving process
which involves
a) Creating theory;
b) using data to verify theory; and
c) creating more profound explanations and
accurate prediction of phenomena.
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Elements of Scientific Method

1. Fact
2. Concept
3. Variable
4. Hypothesis
5. Assumption
6. Theory
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1. Fact

• American College Dictionary-


Fact is what is really happened.

• Goode and Hatt – ( mention in their Book “Methods


in social Research”)-
A fact is an empirically verified statement about
phenomena.
Fact is a logical construction of concept.
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2. Concept
• Chava Nachmias and David Nachmias (defined in their book
“Research methods in the social Science)-
One of the most significant symbol is language, especially as it
relates to research, is the concept. Science begins by forming
concepts to describe the empirical world.
• M.H. Gopal (defined in his book “introduction to Research
Procedures on Social Science”)-
A concept is a word, a phrase, symbolling the Phenomena and
helping to communicate to findings.
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3. Variable
• Jary and Jary (1991)-
Variable is a characteristic which can be measured and
which may vary along a continuum (e.g. family size) or be
bipolar (e.g. sex).

• Variable (mathematics), a symbol that stands for a value that


may vary.

• Variable( programming), a symbolic name associated with a


value and whose associated value may be changed.
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4. Hypothesis
• Kenneth D. Bailey (defined in his book “Methods of
Social Research)-
A hypothesis is a proposition that is stated in testable from
and particular relationship between two (or more) variables.

• George A. Lundberg-
The hypothesis is a tentative justification, the validity of
which remains to be tested. 7
5. Assumption
• Lillian Ripple-
An assumption is a proportion that is taken as gavin in the particular
investigation.
• S.M. Aminuzzaman (defined in his book “ Introduction to
Social Research’)-
Assumptions are the statements which are taken to be true, without
verifications of the study in which it is made. Assumption may be
theoretically derived, or may be based on what are commonly
accepted as facts or on the findings of previous research.
6. Theory

• G. R. Adams and J.D. Schavene Veldt-


Theory is an explanation for events; a rational for why something occurred,
it is the scientific explanation of a condition that has been observed.

• The word ‘theory’ most simple means “explanation.” theories


explain How and why something operates as it does.

• A set of proportions used to explain behaviors or phenomena to


provide prediction and understanding.
Thanks
Karisma Amjad
Lecturer
Department of Social Work
Asian University of Bangladesh

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