Study Guide for Ch.

24 & 26

Use this along with your review packet and the book!

Good luck on the exam!

Ch. 24. (Pg 56 in Packet)

1. Enzymes break down substrates into products. Ex: Think of how maltase breaks down maltose into 2
glucose monomers.

2. Polysaccharide: Many sugars linked together. These are our starches. Too big to use, need to break it
down.

Disaccharide: 2 sugars linked. Still too big to use though. Need to break it down further.

Monosaccharides: Single sugar blocks. Used as fuel for our body.

3. 1. Polysaccharides are broken down by salivary amylase produced by our salivary glands.

2. The shortened polysaccharides continue to be broken down by pancreatic amylase produced by the
pancreas into disaccharides.

3. The disaccharides (Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose) then have their own enzymes (Maltase, Sucrase,
and Lactase) to break them down into Glucose, Fructose, and Glactose monomers.

4. 1. As we swallow, the bolus travels to the stomach, where the hormone gastrin has the stomach
motility move the bolus to break it down further.

2. Meanwhile, the duodenum has the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) do 3 things: 1. Tell the
Gallbladder to release bile. 2. Tell the pancreas to release pancreatic juices. 3. Tell the hepatopancreatic
sphincter to relax to let juices flow and mix.

3. Towards the end of the duodenum, the hormone secretin tells the pancreas to release sodium
bicarbonate to act as a pH buffer, reducing the juices’ acidity to prevent damage to the intestinal inner
lining.

5. Read the Small Intestine section on pg. 56 of packet and see Figures 3-18/3-20 in book.

Ch. 26 (Pg. 61 in packet)

Anatomy Review

1. Lateral ends of the abdomen. Review the kidney anatomy in the lab manual.

2. Lab manual recommended. Organ is bean-shaped, has a cortex and darker pigmented medulla. The
medulla is made up of renal pyramids, which lead to minor then major calyxes, then exits through a tube
called a ureter into the bladder.

3. The orb shaped part of the kidney nephron. Contains the glomerulus capillary inside.

4. Capsular Epithelium: Cushioned light purplish inner lining of the Bowman’s Capsule.
 Glomerular epithelium: Yellow lined covering on the glomerulus. Has cells called Podocytes with
finger/toe-like ends called “Pedicels”

5. See Nephron drawing.

6. Cortical Nephron: Smaller nephron closer to the cortex.

Juxtamedullary Nephron: Longer nephron embedded into the medulla.

7. See number 4. for podocyte and pedicel information. The Filtration slit are the red squiggles that filter
out only the essential things small enough to pass through. Slit is small enough that Proteins are
normally too big to pass through.

8. Follow the filtrate path in nephron drawing. The filtrate then 1. collects into the collecting duct, 2.
exits out as urine from the minor and major calyx, 3. past the renal pelvis, 4. into the ureter tube straight
to the bladder.

9. Look at the figures mentioned in 26-2 of the packet. (pg. 57)

For questions 10-12, read 26-7 in packet. (pg. 60)

Physiology Review

1. Look at nephron drawing. 3 processes: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

2. Happens in the glomerulus. The Filtration Slit allows only materials small enough to pass through.

3. H2O, Salts, and Nutrients (Fatty acids, Amino acids, Glucose). Not in filtrate: Blood, Proteins. See 26-3
in packet. (pg. 57)

4. Look over and redraw the Renal Corpuscle drawing. Use lab packet to help with labeling.

For questions 5-8, look at pg. 58 in packet.

NHP= GHP -CsHP , and NFP= NHP-BCOP.

9. Look at nephron drawing. What is reabsorbed back into the peritubular capillaries?

10. Read top of pg. 59. Tmax = 100% saturated but still okay. Renal Thresold = Tmax+1. No room, means
sugar in the urine. Diabetic warning sign.

11. They have passed Tmax and are in renal threshold. No more sugar can be reabsorbed, gets sent to
the urine.

12. Look at the Loop of Henle drawing while reading pg. 59 in packet. One handles pumping out H2O,
the other handles pumping out NaCl (salts)

13. Read about “Sodium Reabsorption” at bottom of pg. 59 while looking at the DCT of nephron
drawing.

14. Read about “Water Reabsorption in DCT” at bottom of pg. 59 while looking at the DCT of nephron
drawing.

15. Read pg. 60 in packet. Substances secreted are K+, H+, and Ammonium
16. Look at nephron drawing and pg. 60. Stuff that should be in urine: H2O, some salts, K+, H+, Urea
(Nitrogen Waste), Ammonium.

17.Read top of pg. 61.