XII MATHEMATICS ANEES HUSSAIN

FORMULAE

CHAPTER: 1A
1. Every non empty subset of R bounded above (resp. below) has least upper
bound (l.u.b) (resp. greatest lower bound) (g.l.b).

2. An upper bound M* of A is called l.u.b of A if M* ≤ M

3. A lower bound m* of A is called g.l.b of A if m ≤ m*

4. A function is said to be “one-one” (or injective) if distinct elements

of A have distinct images.

5. A function is said to be “onto” (or surjective), if the range of ‘f’ is B.

6. A function is said to be “one-one onto” (or bijective) if ‘f’ is both

“one-one” and “onto” B

7. Let and be functions. Then the function ,

defined by is called composite function of ‘f’ and ‘g’
denoted by gof

8. If gof = IA and fog = IB then g is called the “inverse of f” denoted by f -1.

9. A function is called “even” if for all x in X.

10. A function is called “odd” if for all x in X.

CHAPTER: 1B
A sequence is a function.

For given sequences {an} and {bn} the sum, difference, product and scalar
multiplication are defined as






If a sequence is monotonic increasing, it’s divergent. (I.e. when it returns a value ∞)

If a sequence returns an integer value it’s convergent

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An infinite series is said to be convergent (respectively divergent) if the sequence {Sn}
of partial sums Sn is convergent to S, we say that S is the sum of infinite series
and we write

CHAPTER: 1C

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CHAPTER: 2
CARTESIAN AND POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM’S RELATIONSHIP

 ,




DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS (OR A POINT AND LINE):




[(x1, y1) are coordinates of point & a, b, c are coefficients]

DIVISION POINT:

 Internal division:

 External division:

 Mid point:

 Centroid:

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 Intersection of Internal bisectors of angles of (Incentre):

SLOPE:

 ;
 Two point slope:



 (For parallel lines)
 (For perpendicular lines)
 Condition of concurrency for 3 points:

EQUATION OF LINES:

 x-axis  y = 0 ; y-axis  x = 0
 Line parallel to x-axis  y = a
 Line parallel to y-axis  x = a
 Point slope form:

 Two point form:

 Slope intercept form:

{Where ‘c’ is y-intercept}

 Two intercept form:

{Where ‘a’ & ‘b’ are x and y intercept respectively}

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 Perpendicular form:

 Equation of pair of lines passing through origin:

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CHAPTER: 3
CONCURRENCY OF THREE LINES:

AREA OF TRIANGLE:

SLOPE OF PAIR OF LINES:

DISCRIMINANT:

ANGLE BETWEEN THE TWO LINES:

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CHAPTER: 4 & 5
DIFFERENTIATION BY FIRST PRINCIPLE:

DIFFERENTIATION METHOD & FORMULAE:

SLOPE OF A LINE TANGENT TO THE CURVE:

APPROXIMATION:

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XII MATHEMATICS ANEES HUSSAIN
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FOR RELATIVE MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A CURVE:

 Find
 For point x, place
 Now find and put value(s) of x in
 If is (- ve) negative, the point (x, y) with that value of x will be a
‘Maxima’
 If is (+ ve) positive, the point (x, y) with that value of x will be a
‘Minima’

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CHAPTER: 6
ANTIDERIVATIVES:

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TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS:

BY PARTS:

AREA UNDER THE CURVE:

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CHAPTER: 7
STANDARD EQUATION OF CIRCLE:

Where, (h, k) = centre of circle

r = Radius of circle

GENERAL EQUATION OF CIRLCE:

LENGTH OF TANGENT SEGMENT OF THE CIRLE:

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CHAPTER: 9
 Laws of vector algebra:

(Commutative law for addition of vectors)

(Associative law for addition of vectors)

(Associative law for scalar multiplication)

(Distributive law for scalar addition)

(Distributive law for vector addition)

 Any free vector may be written as:

Where are the unit vectors along positive x, y and z axes respectively

 If P (x, y, z) is a general point of space, the position vector of P is

 Also

Where θ is the smaller angle between

if or or are perpendicular.

 If are any two points is space then

This is also called “Distance Formula”

 Let makes angles α, β and γ respectively with the positive

x, y and z axes. Then

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Are called Direction Cosines

 The cross products:

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