Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Reason that learners may need or want to read (Rivers and Temperley)
Implications
Listening skills
(Listening also involves micro-skills)
Listening comprehension: Teaching and learning Materials for teaching listening comprehension
Involve expressing ideas and opinions: Expressing a wish or a desire Richards and Rodgers (2001:616) offer 4 characteristics of a communicative view
to do something: negotiation or establishing and maintaining social of language.
relationship and friendship.
1. Language is a system for the expressions of meaning.
Purposes 2. The primary function of language is for interaction and communication.
3. The structure of language reflects its functional and communicative uses.
Asking for assistance and advice in a shop.
4. The primary units of language are not merely its grammatical and
Asking for directions in a different town.
structural features but categories of functional and communicative
Making an appointment by telephone.
meaning as exemplified in discourse
Discussing and negotiating arrangements.
Talking socially to a variety of people
Characteristics of spoken language
Sorting out arrangements for a car to be serviced
Bygate (1987):
Teaching pronunciation
“Motor perceive”
Bottom-up: Forming and hearing sound as correctly as Communicative interaction
possible
Top-down: learner’s Pronunciation is part of communicative
approach Conversation analysis
Incomplete sentences
Very Little subordination (subordination clauses)
Classroom Implications Very few passives
Not many explicit logical connectors
1. There is a need for speaking skills classes to place more Topics comment structure
emphasis on the “frames” of oral interaction Replacing /refining expressions
2. Conversations have to be started, maintained and finished Frequent reference to things outside the text
3. The speakers take turns and change the topic Use of generalized Vocabulary
4. Develop their awareness of conversational features and Repetition of the same syntactic form
strategies The use of pauses and fillers
Types of activity to promote speaking skills
Teaching materials Activities that focus on task Involve to the Ss to negotiate and sharing information
Ss have a meaningful activities motivated to talk about Materials have authenticity depend of the level of L2
IMPLICATIONS
b) Initiation.
c) Different addresses.
2.- The great majority of people write very much less than they
talk and listen.
Personal
Study
Public
Creative
Social
Institutional.
The written product
✓Correctness.
✓Rimes: Writing means a connected text and not just single sentence.
TECHNIQUES AUDIENCE
● Communicative quality To point out the mistakes and make a difference between
them and errors.
● Logical organization
Feedback process including other to involve in the
● Layout and presentation production of others
● Grammar ● Other students
● Vocabulary ● Themselves
● Handwriting, punctuation and spelling