The trends of visiting beauty salons by men in LPU, with special

reference to beauty and barber shop

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY REPORT

Submitted to: - Dr. Pawan Kumar

Mentor :- Dr. Udyangiri
Submitted by: - Ridhi Kumari (11610297)
Vikash (11611007)
Juhi (11614661)

School of Business
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Phagwara, Punjab
 ABSTRACT

In today’s world the sense of beauty has touched the sky and so is the industry of beauty,
fashion and lifestyle. India is one of the leading countries in the world in which the craze of
beauty has evolved since many ages, Egyptians and Indians were known for using homemade
beauty techniques. India is the second largest country in producing beauty pageants each
year. and the industry of beauty today is not just for women’s but equally for men. According
to the reports beauty industry in the coming few years is going to boom. The present study
explains mainly about how the trends of visiting beauty salons has changes for boys. The
high-speed increase in technology and globalizations has brought everything to one place
from celebrities to a common man together, now we notice what is going in the international
and national market.

For men’s the introduction to beauty and styling is not new but due to increase in market
trends the study of this is very crucial so that in any ways it can help the start-ups to look into
the strength and invest in salon industry. So, our study will provide a glance of salons and
how the trends of visiting man in salon.

This industry mainly focuses on the age group of 18-48 years of people and trying to catch
the market. the trend of visiting of boys was not there from the initial stages but due to the
effect of internet and celebrity endorsements it has reached the peak. And many companies
are finding a very good investment opportunities in salon business, now men’s beauty salon
are not very difficult to find every salon or beauty parlour are offering men’s services as well.
And these days bridal makeover for men’s are also one of the key focused area.
 INTRODUCTION
As we know in todays generation from an 8-year-old boy to a half-aged man all want a fair
skin all want be handsome and good looking, and the reason could be anything may be
movies influence, social media contents or the circle which you are part of. As we know the
trend of looking beautiful and stylish is not a part of todays agenda only, its since ages and
the women are more inclined towards it and they are still and that’s the reason the business of
hair salons, beauty parlour and various beauty products are booming and it is still going to
rise in the coming few years. From head to toe we have products available, for various
purposes. Gone are the days when women used to visit small room sized parlour nowadays,
men to women everyone is concerned about their looks and there are not beauty parlours
now, beauty salons are being made to entertain both men and women.

HISTORY: Historians can trace our use of beauty products and cosmetics back to 4,000 BC,
and the ancient Egyptians who used kohl to create dramatic eyes. Today, the worldwide
beauty industry, which covers everything from hair and skin care to make-up is an
estimated $425 billion industry. The history of the beauty industry is as diverse and colourful
as the lipsticks and nail polishes on display at your local make-up counter.Early beauty and
cosmetic depended heavy upon natural ingredients, including berries, bugs, and charcoal to
create a variety of colours, and many products were used for more than one purpose, a
preview of today multi-taskers. Early beauty treatments also utilized the area’s natural
resources, locally sourcing natural ingredients for scrubs, pastes, and exfoliates. This pattern
of using local, natural ingredients is an ongoing trend throughout the history of the beauty
industry.In the late 19th and early 20th century, the beauty industry became an important and
viable career path for women, especially African-American women, who created products
designed specifically for differently textured hair. Madame CJ Walker and Marjorie Joyner
were two African -American entrepreneurs who used their expertise to create a new standard
of beauty for their communities.During the “roaring 20’s” the beauty industry took off in
leaps and bounds. In New York, Elizabeth Arden opened her signature salon and began
offering “makeovers” to her clients. On the west coast, Max Factor created the first
foundation for film stars, and Greta Garbo ushered in the era of sophisticated eyebrows and
the need for eyebrow pencils and mascara was born
INDIAN HISTORY OF SALONS AND BEAUTY TRENDS: Nearly five thousand years
back, India’s first major civilization flourished along the Indus River valley. The twin cities
of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, now in Pakistan, were ruled by priests and held the rudiments
of Hinduism. These civilizations are known to possess a sophisticated lifestyle, a highly
developed sense of aesthetics, an astonishing knowledge of beauty regimes. In ancient the
Indus valley civilization, there is evidence of highly advanced ideas of self-beautification and
a large array of various cosmetic usages both by men and women, in ancient India (herbal
cosmetics in ancient India, Kunda B Parkar,2008 Oct) where women used various kinds of
homemade ingredients for their skin, hair and for other purposes. It is said that Charak-
samhita an old written book on beauty by Charak a priest in Ayurveda defines everything on
beauty for both men and women. With women across the world making an effort to always
look their best, Indian women are fast catching up with their international sisterhood. And the
results are there for all to see.
Why only men in our research: Beauty industry is growing at a fast rate and the
countries like India where development is progressing day by day and the infrastructure is
developing Beauty industry is one of the MSME which can readily generate the income of 75
lakhs in semi urban area. Then for the urban areas like Delhi, Mumbai it may earn the total
annual profit more than that. In urban areas men between the age of 20-35 they are concerned
about their hairs, facial colour and how they look which can give an advantage to the salons.

There are special bridal salons for men have been opened for e.g.: Manyawar a styling
company has opened its salon just only for men’s in many metropolitan cities, because the
demand for these salons are increasing day by day . The main cause of this is social media
celebrities are advertising the various beauty products and people are getting moved by them
all. Actors and actresses are the day-to-day handlers of hair colours, skin pigments, creams,
lotions and bleaches, nail paints, face packs, whiteners, derma abrasion products, body wax
and oils. Fashion magazines across the world, and certainly in India, often feature top hair
stylists, make-up wizards or beauty advisers of luxury beauty brands, which directly or
indirectly influences the men also to engage in beauty salons. Hindi films, Salman Khan,
clients who tip well and well-known people or half celebrities who visit their salons are more
or less the kind of topics salon people talk about. They are seriously star-struck. The biggest
beauty evolution in India's recent past, however, is not restricted to women. Men have taken
to healthier skin routine, away from the gym. The rise in men's salons is a testament to the
fact that men want more beauty for themselves. The menu cards on offer at men's salons
include treatments that were earlier exclusively meant for women. The new age man does not
bat an eyelid today when asking for eyebrow plucking or full torso hair removal. Men's
salons have now started offering a multitude of beauty services while beauty brands now
have a special product line-up dedicated specifically for men's grooming.
So, these are some of the reasons why men are even running towards the beauty salons these
days.

Data collected by Jessica Grensher for stratosphere Salon shows the %male and %female

SERVICES INCLUDED IN SALON: Massages for the body is a popular beauty treatment,
with various techniques offering benefits to the skin (including the application of beauty
products) and for increasing mental well-being. Some beauty salons style hair instead of
going to a separate hair salon, and some also offer sun tanning. Other treatments of the face
are known as facials. Specialized beauty salons known as nail salons offer treatments such
as manicures and pedicures for the nails. A manicure is a treatment for the hands,
incorporating the fingernails and cuticles and often involving the application of nail polish,
while a pedicure involves treatment of the feet, incorporating the toenails and the softening or
removal of damaged nails. A beauty salon or beauty parlour or sometimes beauty shop, is an
establishment dealing with cosmetic treatments for men and women. Other variations of this
type of business include hair salons and spas. There is a distinction between and beauty salon
and hair salon although many small businesses do offer both sets of treatments; beauty
salons provide extended services related to skin health, facial aesthetic, foot care, nail
manicures, aromatherapy even meditation, oxygen therapy, mud baths and many other
services. For boys the services are not very different from women there are various other
services except massages ,hair removal or facials ,today there are heck lot of stuff available
for boys in salons for example: bridal makeup for men, trimming of beards, different hair
colouring,shaving,hair care treatment, head massage,hairstyling,pedicures etc.

THE GLOBAL MARKET OF BEAUTY SALONS: Beauty salons have proven to be a

recession-proof industry across United States. Although sales had declined from 2008 highs
due to the Great Recession, they remain robust with long term positive forecast. Even though
during recessions, consumers tend to be more price conscious, spending continues to go
increase. With rising per capita incomes across the United States since 2015, beauty salons
are booming with the industry generating $56.2 billion in the United States. Hair care is the
largest segment with 86,000 locations. Skin care is expected to have revenue of almost $11
billion by 2018. This growth is being driven in part by a generally increasing awareness of
the importance of skin care among American woman, but also specifically due to an increase
in the market for men. The market is distributed widely across America, with a concentration
in the Northeast and Midwest. There is also a growing trend in boutique salons popping up
and leveraging online marketing to gain customers and compete with the franchise chains.
The US Labour Department estimates employment in the United States will increase 20%
between 2008–2014, with greatest employment growth from skin care specialists (Economic
Times,2014) During the war, the beauty industry took a practical turn, with focus and
emphasis on creating sunscreen for soldiers. The basics of sun protection can now be found in
a number of different beauty products and is a cornerstone for most facial cosmetics.

Today, the beauty industry has returned to its roots, with science-based products doing
double and triple duty. Women not only want to look beautiful they want their makeup and
hair care products to benefit them as well. Beauty balms, correction creams, intensive serums,
and anti-aging formulas are designed to showcase a woman’s beauty, correct any flaws or
imperfections, and help her shine both inside and out. A foundation today has built in
sunscreen. A lip colour adds nourishment besides pigment. A shampoo can incorporate
products that enhance growth apart from cleansing. A massage oil is infused with
aromatherapy ingredients for a more soothing experience. Where does all this led to? It is all
for the better. It is not just the women who want to acquire healthy skin, beautiful hair and
more natural looking makeup but men’s do need all these. The products that promise results
find favour with a mature clientele as well. It is no longer shocking to see senior citizens zap
away liver spots with lasers or fill in wrinkles with collagen. Nowadays an array of special
beauty products is in fact aimed at the senior buyer who has the cash and bandwidth to afford
the anti-ageing and anti-wrinkle products that have such stratospheric price tags.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The base of every research needs encyclopaedia or reviews. Review gives continuation of
study (pros and cons). In this paper researcher focuses the important review regarding the
trend of visiting unisex salons by men with special reference to men’s beauty parlours:-

Sultana, and Shimul Das (2016), Measuring Customer Satisfaction through SERVQUAL
Model: A Study on Beauty Parlors in Chittagong, European Journal of Business and
Management. Customer satisfaction is the positive experience after taking any service. In this
study, the influencing factors of customer satisfaction are measured. There are five factors
such as reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibility. Among these, in this
study it is shown that, tangibility has maximum influence on customer satisfaction. It means
physical facilities attracts customers more now a days and people are tend to take service in
appealing environment. Other four factors have insignificant influence on customer
satisfaction. So, beauty parlors authorities in Chittagong should concentrate on these others
factors to increase customer satisfaction level. Managerial implications are necessary here.
There may be some other situational factors which can effect on customer satisfaction such as
demographic, social, cultural and political factors. The current study is only based on a few
popular parlors in Chittagong city. So, further study can be suggested in near future.

Soble (2015) studied about the men’s grooming, according to the Priority Male Study, 55%
of salons say their male client base is growing, yet 81% of professionals surveyed say their
salon does not have a marketing program aimed at attracting male clients. Although
professionals believe that social media is the most likely media to attract a man’s attention,
with email, television and texting also important, our male client respondents actually rank
social media pretty low. The research also showed that out of 100% ,32% visit salons and
44% got to barbershop. How often do men get their haircut? Stylists/barber predict that the
average time between haircuts for their male clients is 3.8 weeks, with the largest percentage
(47%) getting their hair cut every four weeks. According to the male clients, the average time
between haircuts is closer to 5.1 weeks, with younger men and African-American men
getting their hair cut more frequently.

Jahani Farzana (2015), A study on consumer attitude towards solus per acque in natural
salon and spa, International Journal of Management (IJM), This current study has addressed
critical issues that have received inadequate attention in literature such as; defining more
accurately the role of satisfaction on repurchase and defining the intervention between
customer satisfaction and repurchase intention and loyalty. The findings from this study are
relevant to practitioners. It also helps extend the notion of customer awareness and
identifying the customer behaviour which leads to repeat purchase and loyalty. Therefore, for
the practitioners, it is quite clear that in this service that overall satisfaction is an important
factor in retaining customers. For developing customer retention strategies, effort should be
put on satisfying the customers in order to achieve the highest level of repurchase intention
and subsequent of retention.

SAHAYAJENCI AND SUBRAMANI (2015), Customer satisfaction and service quality

towards natural’s parlours, Chennai, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research. Through the research paper entitled “Customer satisfaction towards Naturals
parlour, “defining more accurately the role of satisfaction on repurchase and defining the
intervention between customer satisfaction and repurchase intention and loyalty. The findings
from this study are relevant to practitioners. It also helps extend the notion of customer
awareness and identifying the customer behaviour which leads to repeat purchase and loyalty.
Therefore, for the practitioners, it is quite clear that in this service that overall satisfaction is
an important factor in retaining customers. For developing customer retention strategies,
effort should be put on satisfying the customers in order to achieve the highest level of
repurchase intention and subsequent of retention.

Sajad (2014) studied about how city boys are outdoing girls in visiting salons. This study was
done in Kashmir and it was done to understand the main objective of how boys nowadays are
beauty conscious and their visiting trend to salons, the survey was conducted by asking the
questions from old salons to new salons and there changing scenario of beauty. Where it was
found that in the previous some of the years the customer base of salons have increased and
from teenage to 65 year old men are also visiting the salons. Among the 384 stores of
Manyawar in India one of the fast-growing salon is in Kashmir for bridegrooms.
Baghel, Parthsarthy & Gupta (2014), Will you walk into my parlor? Spaces and practices of
beauty in Mumbai, Journal South Asian Popular Culture, vol-12. While studies on corporeal
beauty – the ‘body beautiful’ – constitute a mini academic industry, everyday practices of
‘beauty work’ are somewhat under researched. This paper engages with notions and practices
of beauty in a context of socio-cultural transformation and global flows in urban India. The
‘beauty parlor’ emerges as a socio-cultural space where urban aspirations are made and
realized, mirroring the shifting place of beauty in the daily life of subjects with diverse class
locations. A qualitative study of five beauty parlors in Mumbai revealed embodied practices of
aesthetics that reflect the interplay of social structure and agency in the everyday life
experiences of men and women. Providing tangible benefits in terms of new opportunities,
beauty practices are also influenced by a desire for status, and ideas of ‘good health’ within an
emergent ethic of self-care. Practices and consumption in the parlor juxtapose modernity and
tradition materializing the field of beauty.

Catherine and Magesh (2014), Brand Identification and Consumer Preferences towards
Branded Salon Services in Chennai, Journal of Exclusive Management Science, evaluated
about the key factor of the study is to find what salon brand consumer prefers and identifies for
its use. Times are changing at a very rapid pace in the professional salon industry. After
analyzing the fact, the study stated that Green Trends salon industry is growing day by day.
This conclusion is based on overall information collected from customer. Their current
scenario, need some object oriented and bit dynamism in the strategy. The company just need
to create new global awareness, encourage major players to invest in the companies. According
to industry the market is saturated, with many different types of products, and in the long run,
established brands that emphasize quality and service will have the edge. The company should
take in strategic steps and planning to revive its brand image accordingly. However, the
company, if concentrates on the following factors will able to face tough challenges with other
salon industries. Still there is a need to promote Green Trends to reach the Top level of the
Salon industry. Monthly survey should be conducted to improve its brand image and increase
the customer loyalty. Any salon professional considering taking a more organic, natural, health
conscious, and environmentally friendly approach to their salon services should start with
thorough research and due diligence into the product ingredients and reputation. Organic Salon
Systems has an impeccable reputation for distributing the most natural, organic, and healthier
alternatives that do not sacrifice overall product performance or quality. Atmospherics of a
salon are important, because they help customers relax as they enjoy the services a salon has
to offer. Music and tone levels are important, because they set the general mood.

Dwane H Dean (2012) ,Gender ethnic identity and patronage likelihood for a unisex salon,
young consumers 13 (2), 124-135 in their study of gender ethnic identity and patronage
likelihood for a unisex salons, This paper examine whether young consumers, growing up
during a time of cultural hybridization and at a time when the unisex hair salon has
proliferated, will exhibit segments in their patronage likelihood toward a unisex hair salon
staffed by young, white women. Based on social identity theory and the similarity‐
attraction principle, it was hypothesized that identity groups (white men, white women,
non‐white men, non‐white women) would differ in patronage likelihood toward a unisex
hair salon with an all‐white, female staff. Further, based on prior qualitative re search of
African‐American barbershops, it was proposed that non‐white men would prefer a male
haircutter. Compared to other groups, non‐white men reported significantly lower patronage
likelihood and image congruence for the described unisex salon. Also, the non‐white male
group was unique in having a strong preference for a male barber/stylist.

Naher and Hussain (2012) evaluated about the changing perception about the male
beautification in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A study on male beautification conducted in 2012
which mainly comprised of interview from clients and staff members in Dhaka revealed that
most clients came to the parlour on a regular basis, were aged between 15 and 35 years, and
belonged to the middle, upper-middle and upper classes (with higher disposable incomes).
Occupations ranged from service, business or profession to student. The study underlines
that, among the offered services, the most in demand are haircut, shave, facial and hair
treatment. According to this study, many consumers pay attention to the quality of services,
the service provider’s behaviour and skills, the variety of services, value for money, the
environment and physical facilities in the salon, as well as marketing communication and
marketing mix factors that promote the value of beauty treatment for men.

Ziegler (Mintel research,2012) conducted a research on younger men are more likely to use
salon services. Interestingly, 25% of men 18-34 report having a manicure or pedicure.
Meanwhile, 38% of men aged 18-34 have had a facial or body treatment, compared to only
15% of men aged 55+. Study also revealed that men who get salon services also tend to
spend more than women do on some services. For example, men who get manicures spend
about $37.14 compared to women, who on average typically pay about $23.38 for a
manicure. The study showed that Black and Asian populations are increasing at a
significantly higher rate than whites and they are likely to influence the salon market by
creating a greater demand for products and services specifically tailored to their ethnicity.

Ricciardelli (2011), studied about Masculinity, Consumerism, and Appearance: A Look at

Men’s Hair. Historically, being concerned about appearance was stereotypically associated
with women. Now masculinities too have become embedded in appearance norms.
Consequently, men too are increasingly concerned about their appearance. Via interviews
with 14 Canadian men, the role of hair in self‐identification and both satisfaction and
dissatisfaction with appearance is examined. Emergent themes suggest that masculinity and
appearance are increasingly intertwined, and consumer culture cultivates a climate that
encourages men to view their appearance as something worthy of investment. Findings
suggest that men are concerned about their appearance—specifically their hair—and that
there is a relationship between masculinity, appearance, and self‐identification. Findings are
discussed within theories of masculinity and consumerism.

Miller, Smith, Khoury, and Frankel (2008), In their study of the beauty storke education
project. Despite the challenges of community-based research encountered within this research
it was found that stroke education in the beauty shop significantly improved knowledge
regarding stroke warning signs and calling 911 among a group of black women. This
improvement in knowledge was sustained for at least 5 months. Knowledge of stroke risk
factors, however, did not improve. The use of the beauty shop as an educational site is a novel
approach to stroke education for women that can be practically applied in the community.
Education regarding stroke risk factors remains a challenge that warrants further study.

Browne, Ford, and Thomas (2006), Take a Health Professional to the People: A community
outreach strategy for mobilizing African American barber shops and beauty salons as health
promotion sites, Health Education & Behaviour. The US department of Health and Human
Services launched “take a loved one to the Doctor Day”, a national effort to promote health
and wellness in the African American community. The Center for Minority Health (CMH) at
the graduate school pf Public Health, University of Pittsburgh adopted this model and tailored
it to meet to local needs by partnering with seven barber shops, two beauty salons, and over
one hundred health professionals (HPs) to create what is now known as “Take a Health
Professional to the People”. The focus of this partnership was to provide screenings and health
information to patrons and transform these shops and salons into health promotion sites.

Alexander and Fading (2003), Twisting, and weaving: An interpretive ethnography of the
black barbershops as cultural space, says that barbershops in the black community are
discursive spaces in which the confluence of black hair care, for and by Black People, and
small talk establish a context for cultural exchange. This interpretive ethnography describes the
barbershop in Black community as a cultural site for ethnography exploration and description.
The article defines a cultural site not only as the chosen geo-social locate of the ethnographic
gaze but also as a centralized occasion within a cultural community that serves at the
confluence of banal ritualized activity and the exchange of cultural currency. It is the social
experience of being in the barbershop that the article focuses on, knowing that social experience
meets at the intersection of culture and performance, and at the confluence of reflection and
remembrance.

Alomar L. Conde-Salazar (2000) Barbers and Hairdressers, Occupational dermatoses in

barbers are similar to those occurring in hairdressers, even though some specific differences
occur, mainly due to differing types of work. Barbers have traditionally worked in
gentlemen’s barber shops as well as in ladies’ hairdressing parlors, even though male
hairdressers are fewer in number; female hairdressers have usually tended to female
customers, unisex hairdressing parlors being relatively new. Male hairdressers are a
minority in their trade and generally do not use dyes, permanent waving fluids and other
chemicals, so eczematous lesions in male hairdressers are relatively infrequent.
.

SuelinTan(2000) In this study the researcher examined about the men’s grooming products
and brand selection ,in this study 57 working Japanese men’s between age 25-31 interviewers
were asked the open ended question and the final data was collected. In nutshell, this research
provides the basic understanding of men’s grooming product brand choices which would
pave the way for further research in designing brand strategies that would lead to attaining
'true' loyalty from male consumers .73% cited that they would use products to enhance their
looks. The findings revealed that most of the men’s were more incline towards brand due to
their convenience and word of mouth but some of them said the women’s brand loyalty
increases their perception to buy the product.
McFarquahar (2000), In their study of the effect of hairdressing on the self-esteem of men
and women. In a pilot study, 20 clients (equal genders) of a hairdressing salon completed a 33
questionnaire on aspects of self - esteem, prior to having their hair dressed, and the same
number did so after hairdressing. Later, 100 clients completed 20 - item parallel - form
versions of the same instrument both before and alter hairdressing. Women initially scored
significantly higher on the self - esteem measure than did men, and they also achieved a
significant gain following hairdressing whereas men did not. This study investigated the
effect of enhancement of physical appearance through hairdressing on the self-esteem of men
and women. The purpose of this study was to understand how hairdressing play a major role
on the self-esteem of the men and women. The findings of a higher initial self-esteem for
female runs counter to the majority of them.

Elena Neokleous (2000), Gender based pricing in the hairdressing industry, Journals of
Consumer Policy in their study of Gender based pricing strategy, examined the evidence and
evaluates the claim that the hairdressing industry systematically discriminates on the basis of
gender and compares the way in which courts in the UK and US have dealt with such
allegations. We argue that "transaction costs" can be used to provide an alternative (perhaps
more satisfactory) explanation for the pricing patterns observed than does price
discrimination. Any decision to ban gender-based pricing will imply a difficult trade-off
between economic efficiency and concerns for gender equality.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To study various factor and trends of visiting beauty salon by men in LPU with
special reference to parlours and barber shops.
2. To know the changing ways of generating revenue by the salon industry from women
to men how its has evolved over the years.
3. To study how the concept of beauty for men has changed and their usefulness in the
salon and beauty market.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study provides the insights of the trends and factors influencing men to visit beauty
salons and parlours. The research study will provide the in-depth insights about the
perception of men’s towards visiting beauty parlours and salons, the mindset they follow and
perception of men’s towards visiting salons. Big salon, fashion and beauty product companies
can generate data trough this research and can work accordingly. The estimate revenue
generated in these decades due to the new market of men in parlours can help many MSMEs
to take their decisions on the basis of proven data which can be beneficial in long term.

PROBLEM OF THE RESEARCH

To analyse the trends of visiting beauty salons by men’s, the main problem of the research
was how the trends are changing for the fashion industry and what are the basic reasons that
boys and men are preferring beauty parlours nowadays which was not the trend some years
back. In the above researches there is only qualitative research is being done ; moreover
quantitative approach can also be used. And the number of respondents in each research is
very less and mostly all are of specific demography ,this research can be done in more wider
geography and globally.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

A research hypothesis is the statement created by the researcher when they speculate upon the
outcome of a research or experiment.

For the study of the visiting trends of men’s in beauty salons are given follow:

 H1: There is a significant relation for preferring beauty salon by men.

 H0: There is no significant relation for preferring beauty salon by men.
 H1: There exist an impact of changing beauty regimes on men.
 H0: There do not exist any impact of changing beauty regimes on men.
REFERENCES

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Baghel, D., Parthasarathy, D., & Gupta, M. (2014). Will you walk into my parlor? Spaces and
practices of beauty in Mumbai. South Asian Popular Culture, 12(3), 163-179.

Magesh, R. Brand Identification and Consumer Preferences towards Branded Salon Services in
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Dean, D. H. (2012). Gender, ethnic identity and patronage likelihood for a unisex hair
salon. Young consumers, 13(2), 124-135.

Ricciardelli, R. (2011). Masculinity, consumerism, and appearance: A look at men's

hair. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 48(2), 181-201.

Kleindorfer, D., Miller, R., Sailor-Smith, S., Moomaw, C. J., Khoury, J., & Frankel, M. (2008). The
challenges of community-based research: the beauty shop stroke education
project. Stroke, 39(8), 2331-2335.

Browne, M. C., Ford, A. F., & Thomas, S. B. (2006). Take a Health Professional to the People: A
community outreach strategy for mobilizing African American barber shops and beauty salons as
health promotion sites. Health Education & Behavior, 33(4), 425-432.

Alexander, B. K. (2003). Fading, twisting, and weaving: An interpretive ethnography of the Black
barbershop as cultural space. Qualitative Inquiry, 9(1), 105-128.

Alomar, A., & Conde-Salazar, L. (2000). Barbers and Hairdressers. In Handbook of Occupational
Dermatology (pp. 821-823). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

McFarquhar, C. M., & Lowis, M. J. (2000). The effect of hairdressing on the self-esteem of men
and women. Mankind quarterly, 41(2), 181.

Liston-Heyes, C., & Neokleous, E. (2000). Gender-based pricing in the hairdressing

industry. Journal of Consumer Policy, 23(2), 107-126.