Questioned Document

Questioned Document - is any signature, handwriting, typewriting or other mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute
or doubtful.

Graphology - study of the handwriting to determine personality traits.

Simulation - an attempt to disguise one's handwriting or copy someone Else's.

The following trait are considered in handwriting analysis:

1. letter form which includes curve, connections, slants, size and angle.
2. line quality which indicated the amount of pressure used by the author.
3. Arrangement which refers to spacing, formatting and alignment.

Characteristics which indicate that a handwriting sample has been forge.

1. shaky lines
2. dark, thick starts and finish
3. numerous pen lifts

 But they may also be the result of nervousness, alcohol impairment or other factors.
 The content of what a person writes is analyzed by handwriting expert. Grammatical, style, punctuation and word
choice are included in the analysis of handwriting.
 The speed or how fast a person write is not considered in handwriting analysis though speed may affect their
formatting and letter and line forms.

Calligraphy - decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering. The art of producing decorative handwriting or lettering with a
pen or brush. From Greek "Kallos"-beauty and "Graphe"-writing.

Three Stages in the Process of Handwriting Examinations

1. Analysis - the questioned and the known items are
analyzed and broken down to directly perceptible
characteristics.
2. Comparison - the characteristics of the questioned
item are then compared against the known
standard.
3. Evaluation - similarities and differences in the
compared properties are evaluated and this
determines which ones are valuable for a
conclusion. This depends on the uniqueness and
frequency of occurrence in the items.

Handwriting Exemplar - known standards - is a piece of writing that can be examined forensically as in a handwriting
comparison.

Two Types of Handwriting Exemplars

1. Request Writings - obtained from individual
specifically for the purpose of conducting a
handwriting comparison.
2. Collected Writings -samples the individual produced
for some other unrelated reason generally in the
course of their day to day activities.

Common Questioned Documents

1. Forgery
2. Counterfeiting
3. Mail Fraud
4. Kidnapping
5. embezzlement
6. Theft
7. Robbery
8. Sex Crime
9. Murder
10.Homicide

Historical Dating - work involving the verification of age and worth of a document or object.

Indicators of Forgery
1. Blunt starts ans stops
2. Pen lifts and hesitations
3. Tremor
4. Speed and Pressure
5. Patching

Questioned Documents Definition of Terms

Alignment defect - characters that write improperly in the following respect: a twisted letter,
horizontal misalignment, vertical misalignment, or a character "off its feet" these defects can be
corrected by special adjustments to the type bar and type block of a type bar machine.

Allograph - a writing or signature made by one person for another or a style (block
capital, print script, or cursive form) of one of the 26 graphemes of the English alphabet or of the
ligatures or other symbols that accompany it.

Altered document - a document that contains a change either as an addition or a deletion.

Ample letter - that which encompasses more than the standard inner space in a given
letter.Characterized by fulsomeness and expanded ovals and loops.

Archive - collection of documents and records purposely stored for a defined period of time.

Assisted writing - the result of a guided hand, produced by the cooperation of the two minds and
two hands of two persons.

Ball point pen - a writing instrument having as its marking tip a small, freely rotating ball
bearing that rolls the ink into the paper.Many of these pens use highly viscous, non aqueous ink but
in recent years construction of some pens have been adopted to use water-based inks.
Baseline - the ruled or imaginary line upon which the writing rests.

Big Floyd - the FBI super computer that contains software allowing it to search criminal
records and draw conclusions from the availableinformation in the hunt for those responsible for an
individual crime.

Bindle paper - clean paper folded used to contain trace evidence, sometimes included as part of
the packaging for collecting trace evidence.Most of the time, white paper is used and has the
consistency of butcher paper, the paper used in deli markets.

Bitmap - a mosaic of dots or pixels defining an image, including dot matrix imprints.The
smoothness of the image contour depends upon the fineness of resolution and the number of dots or
pixels per inch.

Blobbing - the accumulation of ink on the exterior of the point assembly of a ball-point pen that
drops intermittently to the surface being written upon.

Blunt ending - the effect produce on commencement and terminal strokes of letters, both upper
and lower case, by the application of the writing instrument to the paper prior to the beginning of
any horizontal movement.

Boat - a dish-shape figure consisting of a concave stroke and a straight line sometimes forming the
base of letters.

Body - that portion of a letter, the central part that remains when the upper and lower projections,
the terminal and initial strokes and diacritics are omitted.

Boustrophedun - writing in which alternate lines are written in opposite directions and even have
the posture as well as the direction of reversal letters.

Bow - a vertical curve stroke as in capitals D and C.

Braille - a system of representing letter, numerals etc. by raised dots that a visually impaired person
can read by touch.

Burring - a division of a written line into two or more, more or less equal portions by a non-linked
area generally running parallel to the direction of line generation but moving away from the radius
of a curving stroke.Sometimes referred to as splitting.
Carbon copy - a copy of a typewritten document made by means of carbon paper.An exact
replica;duplicate.

Carbon ink - (India ink) one of the oldest form of writing ink commonly referred to as India ink
even though the ink was first used in China.In its simplest form carbon ink consists
of amorphouscarbon shaped into a solid cake with glue.It is converted into a liquid for writing by
grinding the cake and suspending the articles in a water-glue medium.Occasionally,a pigmented
dye is added to improve the color.

Case file - a collection of documents comprising information concerning a particular investigation.

Case records - all notes, reports, custody records, charts, analytical data, and any correspondence
generated in the laboratory pertaining to a particular case.

Character - any typed or handwritten mark, sign or insignia, abbreviation, punctuation mark,
letter, or numeral whether legible, blurred or indistinct.

Charred document - a document that has become blackened and brittle through burning or
through exposure to excessive heat.

Class characteristics - not all characteristics encountered in document examination are peculiar to
single person or thing and one that is common to a group may be described as a class
characteristic.Traits that define a group of items collectively.

Clogged (dirty) typeface - over prolonged use, the typeface becomes filled with lint, dirt, and ink
particularly in letters with closed loops such as p and g.If these condition is allowed to continue
without cleaning, the printed impression will actually print with the clogged areas shaded or solid
black.

Cloth ribbon - a type of ribbon used in some models of typewriter.

Collected standards - a sample of writing made during the normal course of business or social
activity not necessarily related to the matter in dispute.

Conjoined letters - two letters that have been written in the common manner such that the terminal
stroke of the first is the initial stroke of the second.

Connecting stroke - an expression commonly used to refer to the fusion of the terminal stroke of
one lower case cursive letter and the initial stroke of another having no identifiable or describable
entity of its own.

Connection subtypes

 Supported - the body of the letter rests against or retraces the stem.
 Looped - the initial stroke forms a loop with the stem of the letter.
 Unsupported - the body of the letter does not follow or retrace the stem.

Contraction - a form of word abbreviation wherein one or more letters are omitted.

Cursive - a form of continuous writing in which letters are connected to one another and designed
according to some commercial system;the most common allograph of a grapheme.
Decipher - to determine the meaning of, as hieroglyphics or illegible writing, or to translate from
cipher into ordinary characters, or to determine the meaning of anything obscure.

Defect - any abnormality of maladjustment in a typewriter that is reflected in its work and leads to
its individualization or identification.

Diacritical mark or point - a sign added to a letter or symbol to give it a particular phonetic
value.An accent.Sometimes used to refer to the dots over the letter i and J.

Didot system - a typographic measuring system used in Europe and based on the didot point,
similar to the U.S.,English Pica system.

Digraph - a group of two successive letters representing a single sound or a complex sound that is
not a combination of the sounds ordinarily represented by each in another occurrence.ex. ph in
digraph and ch in chin.

Diphthong - the combination of two vowels in succession, the sound of which begins with one and
ends with the other.ex. oil,boy,out.

Disguised writing - a deliberate attempt to alter handwriting in hopes of hiding one's identity.

Disputed document - a term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over a

document.Disputed document and Questioned document can be used interchangeably to signify a
document that is under special scrutiny.

Document - any material that contains marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially visible, or
invisible that may ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone.

Document examiner - an individual who scientifically studies the details and elements of
documents in order to identify their source or to discover other facts concerning them.Documents
examiners are often referred to as handwriting identification experts.
Documentation - written notes, audio/video tapes, printed forms, sketches, or photographs that
form a detailed record of the scene, evidence recovered, and actions taken during the search of the
crime scene.
Erasure - the removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from a document.It may be accomplished
by either of two means, a chemical eradication in which the writing is removed or bleached by
chemical agents (liquid ink eradicator, abrasive erasure in which the writing is effaced by rubbing
with a rubber eraser) or scratching out with a knife.

Exemplar - a specimen of an identified source acquired for the purpose of comparison with an
evidence sample.An example of a person's writing, a standard for use in comparisons, a collected or
a request specimen.

Facsimile - an image of printed matter that has been transmitted electronically.

Fiber-tip pen - (porous-tip pen) a modern writing instrument in which the marking element or
point consists of a porous material through which the ink can flow.

Flow-back - an increase in the density of an ink line caused by the run of excess ink along the
finish of a stroke, occurring when the pen is lifted from the paper.

Fluctuation - alternating changes of direction, positions, or conditions (ex.alternating acceleration

and deceleration of writing speed) or alternating expansion and contraction of the writing pattern.

Fluency - freedom and other like terms, referring to a generally higher grade of line quality that is
smooth, consistent, and without any evidence or tremor or erratic changes in direction of pen
pressure.

Flying finish - the diminishing taper of a terminal stroke when the motion of the instrument does
not stop at the completion of a word.

Flying start - the growing taper of an initial stroke or the delicate initial hook that appears where
the motion of the instrument precedes actual writing.

Font - a complete set or collection of letters, figures, symbols, punctuation marks, and special
characters that are of the same design and size for a particular typeface.

Forced hand - a person's signature or writing executed while the hand was under the physical
compulsion or control of another person.

Forgery - (free hand imitation) a legal term that involves not only a non-genuine signature or
document but also intent on the part of its "marker" to defraud.

Fountain pen - a modern nib pen containing a reservoir of ink in a specially designed chamber or
cartridge.After complete filling,the pen maybe used to write a number of pages without refilling.

Fraudulent signature - a forged signature.It involves the writing of a name as signature by

someone other than the person without his/her permission, often with some degree of imitation.

Freehand simulation - a fraudulent signature that is produced by copying or imitating the style
and size of genuine signature without the use of physical aids or involving a tracing process.
Gooping - the accumulation of excessive amount of ink on the exterior of the point assembly of a
ball-point pen as a result of the rotation of the ball, usually transferred to the paper surface
immediately after the direction of rotation is substantially changed.

Graphoanalysis - a registered trade name that identifies the system of handwriting analysis taught
by the international graphoanalysis society inc.

Graphology - the art of attempting to interpret the character of personality of an individual from
his handwriting, also called grapho-analysis.

Graphometry - a method of characterizing a handwriting by measurement of the proportionate

values of the angle and ratio of the heights and widths of letters.

Graphonomics - the study of the science and technology of handwriting and other graphic skills
(coined in 1982) or the scientific study concerned with the systematic relationship involved in the
generation and analysis of writing and drawing movements and the resulting traces of writing and
drawing instruments either on conventional media such as paper and blackboard or on electronic
equipment.

Guided-hand signature - a signature that is executed while the writer's hand or arm is steadied in
any way, also known as assisted signature.Assisted signatures are most commonly written during a
serious illness or in deathbed.
Habit - a persistently repeated element or detail of writing that occurs when the opportunity allows.

Hand lettering - (hand printing) any disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written
separately.

Haplography - the unintentional omission in writing or copying of one or more adjacent and
similar letters, syllables, words,or lines.

Hiatus - a gap in writing stroke of a letter formed when the instrument leaves the paper.An
opening, an interruption in the continuity of a line.

Holographic document - any document completely written and signed by one person.
Indented writing - writing impressed into the surface of a page of paper of pressure exerted upon
the writing instrument when used on a previous page.

Inert hand - an execution of writing in which the person holding the writing instrument exercises
no motor activity whatsoever,conscious or unconscious.The guide leads the writing instrument
through the medium of the hand of the first person.The writer may be feeble or a complete
illiterate.

Infrared examination - the examination of documents employing invisible radiation beyond the
red portion of the visible spectrum.Infrared radiation can be recorded on specially sensitized
photographic emulsions or it can be converted by means of an electronic viewing device into
visible light for an on the scene study of the evidence.

Infrared luminescence - a phenomenon encountered with some dyes used in inks and colored
pencils that when illuminated with a narrow band of light in the blue-green portion of the spectrum
give off luminescence that can be detected in the far red or near infrared range.The technique is
useful in distinguishing between certain inks and colored pencils and in detecting or deciphering
erasures.

Ink eradicator - a chemical solution capable of bleaching ink.

Inorganic pigment - a natural or synthetic metal oxide, sulfide or other salt used as a coloring
agent for paints, plastics, and inks.

Insertion - the addition of writing and other material within a document such as between lines and
paragraphs or the addition of whole pages to a document.

Interlineation - the act of inserting writing or typewriting between two lines of writing.

Iron-gallotannate ink - this ink is found in fountain pens, was used as early as the 8th century and
with substantial improvement, is still in use today.
Joint or Juncture - the point or position at which two or more strokes meet within a letter.
Kerning - the spacing of two letters closer together than customary when their designs leave too
much intercharacter white space.

Known standard - a specimen of an identified source acquired for the purpose of comparison with
an evidence sample, synonymous with exemplar.
Lateral expansion - the horizontal dimension of writing produced by the width of letters, the space
between letters and words, and the width of margins.

Lateral writing - writing characterized by wide letters and spacing.

Left-handed curve - a stroke that is made in a counterclockwise direction.

Left-handed or wrong-handed writing - any writing executed with the opposite hand from that
normally used.Sometimes referred to as "writing with the awkward hand" it is an attempt to
disguise handwriting.

Legibility - the ease with which a reader recognizes individual letter and character shapes.

Letter - any drawn, written, printed, or typed character, lower case or uppercase that can be
recognized as an allograph of the alphabet of any language.

Lexical - pertaining or related to the words of a language.

Ligature - a group of connected characters treated typographically as a single character, sometimes

a stroke or bar connecting two letters.

Line quality - appearance of a written stroke determined by a combination of factors such as

speed, shading, pen position, and skill, ranges from smooth and legible to tremulous and awkward
Machine defect - any defect in typewriting resulting from the malfunctioning of the machine rather
than the typebar or type element.

Manual typewriter - a machine whose operation depends solely upon the mechanical action set in
motion by striking a letter or character key.

Manuscript writing - a disconnected form of script or semi-script writing.This type of writing is

taught to young children in elementary schools as the first step in learning how to write.

Mirror writing - writing that runs in the opposite direction to the normal pattern, starts on the right
side of the page and proceeds from right to left with reversed order in spelling and turning of the
letter images.
Moire - the impression with which the habits of the writer are executed on repeated occasions or
the divergence of one execution from another in an element of an individual's writing that occurs
invariably in the graph but may also occur in the choice of the allograph or normal or usual
deviations found between repeated specimens of any individual's handwriting or in the product of
any typewriter or other record making machine.

Movement - an important element in handwriting.It embraces all the factors related to the motion
of the writing instrument, skills, speed, freedom, hesitation, rhythm, emphasis, tremor, and the
like.The manner in which the writing instrument i moved.
Natural writing - any specimen of writing executed normally without an attempt to control or alter
its identifying habits and its usual quality of execution.It is the typical writing of an individual.

Nonaqueous ink - ink in which the pigment or dye is carried in any vehicle other than water.Inks
of this class are found in ball-point pens, typewriter ribbons, and stamp pads and are widely used in
the printing industry.

Nodule - a small, rounded mass or lump of ink caused by an excessive deposit, the result of
gooping in some ball-point pens.

Nonce word - a word coined to fit a special situation.

Notes - the documentation of procedures, standard, controls and instruments used, observation
made, results of test performed, charts, graphs, photos, and other documents generated that are used
to support the examiner's conclusion.
Oblique lighting examination - an examination with the illumination so controlled that it grazes or
strikes the surface of the document from one side at a very low angle, also referred to as side light
examination.

Orthography - the principles by which the alphabet is set into correspondence with the speech
sounds.The art of spelling.
Patching - retouching or going back over a defective portion of a writing stroke.Careful patching is
a common defect in forgeries.

Pen - any writing instrument used to apply ink to the paper.

Pen lift - an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper.

Pen position - the relationship between the pen point and the paper.Specifically, the angle between
the nib of the pen and the line of writing and between the pen point and the paper surface are the
elements of pen position.

Pencil - a writing instrument in which the marking position consists of a compressed stick of
graphite or colored marking substance usually mixed with clays and waxes.

Pencil grade - a qualitative description of the hardness or softness of a pencil.

Pencil lead - not really lead but a mixture of various types of waxes, clays, graphite, and carbon.

Permanent defect - any identifying characteristic of a typewriter that can not be corrected by
simply cleaning the typeface or replacing the ribbon.
Pica - a unit of measure of printer's type approximately1/6 in. or 12 points, typically used for
vertical measurement.Also a term used to denote conventional monotone typewriter typeface that
has a fixed character width of 10 to the inch.

Point - the basic typographic unit of measurement of fonts, line spacing, rules, and borders, there
are 12 points to a pica and 72 points to the inch, typically used for vertical dimensions.

Pressure - the amount of force exerted on the point of the writing instrument, technically termed
point load.

Proportional-spacing typewriter - a modern form of typewriting resembling printing in hat

letters, numerals, and symbols do not occupy the same horizontal space as they do with a
conventional typewriter.
Questioned document - any document about which some issue has been raised or that is under
scrutiny.
Reference collection - collections of typewriting, check-writer specimens, inks, pens, pencils,
paper, etc., compiled and organized by the document examiner as standards of the products.

Request standards - writing samples written at the request of another person.

Restoration - any processed in which erased writing is developed or brought out again on the
document itself.

Retouching - going back over a written line to correct a defect or improve its appearance,
synonymous with patching.

Retracing - any stroke that goes back over another writing stroke.In natural handwriting there may
be many instances in which the pen doubles back over the same course but some retracing in
fraudulent signatures represents a reworking of a letter form or stroke.

Rhythm - the element of the writing movement marked by regular or periodic recurrences.It maybe
classed as smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality.

Ribbon condition - cloth or multiple-use typewriter ribbons gradually deteriorate with use and the
degree of deterioration is a measure of the ribbon condition.

Ribbon impression - typewriting made directly through a cloth or carbon film ribbon.Original
typewriting is made in this way.

River - gaps in the writing or printing pattern that form a straggling white stream down the page.

Roller pen - a type of ball-point pen that uses aqueous ink.

Script - handwriting as distinguished from printing or lettering, cursive writing.

Secret ink - a material used for writing that is not visible until treated by a developing process,
also referred to as sympathetic ink.

Sequence of strokes - the order in which writing strokes are placed on he paper.

Serrations - roughness along the edges on an ink line seen under a microscope.

Shading - a widening of the ink stroke due to added pressure on a flexible pen point or to the use of
the stub pen.

Signatory - a signer with another or others.A person whose name is being inscribe on a document
who requires assistance in doing so.

Signature - the name of a person or mark representing it as written by himself/herself.

Significant writing habit - any characteristic of handwriting that is sufficiently uncommon and
well fixed to serve as a fundamental point in the identification.

Single-element typewriter - typewriters using either a type ball or type wheel printing device>The
IBM selectric machine was the first modern typewriter of the group.

Skill - evidence of the writer's proficiency.

Slant - the angle or inclination of the axis of letters relative to the baseline.

Smeared-over writing - an obliteration accomplished by covering the original writing with an

opaque substance.

Spiral - that portion of a letter executing a spiral formation, popular designs of commencement and
termination in older styles of writings.

Splicing - a term used by document examiners to denote the slight overlapping of two strokes after
an interruption in the writing.It may be part of imitated, fraudulent signatures that are prepared one
or two letters at a time.

Splitting - the division of an ink line into two or more, ,ore or less equal portions by a non inked
area running generally parallel to the direction of the stroke, sometimes called burring.

Spurious signature - a fraudulent signature in which there was no apparent attempt at simulation
or imitation.It is common form of forgeries encountered in investigations of fraudulent checks
where the person passing the checks depends on the surrounding circumstances rather than upon
the quality of the signature for his success.

Synthetic dye inks - any ink consisting simply of a dye dissolved in water together with the
necessary preservatives.

Traced forgery - any fraudulent signature executed by actually following the outline of a genuine
signature with a writing instrument.

Transitory defect - an identifying typewriter characteristic that can be eliminated by cleaning the
machine or replacing the ribbon.Clogged typefaces are the most common defects of this class.

Trash mark - mark left on a finished copy during photocopying, results from imperfections or dirt
on the cover glass, cover sheet, drum, or camera lens of a photocopy machine.

Tremor - lack of smoothness due to lack of skill, consciousness of the writing act, deliberate
control of the instrument in copying or tracing or an involuntary, roughly rhythmic, and sinusoidal
movement.Wavy back and forth movement on a written line.

Twisted letter - each character is designed to print at a certain fixed angle to the base line.Wear
and damage to the type bar and the type block may cause some letters to become twisted so that
they lean to the right or left of their correct slant.

Type ball - a device containing a complete set of typeface of some single-element typewriters.

Typeface - the printing surface of the type block or type element.The name of a particular design of
printed characters and symbols.

Typeface defect - any peculiarity in typewriting resulting from actual damage to the typeface
metal.

Typewriting system - typewriting device consisting of a machine, ribbon, and font.

Versal letter - those that mark important parts of the text, used for headings and words written at
the beginning of books or chapters, often distinguished by size, color, and ornamentation which
tends towards curves and flourishes.
Watermark - a translucent design impressed in certain papers during the course of their
manufacture.This is accomplished by passing a wet map of fibers across a dandy roll, which is a
metal cylinder containing patches of specific pattern designs.The design patches are generally of
two types, wire or screen.

Whirl - the curving upstroke usually of letters that have long loops but also on some styles of the
capital "W".

Wrong-handed writing - any writing executed with the opposite hand from that normally used,
often referred to as writing with the awkward hand.
Xerox - a positive photocopy made directly on plain paper.
Z-twist - a right-handed yarn twist in which the spiral slants like the middle part of the letter "Z".

Questioned Document Reviewer 1

1. The art of determining individual characteristic traits of a person

based on his or her handwriting is called.
A. Calligraphy
B. Graphlogic
C. Graphology
D. Caligrapher

2. The art of writing letters and words with decorative strokes is

called
A. Calligraphy
B. Graphlogic
C. Graphology
D. Caligrapher

3. Handwriting samples made at the request and under the

supervision of lawyers, the police, document examiners and
investigators for the purpose of comparison with questioned
writing.
A. Collected writings
B. Stolen writings
C. Request writings
D. Forced writings
4. Samples the individual produced for some other unrelated reason
generally in the course of their day to day activities.
A. Collected writings
B. Stolen writings
C. Request writings
D. Forced writings

5. An attempt to disguise one's handwriting or copy someone else's i

A. Simulated
B. Evaluated
C. Disguised
D. Compared

6. Any signature,handwriting,typewriting or other mark whose source

or authenticity is in dispute or doubtful.
A. Requested Document
B. Disputed Document
C. Collected document
D. Questioned document

7. Any abnormal repetitive shaking movement of the body usually the

hands which affects handwriting.
A. Tremor
B. Epilepsy
C. Convulsion
D. Parkinson

8. One of the following is not an indicator of forgery.

A. Smoothness of paper
B. Penlifts and hesitation
C. Tremor
D. Patching

9. The action producing a copy of a document, signature,

banknote, or work of art with intent to deceive.
A. Counterfeiting
B. Simulation
C. Forgery
D. Deceiving

10.Made in exact imitation of something valuable or important with

the intention to deceive or defraud.
A. Counterfeiting
B. simulation
C. Forgery
D. Imitating

Answers:Questioned Document

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. A
Remember the following:

1. Graphology - The art of determining individual characteristic

traits of a person based on his or her handwriting is called.

2. Calligraphy - The art of writing letters and words with decorative

strokes.

3. Request writings - Handwriting samples made at the request and

under the supervision of lawyers, the police, document examiners
and investigators for the purpose of comparison with questioned
writing.

4. Collected writings - Samples the individual produced for some

other unrelated reason generally in the course of their day to
day activities.

5. Simulated - An attempt to disguise one's handwriting or copy

someone Else's.

6. Questioned document - Any signature,handwriting,typewriting

or other mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute or
doubtful.

7. Tremor - Any abnormal repetitive shaking movement of the body

usually the hands which affects handwriting.

8. Indicators of forgery
1. Blunt starts and stops
2. Penlifts and hesitation
3. Tremor
4. Speed and Pressure
5. Patching

9. Forgery - The action producing a copy of a document, signature,

banknote, or work of art with intent to deceive.

10.Counterfeiting - Made in exact imitation of something valuable

or important with the intention to deceive or defraud.

Questioned Document Reviewer 2

1. The place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the
angle at which he holds it is called
A. Pen lift
B. Pen hold
C. Print script
D. Pren pressure

2. One that is executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce

or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial
rights or obligations.
A. Commercial document
B. Holographic wills
C. Notarial wills
 D. Private document

3. The term "insertion" and "interlineations" include the addition of

writing and other material between lines or paragraphs or the
addition of whole page to a document.
A. Insertion or interlineations
B. Integration
C. Obliteration
D. None of these

4. In questioned document examination, what is an "OFF-HAND

OPINION"?
A. A conclusion that is not based on scientific examination
B. A mere speculation of facts contained in the document
C. A scientific findings as to the content of document
D. All of these

5. It is a kind of handwriting that is characterized by being connected

in which one letter is joined to the next.
A. Script
B. Block
C. Vigorous
D. Cursive

6. A writer may deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in

hopes of hiding his identity. The results, regardless of their
effectiveness are termed as ___.
A. Down stroke
B. Gestalt
C. Disguised writing
D. Graphology

7. The element of the writing movement which is marked by regular

or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as smooth, intermittent,
or jerky in its quality.
A. Shading
B. Simplification
C. Slope slant
D. Rhythm

8. What do we call the series of lines or curves written in a single

letter; one of the lines of an alphabet or series of lines or curves
within a single letter; the path traced by the pen on the paper?
A. Pen lift
B. Slope
C. Delta
D. Stroke

9. One is not a type of handwriting "Standards"

A. Collected Standards
B. Requested standards
C. Post litem motan exemplars
 D. All of these

10. The act/process of making the content/s of a document not the

intended content.
A. falsification
B. counterfeiting
C. forgery
D. erasure

11. The study of handwriting to determine one's personality traits

is called
A. handwriting analysis
B. graphology
C. dactyloscopy
D. fecalysis

Answers: Questioned Document

1. B
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. B
10. A
11. B

Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology

Forensic chemistry - is the application of chemistry to criminal investigation. Focuses on the chemical analysis of
substances connected to a crime.

Forensic Science - is the use of science and technology to enforce civil and criminal laws.

Blood - a specialized body fluid that circulates in the arteries and veins of vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon
dioxide from the tissues.

Semen - the male reproductive fluid containing spermatozoa in suspension.

Moulage - is the art of applying mock injuries for the purpose of training emergency response teams and other medical and
military personnel.

Methods of Identifying Unknown Substance

1. Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer - useful
method for the simultaneous separation,
identification and quantization of one or more
individual components of an unknown substance or
mixture.
2. Spectroscopy - is the study of the interaction
between matter and radiated energy.
Spectrophotometer - instrument used to aide in the identification of compound.

Gas Chromatograph - a chemical analyzer and instrument for separating chemicals in a complex sample.

Mass Spectrometry - is the analytical technique that measures the mass to charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for
determining masses of particles.

Amino Acid - the building blocks of protein coded by triplets of bases of DNA blue print.

Ammonia - a colorless gaseous alkaline compound that is very soluble in water, has characteristics of pungent odor, is
lighter than air and is formed as a result of the decomposition of most nitrogenous organic material such as tissue from
dead bodies.

Anemia - any condition in which the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin and the volume of packed
red blood cells per 100 ml of blood are less than normal. It may result from increased destruction of red cells, excessive
blood loss or decreased production of red cells.

Aplasia - failure of an organ or tissue to develop normally.

Autolysis - the destruction of cells after death due to lack of ability to metabolize oxygen needed by enzymes for cell
activity.

Hair - any of the fine threadlike strands growing from the skin of humans,mammals, and some other animals.

What are the 3 stages of hair growth?

1. Anagen phase - the growth phase.It begins in
the papilla and can last up to 8 years.The span at
which the hair remains in this stage is determined by
genetics.The longer the hair stays in the anagen
phase,the faster and longer it will grow.About 85%
of the hair on one's head are in this stage at any
given time.The hair has a follicular tag.The root bulb
is flamed shaped.
2. Catagen Phase - also known as the transitional
phase,allows the follicle to renew itself.During this
time which last about 2 week,the hair follicle shrinks
due to disintegration and the papilla detaches and
rests,cutting the hair strand off from its nourishing
blood supply while hair is not growing during this
phase.The length of the terminal fibers increase
when the follicle pushes them upward.The root is
elongated.
3. Telogen phase - or resting phase,the hair and
follicle remain dormant anywhere from 1 to 4
months,10% to 15% of the hairs in one's head are
in these phase in any given time.The anagen phase
begins again when this phase is complete.The root
is club shaped.

Shedding - the process of normal hair loss.

Alopecia - a hair loss disease that causes the hair to spontaneously fall out.It is mainly characterized by bald patches on the
scalp or other parts of the body and can ultimately cause baldness across the entire body.

Medulla - inner most layer of the hair shaft.

From which part of the body are most often used for hair comparison? Either head or pubic.

How to determine the likely race of the person from which a hair originated?
1. Caucasian - evenly distributed,fine pigmentation
Wavy with round cross section.
2. Mongoloid - Continuous medullation.
3. Negroid - dense,uneven pigmentation.

Rate of speed of hair growth - 1.25 cm or .05 inches per month or about 6 inches or 15 cm. per year.

What aspect of the hair is the criminalist interested in matching?

1. matching color
2. Length
3. Diameter
4. presence or absence of medulla
5. distribution,shape,and color intensity of the
pigment granules in the cortex.

What types of evidence found at the crime scene are most likely to provide evidence? Forcible removed hair are
most likely to provide useful DNA evidence because they often bear follicular tags that are sources of nuclear DNA.

Hair from different parts of the body vary significantly in its physical characteristics.

Forensic Toxicology - deals with the medical and legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on human beings.

Forensic - comes from the Latin word "forensis" meaning forum.

Toxicology - from the Greek word toxicos - "poisonous" and "logos".

- it is the study of the symptoms, mechanisms and treatments and
detection of poisoning.

Poison - a substance that when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism causes death or injury.

Toxin - an antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin especially one produced by or derived from micro organisms
and causing disease when present at low concentration in the body.
- poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain micro organism and some higher plant
and animal species.

Venom - poisonous fluid secreted by animals and typically injected into prey by biting or stinging or other sharp body
feature.

Acute Poisoning - is exposure to poison on one occasion or during a short period of time.

Chronic Poisoning - is long term repeated or continuous exposure to a poison where symptoms do not occur immediately
or after each exposure.

Antidote - a medicine taken or given to counter act a particular poison.

- a substance which can counteract poisoning.

Mathieu Orfila - is considered to be the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in
1813 in his "traite des poisons" also called toxicologie generali.

Dioscorides - a Greek physician in the court of Roman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to classify plants according to
their toxic and therapeutic effect.

Jean Stas - a belgian analytical chemist who in 1850 gave the evidence that the Belgian count Hypolite Visart de Bocarme
killed his brother in law by poisoning with nicotine.

Celsus - a roman physician from the first century, considered the father of toxicology. He is credited with the toxicology
maxim "all things are poison and nothing is without poison. This is often condensed to "the dose makes the poison" or in latin
"sola dosis facit venenum".

Paracelsus - "Theophrastus Phillipus Aureleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541) - believe that his studies were above
and beyond the work of celsus.

LD50 - is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration.

Dose - a quantity of medicine or drug taken or recommended to be taken at a particular time.

Overdose - the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended.

Carcinogen - any substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

Corrosive substance - is one that will destroy or irreversibly damage another surface or substance with which it comes into
contact.

Forensic Chemistry Reviewer 1

1. Considered the father of the crime laboratory.
A. Albert Osborne
B. Walker Mc Crone
C. Hans Gross
D. Edmond Locard.

2. Considered the father of microscopic forensics.

A. Albert Osborne
B. Walker Mc Crone
C. Hans Gross
D. Edmond Locard

3. Considered the father of forensic publications.

A. Albert Osborne
B. Walker Mc Crone
C. Hans Gross
D. Edmond Locard

4. The Father of Document Examination.

A. Albert Osborne
B. Walker Mc Crone
C. Hans Gross
D. Edmond Locard

5. The Father of Bloodstain Identification.

A. Calvin Goddard
B. Leone Lattes
C. Francis Galton
D. Alphonse Bertillon

6. The Father of Anthropometry.

A. Calvin Goddard
B. Leone Lattes
C. Francis Galton
D. Alphonse Bertillon

7. The Father of Fingerprinting.

A. Calvin Goddard
B. Leone Lattes
C. Francis Galton
D. Alphonse Bertillon

8. The father of Toxicology.

A. Mathiew Orfila
B. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
C. Hans Gross
D. Walter Mc Crone

9. Popularized Scientific Crime Detection methods through his

fictional character Sherlocke Holmes.
A. Mathiew Orfila
B. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
 C. Hans Gross
D. Sir William Herscel

10.The Application of Scientific Techniques in collecting and

analyzing physical evidence in criminal cases.
A. Ballistics
B. Criminalistics
C. Forensics
D. Criminal Investigation

Remember The Following:

1. Edmond Locard - Considered the father of the crime laboratory.

2. Walker Mc Crone - Considered the father of microscopic
forensics.
3. Hans Gross - Considered the father of forensic publications.
4. Albert Osborne - The Father of Document Examination.
5. Leone Lattes - The Father of Bloodstain Identification.
6. Alphonse Bertillon - The Father of Anthropometry.
7. Francis Galton - The Father of Fingerprinting.
8. Mathiew Orfila - The father of Toxicology.
9. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - Popularized Scientific Crime Detection
methods through his fictional character Sherlocke Holmes.
10.Criminalistics - The Application of Scientific Techniques in
collecting and analyzing physical evidence in criminal cases.

Answers: Forensic Chemistry

1. D
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. B

Forensic Chemistry Reviewer 2

1. Is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa.

A. Blood
B. Urine
C. Semen
D. Saliva

2.The mature motile male sex cell of a male organism by which the
ovum is fertilized, typically having a compact head and one or more
long flagella for swimming.
A. Spermatozoa
B. Protozoa
 C. Plagella
D. Semen

3. A slender thread like structure especially a microscopic whiplike

appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa
to swim
A. Spermatozoa
B. Protozoa
C. Plagella
D. Semen.

4. A phylum or group of phyla that comprises the single celled

microscopic animals which includes amebas, flagellates,ciliates,
spocozoans and many other forms.
A. Spermatozoa
B. Protozoa
C. Plagella
D. Semen

5. The haploid cell that is the male gamete.

A. Spermatozoa
B. Protozoa
C. Sperm Cell
D. Semen

6. An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

A. Zygote
B. Gamete
C. Embryo
D. Sperm

7. A single cell with a complete set of chromosomes that normally

develops into an embryo.
A. Zygote
B. Gamete
C. Embryo
D. Sperm

8. The sex chromosome that is present in both sexes.Singly in males

and doubly in females.
A. Zygote
B. X chromosome
C. Gamete
D. Y chromosome

9. The sex chromosome that is carried by men.

A. Zygote
B. X chromosome
C. Gamete
D. Y chromosome

10. Father of micro biology and considered to be the first

 microbiologists.
A. Antonie Philips Van Leeuwenhoek
B. Bridgett Bardot
C. Andy Warhol
D. Emma Stone

Remember the Following:

1.Semen - Is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa.

- the male reproductive fluid containing spermatozoa in
suspension.

2. Spermatozoa - The mature motile male sex cell of a male organism

by which the ovum is fertilized, typically having a compact head and
one or more long flagella for swimming.

3. Plagella - A slender thread like structure especially a microscopic

whip-like appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria,
spermatozoa to swim.

4. Protozoa - A phylum or group of phyla that comprises the single

celled microscopic animals which includes amebas,
flagellates,ciliates,spocozoans and many other forms.

5. Sperm cell - The haploid cell that is the male gamete.

- the male reproductive cell.
6. Embryo - An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of
development.
- An unborn human baby especially in the first 8 weeks
from conception, after implantation but before all organs are
developed.

7. Zygote - A single cell with a complete set of chromosomes that

normally develops into an embryo.

8. X chromosome - The sex chromosome that is present in both

sexes.Singly in males and doubly in females.Human females normally
have two X chromosomes.

9.Y chromosome - The sex chromosome that is carried by men.Human

males normally have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.

10.Antonie Philips Van Leeuwenhoek - Father of micro biology and

considered to be the first microbiologists.

Answers: Forensic Chemistry

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. D
10. A

Forensic Toxicology Reviewer 1

1. A substance that when introduced into or absorbed by a living

organism, causes death or injury, especially one that kills by
rapid reaction.
A. Tetanus
B. Venom
C. Toxin
D. Poison

2. An antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin

especially one produced by or derived from micro organisms
and causing disease when present at low concentration in the
body.
A. Tetanus
B. Venom
C. Toxin
D. Poison

3. Poisonous fluid secreted by animals such as snakes and scorpions

and typically injected into prey or aggressors by biting or stinging.
A. Tetanus
B. Venom
C. Toxin
D. Poison

4. A disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles

caused by the bacterium clostridium tetani.
A. Tetanus
B. Venom
C. Toxin
D. Poison

5. A small sharp-pointed organ at the end of the abdomen of

bees,ants and scorpions capable of inflicting a painful or
dangerous wound by injecting poison.
A. Sting
B. Toxin
C. Venom
D. Poison.

6. A chemical compound that contains the cyano group, -C=N which

consists of carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.
A. Cyanide
B.Mercury
C. Arsenic
 D. Corrosive

7. A chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80.

It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named
hydiargyrum.
A. Cyanide
B. Corrosive
C. Arsenic
D. Mercury

8.One that will destroy and damage other substances with which it
comes contact
A. Cyanide
B. Corrosive
C. Arsenic
D. Mercury

9. He was a French surgeon and the inventor of the tourniquet.

A. Joseph Lister
B. Jean Louis Petit
C. Pierre Tourniquet
D. Peter Norton

10.A British surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery.

A. Joseph Lister
B. Jean Louis Petit
C. Pierre Tourniquet
D. Peter Norton

Remember the Following:

1. Poison - A substance that when introduced into or absorbed by a

living organism, causes death or injury, especially one that kills by
rapid reaction.

2. Toxin - An antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin

especially one produced by or derived from micro organisms
and causing disease when present at low concentration in the
body.

3. Venom - Poisonous fluid secreted by animals such as snakes and

scorpions and typically injected into prey or aggressor by biting or
stinging.

4. Tetanus - A disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the

voluntary muscles caused by the bacterium clostridium tetani.
- The prolonged contraction of a muscle caused by
rapidly repeated stimuli.

5. Sting - A small sharp-pointed organ at the end of the abdomen of

bees,ants and scorpions capable of inflicting a painful or
dangerous wound by injecting poison.
6. Cyanide - A chemical compound that contains the cyano group,
-C=N which consists of carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen
atom.

7. Mercury - A chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic

number 80.It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly
named hydiargyrum.

8. Corrosive - One that will destroy and damage other substances

with which it comes contact.

9. Jean Louis Petit - He was a French surgeon and the inventor of

the tourniquet.

10.Joseph Lister - A British surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic

surgery.He is credited for being the first to use a tourniquet
device to create a bloodless surgical field in 1864.

11.Antidote - is a substance which can counteract a form of

poisoning.Derived from Greek word which means "given against"
- a medicine given or taken to counteract a
particular poison.

Answers: Forensic Toxicology

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. D
8. B
9. B
10. A

Criminalistics Review Questions 1

1. There is freehand invitation and is considered as the most skilful

class of forgery
A. simulated or copied forgery
B. simple forgery
C. traced forgery
D. carbon tracing

2. Condensed and compact set of authentic specimen which is

adequate and proper, should contain a cross section
of the material from known sources.
A. disguised document
B. questioned document
C. standard document
D. requested document

3. Specimens of hand writing or of typescript which is of known

origin.
A. Letters
 B. Samples
C. Exemplars
D. Documents

4. A document which is being questioned because of its origin, its

contents or the circumstances or the stories of its production.
A. disputed document
B. standard document
C. requested document
D. questioned document

5. The art of beautiful writing is known as

A. Drafting
B. Calligraphy
C. Art appreciation
D. Gothic

6. Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is

established.
A. Certificate
B. Subpoena
C. Warrant
D. Document

7. A type of fingerprint pattern in which the slope or downward

flow of the innermost sufficient recurve is towards the
thumb of radius bone of the hand of origin.
A. ulnar loop
B. tented arch
C. accidental whorl
D. radial loop

8. The forking or dividing of one line to two or more branches.

A. Ridge
B. Island
C. Delta
D. Bifurcation

9. The point on a ridge at or in front of and nearest the center of

the divergence of the type lines.
A. Divergence
B. Island
C. Delta
D. Bifurcation

10.The following are considerations used for the identification

of a loop except one:
A. Delta
B. Core
C. a sufficient recurve
D. a ridge count across a looping bridge

11.The process of recording fingerprint through the use of

fingerprint ink.
A. Pathology
B. Fingerprinting
C. Dactyloscopy
D. Printing press

12.The fingerprint method of identification.

A. Pathology
B. Fingerprinting
C. Dactyloscopy
D. Printing press

13.Two lines that run parallel or nearly parallel, diverge and

surround the pattern area.
A. Ridges
B. Delta
 C. Type line
D. Bifurcation

14.A part of the whorl or loop in which appear the cores, deltas
and ridges.
A. type line
B. bifurcation
C. pattern area
D. furrow

15.Fingerprints left on various surfaces at the crime scene which are

not clearly visible.
A. plane impressions
B. visible fingerprints
C. rolled impressions
D. latent fingerprints

16.The impressions left by the patterns of ridges and depressions on

various surfaces.
A. kiss marks
B. finger rolls
C. thumb marks
D. fingerprints

17.Which among the following is not considered as a basic fingerprint pattern?

A. Arch
B. Accidental
C. Loop
D. Whorl

18.The minimum identical characteristics to justify the identity

between two points.
A. Eighteen
B. Fifteen
C. Twelve
D. Nine

19.A fingerprint pattern in which the ridges form a sequence of

spirals around core axes.
A. whorl
B. double loop
C. central pocket loop
D. accidental

20.A fingerprint pattern which one or more ridges enter on either side
of the impression by a recurve, and terminate on the same side
where the ridge has entered.
A. Loop
B. radial loop
C. ulnar loop
D. tented arch

21.A person allowed who gives his/her opinion or conclusion on a

given scientific evidence is considered
A. interrogator
B. expert witness
C. prosecutor
D. judge

22.The application of scientific knowledge and techniques in the

detection of crime and apprehension of criminals.
A. Law Enforcement Administration
B. Forensic Administration
C. Criminal Psychology
D. Criminalistics

23.Lens that is characterized by a thicker center and thinner sides.

A. concave lens
B. convex lens
 C. negative lens
D. positive lens

24.The normal developing time of a paper or film.

A. 30-60 minutes
B. 20-30 minutes
C. 5-10 minutes
D. 1- 2 minutes

25.This part of a camera is used to allow light to enter the lens for
a predetermined time interval.
A. holder of sensitized material
B. view finder
C. shutter
D. view finder

26.A lens with a focal length of less than the diagonal of its negative
material.
A. telephoto lens
B. long lens
C. normal lens
D. wide angle lens

27.Chemical used as an accelerator in a developer solution.

A. Potassium Bromide
B. Sodium Carbonate
C. Sodium Sulfite
D. Hydroquinone

28.A part of a camera used in focusing the light from the subject
A. view finder
B. lens
C. shutter
D. light tight box

29.A component of the polygraph instrument which records the

breathing of the subject.
A. Cardiosphygmograph
B. Pneumograph
C. Galvanograph
D. Kymograph

30.A component of the polygraph instrument which records the

blood pressure and the pulse rate of the subject.
A. Cardiosphygmograph
B. Pneumograph
C. Galvanograph
D. Kymograph

31.A component of the polygraph instrument which is a motor that

drives or pulls the chart paper under the recording pen
simultaneously at the rate of 6 or 12 inches per minute.
A. Cardiosphygmograph
B. Pneumograph
C. Galvanograph
D. Kymograph

32.The following are specific rules to be followed in the formulation of

the questions in a polygraph test except one.
A. Questions must be clear and phrased in a language the
subject can easily understand.
B. Questions must be answerable by yes or no.
C. Questions must be as short as possible.
D. Questions must all be in the form of accusations

33. In “ polygraph examination”, the term “ examination” means a

detection of
A. Forgery
B. Emotion
 C. the mind
D. deception

34. It refers to an emotional response to a specific danger, which

appears to go beyond a person’s defensive power.
A. Fear
B. Stimuli
C. Response
D. Reaction

35. The primary purpose of pre-test interview.

A. Prepare subject for polygraph test
B. Obtain confession
C. Make the subject calm
D. Explain the polygraph test procedures

36. The deviation from normal tracing of the subject in the relevant
question.
A. positive response
B. specific response
C. normal response
D. reaction

37. The study of the effect of the impact of a projectile on the

target.
A. Terminal Ballistics
B. Internal Ballistics
C. External Ballistics
D. Forensic Ballistics

38. The unstable rotating motion of the bullet is called

A. Trajectory
B. Yaw
C. Velocity
D. Gyroscopic action

39. The part of the mechanism of a firearm that withdraws the shell
or cartridge from the chamber.
A. Extractor
B. Ejector
C. Striker
D. Trigger

40. The pattern or curved path of the bullet in flight.

A. Yaw
B. Range
C. Velocity
D. Trajectory

41. This refers to the deflection of the bullet from its normal path
after striking a resistant surface.
A. Misfire
B. Mushroom
C. Ricochet
D. Key hole shot

42. A type of primer with two vents or flash holes.

A. Bordan primer
B. Berdan Primer
C. Baterry Primer
D. Boxer Primer

43. This refers to the helical grooves cut in the interior surface of
the bore.
A. swaging
B. ogive
C. rifling
D. breaching
44. It refers to the unstable rotating motion of the bullet.
A. Trajectory
B. Yaw
C. Velocity
D. Gyproscopic action

45. It is the measurement of the bore diameter from land to land.

A. Calibre
B. Mean diameter
C. Gauge
D. Rifling

46. He is known as the Father of Ballistics.

A. Hans Gross
B. Charles Waite
C. Albert Osborne
D. Calvin Goddard

47. A document in which some issues have been raised or is under

scrutiny.
A. Void Document
B. Illegal Document
C. Forged Document
D. Questioned Document

48. The following are characteristics of forgery except one:

A. Presence of Natural Variation
B. Multiple Pen Lifts
C. Show bad quality of ink lines
D. Patchwork Appearance

49. Standards which are prepared upon the request of the

investigator and for the purpose of comparison with the
questioned document.
A. relative standards
B. collected standards
C. extended standards
D. requested standards

50. Any stroke which goes back over another writing stroke.
A. natural variation
B. rhythm
C. retracing
A. shading

51. The name of a person written by him/her in a document as a sign

of acknowledgement.
A. Opinion
B. Document
C. Signature
D. Handwriting

52. A kind of document which is executed by a private person

without the intervention of a notary public, or of
competent public official, by which some disposition of
agreement is proved.
A. commercial document
B. official document
C. public document
D. private document

53. An instrument that can be legally used in comparison with a

questioned document, its origin is known and can be proven.
A. simulated document
B. forged document
C. standard document
D. compared document

54. The process of making out what is illegible or what has been
 effaced.
A. Comparison
B. Collation
C. Obliteration
D. Decipherment

55. A document which contains some changes either as an

addition or deletion.
A. inserted document
B. altered document
C. disputed document
D. obliterated document

56. A kind of erasure by using a rubber eraser, sharp knife, razor

blade or picking instrument.
A. mechanical erasure
B. electronic erasure
C. magnetic erasure
D. chemical erasure

57. It is the periodic increase in pressure, characterized by

widening of the ink stroke.
A. Shading
B. pen lift
C. pen emphasis
D. pen pressure

58. A kind of document executed by a person in authority and by

private parties but notarized by competent officials.
A. private document
B. commercial document
C. public document
D. official document

59. The detection and identification of poisons.

A. Bacteriology
B. Posology
C. Toxicology
D. Chemistry

60. The specimen that is preferably used in the determination of

abused drugs in the body.
A. blood
B. saliva
C. body fluid
D. urine

61. A forensic chemist is tasked to examine the chemical nature

and composition of the following except one:
A. Fingerprint
B. Explosives
C. Blood
D. Body fluids Answer: A

62. Who qualifies a forensic chemist as expert?

A. defense lawyer
B. judge
C. prosecutor
D. the chemist himself/herself Answer: B

63. Methamphetamine hydrochloride is commonly known as

A. Coke
B. LSD
C. Heroin
D. “shabu” Answer: D

64. An area surrounding the place where the crime occurred.

A. crime scene
B. police line
 C. area of operation
D. area of responsibility Answer: A

65. The body of the crime.

A. Evidence
B. body of the victim
C. criminology
D. corpus delicti Answer: D

66. One of the following is a derivative of the opium poppy.

A. Demerol
B. Caffeine
C. Morphine
D. nicotine Answer: C

67. Number restoration is necessary in determining whether there is

tampering of serial number in
A. Typewriter
B. Firearm
C. Prisoners
D. Bank notes Answer: B

68. In forensic examination, a tip of the hair is examined to

determine if it was
A. Bend
B. Folded
C. Stretched
D. Cut Answer: D

69. All of the following are accurate tests for the presence of alcohol
in the human body except one:
A. Saliva test
B. Harger Breath Test
C. Fecal test
D. Blood test Answer: C

70. The application of chemical principles and processes in the

examination of evidence.
A. Forensic Medicine
B. Forensic Evidence
C. Criminalistics
D. Forensic Chemistry Answer: D

71. Volatile poisons may be isolated by means of this process.

A. Dialysis
B. Dilution
C. Distillation
D. Extraction Answer: C

72. The process in reproducing physical evidence by plaster moulds.

A. Casting
B. Cementing
C. Moulage
D. Sticking Answer: C

73. The test used to determine the presence of semen particularly

in stained clothing.
A. Florence Test
B. Barberio’s Test
C. Microscopic Test
D. Ultra-Violet Test Answer: A

74. The test used to determine the presence of blood in stained

material.
A. Florence Test
B. Barberio’s Test
C. Takayama Test
D. Phenolphtalein Test Answer: C
75. It is the major component of a glass.
A. Lime
B. Soda
C. Silica
D. Gel Answer: C

76. Poisons which produce stupor and less feeling.

A. Narcotics
B. Irritants
C. Depressants
D. Stimulants Answer: A

77. A supercooled liquid which possess high viscosity and rigidity.

A. dry ice
B. cartridge case
C. gel
D. glass Answer: D

78. The study and identification of body fluids.

A. Pharmacology
B. Serology
C. Posology
D. Immunology Answer: B

79. The test to determine whether blood is of human origin or not.

A. Blood typing
B. Precipitin Test
C. Confirmatory Test
D. Preliminary Test Answer: B

80. The circulating tissue of the body.

A. Blood
B. Cells
C. Muscles
D. Liver Answer: A

81. The complete, continuous, persistent cessation of respiration,

circulation and almost all brain function of an organism.
A. Apparent death
B. Molecular death
C. Cellular Death
D. Somatic death Answer: D

82. The approximate time for the completion of one case for DNA
Testing.
A. minimum of eight weeks
B. minimum of six weeks
C. minimum of four weeks
D. minimum of two weeks Answer: C

83. DNA stands for

A. Deonatural Acid
B. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
C. Denaturalized Acid
D. Deoxy Nucleic Acid Answer: B

84. The Geneticist from Great Britain who pioneered DNA testing and
fingerprinting.
A. Alec Jeffries
B. Lowell C. Van Berkom
C. William Reynolds
D. Henry Van Dyke Answer: A

85. The cause of death of a person who immediately died because of

lack of oxygen for around 3 to five minutes.
A. Stroke
B. Asphyxia
C. Stupor
D. Exhaustion Answer: B
86. The most serious burn involving skin, nerves, muscles and bones,
causing death due to loss of fluids and electrolytes in
the body and massive infection.
A. First Degree Burn
B. Second Degree Burn
C. Third Degree Burn
D. Sunburn Answer: C

87. A discoloration of the body after death when the blood tends
to pool in the blood vessels of the most dependent portions
of the body and starts 20 to 30 minutes after death and is
completed by 12 hours.
A. livor mortis
B. primary flaccidity
C. maceration
D. rigor mortis Answer: A

88. A wound which if inflicted in the body so serious that it will

endanger one’s life.
A. mortal wound
B. trauma
C. coup injury
D. superficial wound Answer: A

89. A wound produced by a blunt instrument such as club and stone.

A. incised wound
B. hack wound
C. lacerated wound
D. punctured wound Answer: C

90. A displacement of the articular surface of the bone without

external wounds.
A. Hematoma
B. Fracture
C. Sprain
D. Dislocation Answer: D

91. A condition of exposure to cold temperature of certain parts of

the body which produces mechanical disruption of cell structure
characterized by cold stiffening and diminished body.
A. immersion foot
B. trench foot
C. frostbite
D. gangrene Answer: C

92. A condition of women who have had one or more sexual

experience but not had conceived a child.
A. virgo-intacts
B. demi-virginity
C. moral virginity
D. physical virginity Answer: A

93. Fixed discoloration of the blood clothed inside the blood vessels
or has diffused to different parts of the body.
A. hypostatic lividity
B. diffusion lividity
C. hyper lividity
D. rigor mortis Answer: B

94. Things used by a person in the commission of a crime, or objects

left in a crime scene which are the subjects of criminalistics.
A. testimonial evidence
B. hearsay evidence
C. circumstantial evidence
D. physical evidence Answer: D

95. The science dealing with the motion of a projectile and the
conditions governing that motion.
 A. Ballistics
B. Forensic Ballistics
C. Terminal Ballistics
D. External Ballistics Answer: A

96. The application of medical knowledge in the solution of crimes.

A. Forensic Science
B. Forensic Chemistry
C. Forensic Ballistics
D. Forensic Medicine Answer: D

97. The science or art of obtaining images in scientific materials by

the action of electro magnetic radiation rays.
A. Polygraphy
B. Dactyloscopy
C. Photography
D. Chemistry Answer: C

98. Instrument used in the measurement of temperature.

A. Endometer
B. Barometer
C. Thermometer
D. ananometer Answer: C

99. The scientific detection of deception.

A. Polygraphy
B. Dactyloscopy
C. Toxicology
D. Chemistry Answer: A

100. The test conducted to determine the presence of gunpowder

residue in the hands of a suspect.
A. diphenylamine test
B. ultra violet test
C. paraffin test
D. Simon’s Test
Answer: C

Answers: Criminalistics Review Questions

1. A 26. A
2. C 27. B
3. C 28. B
4. D 29. B
5. B 30. A
6. D 31. D
7. D 32. D
8. D 33. D
9. C 34. A
10. B 35. A
11. B 36. A
12. C 37. A
13. C 38. B
14. C 39. B
15. D 40. D
16. D 41. C
17. B 42. D
18. D 43. D
19. A 44. B
20. C 45. A
21. B 46. D
22. D 47. D
23. A 48. A
24. C 49. D
25. C 50. C

Criminalistics Review Questions 2

1. The following are types of medical evidence, except:

A. Photographic evidence
B. Experimental evidence
C. Testimonial evidence
D. Autoptic evidence

2. The art of identification by comparison of fingerprint is called:

A. Dactylography
B. All of the these
C. Dactyloscopy
D. Palmistry

3. Some scientific methods of identification are the following, except:

A. Fingerprinting
B. Handwriting
C. Dental identification
D. Identification by close friends and relatives

4. The greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of

two persons compared, the greater the probability for the
conclusion to be correct is found in the
A. Law of Municipality of Evidence in Identification
B. All of the these
C. Identification by Comparison and Exclusion
D. Law of Super Imposition

5. In the strict sense of the word, Forensic Medicine means

A. application of medicine to legal cases
B. application of medical science to elucidate legal problems
C. knowledge of law in relation to practice of medicine
D. none of the above
E. all of the above

6. The different test to determine peripheral circulation are the

following, except
A. Magnus test
B. Diaphanous test
C. I card’s test
D. Winslow’s test

7. The following officials of the Philippine Government are authorized to

conduct death investigation, except -
A. Public Prosecutor
B. Judges of the regional trial court
C. Director PNP
D. SOCO team

8. The following statements are important in death determination.

Which is not valid?.
A. Civil personality of a natural person is extinguished by
death
B. Civil property of a person is transmitted to the heirs, if
not, to the government
C. The death of the partner is one of the causes of
dissolution of partnership agreement
D. The criminal liability of a person is extinguished by death

9. The following are kinds of death, which one is not?

 A. Somatic or Clinical Death
B. State of Suspended Animation
C. Cellular or Molecular Death
D. Regulated Death

10. Of the following kinds of death, which one is relevant to Organ

Transportation?
A. Somatic or clinical Death
B. State of Suspended Animation
C. Molecular Death
D. Cellular Death

11. To find out the truth is an essential requirement for the

administration of Justice. Which of the following is the commonly
used method of deception detection?
A. Lie detection method
B. Hypnotism
C. Use of drugs
D. Confession

12. In molecular or cellular death, death of individual cells is with in

A. 3-6 minutes
B. 3-6 hours
C. 20-30 minutes
D. 20-30 hours

13. Post-mortem lividity has the following mechanisms:

A. Hypostatic pressure
B. Diffusion
C. Gravitational pressure
D. All of the above

14. Hanging is asphyxia due to the constriction of the neck as a result

of suspension in which the weight of the body pulls upon the
ligature.What differentiates it from strangulation by a ligature
therefore is:
A. The factor of suspension
B. Hanging raises a presumption of suicide
C. Strangulation is usually homicidal
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

15. Distinctions between ante-mortem from post-mortem clot are the

following. Which one is not valid?
A. Ante-mortem clot is firm in consistency
B. Clot is homogenous in construction so it cannot be
stripped into layers
C. Clot with varied colors
D. Surface of the blood vessels are raw after the clots are
removed

16. Post-mortem lividity maybe due to any of the following, except:

A. Hypostasis
B. Autolysis
C. Diffusion
D. Suggillation

17. Comprehensive study of dead body, performed by a trained

Physician, to determine the cause of death:
A. Autopsy
B. Biophsis
C. Dissection
D. Physicians

18. Articles and materials found in the crime scene:

A. Physical evidence
B. Associative evidence
C. Evidence
D. Tracing evidence
19. Circumscribed extravation of blood or subcutaneous tissue or
underneath the mucous membrane.
A. Contusion
B. Petechia
C. Abrasion
D. All of them

20. Among the following, which has the greatest value in scientific
examination/identification?
A. Dental examination
B. Fingerprinting
C. Photography
D. Pictures Parle

21. One is a condition that can approximate the time of death.

A. Cadaver
B. Magnus test
C. Rigor mortis
D. None of these

22. The means sanctioned by the law, of ascertaining the judicial

power/proceeding, the truth respecting the matter of fact.
A. Polygraph
B. Evidence
C. Lie detector
D. All of these

23. Determination of individuality of a person or thing:

A. Description
B. Perception
C. Identification
D. All of these

24. Types of fingerprint patters, except:

A. Arches
B. Ordinary
C. Loop
D. Whorl

25. It is any unusual pattern of sexual behavior including habitual,

preference and completing need for sexual gratification by any
means except sexual intercourse which results to bodily
excitement
A. Virginity
B. Sexual intercourse
C. Prostitution
D. Sexual deviation

26. An open wound produced by a sharp-pointed instrument and is

characterized by a small opening of the wound.
A. Gunshot wound
B. Stab wound
C. Shrapnel wound
D. Punctured wound Answer: D

27. A physical injury wherein the offended victim is incapacitated for

work or requires medical assistance for 10 days or more but not
A. Slight physical injury
B. Mutilation
C. Serious physical injury
D. less serious physical injury Answer: D

28. It is the type of burn due to gamma rays and which is difficult to
remedy:
A. Thermal burn
B. Electric burn
C. Chemical burn
D. Radiation burn Answer: D
29. The metal tube through which the bullet is fired is called
A. Bore
B. Barrel
C. Baretta
D. Bromet Answer: B

30. The old form of gunpowder invented over a thousand years ago
and consisting of nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.
A. Chinese Powder
B. Black Powder
C. Gray Powder
D. All of these Answer: B

31. The inside of the barrel is generally termed as

A. Bore
B. Barrel
C. Rifling
D. Primer Answer: A

32. The portion of the gun which is held or shouldered is called

A. Buckle
B. Buttstock
C. Handle
D. End joint Answer: B

33. In a gun, the portion of the "action" that holds the cartridge ready
for firing is called
A. Gas tube
B. Chamber
C. Double-action
D. Trigger Answer: B

34. A metal rod or plate that strikes the cartridge primer to detonate
the powder.
A. Spring
B. Trigger guard
C. Hammer
D. Revolver Answer: C

35. This is a device for storing cartridges in a repeating firearm for

loading into the chamber. Also referred to as a "clip".
A. Clipper
B. Holder
C. Pin or pinhead
D. None of these Answer: D

36. A device that fits over the muzzle of the barrel to muffle the
sound of a gunshot. Most work by baffling the escape of gases.
A. Buffer
B. Silencer
C. Magazine
D. Hanger Answer: B

37. Under the management of Lt. Darby during the American

occupation in the Philippines, a modern and complete fingerprint
file has been established for the Philippine commonwealth. In 1937,
the first Filipino fingerprint technician employed by the Phil.
Constabulary was
A. Mr. Generoso Reyes
B. Mr. Amado Delos Santos
C. Mr. Calixto Solis
D. None of these Answer: A

38. The first leading judicial decision in the Philippine jurisprudence on

the science of fingerprinting was the case of
A. People vs Medina
B. People vs Pineda
C. People vs Amador
 D. People vs. Rosas Answer: A

39. What is the intermediate and the thickest layer of the hair and is
composed of elongated, spindle-shaped fibrils which cohere? They
contain pigment granules in varying proportion depending on the
type of hair.
A. Medulla
B. Cortex
C. Core
D. Cuticle Answer: B

40. Who was the noted British Examiner of questioned documents said
that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all
forgeries by careful inspection of a document with simple
magnifiers and measuring tools?
A. Dr. Arthur Stoll
B. Dr. Aristotle Curt
C. Dr. William Harrison
D. Dr. Benjamin Jones Answer: C

41. In police photography studies, what are called the thin, gelatinous,
light-sensitive coatings on film that react chemically to capture
the color and shadings of a scene?
A. Films
B. Emulsions
C. Chemical Coatings
D. None of these Answer: B

42. A medium that divert or absorb light, but does not allow lights to
pass though, they absorb most of the light while reflecting some of
it is called
A. Opaque object
B. Convection
C. Visible light
D. Prisms Answer: A

43. In the practice of polygraphy, what do you call questions

unrelated to the matter under investigation but are of similar
nature although less serious as compared to those relevant
questions under investigation?
A. Irrelevant questions
B. Relevant questions
C. Control questions
D. Interrogative questions Answer: C

44. What test is given if a subject of interrogation is not yet informed

of the details of the offense for which he is being interrogated by
the investigation, or by other persons or from other sources like
the print media?
A. Peak of Tension test
B. Control test
C. IQ Test
D. Guilt Complex Test Answer: A

45. In fingerprinting, the space between shoulders of a loop, free of

any appendage, and a butting at right angle.
A. Complete curve
B. Sufficient Recurve
C. Straight arrow
D. Core Answer: B

46. The term use to refer to a single recurving ridge enclosing one or
more rods or bars of a fingerprint.
A. None of these
B. Envelope
C. Furrows
D. Bifurcation Answer: B

47. These are depressions or canals between the ridges of a

 fingerprint which maybe compared with the low area in a tire
tread.
A. None of these
B. Envelope
C. Furrows
D. Bifurcation Answer: C

48. In the study of questioned documents, what do you call the

quality of paper that does not allow light to pass through or which
prevents dark objects from being seen through the paper?
A. Opacity
B. Watermarks
C. Skid marks
D. Invisibility Answer: A

49. What is the oldest ink material known?

A. Ball point pen ink
B. Chinese Ink
C. Aniline Ink
D. White Ink Answer: B

50. It is the art of extracting and working on metals by the application

of chemical and physical knowledge.
A. Cryptography
B. Metallurgy
C. Casting
D. Matalisky Answer: B

51. The branch of geology that deals with the systematic

classification and identification of rocks, rock forming minerals and
soil.Also includes study of dust, dirt, safe insulation, ceramics and
other such materials, both natural and artificial.
A. Petrography
B. Serology
C. Anthropology
D. Ecology Answer: A

52. In a fire, the presence of reddish brown smoke indicates

A. Nitrocellulose
B. Sulfuric acid
C. Nitric acid
D. All of these Answer: D

53. The bending of light around an object gives rise to the

phenomenon called
A. attraction
B. diffraction
C. light curve
D. light fingerprint Answer: B

54. Under the law of reflection, The angle of reflection depends upon
the angle of the light striking the material, which is referred to as
the
A. angle of incidence
B. angle of biometry
C. angle of light
D. none of these Answer: A

55. In ballistics, what is the pressure generated within the chamber

erroneously called breeched pressure?
A. Chamber Pressure
B. Barrel Pressure
C. Gunpowder
D. None of these Answer: A

56. The ratio of the weight of the powder charge to the weight of the
projectile is called
A. Power to speed ratio
B. Charge weight to bullet weight ratio
 C. Firing pin stroke ratio
D. All of these Answer: B

57. Chemical rearrangement of molecules into gas instead of solids to

cause the high explosives to exert full power of shock. The speed
varies in different explosive but in some it is as high as 7000 yards
in a second. This refers to
A. Energy
B. Gas
C. Detonation
D. Gun powder Answer: C

58. What occurs when a cartridge fails to explode on time or delayed

in firing?
A. Knocking Power
B. Hang fire
C. Recoil
D. None of these Answer: B

59. In China, fingerprint is called ___. It was valued for purposes of

identification since time immemorial as found on a Chinese clay
seal made not later than the 3rd Century B.C.
A. Hua Chi
B. Mah Whang
C. Wong Cho
D. Tiang Hin Answer: A

60. Who has given the fame title as “Father of Dactyloscopy”?

A. Johannes Purkinje
B. Leonard Keeler
C. Charles Darwin
D. Sir Francis Galton Answer: A

61. In Hoogly, district of Bengal, India, he used fingerprints to prevent

fraudulent collection of army pay account and for identification of
other documents. He was known as the Father of Chiroscopy.
A. William Herschel
B. Francis Galton
C. Gilbert Thompson
D. Alphonse Bertillon Answer: A

62. A noted British anthropologist who began observation which led to

the publication in 1882 of his book “Fingerprints.” That
established the individuality of classifying fingerprint patterns.
A. Francis Galton
B. Gilbert Thompson
C. Wayne Kate
D. Alphonse Bertillon Answer: A

63. The notorious gangster and a police character, who attempted to

erase his fingerprints by burning them with acid but as time went
by the ridges were again restored to their “natural” feature.
A. John Fielding
B. Johanes Curie
C. John Dellinger
D. Billy the Kid Answer: C

64. What is the science of palm print identification?

A. Chiroscopy
B. Poroscopy
C. Podoscopy
D. Astrology Answer: B

65. A single ridge which splits into two ridges forming a “Y” shape
formation or structure is commonly known as
A. Diverging ridges
B. Bifurcating ridges
C. Loop
D. Delta Answer: B
66. Symbolized by letter W in the fingerprint classification. It is a
fingerprint pattern which there are two deltas and in which at
least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit.
A. Plain whorl
B. Central pocket loop whorl
C. Accidental loop
D. Ulnar loop Answer: A

67. Father of Criminalistics.

A. Dr. Hans Gross
B. Dr. Cesare Lombroso
C. Dr. John Reid
D. Dr. John Larson Answer: A

68. Which evidence offers least resistance to decomposition?

A. Semen
B. Urine
C. Hair
D. Blood Answer: C

69. One in which the facts appearing therein may not be true, and are
contested either in whole or part with respect to its authenticity,
identity, or origin.
A. Questioned document
B. Illegal document
C. Falsified document
D. Disputed facts Answer: A

70. Are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which,

if adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of the
material from a known source for questioned document
examination.
A. Basis products
B. Standards
C. Handwriting
D. Signatures Answer: B

71. A term used by some document examiners and attorneys to

characterize known material.
A. Basis
B. Exemplar
C. Xerox copies
D. Reproduced Answer: B

72. When a document is issued and notarized by a notary public or

competent public official with solemnities required by law, it is
called
A. Official document
B. Public document
C. Commercial document
D. Private Document Answer: B

73. What is known as the blotting out or shearing over the writing to
make the original invisible to as an addition?
A. Obliteration
B. Obscuration
C. Forged
D. None of these Answer: A

74. In legal language, it refers to the document examiner's conclusion.

In Court, he may not only express it but demonstrates the
reasons for arriving at his conclusion.
A. Remarks
B. Testimony
C. Opinion
D. Reasoning Answer: C

75. In this kind of document examination, the document is viewed with

 the source of illumination behind it and the light passing through
the paper.Documents are subjected to this type of examination to
determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and
some other types of alterations.
A. Microscopic examination
B. Ultra violet examination
C. Photographic examination
D. Transmitted light examination Answer: D

76. Ultraviolet radiation is invisible and occurs in the wave lengths just
below the visible blue-violet end of the spectrum (rainbow). These
visible rays react on some substances so that visible light is
reflected, a phenomenon known as
A. Prism
B. Fluorescence
C. Infrared
D. Radiation Answer: B

77. It is the result of a very complicated series of facts, being used as

whole, combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular
habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort.Some
defined it as “visible speech.”
A. Typewriting
B. Money Bills
C. Handwriting
D. All of these Answer: C

78. In document examination, what is the relation of parts of the

whole of writing or line of individual letters in words to the
baseline?
A. Proportion
B. Alignment
C. Lining
D. Letter forms Answer: B

79. Any property or mark which distinguishes and in document

examination commonly called to as the identifying details si called
A. Standard
B. Characteristics
C. Attribute
D. Form Answer: B

80. The act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh their
identifying qualities; it refers not only a visual but also the mental
act in which the element of one item are related to the
counterparts of the other.
A. Collation
B. Analysis
C. Comparison
D. Recording Answer: C

81. In the study handwriting, the movement of the pen toward the
writer is called
A. Downstroke
B. Backstroke
C. Sidestroke
D. None of these Answer: A

82. It is a signature, signed at a particular time and place, under

particular conditions, while the signer was at particular age, in a
particular physical and mental condition, using particular
implements, and with a particular reason and purpose for recording
his name.
A. Fraudulent Signature
B. Freehand forged signature
C. Guided Signature
D. Evidential Signature Answer: D

83. It is the crime of making, circulating or uttering false coins and

 banknotes. Literally, it means to make a copy of; or imitate; to
make a spurious semblance of, as money or stamps, with the
intent to deceive or defraud.
A. Counterfeiting
B. Falsification
C. Forgery
D. Fake money bills Answer: A

84. A fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing.

A. Pen
B. Ink
C. Coal
D. Chalk Answer: B

85. In 1884, who was this insurance agent in New York who patented
the first practical fountain pen containing its own ink reservoir
A. Lewis Waterman
B. John Loud
C. Peter Reynolds
D. Henry Ball Answer: A

86. What do you calle the type of instrument used in measuring pitch
of rifling firearms
A. Pinometer
B. Helixometer
C. Thermometer
D. Caliper Answer: B

87. This valuable instrument is specially designed to permit the

firearms examiner to determine the similarity and dissimilarity
between two fired bullets or two fired shells, by simultaneously
observing their magnified image in a single microscopic field.
A. Magnetic field device
B. Compound microscope
C. Bullet comparison microscope
D. Photographic microscope Answer:C

88. Consist of a wooden box, 12 “x”12”x 96, with a hinged to cover

and with one end open. This long box is filled with ordinary cotton
and separated into sections by cardboard petitions use in
ballistics.
A. Firing point box
B. Bullet recovery box
C. Slug collection box
D. All of these Answer: B

89. Photographic films maybe classified according to their forms and

types. What are the films that are sensitive to radiation?
A. Chrome Films
B. X-Ray Films
C. B&W Films
D. Colored Films Answer: B

90. Which film is suitable for general use in the preparation of black
and white photography because it produces the most natural
recording of colors?
A. Panchromatic film
B. Chrome Films
C. X-Ray Films
D. Color Films Answer: A

91. One film maybe rated ISO – 100, and another film ISO- 200. This
means that the 200 films are twice as fast (twice more sensitive
to light) than the ISO-100 film. This statement is
A. true
B. false
C. partly true
D. partly false Answer: A
92. Among the following speed of film, which has the fastest speed?
A. ISO – 25
B. ISO – 100 to ISO – 200
C. ISO – 400
D. ISO – 1000 and up Answer: D

93. Chromatic aberration is the failure of different colored light rays to

focus after passing through a lens, focusing of light of different
colors at different points resulting in a blurred image.
A. Astigmatism
B. Bended light
C. Chromatic aberration
D. Pragmatic rays Answer: C

94. What is the defect in which the light coming from an off-axis
object point is spread along the direction of the optic axis? If the
object is a vertical line, the cross section of the refracted beam at successively greater distances from the lens is an
ellipse that
collapses first into a horizontal line, spreads out again, and later
becomes a vertical line.
A. Astigmatism
B. Bended light
C. Chromatic aberration
D. Pragmatic rays Answer: A

95. Depth of field is the range in front of and behind a sharply focused
subject in which details also look sharp in the final photographic
image.
A. Focus
B. Depth of field
C. Camera trick
D. Aperture Answer: B

96. In photography, what determines how effectively a moving object

can be stopped, that is, how sharply it can be reproduced without
blurring, or streaking in the final image?
A. Focus
B. Shutter speed
C. Aperture
D. Lens Answer: B

97. What makes a bullet spin? Without spin, a bullet would not stay
pointed forward in flight, but would tumble over and over. The
spinning motion increases the accuracy of a bullet.
A. Bore
B. Gunpowder
C. Rifling
D. Shell Answer: C

98. What component of the polygraph machine records the changes in

the breathing of the subject?
A. Pneumograph
B. Cardiograph
C. Galvanograph
D. Kymograph Answer: A

99. In fingerprinting, it refers to the process of counting the

intervening ridges that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn
between the core and the delta.
A. Ridge counting
B. Ridge tracing
C. Delta tracing
D. All of these Answer: A

100.For many years the most commonly used preliminary test for blood
A. Plasma count
B. Serum test
C. Benzidine test
D. Barberio’s test Answer: C
Answers:Criminalistics
1. B 26. D
2. C 27. B
3. D 28. D
4. A 29. B
5. B 30. B
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. A
12. A
13. D
14. E
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. A
20. B
21. C
22. B
23. C
24. B
25. D