Teaching First Course Increasing Role of

in Power Systems
HVDC & FACTS
NSF Sponsored
Workshop

Michael Bahrman, P.E.

© ABB - Page 1

ABB Grid Systems

 Topics
„ Power Industry Challenges
„ Economically Meeting Market Needs
„ Reliability

„ Timely Permitting

„ Education

„ Role of HVDC & FACTS

„ Technology Overview
„ FACTS – SVC, STATCOM, TCSC
„ HVDC – Conventional, Capacitor Commutated, VSC Based

„ Monitoring

„ Application Example
„ Development
„ Industry View of Educational Requirements
© ABB - Page 2
 CHALLENGES
2003 - The Year of Blackouts

S / DK
23.09.2003
Helsinki
23.08.2003

London
28.08.2003
Georgien
23.09.2003
Birmingham
Northeast USA 05.09.2003
14.08.2003

Rome
Rom
26.06.2003
26.06.2003

Shanghai
27.08.2003
Florianopolis Italy
Italien
31.10.2003 28.09.2003
28.09.2003 Kuala Lumpur
Athen
Athens 01.09.2003
06.10.2003
© ABB - Page 3
 CHALLENGES
European View after 8/2003 US Blackout

Before the Italian blackout, in August 2003

The head of GRTN, Italian Independent System Operator,

assured Italians that their nation would not suffer the kind of
massive blackout North America did.

“The risk in Italy is tiny, Italy's network is more modern than the
U.S. one, and European nations have tighter protocols on
assistance and interconnections with other countries' power
supplies.”
© ABB - Page 4
 CHALLENGES
Europe, 03:28 September 28 2003

Total blackout in Italy

Affected 60 Million people
Took 18 hours to restore power
Sweden

UK
Germany

France Italy
© ABB - Page 5
 CHALLENGES
Revised European View

The head of GRTN, Italian Independent System Operator

"Our system is more secure than the American

one, but it's also more vulnerable"
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 CHALLENGES
What Is the Cost of a Transmission Line?
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 CHALLENGES
Why Underground? - Power Line Protest, CT

Reiter: I do not want to see a

mother mourning the death of a
child because we did not act.
© ABB - Page 8
 ROLE OF
FACTS Increased Transfer with Voltage Support

„ Maximum power flow

depends on network and
n-1 Contingency – 1500 MVA Short Circuit Level voltage support
„ Steady state voltage via slow
devices, e.g., switched
capacitors, tap changers
„ Dynamic reactive power
n-1 Contingency – 1500 MVA Short Circuit Level reserve required for
contingencies
„ Improved post-contingency
voltage profile due to SVC or
STATCOM dynamic reactive
support
© ABB - Page 9
 ROLE OF
FACTS Role of FACTS – SVC & STATCOM
ALASKA ENERGY AUTH. ALASKA ENERGY AUTH. KANSAS GAS & EL.
WAPA
SOLDOTNA DAVES CREEK GORDON EVANS
FARGO NYSEG
-40/+70 Mvar -10/+25 Mvar 0/+300 Mvar
-45/+22 Mvar Fraser
115kV 115kV 138kV
14kV -300/+325 (Upgrade)
VELCO
Essex 345kV
KANSAS GAS & EL.
BONNEVILLE POWER WAPA NSP STATCOM
MURRAY GILL
MAPLE VALLEY FORBES
25/+200 Mvar MAINE EL. POWER
-300/+300 Mvar -110/+150 Mvar (Cont.)
138kV CHESTER
230kV -615/+460 MVAr (10 Sec.)
500kV -140/+425 Mvar
345kV
BONNEVILLE POWER
KEELER XCEL
Lake Yankton NIAGARA MOHAWK
-300/+300 Mvar
LEEDS
230kV
-300/+270 Mvar
345kV

Northeast Utilities
Glenbrook
STATCOM

PG&E
Potrero JERSEY CENTRAL
-100/+240 ATLANTIC CITY
230 kV -130/+260 Mvar
230kV

CONECTIV
PG&E CARDIFF
Newark -100/+150 Mvar
-100/+240 Mvar 230kV
230kV
CONECTIV
INDIAN RIVER
SDG&E -100/+200 Mvar
Talega STATCOM 230kV
Austin Energy
Holly STATCOM
+/-95 MVAr CONECTIV
NELSON
LADWP AEP West -100/+150 Mvar
Adelanto Eagle Pass STATCOM 138kV
Back-to-Back Georgia Power
© ABB - Page 10

2 x +/-36 MVA North Dublin VIRGINIA POWER

LANL Tri-State G&T
LADWP COLINGTON
LOS ALAMOS Clapham Retrofit
Marketplace -50/+100 Mvar -30/+78 Mvar
115kV
115kV AM. EL. POWER
BEAVER CREEK
-125/+125 Mvar
138kV
 ROLE OF
FACTS Role of FACTS in Mexico
CFE
Moctezuma CFE
200 Mvar CFE
SS Durango SS Güemez
230 kV 200 Mvar 390 Mvar TAMSA
CFE 230 kV 400 kV Veracruz
SS Camargo
0/+100 Mvar
250 Mvar
CFE 33 kV
230 kV
Durango
78 Mvar
230 kV CFE CFE
CFE Puebla I & II Pie de la Cuesta
Culiacan 2 x 244 Mvar 150 Mvar
78 Mvar 400 kV
SVC 230 kV
230 kV

SC CAVM
Deacero Celaya
CFE
Xul-ha
Planta Bombeo 3 -20/+40 Mvar
Deacero Celaya
+20/+60 Mvar 115 kV
140 Mvar
115 kV
35 kV
CFE
CAVM SS Nizuc
CFE Planta Bombeo 3
Tecali II 130 Mvar
+20/+60 Mvar 115 kV
66 Mvar 115 kV
400 kV CFE
CAVM Escarcega
CFE -50/+150 Mvar
Planta Bombeo 3
Tecali I CFE 230 kV
+20/+60 Mvar
66 Mvar Temascal I & II
115 kV CFE
400 kV 2 x 259 Mvar
Minatitlan I & II
400 kV
2 x 37 Mvar
© ABB - Page 11

400 kV
CFE CFE CFE CFE CFE
SS Topilejo SS Texcoco Acatlan SS Temascal Cerro de Oro
390 Mvar 390 Mvar -200/0 Mvar -300/+300 Mvar -300/+300 Mvar
400 kV 400 kV 400 kV 400 kV 400 kV
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW Dynamic Voltage Support – SVC/ STATCOM

„ Maximum power flow depends on

network and voltage support
„ Steady state voltage via slow
devices, e.g., switched
capacitors, tap changers
„ Dynamic reactive power reserve
required for contingencies
„ Dynamic voltage support requires
SVC – AC Control of Reactors & Capacitors fast action, e.g., generators, SVC1)
or STATCOM2) - all VARS are not
the same
1) Static Var Compensator
2) Static Compensator (ABB SVC Light)
© ABB - Page 12

STATCOM – Synthesize AC from DC

 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation
„ Series compensation can be boosted, oscillation damped and
SSR mitigated by thryristor control, e.g. TCSC
© ABB - Page 13
 ROLE OF
HVDC DC Transmission Characteristics
„ Controllable - power injected where
500 kV DC needed
3000 MW
345 kV AC „ Bypass congested circuits – no
400 MW inadvertent flow
„ Higher power, fewer lines, no
intermediate S/S needed
„ Two circuits on less expensive line
„ No stability distance limitation
China: Three Gorges, „ Reactive power demand limited to
terminals
HVDC
500 kV „ Narrower ROW
6000 MW
„ Lower losses
HVAC „ No limit to underground cable length
© ABB - Page 14

500 kV
6000 MW „ Asynchronous
 ROLE OF
HVDC Why Did the Blackout Not Reach Quebec?

The province of Québec, although considered a part of the

Eastern Interconnection, is connected to the rest of the
Eastern Interconnection only by DC ties. In this instance,
the DC ties acted as buffers between portions of the
Eastern Interconnection; transient disturbances propagate
through them less readily. Therefore, the electricity system
in Québec was not affected by the outage, except for a
small portion of the province’s load that is directly
connected to Ontario by AC transmission lines.

Source: U.S Canada Power Systems Outage Task Force, April 2004
© ABB - Page 15
 ROLE OF
HVDC HVDC Projects in North America

2250MW

320MW
2000MW

150MW 350MW
312MW 1620MW 2138MW
370MW 200MW 690MW
500MW 1000MW
2000MW
200MW 1000MW
330MW
200MW
3100MW
100MW
200MW

1920MW
210MW

200MW 200MW

200MW 600MW

36MW
© ABB - Page 16
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW HVDC Transmission Technologies
HVDC Classic
„ Power control
„ Terminals demand reactive power
„ Reactive power balance by shunt bank
switching
„ Minimum system short circuit capacity of
twice rated power
HVDC Classic with series capacitor (CCC)
„ Power control
„ Weak systems, long cables
„ Reactive power from series capacitor
„ Minimum system short circuit capacity of
rated power
VSC Based Transmission - HVDC Light®
„ Real and Reactive Power control
„ Dynamic Voltage Regulation
© ABB - Page 17

„ Modular and Expandable

„ Black Start Capability
„ No Short Circuit Restriction
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
The Conventional HVDC Converter Station

Converter station Transmission

line or cable

Smoothing
reactor
Converter

AC bus

DC filter

Shunt
capacitors AC filters
or other
reactive
equipment
~~
Telecommunication

Control
Power Ratings: system
© ABB - Page 18

100 - 3300 MW
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW The CCC* Converter Station
*Capacitively-commutated converter station
Transmission
Line, Cable or Back-Back

Smoothing
Converter reactor

AC bus

Weaker Systems
DC filter
Back-to-Back Commutation
capacitors
100 - 600 MW
Contune AC filters

~~
Telecommunication

Control
system
© ABB - Page 19
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
The HVDC Light Station
Strong or Weak Systems
Dynamic Voltage Control
Converter station
Underground Transmission
Voltage Source(d) Up to ±150kV, 530MW
Converter - VSC

Phase
Transmission Cable
Reactor
AC bus

Dry DC Capacitor
AC filters DC Capacitor

Control
system
© ABB - Page 20

IGBT Valves
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW HVDC Light, P-Q Diagram
PQ - diagram
1,2
Red line: Uac = 1,1 pu
1,0 Black line: Uac = 1,0 pu
P desired Blue line: Uac = 0,9 pu
0,8

0,6

0,4 Rectifier

0,2
P (pu)

0
-1,2 -1,0 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 Q (pu)
-0,2
Inverter
-0,4

-0,6

-0,8
Conclusion: HVDC LightTM
-1,0 converter acts like virtual
generator or motor.
© ABB - Page 21

-1,2
Q consumption (inductive) Q generation (Capacitive)
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
First Wide Area Monitoring in UCTE

Phase Angle Monitoring

Line Thermal Monitoring
Laufenburg

PMU

Bassecourt

PMU
PMU
Mettlen
Mettlen

PMU PMU
PMU PMU
Lavorgo Soazza
Lavorgo Soazza
© ABB - Page 22
 TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW Example: Voltage Stability Indication
© ABB - Page 23
 APPLICATION
HVDC Links in China
© ABB - Page 24
 APPLICATION
Future HVDC Projects in China
(The year means project in operation)
Trans Asia Transmission
Northwest-North Interconnection 2000 MW, 2018
(YinNan - TianJing) BtB Northeast-North
Russia NEPG
3000 MW, 2010 600-1000MW, 2011
Heilongjiang
Northwest-Sichuan Interconnection North Shaanxi-Shandong
( Baoji – Deyang )
3000 MW, 2009 NCPG Jilin 3000 MW, 2011

BtB North - Central

Xiangjiaba - Jiangsu Xinjiang
Liaoning

3500 MW, 2012 Inner Mongolia 1200 MW, 2009

Beijing
Gansu Tianjin
Xiangjiaba - Jiangxi BtB Shandong-East
Hebei
2700 MW, 2013 1000 MW, 2012
NWPG Ningxia
Shanxi Shandong
Xiluodu - Shanghai Three Gorges-Beijing(North)
3500 MW, 2014 3000 MW, 2009
Qinghai Shaanxi Jiangsu
Xiluodu - Hubei Henan Anhui
ECPG Shanghai
Sichuan & CCPG
2700 MW, 2015 Chongqing
Hubei
Xizang
Xiluodu - Zhejiang
Zhejiang
3500 MW, 2016 Jiangxi
Hunan Fujian
Goupitan - Guangdong
Xiluodu - Hunan Yunnan 3000 MW, 2011
Guizhou Taiwan
2700 MW, 2016 Guangxi
SCPG
Guangdong Guizhou-Guangdong II
Jingping – East China
3000 MW, 2007
© ABB - Page 25

3500 MW, 2015

Xiaowan/Yunnan-Guangdong Nuochadu - Guangdong
Jinghong-Thailand
Hainan
3000 MW, 2016
3000 MW, 2009 3000MW, 2013
Bangkok
 DEVELOPMENT
Development of HVDC Valves

Performance
Second HVDC Light
generation IGBT Valve
Thyristor Valve

First
First generation
generation Thyristor Valve
Mercury
Arc Valve

Year
© ABB - Page 26

1954 1970 1980 2000

 DEVELOPMENT
Maturation of HVDC & SVC Light®

1) 3MW,±10kV 2) 50MW,±80 kV 3) 7MW,±10kV 4) 3x 60MW,±80kV 5) 330MW,±150kV 6) 200MW, ±150kV 7) 2x40MW,±60kV

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Start Light
Development Common VSC
1) Hellsjön Development
Demo Proj
2) Gotland Light
3) Tjæreborg 1st Generation
4) Directlink
5) Cross Sound
HVDC Light®
6) Murraylink
2nd Generation
ABB IGBT 7) Troll A
8) Estlink

f) Holly
2nd Generation
e) Avesta Polarit
d) Evron
SVC Light®
c) Moselstahlwerk 1st Generation
FUJI IGBT b) Eagle Pass
a) Hagfors
© ABB - Page 27

a) 0-44 MVAR b) 2x36 MVAR e) 0-164 MVAR

 DEVELOPMENT
HVDC Light Development
„ HVDC Light

Î 350 MW, cost reduction of >20%

Î up to 1000 MW for
Interconnections, Back-to-Back,
Offshore and SVC

DC Voltage 500 A 1000 A 1500 A

+/- 80 kV 95 MVA 190 MVA 285 MVA
+-150 kV 178 MVA 356 MVA 535 MVA
© ABB - Page 28

2004
+/- 300 kV 356 MVA 713 MVA 1070 MVA
12/2005
 DEVELOPMENT
Industry Need for Power System Education
Electric Power Power System High Voltage Tele-
Machinery Electronics Analysis Equipment communication

Economics Technical
Control & Insulation
Regulatory Writing
Protection Coordination
Public Policy Speaking
© ABB - Page 29