CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT Work Details.

REPORT CE1 2. The Take Off Quantity Survey -Determines The Quantity Of
Materials That Will Have To Be Furnish Or Move. During The
Take Off, The Decisions Concerning Equipment Needs,
Members: Sequence Of Operations And The Crew Size Must Be
Considered
Fortin, Marielle Louiza 3. Mass Excavation
Grimaldo, Exequiel Luis
Mendoza, Ernest Jona 4. Structural Excavation - Performed To Support The
Torres, Vanessa Construction Of Other Structural Elements.
Villanueva, Mary Grace 5. Presenting The Graphical Presentation Of Earthwork Which
Villarta, John Gaebrielle Features:
-Plan View: Looking Down On The Proposed Works And
Presents The Horizontal Alignment Of Features
-Profile View: Cut View Along The Center Line, Features The
i. Planning For Earthwork Construction
Vertical Alignment
-Cross Section View: Formed By a Plane Cutting The Work At
Right Angle To Its Long Axis
Planning- The Process Of Thinking About And Organizing The 6. Earthwork Quantities - Involves The Computations For The
Activities Required To Achieve a Desired Goal. It Involves The Volumes, Cuts And Fills And Also The Most Economical
Creation And Maintenance Of a Plan, Such As Psychological Material Hauls:
Aspects That Require Conceptual Skills.
-End Area Determination-Subdividing The Area Into
Geometric Figures With Definite Formulas For Areas.
Its Goal - Minimize Resource Expenditures Required To -Net Volume
Successfully Complete The Project And To Ensure That The -Mass Diagram-Earthmoving Operation Is Involved. Cut And
Work Is Accomplished In a Safe Manner. Fill Computation.
-Mass Ordinate
-Haul Distances
Importance Of Planning
7. Pricing Of Earthwork Operation
- Understand The Project Objectives And Requirements
- Define Work Elements
ii. Compaction In Soil And Rocks
- Develop Safe Construction Methods And Avoid Hazards
- Improve Efficiency
- Coordinate And Integrate Activities
- Develop Accurate Schedules Importance Of Compaction Of Soil And Rock
- Respond To Future Changes Compaction is the single most important process in soil
- Provide a Yardstick For Monitoring And Controlling construction. Its job is to basically reduce the volume of voids
Execution Of Project Activities present in the soil to be compacted, which is usually filled
with water and air.

Typical Constraints In Planning Proper compaction is essential for any type of

compaction projects, because not only it gives the soil
- Contract Requirements Described In The Drawings And increased resistance and greater stability but also decreases
Technical Specifications its permeability.
- Legal Requirements Compaction gives it soil desired properties; its
resistance to stresses induced by climate and traffics etc. Can
- Physical And/Or Environmental Limits Of The Job
be improved by increasing its resistances and shear strength
- Climatic Conditions while simultaneously reducing its tendency to swell due to
water absorption.

The Top Priority Of Planning Is: “Safety”

Types Of Soil
-Cohesive Soil - Loam, Clay, Silt
Process -Non Cohesive Soil - Gravel, Sand
1. Site Visit - To Relate Physical Site Characteristics To The
The main difference between cohesive and non cohesive soil
lies in its particles. The particles of cohesive soil are bonded
together while the particles of non cohesive soil just lies side
by side without bonding.
Methods Of Compaction
-Ramming: it breaks down soil, pushes them closer to
each other while forcing the air out of the voids.
-Vibration: it sets the soil in motion and rearranges
them into a denser packing.
-Static Rollers
Three Most Common Types Of Rollers Used In Field
Compaction
-Sheepsfoot Rollers
Commonly used for clayey and silty soils
-Smooth-Drum/Steel-Wheeled Rollers
Commonly used for granular soil
-Pneumatic Rubber Tired Rollers
Commonly used for asphalt paving
iii. Site Investigation
What Is Site
- Is The Spatial Location Of An Actual Or Planned
Structure Or Set Of Structure (Such As Building Or
Monuments)
- a Space Of Ground Occupied Or To Be Occupied By a
Building
What Is Investigation
- To Observe Or Study By Close Examination And
Systematic Inquiry
- To Make a Systematic Examination Especially To
Conclude And Official Inquiry
Site Investigation In Construction
- a Site Investigation Simply Is The Process Of The
Collection Of Information, The Appraisal Of Data, Assessment,
And Reporting Without Which The Hazards In The Ground
Beneath The Site Cannot Be Known.
- Site Investigation Refers To The Methodology Of
Determining Surface And Subsurface Features Of The
Proposed Area. It Consist Of Determining The Profile Of
Natural Soil Deposits At The Site, Taking Samples And
Determining The Properties.
Soil Exploration
The Field And Laboratory Studies Carried Out For
Obtaining The Necessary Information About The Surface And
Subsurface Features Of The Proposed Area Including The
Position Of The Ground Water Table.
Why Site Investigation Is Done
- To Know The Geological Condition Of Rock And Soil
Formation
- To Establish Groundwater Levels And Determine The
Properties Of Water
- To Select The Type And Depth Of Foundation For The
Proposed Structure
- To Determine The Bearing Capacity Of The Site
- To Estimate The Probable Maximum And Differential
Settlements.
- To Predict The Lateral Earth Pressure Against Retaining
Walls And Abutments
- To Select Suitable Construction Techniques
- To Predict And To Solve Potential Foundation Problems
- To Ascertain The Suitability Of The Soil As a Construction
Material
- To Determine Soil Properties Required For Design
- Establish Procedures For Soil Improvement To Suit Design
Purpose
- To Investigate The Safety Of Existing Structures And To
Suggest The Remedial Measure
Phases Of Soil Investigation
- Phase I: Reconnaisance
- Phase II: Preliminary Reconnaisance
- Phase III: Detailed Soil Exploration
- Phase IV: Write a Report
Phase I “Reconnaisance”
Call Of Available Information Such As Site Plan, Type,
Size, And Importance Of The Structure, Loading Conditions,
Previous Geotechnical Reports, Topographic Maps, Air
Photographs, Geologic Maps, Hydrological Information
Phase II “Preliminary Reconnaisance”
 Preliminary Reconnaisance Or a Site Visit To Provide a
General Picture Of The Topography And Geology Of The Site.
Visual Inspection Is Done To Gather Information On
Topography, Soil Stratification, Vegetation, Water Marks,
Ground Water Level, And Type Of Construction Nearby
Phase III “Detailed Soil Exploration”
Detailed Planning For Soil Exploration In The Form Of
Trial Pits Or Borings, Their Spacing And Depth. Type Of Field
Tests Adopted And The Type Of Sampling Done, Presence Of
Water Table If Met With Are Recorded In The Form Of Bore
Log. The Soil Samples Are Properly Labeled And Sent To
Laboratory For Evaluation Of Their Physical And Engineering
Properties
Principal Methods Of Investigating The Ground Conditions
Trial Pits
Boreholes
Trial Pits
Are Shallow Excavations Going Down To a Depth No
Greater 6meters. The Trial Pit As Such Is Used Extensively At
The Surface For Block Sampling And Detection Of Services
Prior To Borehole Excavation.
Boreholes
a Borehole Is Used To Determine The Nature Of The
Ground (Usually Below 6 Meters Depth) In a Qualitative
Manner And Then Recover Undisturbed Samples For
Quantitative Examination. Where This Is Not Possible, For In
Gravelly Soils Below The Water Table, In-Situ Testing
Methods Are Used.
Water Samples
Water Samples Should Be Taken As Soon As Water Is
First Struck And The Depth Recorded. After a Suitable Period
Of Time (Usually 10-15 Minutes) The Depth Should Be
Re-Recorded And a Further Sample Taken. a Final Sample
Should Be Taken At The End Of The Borehole And The Depth
Of Water Regularly Recorded. The Sample Is Taken Using a
Device Known As a Bailer, Made From Teflon Or Plastic It
Incorporates a Float To Trap The Water And Should Be
Cleaned After Each Sample.
Objectives Of Site Investigation
- Suitability: Are The Site And Surroundings Suitable Fort
The Highway
- Design: Obtain All The Design Parameters Necessary
For The Works.
- Construction: Are There Any Potential Ground Or
Ground Water Conditions That Would Affect The
Construction
- Materials: Are There Any Materials Available On Site,
What Quantity And Quality
- Effect Of Changes: How Will The Design Affect
Adjacent Properties And The Ground Water
- Identify Alternatives: Is This The Best Location
*In Addition To These, It Is Necessary To Investigate Existing
Features Such As Slopes. If There Is a Failure Of Such a
Feature Then It Is Necessary To Investigate The Failure And
Suggest Remedial Works.
Phase IV “Write a Report”
Write a Report. The Report Must Contain a Clear
Description Of The Soils At The Site, Methods Of Exploration,
Soil Profile, Test Methods And Results, And The Location Of
The Ground Water. This Should Include Information And/Or
Explanations Of Any Unusual Soil, Water Bearing Stratum And
Soil And Groundwater Condition That May Be Troublesome
During Construction
iv. Foundation
What Is a Foundation
Foundation Is The Lowest Part Of a Structure Which
Provides a Base For The Structure And Transmit The Loads To
The Soil
Types Of Foundation:
-Shallow Foundation
-Deep Foundation
Shallow Foundation
- A Type Of Foundation That Is Used When The Earth
Directly Beneath a Structure Has Sufficient Bearing Capacity
To Sustain The Loads From The Structure
Types Of Shallow Foundation
Spread Footing
 Used To Support Columns And Walls.
Combined Footing
Used When The Distance Between Two Columns Is
Small
Mat Footing
Closely Spaced That It Is More Effective To Merge
Them Into a Single Mat Or Raft Foundation That
Supports The Entire Building
Deep Foundation
- It Is a Type Of Foundation, That Is Used When The Soil
Near The Ground Surface Is Weak
Types Of Shallow Foundation
Caisson
Similar To a Column Footing In That It Spreads The
Load From a Column Over a Large Enough Area Of
Soil That The Allowable Pressure In The Soil Is Not
Exceeded
Piles
Are More Slender Than Caissons, And Forcibly
Driven Into The Earth Rather Than Drilled And
Poured
Shallow Vs. Deep
Shallow Foundation
- Nice Soil Condition.
- Cheaper Than Deep Foundation.
- Easier Construction
Deep Foundation
- Poor Soil Condition.
- More Expensive.
- More Complex, And Takes More Time To Construct.
v. Concrete Work
What is Concrete work?
- It simply means works involving concrete. Concrete is a
mixture of portland cement, fine and coarse aggregates,
water and sometimes we put admixtures to enhance the
concretes property.
- We use concretes in many different ways such as
reinforcements, finishes, joints and many more.
- Relating it to the subject, what does a project manager and
construction manager do? They are the one who is making
sure projects run on time, guarantee that they don’t exceed
the allocated budget allowance and ensures that the project
is completed safely.
- Concrete has many properties that will help meet the
project and construction manager’s requirements. First is
because of its versatility. It is easier to build a structure. Just
put a form then pour the concrete unlike steels and woods
which can’t be shaped easily although it takes long time to
set but we can put admixtures to shorten the setting time.
Next is because it is economical. We all know that the
concrete is cheaper than other materials like steels and
woods. Another property is its durability. Concretes are
durable and can still stand strong in good condition over a
long period of time.
TYPES OF CONCRETE
- PLAIN OR ORDINARY CONCRETE- IT IS ONE OF THE MOST
COMMONLY USED TYPE. IT IS MOSTLY USED IN
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING WHICH DOES NOT REQIURE
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH.
- LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE – it is any type of concrete having
a density less than 1920kg/cu.m. it is used for thermal
insulation, for protecting steel structures and bridge decks.
- HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE – also called heavy weight
concrete. It is a concrete having density varies between
3000-4000kg/cu.m. It is used in atomic powerplants and
other similar structures because it provides good protection
from any type of radiations.
- REINFORCED CONCRETE – this type of concrete uses steel
for reinforcement to give the concrete a very high tensile
strength.
- PRECAST CONCRETE – refers to numerous types of concrete
shapes that are cast in to molds either in factory or at the site.
Some of its examples are precast poles, fence posts, staircase
units, and the most common used precast concrete is the
hollow blocks or concrete masonry unit.
- PRESTRESSED CONCRETE – is a similar to reinforced
concrete in which the reinforcement bars are tensioned
before being embedded in the concrete. Use in bridges and
structures with heavy dead load.
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but much
lower tensile strength. For this reason it is usually reinforced
with materials that are strong in tension. The elasticity of
concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts
decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops.
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and
shrinks as it matures.
Building with concrete
Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It
provides superior fire resistance compared with wooden
construction and gains strength over time. Structures made
of concrete can have a long service life.
Due to cement's exothermic chemical reaction while
setting up, large concrete structures such as dams,
navigation locks, large mat foundations, and large
breakwaters generate excessive heat during
hydration and associated expansion. To mitigate
these effects post-cooling is commonly applied
during construction.