NEW ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

IN MALAYSIA
Prof. Ir. Dr. Hj. Wan Ramli Wan Daud
Founding Director, Fuel Cell Institute
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Presented to
The 6TH Sustainable Energy & Environment Forum
23 – 25 November 2009
Jogjakarta
 INTRODUCTION

 Malaysia
 Population: 27.45 million people in 2007
 GDP of RM 624 billion in 2007; GDP per capita of RM23,380 in
2007
 Conventional Energy Reserve:
 Oil reserve: 4.316 billion barrels in 2007
 Gas reserve: 2.518 trillion cu m 2007
 Coal reserve : 1,483 million tonnes
 Hydropower reserve: 27,000 MW
 Renewable energy resources reserves:
 Biomass: 30.6 million tonne or 3,442 MW
 Mini-hydro: 1,640 MW
 Net exporter oil & natural gas
 Net importer of coal
TOTAL ENERGY
SUPPLY & DEMAND

Final Energy
Demand

Primary Energy
Supply

GDP

 Total final energy demand grew by 7.9% in 2004 but dropped to 2.6 % in
2005 due to volatile crude oil prices.
 It grew by 5.3 % in 2006 and 9.8 % in 2007 to 44,268 ktoe because higher
manufacturing and transportation activities despite high crude oil prices
 Total final energy supply increased by 15.1 % in 2004 but fell to 4.5% in
2005 and 2.6% in 2006
 It grew by 6.6% in 2007 because of higher production of natural gas to
meet domestic and external demand
TOTAL FUEL MIX, ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION & CONSUMPTION

 Crude oil declined to 40.4%, natural gas stabilizing at 43.2%, coal increasing slightly to 14%
in 2007, hydropower unchanged at 2.4% and Renewable energy (RE) less than 0.5% in 2007
 Natural gas, oil & hydro’s share stabilizing but coal and renewable energy increased slightly
 Total installed capacity of electrical power decreased from 2004 to 19,504 MW in 2005
because of retiring plants
 Installed grew to 20,224 MW in 2006 & 21,815 MW in 2007 (new coal plant)
 Total electricity consumption decreased to 80,701 GWh in 2004 but grew to 84,517 GWh in
2006, increase to 89,298 GWh 2007 due to increased industrial activities
 Long term fuel mix – RE to increase to at least 12.5% by 2050
PRODUCTION-DEMAND GAP

 Continuing fossil fuels depletion because of increasing global demand may cause
a serious production-demand gap in 20 years time
 Malaysia may become a net energy importer by 2015
 Continuing uncertainty in oil supply from Middle East has caused Asian economies
including Malaysia to slow down
 Crude oil price increased to > USD 140/barrell at the middle 2008
 Dithering at around USD 70/barrel in September 2009
CURRENT STATUS OF
NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
 1970’s: Many palm oil mills used oil palm residues like
EFB for electricity & heat co-generation for own use
 1980’s: Tenaga Nasional, national electrical utility
company built many mini-hydro plants in remote areas
 1990’s: Energy security:
 Air pollution reduction in transportation & industry by increased
use of natural gas and clean coal technology
 Sustainable energy by secure cost-effective supply
 Efficient utilization of energy
 Minimization of environmental effects of energy;
 1990’s: Biomass energy
EC-ASEAN COGEN program built 5 Full-Scale
Demonstration Projects (FSDP) using wood wastes
 In 2001, renewable energy added as fifth “fuel” to oil,
coal, gas & hydropower with target for renewable energy
5% by 2005 & 10% by 2010
CURRENT STATUS OF
NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
 Fuel mix by 2010 is targeted to 40% gas, 40% coal, 10%
hydropower and 10% renewable energy
 Biomass: palm oil, wood waste residues & rice husks; &
solar PV for electricity generation and grid connection
 Total generating capacity of oil palm based biomass
fired co-generation power for own use in 2002 = 150 MW
 Total available capacity of oil palm biomass i= 3441 MW
and that of rice husks=180 MW
 If PV covers 0.6% (786 km2) of Peninsular Malaysia,
electricity supplied =10 GWp = ½ national grid capacity
 Total surface area of suitable building roof for PV in = 65
million m2 covering 2.5 million houses and 40,000
commercial buildings that can generate at least 6.5 GWp
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
BIOMASS:
 Biomass resources from oil palm to be utilized for
electricity generation and connection to the national grid
 Two main programs:
 Small Renewable Energy Power Program (SREP) 500 MW (2001-)
using biomass, biogas, solid waste, mini-hydro, solar & wind
 65 approved out 115 application but by 2009 only 4 biomass (35.5 MW), 1 biogas
(2MW) & 2 minihydro (8 MW) are connected to grid
 Biomass Power Generation & Cogeneration Malaysian Palm Oil
Industry (BIOGEN)-UNDP-Malaysia GHG reduction program (2002-)
 Up to 2004, only 1 major project of 14 MW using oil palm residues
 By 2009, 2 full scale demonstration model plants: 13 MW biomass & 0.8 MW biogas
 Problems:
 Tariff cap at 17 sen/kWh set by grid operator – now 21 sen/kWh
 Competitive oil palm biomass use in manufacturing industry
 No more significant research on biomass and biogas in
Malaysia are already commercially available
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
BIODIESEL:
 1982: the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) developed
biodiesel by transesterification of palm oil
 2005: National Biofuel Policy to introduce a biodiesel fuel
blend (B5) by end of 2009
 Approved 92 projects in 2007 for 0.5 million tonnes/yr
 Only 14 plants built with production 47,790 tonnes (2006) &
95,010 tonnes (2007) but 6 plants remained open in 2008
 All the biodiesel is exported to the US and EU
 Government will establish biodiesel B5 standards &
deploying biodiesel at selected petrol stations
 Failure of biodiesel in Malaysia because of competition
with food industry and the high price of palm oil
 Alternative: Biodiesel from Jatropha oil
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION

BIODIESEL:
Biodiesel research groups in almost all Universities:
 Biodiesel group at Department of Chemical & Process Engineering and
School of Chemistry & Food Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM): Jatropha oil extraction & heterogenous catalysis of
Jatropha oil transesterification & esterification
 Biodiesel group in School of Chemical Engineering and School of
Chemistry, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) working on heterogenous
catalysis & supercritical fluid processing of Jatropha oil
transesterification & esterification
 Smaller biodiesel/biofuel groups in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM),
Universiti Malaya (UM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Universiti
Teknologi Petronas (UTP), International Islamic University (IIU) and
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS).oil
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
SOLAR ENERGY:
 Solar energy not implemented in SREP because high capital cost of
photovoltaic cells (PV) & renewable electricity tariff RM 0.21 per kWh
 When solar technology price drops, more PV units will be installed for
remote communities and in grid connected building integrated
photovoltaic (BIPV) system
 Potential capacity of grid connected BIPV in residential, commercial &
industrial sectors of Malaysia =11 GWp, 20% national energy demand
 Potential capacity of solar thermal = 75 GW thermal
 Solar energy applications in Malaysia are in PV systems for remote
applications, BIPV, domestic hot water systems, water pumping, drying
of agricultural produce and day-lighting
 In 2005, UNDP & Malaysian government launched Malaysian BIPV and
SURIA 1000 program funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
(RM16 million) and by Malaysian government, research institutions and
private sector (RM80 million) (2005-2010)
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
SOLAR ENERGY:
The solar research groups:
 Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) at UKM works on thin film solar
PV cells, innovative solar collectors, BIPV, innovative day-lighting,
rural electrification, grid connected PV, solar PV hybrid systems, PV
components, solar radiation, socio-economic studies & marine energy
 Centre for Education, Training, and Research in Renewable Energy and
Energy Efficiency (CETREE) of USM-Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM),
conducts essay and drawing competitions school students to create
awareness about renewable energy and energy efficiency
 Centre for Research in Power Electronics, Drives, Automation &
Control (UMPEDAC) at UM develops local, stand-alone system for
urban and remote applications for the Malaysian environment
 PV Monitoring Centre at Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (UiTM)
monitors all grid-connected BIPV systems
 PV Inverter Quality Control Centre at the UTM Skudai conducts quality-
assurance and failure-investigation of PV systems.
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
HYDROGEN ENERGY:
 Hydrogen in Malaysia is mostly produced by
 steam reforming of natural gas in the oil, gas and
petrochemical industries for their own use
 electrolysis in oleo-chemical processing industry, metal
cutting & welding works.
 Very little hydrogen is used as fuel
 Previous research and development on hydrogen energy
 auto-thermal steam reforming catalysis of gas & alcohols
 gasification/pyrolysis thermochemical cycle
 solar PV-electrolyser splitting of water
 photoelectrochemical and
 photobiological splitting of water and carbon nanotube
hydrogen storage
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
HYDROGEN ENERGY:
Hydrogen energy research groups:
 Fuel Processing Groups at Fuel Cell Institute UKM & UTM
work on auto-thermal reforming catalysis of methane &
alcohols & hydrogen storage by nanostructured carbon.
 Solar Hydrogen group at Fuel Cell Institute UKM develops
solar hydrogen eco-houses & photo-electro-chemical cells
using dye sensitized photo-electrodes.
 Biohydrogen Group at Fuel Cell Institute UKM and at UPM
develops dark and light anaerobic fermentation of
wastewater such as palm oil mill effluent (POME) to
produce hydrogen
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
FUEL CELLS:
 Previous joint UKM-UTM research and development
projects on fuel cells since 1996 to 2007 focused on:
 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
materials: membranes, electrodes & bipolar plates
 PEMFC systems of 200 W - 5 kW portable power
generator and fuel cell motorcycles
 In recognition of significant work on fuel cells at UKM, the
Fuel Cell Institute (FCI) was founded at UKM to house all
fuel cell research under one roof
CURRENT POLICY FOR NEW ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT & PROMOTION
FUEL CELLS:
The fuel cell research groups;
• Fuel Cell Process System Engineering Group at FCI UKM develops
better understanding of major components of a PEMFC system
• Fuel Cell Electrochemical Processes Group at FCI UKM develops high
temperature membranes (composite & inorganic membranes) & low Pt
loading electrodes.
• Fuel Cell Material and Manufacturing Group at FCI UKM develops
polymer composite from thermoplastic polymers and thermoset resins
and graphite for compression and injection moulding
• Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Group at FCI UKM develops design
advisor tools, passive single cell & multi-cell stacks DMFC.
• Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Group at FCI UKM develops low & intermediate
temperature (500–600°C) SOFC electrolytes and electrodes.
• Biofuel Cell Group at FCI UKM develops microbial fuel cell using the
anaerobic fermentation of POME to produce electricity directly
• The Proton Exchange Membrane group at UTM develops alternative
proton exchange membranes
FUTURE STRATEGY AND/OR PROPOSAL FOR NEW
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION

RENEWABLE ENERGY ROADMAP:

 To encourage RE, government revised the Investment Tax Allowance &
Pioneer status to 100% exemption in 2006 and the RE tariff from RM
0.17/kWh to RM 0.21/kWh in 2007
 In Renewabel Energy Roadmap, installed capacity of non-solar renewable
energy will flatten out by 2030 because of limited resources
 Biomass, biogas, mini-hydro and municipal solid waste reach plateaus of
1300 MW, 435 MW, 465 MW and 360 MW respectively by 2030
 RE Roadmap goals for solar energy in short-term period of 2009 - 2015 are
local manufacture of inverters and BIPV and 10MWp solar PV power plant
 Medium term goals for PV are 10 solar demonstration projects, improved
technology efficiency by 2-5%, BIPV = 1.5MW, technology cost reduction
by 20%, locally made BIPV components, locally made thin films and
organic cells, capacity of solar thermal 200MWth & capacity of rural PV
growing to 6MWp
 Cost of biomass and PV should be at par with the grid by 2031 and 2037
respectively
 Long-term goals of the roadmap for PV would be the incorporation of
20MWp installed BIPV capacity in the generation mix and 30% reduction of
technology cost
FUTURE STRATEGY AND/OR PROPOSAL FOR NEW
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION

RENEWABLE ENERGY ROADMAP

FUTURE STRATEGY AND/OR PROPOSAL FOR NEW
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION

HYDROGEN ENERGY ROADMAP:

 Short term (2005 – 2010) HE roadmap focuses on capacity building and
awareness & strengthening financial & funding mechanisms.
 Development of indigenous hydrogen energy & fuel cell technologies:
advanced renewable hydrogen production, PEMFC components,
DMFC, SOFC, microbial fuel cells and fuel cell vehicles
 Medium term (2011-2029), hydrogen highway demonstration: hydrogen
production, hydrogen ICEV, FCV and hydrogen refueling stations
 Indigenous 1 MW PEM fuel cell & cost competitive PEM fuel cell
 Long term (2030 onwards), hydrogen energy and fuel cell projects
completed and indigenous fuel cells widely utilized
 Planning of centralized hydrogen production facilities & distribution
pipelines
 Abundant natural gas and hydro reserves will be used to produce
hydrogen for export to global hydrogen market.
 Building of 100 MW SOFC and PAFC power plants by 2050
 Finally infrastructure for hydrogen production and delivery should be
implemented
 HYDROGEN ROADMAP FOR
MALAYSIA Renewable
hydrogen
refueling system
HYDROGEN TO
BECOME AN
Hydrogen operational Global supplier of ATTRACTIVE AND
refueling system hydrogen fuel COMPETITIVE
using off-peak Enhancement of ENERGY SOURCE
hydrogen Technology cost
electricity
operational technology reduced by 50% 2030 H2 FC development
project completed
Demonstration Hydrogen Projects on
project on technology cost 2025 centralised H2
hydrogen reduced by 30% facilities completed
First hydrogen
fuel boiler
refuelling using 2020 H2 distribution
different Infrastructure
operational systems and
technologies in 2015 for hydrogen infrastructure for
hydrogen highway production and
Scale up of PV- local network are
Wind 5 kW
demonstration 2010 delivery fully fully developed
project developed for
Hydrogen
global hydrogen
Production 2009 H2 ICE
based fuel
Demonstration conversion kit
System market
2008 available in the
Completio market Advanced
n of 1 kW storage
Solar PV 2007 5 hydrogen Second hydrogen technology
hydrogen production refueling system developed
productio
n system
2006 demonstration using NG based on
plants reforming carbon
commissioned operational nanostructures

Feasibility studies completed 10% increase in

2005 Join International Working Group for
H2 Market sales
achieved with
Standard Development
20% cost
reduction
 FUEL CELLS ROADMAP FOR
MALAYSIA Advanced PEM
fuel cell
Availability of 50
fuel cell powered
bus
HIGH DEMAND OF
FUEL CELLS
component
technologies 10MW of SOFC & TECHNOLOGIES
PAFC for Technology FOR NICHE
Demonstration APPLICATIONS
centralised power cost reduce
hydrogen
highway
and district by 50% 2030 Fuel cell powered
cooling available
project vehicle:
Indigenous PEM (hybrid H2-
Fuel cell Official Vehicles: 5%
fuel cell Gasoline, FC
Technology cost
2025 Passenger cars: 2%
component Bus, FC Car)
reduce by 30% Mmotorcycle: 100%
technologies
Direct 2020 Distributed FC
Establishment Methanol
1 kW PEM Indigenous cost power generation -
fuel cell
of Fuel Cell Microfuel Cell 2015 competitive 150MW
Institute
prototype PEM fuel cell
Prototype 5kW 2010 components
100MW capacity
Working SOFC / PAFC power
- PEM fuel cell and system
Group For plant
Standard
system, PEM 2009 2MW fuel cell Demonstration
fuel cell stationary back of FC private
Study on powered bus
global fuel air-conditioning, 2008 up power cars
cell motorcycle 50 MW Distributed Fuel cell
FC power
demand & 2007 Availability
generation
powered vehicle
market of standards for Public
segment and policy Commercializatio transport
2006 Training for n of 5KW bus air 100 units
conditioning Motorcycle:90%
industry
Commercializatio users system and
n of 500W-1KW Proton Exchange
2005 portable PEMFC
power unit
Membrane Fuel
Cell motorcycle
 CURRENT STATUS OF NATIONAL
SEE FORUM NETWORK
 The First Malaysian Sustainable Energy and Environment
Forum (MSEE) will be hosted by UM in June 2010. The
forum will be looking into strategies to enhance growth of
renewable (solar) and hydrogen energy as well as fuel cell
industries in Malaysia.
Thank You