fi!

kao¾h úkaokfhys ,d rijdofha m%dudKHh (

úpdrd;aul úu¾Ykhla

wdpd¾h frdayK fifkúr;ak

f.!rj Ydia;%fõ§ ^fmardfoKsh&" o¾Ykm;s ^,sj¾mQ,a&" o¾YkúYdro ^Tlaia*¾â&
ixialD; ms<sn| fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" iïNdjH NdId wOHhkdxYh"
Ydia;%mSGh" fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h

udkqIsl fuka u udkisl l%shdjla jYfhka y÷kd.ekSug iqÿiq fi!kao¾h úkaokh udkj
ixialD;sh iu. u iïNjh ,oaole hs úYajdi l< yels h' fi!kao¾h úkaokfha ksc,laIK
o" úkaok ld¾hdj,sfha iajNdjh o y÷kd.ekSfï iy újrKh lsÍfï m%h;ak úúO ld,hkays
§ úúOfoaYc mqoa.,hka iy lKavdhï úiska ork ,o nj l,d b;sydifhys olakg ,efí'
fm!oa.,sl úkaok lD;Hh msKsi tn÷ újrKdÈh wjYH fkd jk kuqÿ —fï jkdys wiqj,a
ú,difha udkisl lD;Hhls" th isÿjkafka fufia h" isÿ fkd jkakg fya;= kï wiqj,a
wiqj,a oE h" tys mru;ajh idOkh jkafka fï fï mßoafoks˜ hkd§ jYfhka fi!kao¾h
úkaokfha iajNdjh ms<sn| m< jQ úúO jHdLHdk u.ska ishqï újrK bÈßm;a jk fyhska
iajlSh úkaok lD;Hfha rej.=K y÷kd.kq jia tn÷ m%h;akfhda ufydamldÍ fj;s' bka
m%uqLhl= jk rijdoh fi!kao¾h úkaokfha ksc,laIK iy ld¾hmámdáh újrKh lrkq
msKsi m%udK jk whqre fuys § ieflúka úuikq ,efí'

fi!kao¾h úkaokh hkafkka idudkHfhka fN!;h ;=< mj;akd m%m[ap iu. flfrk
ufkdauQ,sl ixjdohla woyia lrkq ,efí' fi!kao¾hh hkq jdia;úl fyj;a ffjIhsl
(objective) .=K,laIKhla fkd jk nj fi!kao¾húoHdj ms<sn| o¾Ykfha § meyeÈ,s
flfrhs' uOHld,Sk od¾Ykslhl= jQ David Hume (1711-1776) f.a woyila i,ld n,f;d;a
lsisjl idOq;ajh (goodness) iy ruH;dj (beauty) hk we.ehqï ukqIHhdf.a ;d¾lsl nqoaêh
iy ye`.Sï hk n,fõ. hq., u; ;SrKh jk fyhska tajd jdia;úl ,laIK muKla u
fia .ekSu ifodia fjhs' fi!kao¾hh fyda ruH;dj ufkdanoaO (subjective) .=K,laIKhla
jk fyhska fid÷re nj úkaolhd yd wkkH jkakle hs ms<s.ekSfï jrola ke;'1

m%lD;sfhka ruH jk fidndoyfï we;eï m%m[ap fuka u udkj ks¾udK jYfhka .efkk
l,dlD;syq o fi!kao¾h ckkfha laIu;dj we;af;da h¦ fyj;a Tjqyq fi!kao¾h úkaokhg
m%udK fj;s' iajNdjO¾ufha we;eï m%m[ap úkaokSh fkd jk w;r tu m%m[ap u
m%;sks¾udK ^recreations& jYfhka l,dfõ § wkqlrKh lrk ,o l, wmQ¾j;ajfhka hq;= j
úkaokh lrkq ,efí' fuys § jeo.;a od¾Yksl wdia:dk folla wmg yuq fjhs' tkï"

1' úkaokh hkafkka woyia jkafka iqfLda;al¾IS udkisl lD;Hhla (hedonistic mental
activity) nj2 iy

2' jdia;úl ,laIKhla fkd jk ruH;dj fidndoyfï m%m[ap iu. mj;akd iïnkaOhg
jvd fjkia iïnkaOhla l,dlD;s iu. mj;ajk nj hs'

weßiafgdag,shdkq isoaOdka;hkag wkqj l,dlD;s jkdys h:d¾:fha fN!;sl rEmdldrhkays

m%;sks¾udK f,i ie,lsh hq;= h' tfyhska fN!;fha § ^jdia;úl j& fid÷renj iys; fuka
u rys; f,i nyq;rh úiska .efkk m%m[ap o l,dlD;s f,i m%;sks¾ñ; jQ miq
úkaokSh ;,hlg tie ù ths' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka" m%lD;sfhka fkdfyd;a jdia;úl jYfhka

1
"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." ^fid÷renj we;af;a n,kakdf.a oelau ;=< h'&
2
l,dfõ uQ,sl ld¾h rdYsh w;ßka b;d jeo.;a ld¾h i;rla we;ehs lshkq ,efí' tkï" ^1& ikaksfõok
ld¾hh (communicative function)" ^2& wOHdmk-WmfoaYk ld¾hh (educational-didactic function)" ^3& {dkk-
YslaIK ld¾hh (enlightening function) iy ^4& iqLckkuh ld¾hh (hedonistic function) hs' Valery 1964: 83.

1
ruH;dfjka ySk f,i ie,flk i¾mhl=f.a YÍrh uQ¾;shlg ke.=Kq miq fndfyda fokd
úiska l=;=y,fhka hq;= j wmQ¾j jia;=jla f,i úkaokh lrkq ,efí' tfia u mQ;sreêrh"
jidi%dj wdÈfhka .yK jQ uD;foayhla Ñ;%.; lrk ,o l, rislfhda lsisÿ ms<sl=<lska
f;dr j th b;d ióm úkaokhlg n÷ka lr .ks;s' fï wkqj fi!kao¾h úkaokh lsishï
wks¾jpkSh jQ o" iqLdjy jQ o udkisl l¾;jHhla nj m%lg fjhs' fN!;fha § olsk
uD;foayhla ksid lsisjl=g lsishï udkisl úlafIdaNhla yg .; yels kuqÿ th wmQ¾j"
iqLmrdhK fõokdjla fkd jk nj o tfyhska meyeÈ,s h' tfy;a j¾K iuqodhlska hq;=
foaÿkak fyda msmS ÿ,kd l=iqï fmdl=re wdÈh l,dlD;s f,iska u iqLm%y¾Ih ckkh fkd
lrkafka oe hs lsisjl= úuif;d;a wmg th m%;smlaI fkd úh yels ;¾lhla jkq we;'3 fï
wkqj u;= oelafjk ks.ukhkag t<ôh yels h'

1' fidndoyfï m%m[ap w;ßka iqLmru jQ úkaokhla ,efnkafka jdia;úl ruH;dj iys;
m%m[ap fj;ska muKs'

2' jdia;úl ruH;dfjka úySk fN!;sl m%m[ap mjd l,dks¾udK f,i bÈßm;a lrk ,o
l,ays fmr fkd jQ úrE wdiajdohla ,eìh yels h'

Ndr;Sh rijdoh úiska bÈßm;a flfrk ixl:k (discourses) yryd by; olajk ,o fojeks
t<eUqu uekúka msßlaish yels h' rijdohg wkqj" fN!;h kj ks¾udK jYfhka wkqlrKh
lrkq ,en" m%;sNd" jHq;amkak" wNHdi hk ks¾udK fya;= ud¾.fhka Tm oukq ,en"
ldjHkdgld§ wdlD;Skays nyd bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ l,ays rislfhda th kkakhska úkaokh
lr;a'

fi!kao¾h úkaokh hkq lsue hs úuik jEhula jYfhka rijdoh i,lkq ,eîfï § uQ,sl
i;H ;=kla ms<s.ekSu wjYH fõ' tkï fuu úpdrjdoh" ^1& m%dÖk iïNjhla iys;" ^2&
ie,lsh hq;= ;rï w;S;hl isg od¾Yksl wdia:dkhka weiqre fldg jevqKq" ^3& oDYHldjHh
kï wdlD;sh flakaø fldg .;a m%h;akhla ùu hs' fï ksid fi!kao¾h úkaokh úNd. lrkq
msKsi m%dudKsl WmlrKhla jYfhka rijdoh i,lkakl=g by; olajd we;s i;H wdY%s;
uQ,sl .eg¨ ;=klg o uqyqK mEug isÿ fõ'

1' fi!kao¾h úkaokh m%dÖk - m%;sÖk jYfhka wjldYfha fNaohla iys; j ú.%y fkd l<
yels iy fkd l< hq;= udkisl lD;Hhla jk fyhska rijdofha wjldYSh iSud (spatial
limitations) mej;Su' fï ksid Ndr;Sh ixialD;sfha yrmoaO;s" wd.ñl iy od¾Yksl u;jdo"
wdpdrúoHd;aul ixiaÓ;s wdÈfha n,mEïj,ska rijdoh uqod.ekSu iqlr fkd fõ'

2' mßKduhg m;a iudc ixialD;sl jHqyhla ;=< fi!kao¾h úkaokh i|yd mqrd;k
iïNjhla iys; rijdoh fhdod.ekSu ld,jH;sl%u (anachronistic) fodaIfhka hq;= ùu' fï
fya;= fldg f.k j¾;udk we.ehqïj,g wkqj ruH;dj iy tys iajNdjh" ruH;dfõ
ks¾Kdhl" úkaokfha ld,dkqrEmS úm¾hdi wdÈh merKs rijdofha kHdh iy ,laIK iu.
fkd meyeiS hk wjia:d mej;sh yels h'

3' l,dlD;s fyda fi!kao¾hckk laIu;dj we;s m%m[ap nyqúO iy nyq, ùu ksid ixialD;
oDYHldjH wdlD;sh mokï fldg .;a rijdoh" oDYHldjH fkd jk l,d wdlD;s iu. fuka
u we;eï miqld,Sk oDYHldjH iu. mjd .<md .ekSfï wmyiq;d mej;Su' ish¨ ks¾udK
wdlD;s m%j¾.hkaf.a u fi!kao¾h ú¢kq msKsi rijdoh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfï iSudiys; nj
bka meyeÈ,s fõ'

3
iajNdj fi!kao¾h úkaokfha iy udkjks¾udK jQ l,dlD;s úkaokfha úixjdÈ;d mj;skafka ukaoehs fï
wdldrfhka myokq ,efnhs' "…(T)o be aesthetic or for you to delight in the beauty of a flower, it is unnecessary
for you to imagine these natural objects as being works of art. In fact, your appreciation of them is determined
by their lack of features specific to works of art and perhaps also by their possession of features available only
to aspects of nature." Budd, Malcolm. Aesthetics, 1998, doi:10.4324/9780415249126-M046-1.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (REP), Taylor and Francis,
https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/aesthetics/v-1. Accessed on 01 February 2018.

2
fi!kao¾h úkaokfha iajNdjh iy ksc,laIK úNd.h i|yd m%dudKsl WmlrKhla f,i
rijdoh fhdod .; hq;af;a iy fhdod .; yelafla flfia oe hs mÍlaId lrkq msKsi fulS
fm!rdKsl úpdrjdoh ishqï f,i jHjÉfþo lsÍug wmg isÿ fjhs' rijdoh jHjÉfþokhlg
n÷ka lrkq ,eîug ;rï fmdfydi;a ixl,amhla nj fuys ,d m%:ufhka u y÷kd .ekSu
uekú' me;slv lsysmhla hgf;a rijdofha idr;dj idlÉPd l< yels h'

1' wNsj¾ê; idys;H ixialD;shla hgf;a" m%;s.dó ixl,am iy .efgñka mßmQ¾K iïm%odhla
jYfhka jevqKq úpdrjdohla ùu
2' od¾Yksl wdia:dkhka úiska imhk ,o Yla;su;a mokulska hq;= ùu
3' udkj mrïmrd .Kkdjla úiska kka f,iska wdf,da,kh lrkq ,en" bishqï f,i
úYaf,aIKh lrkq ,enQ kHdh iuqÉphlska hq;= ùu
4' fi!kao¾h úkaokh n÷ taldka;fhka ú{dkh yd ine¢ udkjl%shd újrKh lsÍug iu;a
ufkdaúoHdkql+, mßiaÓ;shla ;=< bÈßm;a jkakla ùu
5' ks¾udKlrejd" ks¾udKh" úkaolhd" úpdrlhd" úkaokfha iajrEmh wd§ il,dldr
lafIa;%hkays u jHdma; mj;akd tys iajNdj i,ld n,kq iu;a WmlrKhla ùu

rijdofha od¾Yksl miqìu idlÉPd lsÍfï m%:u m%fõYh jYfhka rijdoh úiska —ruH;dj˜
hkqfjka y÷kd .kq ,nkafka ljrla o hkak i,ld ne,Su jáhs' o¾Ykfha m%YdLdjla
jYfhka .efkk fi!kao¾h úoHdj ;=< ruH;dj jkdys ffjIhsl fyj;a
jdia;úl ,laIKhla muKla u fkd jk nj ms<s.efk;s hs hg lshk ,È' mqrd;k rijdoh
fi!kao¾h úkaokfha m%dudKsl WmlrKhla jYfhka Ndú; lrkq msKsi tlS od¾Yksl
ms<s.ekSu iu. rijdofha wdia:dkh olajk iu;dj muKla jqj o w;Hka;fhka m%udK fjhs'
Okxch úiska úrÑ; oYrEmlfha ^4' 90& fufia mefkhs'

ruHx cq.=mais;uqodru:dms kSp-

uq.%x m%idÈ.ykx úlD;[ap jia;=
hoajdms jia;= lúNdjlNdjHudkx
;kakdia;s hkak riNdjuqffm;s f,dfl

lúhdf.a j¾Kkhg md;% jk jia;=j jkdys jdia;úl jQ ljrdldr .=Kd.=K,laIKhkaf.ka

fydnfka jqj o tjka oE fi!kao¾h úkaokh flfrys ndOd fkd muqKqjk nj;a" rifhka hq;=
njg fkd meñfKk úIhhla fyda jia;=jla fN!;h ;=< fkd mj;akd nj;a ^h;a riNdjx k
Wffm;s" f,dfl ;;a jia;= k wia;s& tys lshefjhs' tfyhska" ruH;dj hkq
ufkdanoaO .=K,l=Kla úkd ffjIhsl ,laIKhla fkd jk nj rijdoh úiska
ms<s.kq ,en ;sîu tys ;¾lf.daprNdjh o" od¾YkslkHdhdkqYS,;ajh o"
kjHÑka;diy.dñ;ajh o úYo lrkafka h' we;eï mqrdK m%;sÖk 4 úpdrÑka;d ;=< o fï
i;Hh ms<s.kq ,en ;sfí'

rijdofha fï úYsIag ia:djrh kQ;k úpdrdf,dapkd iu. uekúka meyeiS hk wdldrh

ieflúka fuys i|yka lsÍu WÑ; hs' fi!kao¾h wdl,amh (aesthetic attitude) iïnkaOfhka
bÈßm;a ù we;s od¾Yksl wdia:dk uQ,sl m%j¾. follg fnokq ,efí' tkï ^1& wdl,amfha
fldaKfhka jia;=j foi ne,Su msKsi Ndú; wdia:dk iy ^2& jia;=fõ fldaKfhka wdl,amh
ksYaph lsÍfï § Ndú; wdia:dk jYfhks' oYrEmlfhka Wmqgd by; olajk ,o rijdodkql+,
woyia iu. fi!kao¾h wdl,amh ms<sn| kjH od¾Yksl u;jdo .e<fmk nj ñka meyeÈ,s
fjhs'5 fï wkqj"
4
frdau idys;HkHdh{ maf,daákiaf.a woyila kso¾Yk fia olajkq ,efí'
"An ugly thing is something that has not been entirely mastered by pattern, that is by reason…" (Ennead
01.06.02). ish Critique of Judgement kï lD;sfhys fojeks wOHdhfhys § uOHld,Sk od¾Yksl Immanuel Kant
o óg iudk woyia orkq ii\ n,kq uekú'
lsisjl jdia;úl ,laIK fi!kao¾h úkaokfha § u;= fkd j ks¾udKlrKfha § o wkjYH nj w.aksmqrdKfha
o ^339'10& o" bka Wmqgkq ,en èjkHdf,dalfha o ^3'43& lshefjhs' tkï —lúhdf.a wNsm%dh ljrla o ta wkqj Tyq
úiska iuia; úYajh u reÑ mßÈ ms<sfh< lr .kq ,efí˜ hkqfjks ^wmdfr ldjHixidfr lúfrlm%cdm;s# -
h:diaffu frdpf; úYajx ;f:ox mßj¾;f;&'
5
"(T)here is an attitude we adopt towards any item when and only when we take an aesthetic interest in it. That
would be the aesthetic attitude…" REP 1998: 52.

3
1' fi!kao¾hdl,amh yer fjk;a wdl,am lsishï jia;=jla fyj;a úIhhla fj; fhduq
lrk ,o l, tu jia;=j fi!kao¾hd;aul fyj;a wdiajdockl jia;=jla jYfhka fkd
i,lkq ,efí'

2' lsishï jia;=jla fi!kao¾hdl,amhg wruqKla jQ l,ays fjk;a ljr wdldrfha wdl,am ta
flfrys mej;sh o tlS jia;=j fi!kao¾hd;aul fyj;a wdiajdockl jia;=jla jYfhka
i,lkq ,efí'6

fi!kao¾h úkaokh msKi s rijdofha m%dudKHh ukskq jia tys Yla;u

s ;aNdjh .ek flá
we.ehqula by; oelaúKs' rijdofha iajNdjh iy ks¾jpk ms<sn| ixlaIsma; ú.%yhla u;=
olajkq ,efí'

ri hk moh ixialD; NdIdfõ úúO w¾:hkays m;kh jk nj m%lg hs' 7 tfy;a

fi!kao¾hdiajdofha iajNdjh úia;r lrkq msKsi ri hkak m%:ufhka u fhdok ,oafoa
kdgHYdia;%fha l¾;DN+; Nr;uqks úiske hs i,lkq ,efí' Tyq úiska rih y÷kajdfok ,oafoa
oDYHldjHfha wNSIag M,h fkdfyd;a ksIaGdj 8 jYfhks' kdgHYdia;%fha § ^6' 31& ta nj
meyeÈ,s j lshefjhs¦ —k ys ridoDf; lYaÑo¾:# m%j¾;f; [rifhka f;dr j ^ldjHfha& lsisÿ
m%fhdackhla fkdfyd;a w¾:hla ke;af;a h]˜'

kdgHYdia;%fhys ihjeks wOHdfhys ;siatlajeks iQ;%mdGh úNd. lrñka mefkk —;;%

úNdjdkqNdjjHNspdßixfhda.døiksIam;a;s#˜ hk i|yk fkdfyd;a iQ;%h ri ixl,amfha
jHjÉfþokh wdrïN lrk ,o uq,a u ia:dkh jYfhka ie,flhs' fulS i|yk ,sh,jd
m¨m,a,jfhka iy u,am,ska .jid irid,k ,oafoa Nr;hkag mYapd;a;k wd,xldßl-
od¾Yksl-fi!kao¾h{ msßia úisks' tfyhska rijdofha wiqj,a kHdh Nr;uqks úiska fkd
olajk ,oe hs fyda" lsishï mYapd;ald,Sk u;jdohla Nr; úiska o we;eï úg orkakg we;e
hs fyda f.k tys m%dudKsl;ajh ms<sn| Tyqg meiiSu fyda ks.%y lsÍug hdu ksIaM, o"
w;d¾lsl o" idjoH o" tkhska ydiHdjy o fjhs'

fi!kao¾h úkaokh ffj[a[dKssl ,laIK oeßh hq;= nj meyeÈ,s h' th imqrd udkisl
l%shdx.hla jk fyhsks' rijdoh jkdys ;okka;r j mek ke.=Kq Í;sjdoh" .=Kjdoh"
w,xldrjdoh" T!Ñ;Hjdoh wd§ úpdrjdo fuka fkd j b÷rd u ffp;kHh yd iïnkaO
kHdh iuqÉphla nj by; olajk ,o Nr;uqksf.a mdGfhka jqj o m%lg j fmfkhs' tfyhska
rijdoh ufkdaúYaf,aIK úoHdjg wkql+," túiska u myod" jgyd .; hq;a;la o fjhs'
rijdofha b.ekafjk isoaOdka; ika;;sh jkdys fi!kao¾h úkaokh msKsi Ndú; l< yels
Yla;su;a iy ;¾lf.dapr fuka u iEu w;ska u fhda.H WmlrK nj o iaMg
q fjhs'

Nr; úiska olajk ,o riiQ;%fhka lshefjkafka úNdj" wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj hk Ndj fyj;a
ye`.Sï j¾.;%fha tlaùfuka ^ixfhda.d;a& rih WmÈkd nj hs' ieneúka u fï jkdys
wdOqkslhl= fkdu. hjk iq¨ w,afmdala;shls (laconic remark)' tkï" rifha iajNdjh fyda
th ksmofjk wdldrh ms<sn| msßisÿ" iïmQ¾K" ;d¾lsl újrKhla thska isÿ fkd fõ' th
6
"(i) if any other attitude is adopted towards an item, but this attitude is not, then the item is not being regarded
aesthetically, (and so the attitude is necessary for aesthetic appreciation),
(ii) if an item is the object of this attitude then it is being treated aesthetically, no matter what other kinds of
attitude may also be directed towards it (and so the attitude is sufficient for aesthetic appreciation)." REP 1998:
52.
7
r>qjxY 1'18 moHfha u,a,skd:jHdLHdfõ § ri hk moh ú.%y lrkq jia my; i|yka mdGh úYajm%ldY kï
fldaI.%ka:fhka Wmqgd olajkq ,en ;sfí'
—rfid .kaOrfi iajdfo ;sla;dfo! úIrd.fhd#
YDÙ.drdfo! øfj ù¾fh foyOd;ajïnqmdrfo˜ ^úYajm%ldYfldI&
wurfldaIh o ^3'3'831& fufia olajhs'
—YDÙ.drdfo! úfI ù¾fh .=fK rdf. øfj ri#˜
8
ii|kak' "Bharata seems interested in the rasa as component precisely because it offers a rationale for starting
the unity of this complex form which is the play, an organizing mode which turns the elements when properly
perceived into parts, and further, in virtue of that organic reevaluation, can be said to constitute the end, or
purpose of the play." Gerow 1977: 248.

4
yqfola m%;siaurKYS,;ajh imhkq msKsi m%udK jk m%ldYhls (mnemonic statement)'
riiQ;%h kkakhska jHdLHd l< wNskj.=ma;" NÜgf,d,a,g" NÜgkdhl" NÜgf;!;" Yxl=l
wd§ mYapd;a;kslfhda rijdoh iïnkaOfhka úúO u;jdo k.d .;a;dyq h' kso¾Yk jYfhka
NÜgf,d,a,gf.a W;am;a;sjdoh" Yxl=l bÈßm;a l< wkqñ;sjdoh" NÜgkdhlg wNsu; jQ
N=la;sjdoh iy wNskj.=ma; úiska j¾Okh lrk ,o jHla;sjdoh i|yka l< yels h'

rijdofha YlH;d iy iSud úuikq jia riiQ;%fhka bÈßm;a jk mohkaf.a wre;a ksYaph
lr .ekSu wdjYHl jkafka fi!kao¾h úkaok ld¾hfha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lr .kq msKsi ta
Wmldr jk fyhsks' tys i|yka úNdj" wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj hk NdjúfYaI;%h b;d
ieflúka myof;d;a fumßÈ fõ'

1' úNdj (excitants)

ldrK' ksñ;a;" fya;= wd§ moj,ska o Nr;uqks úiska ye¢kafjk úNdj jkdys isf;ys ks,Sk j
mj;akd u;l igyka fyj;a OdrKd (latent impressions) biau;= ùug fya;= jk"
úkaolhdf.a isf;ka ndysr j mj;sk" fN!;h ;=< we;s oE h' oekye¢k .ekSu yryd Ndj
fmdaIKh lsÍu úNdj u.ska isÿ fõ' 9 wd,ïnk úNdj (fundamental determinant/ direct
objective condition of emotion) iy Woa§mk úNdj (exciting determinant/ reinforcing
condition of emotion) jYfhka tys fofldgils' ta w;=ßka wd,ïnk úNdj m%d:ñl hs'
iïfNda.hg we;s leue;a;" iskdiSug we;s reÑh" m%shckl foa wfmka fjka lrk ldrl
flfrys wm ;=< we;s fkdleue;a; wd§ ye`.Sï Tijd ;nkakg fya;= jk ndysr idOl
tfyhska úNdj f,i y÷kd .kq ,efí'
10
2' wkqNdj (ensuants)

fï jkdys by; lshk ,o úNdj kï ndysr fya;= ksid ;u is; ;=< ú,Sk j mej;s OdrKd
msì§ biau;= jQ nj wkqkag fmkajkq msKsi fhdod .efkk YdÍßl úldrdÈh hs' oDYHldjH
kï m%lrKh ;=< wkqNdj jkdys wd,ïnfkdoa§mk úNdj hk ndysr ksñ;s lrK fldg
f.k ;ud ;=< msì§ wd ye`.Sï YdÍßl j úoyd olajkakg md;%hka wdrEV lr.kakd úm¾hdi
ke;fyd;a ffp;kH.; Ndjhkaf.a ldhsl wNsjHla;s (corporeal manifestations) f,i
jgyd .; hq;= h'

3' jHNspdßNdj (passing/ fleeting emotions)

.Kkska f;;sila jQ jHNspdßNdj fyj;a ixpdßNdj hkq o wkqNdj fia u YdÍßl úldr
jYfhka m%lg jk WmNdj m%fNaohls' oDYHldjHfha § md;%hka úiska wkqNdjfhda o" ta yd
wdY%s; j blauKska fjkia fjñka is;m;a ye`.Sï fyj;a ia:dhsNdj jvd ishqï f,i m%lg
lrk jHNspdßNdjfhda o bÈßm;a flfr;s'11 wiqj,a ye`.Su is; ;=< msì§u ksid wiqj,a wiqj,a
YÍr úldrhka we;s fõ he hs iïu; ixialD; kdgHYdia;%h ;=< mj;sk fyhska md;%hka
úiska tajd wkqlrKfhka jHNspdßNdj olajkq ,efí'

fulS ;s%úO NdjúfYaIhkag wu;r j riksIam;a;sh myokq msKsi WmldÍ jk ;j;a NdjúfYaI
folla wksjd¾hfhka u y÷kd.; hq;= h' ta id;a;aúlNdj (temperamental emotions) iy
ia:dhsNdj (abiding emotions/ emotional predispositions) jYfhks' id;a;aúlNdj jkdys
wkqNdj ksrEmKh lrkq ,eìh hq;= wNSIag ú,di fyj;a b;du;a ksjerÈ ú,di hs' b;d olaI
f,i" Ñ;a;iudê iys; j úkd ksrEmKh lrkq fkd fyk ;rï ÿIalr he hs lshefjk
id;a;aúlNdj .Kkska wgls' 12 tfyhska wkqNdjhkaf.ka fjkia j" i;a;aj núka .sysKs j
9
—r;HdoHqoafndOld f,dfl úNdjd# ldjHkdgHfhd#˜ ^idys;Ho¾mK 3'32&
—{dhudk;hd ;;% úNdfjd NdjfmdIlD;a˜ ^oYrEm 4'2&
10
—wkqNdfjd úldria;= NdjixiQpkd;aul#˜ ^oYrEm 4'3&
11
—úfYIdodNsuqfLHk prkaf;d jHNspdßK#
ia:dhskHqkau.akks¾u.akd# l,af,d,d bj jdßfO!˜ ^oYrEm 4'8&
12
ia;ïN (freezing)" m%,h (faint/ swoon)" frdaud[ap (horripilation)" iafjo (sweating)" fjm:q (tremble/ stupor)"
wY%e (tears)" ffj¾KH (change of facial colour)" ffjiaj¾h (change of voice), kdgHYdia;% - 7'94

5
fyj;a is; uQ,sl fldg f.k WmÈk NdjúfYaIhla f,i id;a;aúlNdj ms<sn| j Nr;
olaj;;a ta hg olajk ,o riiQ;%h ;=< fkd fõ'13 ia:djr j fyj;a wp, j mj;akd fyhska
ia:dhsNdj f,i kï flfrk NdjúfYaIh wka lsisjla fkd j is; m;=f<ys ks,Sk j mj;sk
OdrKdfjda h' úNdj kue;s ndysr fya;= ksid msìfok ia:dhsNdj idudkH Ôú;fha § isf;ys
mj;skafka ksÈ .;a iajrEmfhks' 14 tjka ia:dhsNdj wfgle hs Nr; olaj;;a 15 mYapd;a;k
wd,xldßl-od¾Ykslfhda ta .Kk wNsj¾Okh l<y' ñksia is; ;=< ksi¾.isoaO j mj;akd fï
ia:dhsNdjfhda Ôú;h yd iïnkaO w;aoelSï u.ska o" ldjHkdgl wd§ idys;Huh ks¾udK
mßYS,kh u.ska o uqyql=rd h;s¦ ixlS¾K fj;s' ye`.Sï iy wdfõ.hkaf.a uqiqùfuka ;efkk
ixlS¾K (complex integrations of emotions and impulses) jYfhka y÷kd .efkk ia:dhsNdj
wm ;=< iycfhka msysgd ;sîu —jdikd˜ hkqfjka o" wmf.a Ôú; w;aoelSï wdY%fhka tajd
ixlS¾K ùu —ixialdr˜ jYfhka o kdgHYdia;%fha wNskjNdr;SjHdLHdfõ meyeÈ,s flfrhs'16
Nr;uqks ish riiQ;%h ;=< ia:dhsNdj ms<sn| i|yka fkd lrkafka rih jkdys" ixlS¾K
jYfhka fuka u iauD;s iajNdjfhka mj;akd ia:dhsNdj fia wúÉýkak wia;s;ajhlska f;dr"
wks¾jpkSh ;;a;ajhla ksid úh hq;= h' tfia u rih fjk;a w;aoelSula ms<sn| ix{dkkh o
fkd fõ' 17 ksIamkak jQ rifha jHdma;sh iïnkaOfhka myok wNskj.=ma;mdofhda th úh<s
orlvla ;=< laIKsl j me;sr hk .skakla yd iudk j iyDohdf.a you`v, mqrd ieKska úisr
me;sr hkakle hs lSy'18

fi!kao¾h úkaokh flfia isÿ fõ oe hs rijdoh m%;sIaGd fldg f.k ú.%y lroa§ tys
mru ;;a;ajh f,i ie,flk úkaokfha wNSIag M,h iïnkaOfhka idlÉPd lsÍu w;HjYH
fjhs' fï wNSIag M,h kï ri fyj;a p¾jKd 19 jYfhka o" th w;am;a lr.ekSug rikd
(relish)" fNda. (fruition)" úY%dka;s (repose)" wdiajdo (taste)" ,h (fusion)" iudm;a;s
(accomplishment)" pu;aldrks¾fõY (awaking of poetic charm) hkd§ jYfhka o rijdofha §
y÷kajd fokq ,efí' fulS ri kï wNSIag M,fha idrh fkdfyd;a wd;auh20 jQ l,s pu;aldrh
f,i o lshk ,È' 21 idudkH {dk,dNhkaf.ka mila lr .; fkdfyk" f,!lsl
fõohs;hkaf.ka ls,sá fkd jQ" iqjodhS wdkkaohla jYfhka rih y÷kajkq ,en ;sîfuka
rijdoh fl;rï ÿrg od¾Yksl ú{dkjdohg ióm fuka u úkaokfha ufkdaúoHdkql+,Ndjh
idlaId;a lrjkq iu;a ;d¾lsl ixl:khla o hkq m%lg fjhs' rifha rej.=K fjfiiñka
úYajkd: iajlSh idys;Ho¾mKfhys ^3'2-3& oelajQ my; újrKh tfyhska b;d m%Yia; hs¦
iqLdjfndaOl hs¦ iúia;r hs¦ iqm%isoaO hs'

i;a;afjdføldoLKaviajm%ldYdkkaoÑkauh#
fjoHdka;riam¾YY+fkHd n%yaudiajdoifydor#

f,dfld;a;rpu;aldrm%dK# fflYaÑ;am%ud;DNs#
iajldrjoNskak;afjkdhudiajdoHf; ri#

13
kdgHYdia;% - 7'93
14
f*%dhsähdkq ufkdaúYaf,aIKjdofha meyeÈ,s flfrk WmßwyxNdj.; w;aoelSï iu. ia:dhsNdj iei£u
uekú'
15
ia:dhsNdj f,i kdgHYdia;%fha oelafjkafka fï wIaglh muKs'
r;s (pleasure of love)" ydi (laughter)" fYdl (sorrow)" fl%dO (anger)" W;aidy (courage)" Nh (fear)" cq.=mi a d
(abhorrence)" úiauh (astonishment)
16
ia:dhsNdj iïnkaOfhka mYapd;a;k fi!kao¾hfjo{hka úiska ork ,o woyia lsysmhla olajf;d;a fufia h'
—idudðldkdx jdikd;au;hd iaÓ;#˜ uïug ^ldjHm%ldY 4'26&
—idudðldkdx iQlaIau;hdka;# iaÓ;#˜ f.dúkao ^ldjHm%ldYjHdLHd 4'26&
—idudðldkdx iajdkqNjcks;jdikd;au;hd iaÓ;#˜ u,a,skd: ^ldjHm%ldYjHdLHd 4'26&
17
"Rasa is not Smṛti for Smṛti is the revived consciousness of some past experience and Rasa is not so. No is
Rasa the comprehension of another experience … This is the reason why Bharata has excluded the word
sthāyibhāva from his sūtra for otherwise Rasa would have been mistaken for an imitation of the abiding
emotion of another person." Choudhuri 1958: 44.
18
kdgHYdia;% wNskjNdr;SjHdLHd 7'7
19
"Aesthetic enjoyment (Rasa) has its own charm and is another name for carvaṇā." Choudhuri 1958: 44.
20
Ndr;Sh o¾Ykfha § lsisjl yrh tys —wd;auh˜ jYfhka ie,flhs'
21
—rfi idrYapu;aldr#" p¾jHudffKlm%dK#˜ ^idys;Ho¾mK 3'3&

6
—fkdì÷Kq fyj;a mßmQ¾K;dfjka hqla; jQ ^wLKav&" ;ukag u mila jkakd jQ ^iajm%ldY&"
i;=fgka hq;= ^wdkkao& hq;=" isys we;s neúka u ieÿKq ^Ñkauh&" wkH fõÈ;hkaf.a iam¾Yfhka
fyj;a uqiqùfuka f;dr jQ fyhska fkd ls,sá ^fjoHdka;r-iam¾Y-Y+kH&" mrn%yauka idlaId;a
lr .ekSu ;rï W;a;u ;,hlg w;sYhska iudk iy ióm jQ ^n%yaudiajdo-ifydor&"
f,!lsl;ajh blau jQ pu;aldrh u m%dKh fldg we;s ^f,dfld;a;r-pu;aldrm%dK& fï rih
jkdys i;a;aj .=Kh fyj;a rcia yd ;uia hk .=Koajfhka fkd ls,sá yqÿ uki imqrd ke.S
isàfï ^i;a;aj-Woafrl& m%;sM,hla jYfhka we;eï ksjerÈ woyia we;s ;eke;a;ka ^m%ud;D&
úiska ;ud iy ^kdgH md;%hd w;r& fjkila fkdue;s j ^iajldrj;a-wNskak;afjk&
ú¢kq ,efí˜ hkq fï moH hq.aulfha ir, w¾:h hs'

Ndr;Sh o¾Ykh rijdoh iu. w;Hka;fhka ne£ we;s neõ by; lshk ,È' tfyhska u
m%dÖk od¾Yksl mßiaÓ;sfhka msg; ;nd rijdoh jHjÉfþo lsÍu ifodia o ksIaM, o fj;e
hs o oelaúKs' ffoksl Ôú;fha úúOdldr ÿlaLfodaukiaihkaf.ka o wfkl msßm;ska o ;e<S
fmdä ù hk is;g i÷ka isis,la n÷ j oefkk —fid÷re oE ú£fï wdkkaoh˜ rijd§ka úiska
n%yauka mila lr .ekSfï wdiajdohg ióm lrkq ,efí' th fndÿkqjka úiska ks¾jdKh
idlaId;a lr .ekSfï iodkkaolr iqjh wNSIag jYfhka i,lkq ,eîu jekakls' rih hkq
n%yaudiajdoh u fkd jk kuqÿ ta foflys u mj;sk idOdrK .=Kh kï idlaId;alrKfha §
yg.kakd pu;aldrh hs' 22 pu;aldrh lsis f,ilskaj;a fN!;sl m%m[ap wdY%s; wdiajdoh yd
iei¢h fkd yels" tfy;a yqÿ N%uhla fyda ufkdaN%dka;shla (hallucination) fyda fkd jk
wdkkaohla jk nj wNskj.=ma;fhda ish wNskjNdr;S kdgHYdia;%jHdLHdfõ ijeks
wOHdhfhys § myo;s' ks¾jdKdjfndaOfhka ysñ fj;e hs lshefjk ksrdñi iqjh jekakls" ta'

—úfYIdka;rdkqmys;;ajd;a id rikShd i;S k f,!lslS k ñ:Hd kdks¾jdpHd k

f,!lsl;=,Hd k ;odfrdmdÈrEmd'''˜

N=la;sjdofha ks¾ud;DN+; NÜgkdhl olajk whqßka n%yaudiajdoh iy rih w;r fjkila

we;akï ta funkaols' —jiq yg fifkyiska hq;= .jfokf.ka bfí u lsß tÍ je.sfrkakdla
fuka fï rih o jpk kue;s fOkqjf.ka bfí u je.sfrhs' tfyhska th fhda.Ska úiska ÿl
fia fodjd ,en .kakd jQ n%yaudiajdohg fjkia h' fhda.shd n%yauka mila lrkafka f,dúka
fjka j b÷rka ñßlñka fndfyda l,la njqka jvd i;;fhka m%Oka ù¾hh fldg b;d ÿl fia
h' tfy;a ridiajdoh iyDohdg ÿIalrl%shdfjka f;dr j iqjfia u mila fjhs' l,amkdud;%h
u yrh fldg we;s kdgHh iqjfia yo ne| .kS' fyj;a wdiajdoh f.k fohs'˜ ^wNskjNdr;S&23

fi!kao¾h úkaokfha iajNdjh ú.%y fldg tu.ska wm fj; ,efnkakd jQ iqLuh fõokdj
wiqj,a m%ldr he hs ljrdldrfha úpdrÑka;d iy újrK u.ska myokq ,efí o@ tlS —iqLuh
fõokdj˜ iy —rih jYfhka y÷kajd fokq ,nk wdiajdo m%ldrh˜ tlsfklg iudk jk ieá
ó<`.g úuid n,kq ,efí' riiQ;%fha jHdLHd flfrk ixfhda. iy ksIam;a;s hk mooajh ;=<
w,afmdala;s rEmfhka mj;akd tu wdiajdo m%ldrh jHjÉfþo fldg úuish hq;= nj fï
fyhska b÷rd m%;HlaI hs'

fi!kao¾h úkaokfha § ks¾udmlhd" ks¾udKh iy rislhd hk uQ,sl md¾Yaj;%h w;r

idOqixjdohla werfUk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls' tf;l=ÿ jqj;a we;eï m%lrKhkays §
ks¾udmlhd iy ks¾udKh wkkH jk fyhska fyj;a ks¾udKh ;=< u ks¾udmlhd ksu.ak
jk fyhska ks¾udKh iy rislhd w;r úkaokfha ixjdoh isÿ fjhs' iduQysl k¾;kh fyda
kdgHh ;%smd¾Yaúl fyj;a ;sfofkl= w;r we;s jk ixjdohlg;a" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s fyda idys;H
ks¾udK wdÈh oaúmd¾Yaúl fyj;a fofokl= w;r we;s jk ixjdohlg;a uQ,dOdr fjhs' flaj,
k¾;lhl= u k¾;kh jk l," k¾;kh kï ks¾udK>kh ;=< ks¾udmlhd ksu.ak fjhs'
tl,ays rislhd iy ks¾udKh fyj;a ks¾udmlhd w;r oaúmd¾Yaúl ixjdohla yg .kS'
Ñ;%ks¾udKdÈfhys § o ks¾udmlhd bka úhqla; fyhska" ke;fyd;a úkaok wjia:dfjys §
Tyqf.a bÈßm;a ùu wkjYH neúka tl,ays yg .kakd ixjdoh oaúmd¾Yaúl nj fmfkhs'

22
rijdoh ;=< —pu;aldr˜ hkak wre;a ;=klska fhfohs( ^1& úYaùh fi!kao¾hd;aul ;;a;ajhka u.ska wm i;=
Ndjdfõ.d;aul ixlS¾K (emotio-motive complexes) le<eöfuka WmÈk fi!kao¾h wdl,amh" ^2& tu.ska
yg.kakd wdya,doh iy ^3& YdÍßl j ta wdya,doh wdú¾Njkh (manifestation) ùu fyj;a m%ldYhg m;a ùu
jYfhks'"
23
mßj¾;kh iqpß; .ï,;a úisks ^rijdoújrKh" 149 msgqj&' Coward and Raja 1990: 32 o n,kak'

7
úNdj" wkqNdj' jHNspdßNdj" id;a;aúlNdj iy ia:dhsNdj hk wjhjhkaf.a ld¾hh iy
ixfhda.h flfia isÿ fõ oe hs rijdofha § myokq ,nkafka oDYHldjHh kue;s ks¾udK
wdlD;sh wdY%h fldg f.k h' tfyhska ridiajdo fyj;a p¾jKd jHdmdrfha iajNdjh
jgyd .kq jia oDYHldjHh u m%udK lr .ekSu m<uq j uekú' tu.ska fi!kao¾h úkaokh
msKsi rijdofha m%dudKHh o ;lafiare l< yels fyhsks'

úNdjdkqNdjdÈh fya;= iy M, jYfhka uQ,sl fldgia follg fnod oelaúh yels h' tys § o
fya;+;amkak j M, njg m;a jQjdyq h<s;a fya;= njg m;a fj;s' flfia o h;a"

1' wd,ïnk iy Woa§mk foj¾.fha u úNdj fya;= fldg f.k kdgH md;%hd ;=< wkqNdj"
jHNspdßNdj iy id;a;aúlNdj hk Ndjfhda M, jYfhka yg.ks;s¦ m%lg fj;s'
2' m%lg jkakd jQ wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj yd id;a;aúlNdj fya;= fldg f.k kdgH
fm%alaIlhd ;=< ia:dhsNdj msì§u kï M,h yg.kS' m%nqoaO ia:dhsNdjh u rih njg m;a fõ'

imqrd ú[a[dKjd§ wdia:dkhka u.ska mila lr.; hq;= fï jHdmdrh úuiSu msKsi
rislhdf.a ^ia:dhsNdj hkqfjka ye¢kafjk& ufkda.;Skaf.a mlaIfhys isg ne,Su ;d¾lsl hs'
úkaokh isÿjkafka oDYHldjHfha § fm%alaIlhl= jYfhka o" Y%jH iy mdGH ldjHfha §
ms<sfj<ska Y%djlhl= iy mdGlhl= jYfhka o kï l< yels rislhdf.a ffp;kHh ;=<
neúks'

jdikd jYfhka bmso" ixialdr njg m;a jQ u;l kue;s rEmfhka ia:dhsNdj wm ;=<
mj;skafka flfia o@ uQ,sl ia:dhsNdj wIaglh wm ;=< meje;Sfï fya;= fumßÈ he hs rijd§yq
olaj;s' tkï"

1' iïfNda.hg we;s ,d,idj ksid r;sh o"

2' wkHhka my;a fldg ;elSfï leue;a; ksid bka m%S;sh wfmalaId lsÍfuka ydih o"
3' m%sh oehska fjkaùfï wleue;a; ksid fYdalh o"
4' m%sh oE ;udf.ka fjka lrk fya;= fj; fldam ùfuka" wi;=gg m;a ùfuka fl%daOh o"
5' m%sh oE fjka lrk" wm%sh oE ióm lrk fya;= ue`v,Sfï wdYdj ksid W;aiyh o"
6' urKh iy jHikhg we;s fkd leue;a; ksid Nh o"
7' m%sh oE ú£fï iy wm%sh oE u.yeÍfï leue;a; ksid cq.=maidj o"
8' ;udf.a YlH;d iSudfjka Tífnys jQ oE iy ;ud úiska fmr fkd ú¢k ,o oE ú£fï
leue;a; ksid úiauh o jYfhks'

ri njg meñfKkafka wka lsisjla fkd j fï ia:dhsNdj u nj rijdofha b.ekafj;e hs

by; lshk ,È' —m%lD;sfhka r¿ fyhska i;=g fkd t<jk ia:dhsNdj iqLmru jQ
wdiajdokSh ;,hlg tieù tau˜ riksIam;a;sh f,i y÷kd.ekSu tfyhska ksjerÈ h'
Okxchdpd¾hfhda o úYajkd:fhda o fï i;Hh fufia ;yjqre lr;s'

úNdfjkdkqNdfjk jHla;# ixpdßKd ;:d

ri;dfu;s r;HdÈ# ia:dhsNdj# ifp;idï ^idys;Ho¾mK 3'1&

úNdffjrkqNdffjYap id;aúffl¾jHNspdßNs#
wdkShudk# iajdoH;ajx ia:dhsNdfjd ri# iauD;# ^oYrEm 4'1&

úNdj" wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj fyj;a ixpdßNdj iy id;a;aúlNdj u.ska risl yom;af<ys

ks,Sk j mj;akd ia:dhsNdjh m%lg ^jHla;& lrkq ,efí' tfia jHla; jQ ia:dhsNdjfhda u ta ta
ri njg m;a fj;s' fyj;a —ú¢h hq;= njg /f.k tkq ,nk ia:dhsNdjh u rih f,i
y÷kd .efkhs ^iajdoH;ajx wdkShudk# ia:dhsNdj# ri#&˜' ia:dhsNdj jYfhka wm ;=< mj;akd"
mQ¾jiauD;s iy Ôjk w;aoelSï ksid mßK; jQ ufkda.;Syq ´,dßl o r¿ o fj;a' tfy;a tajd
wdiajdokSh njg m;a jQ l, fN!;fha lsisÿ m%m[aphlska fkd ,eìh yelald jQ wdkkaohla
risl yo ;=< WmÈhs' fï isÿjkafka flfia o@ kso¾Ykhla i,lkq ,efí'

8
irÉpkaøhkaf.a ukfï kdglfhys § újdm;a kjhqj, nrKeia mqr n,d msg;a jkq yuq fjhs'
ish OkqYs,am mdgjh ksid u ,o Okq¾Or kï lS¾;skdufhka To jeã" ish,a,kaf.a u wdisß
ueo Èidmdfudlaa weÿß÷kaf.a ÈhKsh o ,en m%dya,dÈ; ukiska isák ukfï l=ure h' m;d
isá f,iska u keK.=K Tof;o imsß" wkqmu rEimqfjka o hq;= l=ure iu. újdm;a ùfï
wdfudaofhka o" nrKeia mqr isßúis;=re ú¢kd T!;aiqlHfhka o mskd .sh l=ußh
h' ;ekays ;ekays msmS ÿ,kd ukrï l=iqïlekska" mshqï frdka uqiq k,uqÿ iqj¢ka" lkal¨
fldjq,al+ckfhka" nur.=uqfhka" ls÷re,sh .Sfhka uq¿ jk.en u msì§ isákq jekak' ji;a
iuh hs' ,m,a,jfhka fyì ,shf.duq ksid ysref.a pKavd;m LKaä; j f.disks' fm%aufhka
uqÈ; j uqim;a j isák l=ußh o l=ure o Wkqkg wruqKq fj;s' wd,ïnk úNdj kï fuhhs'
u`.=,au`vqjl isß Wiq,k jkfm; o tys l=iqï" nur.=uq" fldjq,ako" u|k, wd§ W;af;aclfhda
fofokd w;r wkqrd.h ;j;a o,ajñka Woa§mk úNdj f,i ls%hd lr;s' lgdlaIksÍlaIKfhka
fyj;a fk;Z. ne,afuka" ukaoiañ;fhka" mdg, mE .;a fofldmqf,ka" fm%auKSh mshf;mq,ska"
uqÿ lrm,a,jd§ rEnr w`.mi`. úlafIamfhka l=ußh ish fm%audkaú; nj lshdmdkakS h' wE
olajk tlS ydjNdjdÈh wkqNdj kï fõ' ta yg .;af;a hg lS wd,ïnk iy Woa§mk hk
úNdj ksñ;s fldg f.k h' l=ureka flfrys wkqrd.h" Tyqf.a úl%u iy {dkmdgjh flfrys
wdvïnrh" jkfhys mej;sh yels wdmod flfrys ii, yoeZ;s nj" nrKeia mqr oelSfï
T!;aiqlHh wd§ ixpdßNdjfhda o mek ke.S isá;s' fï ish,a, olsk" wik wm ;=< ksÈ.;a
f,i mj;akd merKs u;l msìfohs' ia;%S-mqreI wkqrd.h iïnkaO w;aoelSï" iuD;s wdÈh wm
yo.en ie;mS isg" wdma; fm%alaIdjla (proper spectacle) ÿgq l, W;af;ackh fjhs( ke.S isáhs'
i;a;aj.=Kh ke.S isàu ^i;a;afjdføl& f,i ye¢kafjkafka fï l%shdj,sh hs' kj w;aoelSï
merKs w;aoelSï yd iïnkaO j uqiq ù hhs' fï uqiqj merKs u;lhka kj oDIaáhlska
olskakdla n÷ iqLfõokd t<jkakls' 24 fN!;h yd .eà mej;s merKs iauD;s fuka f,!lsl
fkd jk" ls,sá fkd jQ" wfm!oa.,sl jQ fï wdkkaokSh iqixfhda.h ksid yg.kakd wdiajdoh
u rih jYfhka m%ud;DDka úiska ú| .kq ,efí' fm%auh ms<sn| j wm i;= ufkda.;s ukfï
hqj, úiska wm yuqfjys ;efnk wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj úiska mqnqÿjkq ,eîfuka Tjqkaf.a ta
fm!oa.,sl wkqN+;sh wmg o fmdÿ wkqN+;shla njg m;a fjhs' wm yo ks,Sk j we;s r;s kï
Ndjh fm%auh iy iïfNda.h ms<sn| úúOdldr iauD;s iy l,la ;siafia flfuka mßK; jQ
w;aoelSïj,ska Wfma; hs' ukfï hqj,f.a fm%auh weiSfuka" oelSfuka tlS ks,Sk j mej;s
ia:dhsNdjh le<efUhs' ishqï i;=glska merKs w;aoelSï yd kj w;aoelSï tla ù meyeiS .sh
nj wmg oekS hhs' pu;aldrh fkdfyd;a yo W;=rd hdu m%dKh fldg .;a YDx.dr rih tu
iqúfYaIS wdkkaoh hs'

lreK rifha ksIam;a;sh iïnkaOfhka i,ld n,f;d;a ta fumßÈ h' m%sh oehska fjka jQ l,
wm ú¢ fõokdfjda u;l kue;s rEmfhka yo.eUf¾ iksgqyka j we;a;dy' l,ska l,
wm ,nk fm!oa.,sl iy wfm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï ksid Tjqyq l%ufhka uqyql=rd h;s' ukfï
kdglfha § jeÈrc úiska ukfï l=ureka urd ouk ,enQ wjia:dfõ § l=ußh ;ud yg fmï
l< iajlSh j,a,Nhd isys lrñka fYdald,dm .hkakS h' irÉpkaøhkaf.a u isxyndyq
kdglfha isxyhd f,k ì|eZr m<d .sh ish iq;kZUqka isys fldg je,fmhs' fï wik olsk
wmf.a yo /¢" fYdal kñka rijd§ka úiska fjfiikq ,nk" iauD;Syq m%lïmkh fj;s' ms%h
jia;+kaf.ka úruKh jQ l, wm ú¢ fõokd" tjka wjia:djlg uqyqK mdkakka ú¢;e hs wm
wid" lshjd" oel we;s fõokd iy ;§h w;aoelSï fulS kj w;aoelSïj, m%n, nj ksid
le<eö msì§ isáhs' yo W;=rd hk fYdalh ksrEmKh lrkq jia md;%hka ish w`.mi`.ska iy
uqyqfKka m%ldYhg m;a lrk wdx.sl id;a;aúl wd§ wNskfhda wm yo.en ksÈ f.k isák
u;l wjqiaid" l=mamjd" wjÈ fldg úkaokSh iajNdjhlg yrjd wmf.a ú{dkh fj; Tijd
f.k fo;s' tfyhska ÿlg m;a ukfï l=ußhf.a;a" isxyhdf.a;a Ndjd;sYh rx.k wjia:d
wmf.a lreK ri m%;S;shg m%udK fjhs'

Charlie Chaplin kï lS¾;sOr úlg k¿jdf.a Ñ;%mg krUk l, iskd my< ùu fkd
je<elaúh yels nj wms oksuq' wm ú¢kd ta iqLdiajdoh ydiHri f,i o Bg msysg jk
24
"(T)he experiencing of a transcendent exhilaration from the enjoying of the roused emotions inherent in our
own personality… The past impressions, memories, associations and the like, which were lying deeply buried in
the mind, became connected with the present experience and thereby the present experience became afflicted
and perceived in a new manner resulting in a dimension of new experience, revealing new types of pleasures
and pains unlike the pleasures and pains associated with our egoistic instincts and the success or failures of their
strings." Dasgupta 1947: 600. wjOdrKh wE¢Ks'

9
ia:dhsNdjh ydi f,i o ye¢kafjhs' w;a;=lalxikh fyj;a ;ud Wiia fldg ie,lSu o
mrjïNkh fyj;a wkqka my;a fldg ie,lSu o hk fmdÿ ukqIH iajNdjh ydi hk
ia:dhsNdjh fmdaIKh lrhs' Chaplin r`.k pß;fha we÷ïme<÷ï" wx.rd.dÈh" .ukaú,dih
wdÈh mjd wm iskdjg fmd<Ujkafka ukao@ kSfrda.S" t<U isá isysfhka hq;=" ksis iudcpdß;%"
p¾hdú,didÈh W.;a wdma; mqoa.,hka jYfhka wm ms<sn| j wm úiska u f.dvk.d .kq ,en
we;s wdl,amh iu. Chaplin r`.k pß;fha p¾hdrgd" wej;=ï mej;=ï wdÈh úixjd§ ùu óg
fya;= fjhs' ks;r .s,syS jefgkakg hk ish l,siu r|jd .ekSug Tyq ork W;aiyh olsk
wm ;=< ydiHh WmÈkafka th ye| isáh hq;= kshudldrh ms<sn| jegySula fkdfyd;a
iïu;hla wm i;= j mj;akd fyhsks¦ tfia u tlS kshudldrh u wm úiska o wkq.ukh
flfr;s hs hk w;a;=lalxikh wm ;=< rchk fyhsks¦ tu.ska Chaplin r`.k pß;h wmg
jvd my;a" wmßK; iudc ;,hl isá;s hs ld,amksl mrjïNkhla wm ;=< kef.k neúks'
Chaplin r`.k pß;h i;= .uka ú,dihg" p¾hdrgdjkag iskd my< lrñka ydiHri kue;s
ta iqLdiajdoh wm ,nkafka wm tfia fkd yeisfrk ksid úkd wka ljrla ksid fõ o@

ia:dhsNdj m%nqoaO ùu ksid tajd úkaokSh njg meñK wdkkaoYla;s iys; úkaolhd yg rifha
wdkkaoh ,nd fok wdldrh fufia úYo hs' 25 tfy;a fuys § neyer fkd l< yels .eg¨
lsysmhla mek k.sk nj jegysh hq;= h' ta my; i|yka mßoafoks'

1' wkqkaf.a wkqN+;s rislhd jk wmf.a iauD;s mqnqÿjkafka flfia o@

2' msfhdúka ú¢kakg wm wleue;s fYdalh" cq.=maidj" NS;sh n÷ w;aoelSï kdgHfha § oelSfuka
flfia kï iqLuh fõokdjla ke;fyd;a rihla yg .kshs o@
3' wm i;= j wod< iy fhda.H iauD;s fkd mj;sk l, rikd jHdmdrh flfia isÿ fõ o@
4' úkaolhka ish¨fokd u ú¢k rih tl yd iudk fõ o@ tys úfYaI;d" W!kdêl;d
mj;skafka kï ta ukao@

wmf.ka wkH jQ ukfï hqj,f.a" Yl=ka;,d yd ÿIHka;d§kaf.a fm%aud;=r rx.k" Chaplin

r`.k pß;fha úlg cjksld" isxyhdf.a ú,dmdÈh yqfola rx.Yd,dfõ wiqka f.k ta krUk
wmf.a iauD;s msìoùug bvla ke;af;a fkd fõ o@ Tjqkaf.a w;aoelSï wmg wod< fyda
we;eïúg wmf.a w;aoelSïj, m%;sks¾udK fyda fkd fõ' bÈka tlsfkldg fm!oa.,sl
w;aoelSï fid÷re jia;= fia f.k wdiajdokh lrkq ,eìh yelafla o@ fun÷ mekhkag
rijd§ka fok ms<s;=r kï fuys § ;kauhSNjkh" iajd;aólrKh wd§ mohkaf.ka o
ye¢kafjk idOdrKSlrKh (identification) kï jHdmdrh l%shd;aul jk nj hs' 26 tkï fï
fudfydf;a rx.hg msúi isákafka wiqj,d h" wiqj,d fkd fõ" wiqj,d ùug o fkd ùug o
yels h" wiqj,d fuks wd§ jYfhka fkd f.k fmdÿ núka fyj;a idudkHNdjfhka ie,lSu
hs' wNs{dkYdl=ka;,h ú£fï § lsishï fm%alaIlhl= ;ud ÿIHka; fyda Yl=ka;,d fyda
jYfhka .ekSula idOdrKSlrK jHdmdrfhka woyia fkd jkafka he hs Y%SYxl=lfhda meyeÈ,s
lr;s' ieneúka u idOdrKSlrK jHdmdrfha § isÿjkafka tla fudfyd;l § fm%alaIlhd
Yl=ka;,d i;= fmdÿ ia;%s;ajhg;a" B<`. iefKys § ÿIHka; i;= fmdÿ mqreI;ajhg;a ld,amksl
j wdrEV ùu h' tl,ays fï wkqN+;sh —uf.a fkd fõ he˜ hs ye`.Su fyda kQmÈk nj rijdofha
jHdLHd;Dyq olaj;s' flfia o h;a"

mriH k mrfiH;s ufu;s k ufu;s p

;odiajdfo úNdjdfo# mßÉfPfod k úoHf; ^idys;Ho¾mK 3'12&

tu;= o fkd j fm%alaIlhd fulS md;%hka iu. fmdÿnúka úNdjdÈh w;aolsk fyhska
ia;%Smd;%hl= flfrys mqreI fm%alaIlhl=f.a wdrEVùu fyda mqreImd;%hl= flfrys ia;%S
25
"In the subconscious and unconscious regions there are always lying dormant various types of emotio-motive
complexes. When through artistic creation a purely universal emotional fear, amour etc. are projected in the
mind, they become affiliated to those types of emotio-motive complexes and this mutual affiliation or
apperception or implicit recognition of identity immediately transforms the presented artistic universal into
artistic joy or Rasa. It is for this reason that in the rousing of artistic joy, there is a kinship and identity among all
art enjoyers…" Dasgupta 1947: 603. wjOdrKh wE¢Ks'
26
—jHdmdfrdZia;s úNdjdfo¾kdïkd idOdrKSlD;s#
;;am%Ndfjk hiHdikamdf:doêma,jkdoh#
m%ud;d ;ofNfok iajd;audkx m%;smoHf;˜ ^idys;Ho¾mK 3' 9&

10
fm%alaIsldjlf.a wdrEV ùu fyda wNjH fkd fõ' kdgHh mqrdjg u wm tl u pß;hlg
ld,amksl j wdrEV ù isàu o idOdrKSlrKh hkafkka woyia fkd fõ' ;dod;auHh
(identity) ta ta laIKhg muKls' B<`. fudfydf;a § th fjkia j hhs' wkHhl=f.a
wkqN+;sh ;udf.a iauD;sh yd inef|kafka fï ld,amksl" ,>qld,sl idOdrKSlrK jHdmdrh
ksid h'

hf:dala; .eg¨ w;ßka fojekak fi!kao¾h ms<sn| o¾Ykfha jeo.;a" m%lg m%Yakhla j
mj;skakls' fuys § th fjfiiska úuish hq;f a ;a rijdoh úiska Bg bÈßm;a flfrk
ms<s;=rej, ;¾lf.daprNdjh fya;= lr f.k h' idudkH f,dalfha § wm ú¢kakg wleue;s
fYdalh" NS;sh wdÈh oDYHldjHfhys fyda Ñ;%mgfhys fyda idys;H iy Ñ;% ks¾udKdÈfhys
ksrEmKh jQ l, bka wm rih ú|skafka flfia o hkq ienE .eg¨jls' rijd§yq fï ;;a;ajh
fufia újrKh lr;s' m%lD;s f,dalfha wm i;= iauD;srEmS ia:dhsNdjfhda" úfYaIfhka u
fYdalh" ìh" ms<sl=< wdÈh" fN!;h yd .eàfuka ls,sá j isá;s' ;:H Ôú;fha § wñysß
w;aoelSï f,i úkd fYdal" NS;s wdÈh h<s isys lsÍfï § iqLdjy wkqN+;s f,i fkd mj;sk nj
wms m%;HlaIfhka oksuq' tn÷ wñysß" u;lhkaf.a iajrEmfhka mj;sk ia:dhsNdj
wdiajdokSh ;,hlg Tijd f.k tkq ,nkafka ldjHf,dalfhys § wm mj;ajd .kakd bÉPdkq.
wúYajdi ú,ïnkh (willing suspension of disbelief) úisks' tkï oDYHldjHhl fyda idys;H
lD;shl md;%hka tlS ÿ#LdkqN+;s w;aú¢kq ksrEmKh jk l,ays ta w;aoelSï úYajdi lsÍug
fkdfyd;a wúYajdi fkd lsÍug wm leue;af;ka u" iú{dksl j u fm<öu hs' ienE fkd
jk nj ksiel j okakd" wfm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï wm ú¢k l, tajd wf,!lsl úNdjhkaf.ka
Wm; ,nk fyj;a f,!lsl fya;=kaf.ka úks¾uqla;" wkqm,sma; fyhska tajdhska yg.kakd
rih o wf,!lsl fjhs' ksoiqka f,i fYdalhg fya;= jk oE oDYHldjHfhys § md;%hka úiska
p;=¾úO wNskhkaf.ka ksrEmKh flfrk l,ays th ienEjla fkd jk nj;a" ld,amksl
nj;a fm%alaIlhd okshs' ukfï l=ureka f,i r`.k md;%hd ieneúka u ñh fkd .sh nj o"
isxyhdg mK fmdjk rx.Orhd ieneúka u rx.h uOHfha úo fkd urk ,o nj o Tyq jgyd
f.k isáhs' tkï" tlS jHikhkag m;a jQfha ks¾udKlrejd úiska ujk ,o ld,amksl pß;
úkd" wm iauD;sfha ;ekam;a jQ i;H wkqN+;sj,g fya;= jQ iÔj mqoa.,hka fuka" ta pß; f.k
yer mdk md;%hka fkd jk nj wmg m%;HlaI h' hd;%d lrñka isá kejla is£ ì£ uqyqÿn;a
jkq rx.fha § olsk l, th ld,amksl ujk ,oaola nj t<U isá isys we;s m%ud;D f;fï
okshs' uD;lf,ajrhl w;=Kqnyka nqÈk fõ;d,hl= kdgHhl pß;hla f,i ÿgq l, ta pß;h
ksrEmKh lrkakd ieneúka u w;=Kqnyka nqÈkafka he hs is;uq o@ úYajkd: olajk mßÈ —
ld,amkslhla jQ ldjHh yd ix.; ùfuka fN!;fha § wñysß jk w;aoelSï l,dlD;s f,i
bÈßm;a jQ l, iqLdiajdoh u t<jhs˜' 27 fufia jkafka rislhdf.a wd;aud¾:ldñ;ajh fyda
mrmSvklduh fyda ksid fkd j Tyq ;ud wdrlaIs; nj fyj;a tlS w;aoelSïj, n,mEfuka
ksoyia nj jgyd f.k isàu;a" ;ud w;aolskafka h:d¾:h fkd j tys l,d;aul
m%;sks¾udKhla nj mila lr f.k isàu;a ksid h' fYdaldka; kdgH keröfï § fm%alaIlhd
yg iqLdiajdo ú¢h yelafla flfia o hkakg ms<s;=re f,i m%;sÖk úpdriïm%odhkays bÈßm;a
jQ woyia o fuys ,d ;=,kh l< yels h' fYdaldka;hl mefkk isoaê" pß; wdÈh ld,amksl
jYfhka ie,lSu;a" ;ud iqjfia fN!;h ;=< isák j. mila lr .ekSu;a Bg m%udK fj;s hs
tys lshefjhs'28

kdgHYdia;%fhys uQ,sl ri wgla ms<sn| j oelafjk kuqÿ mYapd;ald,Sk wd,xldßlhl= jQ

WoaNgdpd¾hfhda Yu fyj;a ixis÷Kq nj kue;s ia:dhsNdjfhka wNsjHla;shg m;a jk
Ydka;rih o Bg y÷kajd ÿkay' ;j;a iuyfrla j;ai, ri wd§ m%fNao y÷kajd foñka
27
—lreKdodjms rfi cdhf; h;amrx iqLx - ifp;idukqNj# m%udKx ;;% flj,ï
ls[ap f;Iq hod ÿlaLx k fldZms iHd;a;ÿkauqL# - ;:d rdudhKd§kdx Nú;d ÿ#Lfy;=;d˜ ^idys;Ho¾mK 3'4-5&
—fy;=;ajx fYdly¾Idfo¾.f;fNHd f,dlixY%hd;a
fYdly¾Idofhd f,dfl cdhka;dx kdu f,!lsld#
wf,!lslúNdj;ajx m%dmaf;NH# ldjHixY%hd;a
iqLx ixcdhf; f;NH# i¾fjfNHdZmS;s ld laI;s#˜ ^idys;Ho¾mK 3'7&
28
Cf. "(T)here is a pleasure in looking out over the great ocean when a storm rages across it and seeing some
vessels in distress, not because we are glad that somebody else is suffering, but because we have our own feet
safely on the shore. There is a pleasure in watching the struggle of armies upon a battlefield - so long as we
ourselves are standing out of danger..." Lucretius, Dererum Natura
"We consider tragedy at the same time as dreadful and harmless…" (Addison), "When ourselves are safe, we
love to be at once miserable, unhurt…" (Conjectures), "The pleasure of tragedy is a luxury of woe" (Hugh Blair)

11
rijdofha ksïj<¨ mq¿,a lf<da h' ieneúka u rih f,i kï flfrk pu;aldrm%dK jQ
wdkkaoh m%fNao jYfhka wfNaoH nj meyeÈ,s lf<da wNskj.=ma; wd§ fi!kao¾h{fhda h'
rim%fNao jkdys yqfola tlS uyodkkaofha nyqúO m%ldr y÷kd.ekSfï myiqj msKsi fhÿKq
ixfla; iaj,amhls' bÈka we;eï rim%fNaohlg wod< ksOka.; jdikd fyda ixialdr fyda
wm ;=< kef;d;a tlS m%fNaoh fkd yg .kafka fkd fõ o@ 29 fï .eg¨j úfYaIfhka u
rikd jHdmdrfha YlH;d iSud lrkakg fya;= fjhs' jdikd kñka ia:dhsNdj ye¢kaùug fya;=
jkafka o rikh i|yd ffp;kH.; iauD;skaf.a wjYH;dj u hs' Sensibility f,i m%;sÖk
úpdrlhka olajkafka o fï jdikd.=Kh nj lshkq ,efí' rijdofha iSud fi!kao¾h
úksYapfhys mj;akd úYajhSh iiSu;d (universal limitations) iu. ieif|k ;j;a wjia:djla
f,i o fï y÷kd .; yels hs' ia:dhsNdj jkdys —bodkS;a;k jdikd˜ iy —m%dla;k jdikd˜
f,i fohdldr nj o rijd§yq lsh;s' m<uqjeks j¾.h fï Èúfhys § ,o w;aoelSï ksid
mßfmdaIs; ia:dhsNdj hs' fmr ckauhkays isg jvñka f.k tk ,o ia:dhsNdj m%dla;k jdikd
kñ' we;eï úg l,dlD;shlska bÈßm;a jk wkqNdj iy jHNspdßNdj ksid m%lïmkh
ùug ;rï wm i;= jdikd uqyql=rd fkd f.dia fyj;a ixialdr njg fkd m;a j we;a;d úh
yels h' l,la ;siafia wNHdifhka iy l,dlD;s mßYS,kfhka o mßK; jk ðú;mß{dkh
u.ska o ñka fmr fkdú¢ wdiajdo ú¢h yels wjia:d l,d ks¾udK mßYS,kfha § ,o yels nj
rislfhda oks;s' lsisjl=g ;udf.a iudc ixialD;sl mßiaÓ;sfhka msg; ìys jQ ks¾udK
úkaokfha § tlS ks¾udK ìys jQ mßirfhys Wmka úkaolhl=g ysñ jk pu;aldrm%dK rih ta
whqßka u wdiajdo lsÍfï bvlv fkd ,efí' fYalaiamsh¾ lsú÷kaf.a kdgH úkaokh lsÍfï §
iuld,Sk hqfrdamSh rislhl=f.a jdikd fuka wmf.a jdikd m%Yia; f,i fkd msì§u
kso¾Yk hs' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgHhlska tl, hqfrdamSh rislhd ú¢
rih tlS ixialD;sl mßirfhys ye§ fkd jevqKq wmg u;= fkd j ;;ald,Sk iudciïu;"
yrO¾u" NdIdfõ w¾:Yla;s wdÈh .eUqßka fkd yod< j;auka hqfrdamSh rislhl=g jqj o ta
whqßka u ú¢kakg fkd yels fjhs' tfia ú¢kq ,efí he hs lSu o yqÿ N%uhls'

rislhka ish¨ fokd u tl yd iudk rikd jHdmdrhl ksr; fkd jk nj o fukhska u

m%;S; hs' nyq;rh fi!kao¾h úkaokfha yelshdj we;s wh úh yels kuqÿ tlsfkldf.a wkqN+;s
yd iauD;srEmS ixialdrhkaf.a mßK;-wmßK; iajNdjh u; rip¾jKd jHdmdrfha iM,;dj
r|k fyhska tlsfkldf.a wdiajdok YlH;dj, o iSud we;s fjhs' bodkS;a;k iy m%dla;k
hk jdikd ukd fia mßK; jQ" ldjHkdgldÈh mßYS,kh ksid iuNsj¾ê; ixfõ§ Ñ;a;hla
we;a;d kdgldÈfhys wod< j¾Kkd wjia:d iu. yDohixjdofhys fh§ug iu;a jkafkls'
tn÷ ;eke;a;d wNSIag rislhd fyj;a iyDohd he hs wNskj.=ma;fhda lsh;s'30 ;:H fm%alaIlhd
oDYHldjHhl lsishï pß;hla ÿ#Å; jQ úg ÿlam;a fjhs¦ iqÅ; jQ i| ;=gq fjhs wd§ jYfhka
kdgHYdia;%fha § olajk ,oafoa o Tyqf.a iajNdjh hs'31 tfyhska rislfhda ish¨ fokd iudk
ridiajdo fkd ú¢;s' tkï" tlsfkldf.a p¾jKd jHdmdr w;r fjkialï we;' mßK;
jdikd fyj;a ixialdr iys; rislhd yg muKla u ridiajdoh fj;s hs o bka f;dr jQfjda
r`.yf,ys ì;a;s" fi,al=¨Kq" oej wdÈh n÷ j fkdief,k uqvq yoeZ;shka fj;e hs o O¾uo;a;
lS nj úYajkd:fhda Wmqgd olaj;s' 32 David Hume 33 wd§ uOHld,Sk fi!kao¾h{fhda mjd
l,dlD;s ks;r mßyrKh fldg ukd mßphla we;s rislhd u iajdokSh úkaokh ,n;s hs
lsh;s' fhda.Ska fuka mqKHjka;hka muKla u mßiudma;d¾:fhka u ridiajdo ,n;s hs o
^mqKHjka;# m%ñKajka;s fhd.sjoa riika;;sï - idys;Ho¾mK 3'3& lshkq ,eîfuka p¾jKdj
ish,a,kag u tl fia ysñ jk odhdohla fkd jk nj úYo fõ'
29
"Those who have never experienced the feeling of love, for instance, and have therefore no impression of
experience left in them, as well as those who have no sense of community of human feelings can never relish
Rasa in poetry…" De 1959: 209.
30
—fhIdx ldjHdkqYS,kdNHdijYdoaúY§N+f; ufkduql=fr
j¾KkSh;kauhSNdjkfhd.H;d f; yDohixjdoNdc# iyDohd#˜ ^èjkHdf,dlf,dpk - m%:u WfoHd;h&
31
—hia;=Iafg ;=Iagudhd;s fYdfl fYdluqffm;s p
ffofkH §k;ajufNH;s i kdfgH fm%laIl# iauD;#˜ ^kdgHYdia;% 27'52&
32
—ijdikdkdx iNHdkdx riiHdiajdokx Nfj;a
ks¾jdikdia;= rÙ.dka;# ldIaGl=vHdYauikaksNd#˜ ^idys;Ho¾mK 3'8&
33
Hume 1977: 14.
wNHdifhka f;dr jQ rislhd o ukdfia mqyqKq jQ rislhd o iïnkaOfhka iiodjf;ys ^9 moHh& fufia i|yka
fõ'
—fmfoys fmfoys w| fuka uq<d u| meke;sfh
weieZ;sh fuka mekir me,fUkafk iõw;ayS˜

12
rislhd iïnkaOfhka fi!kao¾h úoHd o¾Ykfha § kef.k .eg¨ rijdofha by; olajk ,o
újrK u.ska fndfyda ÿrg ksrdlrKh fjhs' l,dks¾udK wdiajdokfha § Nskafkdkaudoh
(schizophrenia) leue;af;ka u je<|f.k isàu fyj;a" hg lshk ,o mßÈ" is;du;d u
wúYajdih ;djld,sl j hgm;a lr .ekSu isÿfjhs' ksoiqkla f,i" k¿jl= iy ks<shl
lr,sh u; fm%audkaú; rx.khla bÈßm;a lrk l, fm%alaIld.drfhys wiqka f.k isák tlS
ks<shlf.a fmïj;d fyda ieñhd ld,amksl j fyda l=ms; fkd úh yelaafla o@ we;eï
iajdNdúl fyj;a f,dalO¾ó ffY,sfha oDYHldjHkays mefkk Ndjd;sYh cjksldjkays §
fm%alaIl msßia yqkiafkka ke.S md;%hkag neKjeÿKq wjia:d iy wirK jQ
kdhsld§ka .<jd.kq jia fõÈldjg lvd jeÿKq wjia:d .ek o f,dal kdgH b;sydih ;=<
wikakg ,efí' fm%alaIlhd oDYHldjHh wdiajdokh lsÍfï § md;%hd iy Tyq fyda weh r`.k
pß;h hk hq., tal;ajfhka .ekSu;a" idOdrKSlrK jHdmdrfha Wmß;,hg ióm
ù ;dod;auHfha .s,S ls£ hdu;a óg fya;= fjhs' hg lshk ,o mßoafoka u" f,!lsl Ôú;fha
iudk úNdjhkaf.ka wm tfia le<efUk kuqÿ bka wm ;=< rihla cks; fkd jkafka
ukaoehs rijd§yq ifya;=l j fmkajd fo;s¦ l,dks¾udK úkaokfha § Nskafkdakaudoh
wdiajdokSh nj;a" wdjYHl nj;a wjOdrKh lr;s'

oDYHldjHhg iSud ù mej;s fkdfyd;a oDYHldjHh u; ìys jQ rijdofha Wmfhda.s;dj

wkH;r fi!kao¾hd;aul m%m[ap úkaokh i|yd o fhdod.kakg wNskj.=ma;" wdkkaoj¾Ok"
reøg wd§ miqld,Sk fi!kao¾h{fhda h;ak oerEy' ldjH idys;Hh uQ,flakaøh fldg f.k
èjksjdoh kxjd Æ rdcdkl wdkkaoj¾Ok we;=¿ úpdrlfhda idys;Hks¾udKhkaf.ka ,eìh
yels wNSIag M,h rièjks f,i kï l<y' 34 m%hq[ack (productions) f,i wm fkd ú¢k
oDYHldjH iy fjk;a ldjHm%YdLdjkaf.a ks¾udK úkaokfha § rijdofha Ndú;h iy
m%dudKHh ms<sn| jeo.;a wdf,dapkd wNskj.=ma;35 o reøg o bÈßm;a l< neõ m%lg hs'

idys;Huh ks¾udK" Ñ;% iy uQ¾;s" leghï" ix.S;h hkd§ oDYHldjHfha iSudjkaf.ka msg;
mj;sk fi!kao¾hd;aul m%m[ap ú¢kq msKsi orkq ,nk m%h;akj, § rijdofha N+ñldj
fln÷ oe hs ieflúka úuiSu o uekú' úNdj" wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj wdÈh flfia kï tn÷
lD;s fj;ska bÈßm;a fõ oe hs fndfyda fokd ;¾l lr;s' Ñ;%mgh jkdys oDYHldjHfha
ixiaÓ;sh u jvd wNsj¾ê; iy iqug iajrEmhlska bÈßm;a lrk neúka th úkaokh msKsi
rijdoh m%udK ùu ms<sn| .eg¨ w,am h' tfy;a idys;H lD;s" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s wd§ ks¾udK
úkaokfha § y÷kd .efkk fi!kao¾h jákdlï rijdofha ñkqïo~qj,ska we.ehsh yels o@
yels kï ta flfia o@

Nr;uqksf.a riiQ;%h fuys § ta wre;ska u Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu w;d¾lsl o ksIaM, o fõ'

idys;H lD;shl ksrEmKh jk pß; kdgHhl ksrEms; pß; fuka l%shd;aul jk fyhska ta
weiqßka rikd jHdmdrh isÿ fj;s hs ksYaph l< yels he hs lshf;d;a ta yqÿ N%uhls' idys;Hh
hkq NdIdj jdylh fldg .;a;ls' Ndr;Sh úpdrjdo w;ßka w,xldr" .=K" Í;s" T!Ñ;H"
jfl%dala;s" wkqñ;s" èjks wd§ ish¨ jdofhda u idys;Hh u m%;sIaGd fldg f.k w¾>kh
lrkq ,efn;s¦ myokq ,efn;s' tfyhska rijdo kHdhg wkql+, j úuif;d;a wm i;= jdikd
mqnqÿjkq iu;a fya;= f.ah" Y%jH" mdGHd wd§ úúO wdldrfha idys;H lD;sj, m%lg úh hq;= h'
jfl%dla;sh" èjksh wd§ NdIdfõ .=K,laIK wmf.a ia:dhsNdjhkaf.a m%fndaOldrl f,i l%shd
lrñka idys;H ixrpkhkays fi!kao¾h jákdlï f,i fmkS issáhs' èjksjd§ka mjik mßÈ
NdIdfõ jHx.Hd¾:j,g fyj;a èjks;d¾:j,g wmf.a ia:dhsNdj ri njg fm/<Sfï
yelshdjla we;' NdIdfõ ta ta mo ixfhda. i|yd NdIl iudch úiska l,la ;siafia
wdfrdamKh lrk ,o w¾:fhda we;a;dy' mqyqKq rislhd tn÷ w¾: jyd .%yKh lr .kshs' bka
Tyqf.a mQ¾jiauD;s m%lïmkh ù ri njg wNsjH[ackh fjhs' NdId;aul ks¾udK fj; r|kd
fï yelshdj w¾:úpdrfha § .eUqre idlÉPdjg n÷ka fjhs'

Ñ;%ks¾udKhl § jdia;úl fi!kao¾h w.hka mej;Su wjYH he hs we;eïyq woy;s' tfy;a

fi!kao¾hh jdia;úl fyj;a ffjIhsl .=Khla fj;s hs i,lf;d;a fndfyda wuQ¾;

34
—t;Ép ridÈ;d;am¾fhK ldjHksnkaOkx Nr;dodjms iqm%isoaOfuj˜ ^èjkHdf,dlf,dpk - ;D;Sh WfoHd;h&
35
wNskjNdr;Sfhys ^6'33& yuq jk fï m%ldYh kso¾Yk hs' —kdgHd;a iuqohrEmdoa ri#" kdgH tj ri#" ldfjHZms
kdgHdhudk tj ri# ldjHd¾:#˜

13
(abstract) Ñ;%ks¾udK wdÈh lsisÿ fi!kao¾hd;aul w.hlska f;dr lD;s f,i i,ld bj;
oukakg isÿ fõ' tfy;a fid÷renj ufkdanoaO ixl,amhla nj i;¾l j bÈßm;a lrk
rijdoh Ñ;%" leghï wdÈh úkaokfhys § rim%;; S sh flfia isÿ fõ oe hs jgyd .kakg wmg
WmldÍ fjhs' j¾K" f¾Ld iy yev;, Ñ;% iy leghï ks¾udKhkays uQ,sl wjhj f,i
ie,flhs' ta ta j¾K" f¾Ld wdÈh úiska uki fj; we;s flfrk n,mEï kQ;k
ufkdaúYaf,aIK l%fudamdh úiska o y÷kd.kq ,en ;sfí' WKqqiqï nj iy isis,a nj
wd§ .=K,laIK j¾K fj; ysñ jkafka fï wkqj h' WKqiqï j¾Khla jk r;ameyeh
m%pKav;ajh" lduql;ajh iy WfoHda.S-W,a,is; Ndjh wd§ cd.r fyj;a msìÿKq ye`.Sï olajkq
msKsi o" kS, iy yß; wd§ meyehka fYdalh" úYdoh" iduh" ixis÷Kqnj wd§ Ndj ksrEmKh
msKsi o fhfokq kso¾Yk hs' j¾K iïuq;s ixialD;sl mßiaÓ;sh iy m%lrKh wkqj fjkia
fj;;a 36 ld,-wjldY iSudj,ska úks¾uqla; fmdÿ ñksia ye`.Sï ksfhdackh lsÍfï yelshdjla
we;eï j¾Kj,g we;' rijdo kHdh iuqÉph ;=< oDYHldjHfha § ta ta j¾Khg ysñ Ndjh
úiska fmdaIKh fldg m%lg flfrk rim%fNao iïu; j mj;S'37 ta iïu; wm ms<s.;fyd;a
Ñ;%ks¾udKhl fh§ we;s lsishï j¾Khlska wiqj,a ia:dhsNdjfha lsishï le<eöula we;s fõ
he hs lSu ijro fkd fõ' Ñ;%hl fhfok j¾K u.ska u;= fkd j f¾Ld u.ska o ksrEms;
ufkdaNdj we;ehs wmrÈ. kjH fi!kao¾h{fhda o fmkajd fo;s' Ndjf¾Ld (mood lines)
hkqfjka kï flfrk tn÷ f¾Ld oelSfuka ukfiys wod< Ndjl,dmhkays m%lïmk
we;sfj;e hs o Tjqyq lsh;s'38 yev;, iïnkaOfhka o fï újrKh wod< fjhs' j¾K" f¾Ld"
yev;, wdÈh iujdh iïnkaOfhka39 hq;= j ixys;d.; jQ l, muKla u wmf.a jdikdfjda
msìfo;s' yqfola wiqj,a j¾Kfhka wiqj,a iauD;sh o" wiqj,a f¾LdlrKfhka wiqj,a iauD;sh o
msìo ri njg m;a úKe hs lSu fkd l< yels h' iuia;h u ta i|yd odhl jk neúks'
fi!kao¾hd;aul m%m[aphla jYfhka ix.S;h wdiajdokfha § o isÿjkafka óg ióm rikd
jHdmdrhls'

fi!kao¾hd;aul m%m[ap úkaokfha § fl;rï ÿrg m%dudKsl WmlrKhla jYfhka rijdoh

wmg ie,lsh yels oe hs fï olajd ieflúka úNd. lrkq ,eìKs' rijdoh ìys jQ jevqKq
iudc" wd.ñl-od¾Yksl mßiaÓ;sh iy j¾;udk iudch w;r mj;akd úix.;h lrK fldg
f.k th ta whqßka u jHdLHd fldg .ekSfï wvqmdvq yg .kshs' tfyhska mqrd;k rijdo
újrKhkag kj wre;a iemhSug wmg isÿ jk nj jgyd .; hq;= h' tfyhska u rijdoh
yrke;a;le hs bj; oeóu fkd l< yelalls' rijdohg myr fokq ;nd th .eUqßka
úuikakg hul=g yelshdjla ,efí kï ta b;d m%fõYfuka yd ióm j rijdoh o ;okqnoaO
od¾Yksl moku iy Ndr;Sh iudc ixiaÓh o yeoEÍfuks' Nr;f.a riiQ;%h kï w,afmdala;h
s
kj fi!kao¾hd;aul wdlD;ss ;=<g rejd .; fkdfyk ;ek rijdoh yqfola N%uhle hs
y~;e<Sfï w;d¾lslNdjh o thska u meyeÈ,s h'

rih jkdys —ksIamdokh l< yelalla fyda oekúh yelalla fkd jk nj ^k ld¾h# k
{dmH#&˜ rijd§yq mqkmqkd lSy' uOHld,Sk úoaj;l= jQ c.kakd: mKaä;rdc ish
ri.x.dOrfhys § mjikakdla fuka th wm is; jid mej;s wdjrK bj;a j hk
^ÑodjrKNx.$ N.akdjrKÑ;a& wf,!lsl ;;a;ajhls' rih jkdys iajhxm%;HlaI" ndysr idlaIs
lsis;a wkjYH" fkd ie`.úh yels W;a;Í;r wdkkaohls' m%;HlaI jk neúka wioaNdjd;aul
lsisjle hs o fkd lsj yels h' kQ;k fi!kao¾h{hka w;ßka wmrÈ. we;eul= rijdoh
úIfhys biau;= fldg olajk .eg¨ 40 fndfyduhla w;d¾lsl nj fmkS hkafka rijdofha
ú[a[dKjd§ iajrEmh u bka m%ydrhg ,la flfrk fyhsks' l,dj wdiajdokh wjYHfhka u

36
ngysr lúiufha § yß;j¾Kh B¾IHdfõ m%n, ixfla;hla f,i fhfohs' fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgHj, tys
Ndú;h kso¾Yk hs'
37
j¾K iy ri w;r iïnkaOh kdgHYdia;%fha § ^04& oelafjkafka fufia h( Ydx.dr rih - YHdu j¾Kh"
ydiH rih - Oj, j¾Kh" lreK rih - lfmda; j¾Kh" fr!ø rih - rla; j¾Kh" ùr rih - lms, j¾Kh"
Nhdkl rih - ld, j¾Kh" îN;ai rih - kS, j¾Kh" woaN+; rih - mS; j¾Kh
cmdkfha iïNdjH fkda iy lnqls rx.hkays § o Ök îðx Tfmrdfõ § o fun÷ j¾K iïu; mj;S'
38
Ndjf¾Ld úfYaI 52la muK jHdLHd fldg olajk L. Ron Hubbard f.a ksÍlaIK iy wkafõlaIK fjfiiska
jeo.;a fõ' Hubbard 1991
39
iujdh iïnkaOh ms<sn| Ndr;Sh idys;H isoaOdka; ;=< mefkk wdf,dapkd úIfhys flá úuiqula i|yd
n,kak( fifkúr;ak" frdayK' 2005' —msKsi riyõ - fõ iqi| nõ˜' Y%S ,xld m%dÖk NdfIdmldr iud.fï
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh' fld<U( m%dÖk NdfIdmldr iud.u' 116-136 msgq'
40
.ï,;a 1997wd( 67'

14
ú[a[dKjd§ ,laIK orhs' tfia u rijdoh ;=< rih kñka o" fjk;a úpdrújrK ;=< úúO
kduhkaf.ka o wdiajdoh y÷kajkq ,en we;;a wdiajdoh hkq imqrd u ú{dkh iu. oeä j
ne÷Kla nj wu;l lsÍu tjka w;d¾lsl" wuQ,sl m%ydr miqmi we;s nj o isysm;a l< hq;= h'
udlaiajdoh n÷ fN!;h fj; o,ajd .;a fk;a we;s úpdriïm%odhl § jqj o l,dlD;s
úkaokfhka w;am;a lr.kakd M,h ú[a[dKjdofhka neyer lsisjla f,i úia;r fkd jk
nj o fuys igyka l< hq;= h'

fi!kao¾h úkaokh flfia isÿfõ oe hs úuiñka bÈßm;a jQ úúOdlr újrK w;rg rijdoh
tlal< yelafla" tfuka u tn÷ újrK w;r th úYsIaghl= f,i ie,lsh yelafla ukaoe hs
fuu m;%sldfõ uq,aNd.fha § úuikq ,eìKs' úúO wuqøjH fhdod ;efkk iQmhl tla tla
wuqøjHkaf.a ri fjka fldg y÷kd.kq fkd fyk fia iqixfhda. j mj;akd mßoafoka rih o
wfNoH jQjle hs o" wdiajdokSh njg m;a jQ l, wiqj,a úNdj" wkqNdj" jHNspdßNdj ksid fï
wdldr jQ rihla uúiska ú¢kq ,efí he hs mß{dkhla my< fkd jk nj o rijdofha b;d
iúia;r j b.ekafjhs' kQ;kfha jqj o fi!kao¾hd;aul m%m[ap úkaokfha § rijdofha kHdh
iy wdia:dk fhdod .; hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| jeo.;a b`.shla fuhska biau;= jk nj jegysh
hq;= h' tkï" úkaokfha § wiqj,a fi!kao¾hd;aul m%m[apfha úNdj ljrla o" wkqNdj
ljrdldr o" jHNspdßNdj mj;S o" tajdhska ljr ia:dhsNdj m%fndaO fõ o wd§ jYfhka jQ
úúla; wjfndaOh rip¾jKdjg fya;= fkd jk nj;a" fkdì£ ieKska b;sÍ me;sÍ hk
pu;aldrh ms<sn| iuia; wjfndaOh u wdiajdok ld¾hh jk nj hs' rijdoh" èjksjdoh fyda
udlaiajdoh jYfhka f.k wdiajdofhys iSud mkjd .ekSu wkjYH nj o" rijdoh Wmfhda.S
lr.ksñ hs is;d úkaok ld¾hhg t<öu u úkaokh i|yd ndOdjla úh yels nj o ñka .uH
hs'

iudYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

ixialD;

;%smdÁ" rduid.r ^ixia'&' 1963' Y%Suodkkaoj¾OkúrÑ;# èjkHdf,dal#"

Y%SuoNskj.=ma;úrÑ;f,dpkjHdLHdiys;# iïmQ¾fKk yskaÈNdIdkqjdfok ;drdj;SiudLHhd
jHdLHhd mÍ;#' È,a,s( fuda;s,d,a nkd¾isodia'
oaúfõo" ÿ¾.dm%ido ^ixia'&' 1982' Y%SúYajkd:lúrdcm%KS;# idys;Ho¾mK#"
Y%SrduprK;¾ljd.SYNÜgdpd¾hlD;hd újD;Hd ifu;# Y%Sÿ¾.dm%idooaúfjfok ixl,s;hd
PdhdLHújD;smQ¾;Hd mßIalD;#' kjÈ,a,s( mdKskSm%ldYk'
mrí" ldYskd;a mKavqrÙ. ^ixia'&' 1897' Y%SOkxchúrÑ;x oYrEmlï" OksllD;hdjf,daldLHhd
jHdLHhd Ndr;ShkdgHYdia;%.;oYrEmksrEmfKk p ifu;ï' fndïndh( ks¾Khid.r'
uqL¾ð" iqfndaOpkaø ^ixia'&' 1926' Nr;uqksm%KS;x kdgHYdia;%ï" wNskjNdr;SjHdLHdifu;ï'
l,algd( wd¾' NÜgdpd¾h'
úoHdid.r" Ôjdkkao ^ixia'&' 1964' Y%Suodpd¾hoKaäuydlúúrÑ;# ldjHdo¾Y#"
Y%SÔjdkkaoúoHdid.rNÜgdpd¾húrÑ;hd jHdLHhd iys;#' l,algd( kdrdhK uqøKd,h'
YudYdia;%S" wd¾' ^ixia'&' 1922' uïugNÜgúrÑ;# ldjHm%ldY#" udKslHpkaøúrÑ;hd
ixfla;àlhd ifu;#' uhsiQ¾( rdcH uqøKd,h'

isxy,

.ï,;a" iqpß;' 1995' kdgHYdia;%fha rijdoh' f.dvf.a( fld<U'

----------- 1996w' l,dj yd ú[a[dKjdoh' f.dvf.a( fld<U'
----------- 1996wd' idys;HkHdh - we;eï m%Yak' f.dvf.a( fld<U'
----------- 1997w' rijdo újrKh' f.dvf.a( fld<U'
----------- 1997wd' rijdoh wog;a wod< o@ iudrïNk f,aLk ixys;d' f.dvf.a( fld<U'

15
English

Chaoudhuri, Narendra Nath. 1958. Philosophy of poetry. Delhi; Motilal Banarsidass.

Coward, Harold G., and K. Kunjunni Raja. 1990. The philosophy of the grammarians.
Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies, Volume 5. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University
Press.
Craig, Edward (ed.). 1998. Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy (REP). London: Routledge.
Dasgupta, Surendra Nath, De, Sushil Kumar. 1947. A history of Sanskrit literature. Vol. 1.
Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
Chilvers, Ian, and Harold Osborne (ed.). 1992. The Oxford dictionary of Art. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
De, Sushil Kumar. 1959. Some problems of Sanskrit poetics. Calcutta: Firma K.L.
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