Atmosphere and Speed

Atmosphere and Speed

What is density?

Quantify of mass per unit volume

What are main influence on density?

1. Temperature

2. Pressure
 3. Humidity

How does the variation of density of air affect the aircraft

performance?
What density errors are commonly experienced?

Altitude error:
When the actual temperature is different from the ISA
temperature

Airspeed error:
Airspeed is calibrated for ISA conditions, so it will ready
only correct airspeed at IAS conditions

What is Static Pressure?

Weight of all molecules at any point in the atmosphere

What is the dynamic pressure?

Is the pressure of air molecules impacting onto a surface caused
by the movement of body.
Describe the IAS
Is a measured dynamic pressure translated to a speed and
displayed to the pilot on Air Speed Indicator.
Calibrated Airspeed
Is the indicated airspeed corrected for instrument errors and
pressure errors.
TAS-True Air Speed
Is simply the actual speed of an ACFT through the air mass which
the ACFT is flying

TAS depends on air density:

HIGHER DENSITY

LOWER DENSITY
GS-GROUND SPEED
Actual speed of the aircraft relative to the ground, it will be
affect by:

1. TAS
2. WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION

LSS- Local speed of sound

Is influenced by the temperature. The local speed of sound in
ISA conditions are 660kts. How does the temperature influence
the LSS?

Describe the Mach Number

Is the TAS of an aircraft given as a percentage to the LSS. How
do you calculate the MN?

What is the man influence on the Mach Number?

What happen to Mach Number in a long range cruise as weight
decrease?
The Mach Number Decrease

What happen to CAS/IAS when you descend at a constant TAS?

The CAS/IAS will increase because the pressure increase with the
decrease in altitude.
What happen to TAS if you Climb at constant CAS/IAS?
The TAS will increase because the pressure decrease as the
altitude increase and consequently the density is less than at
low altitude.

What happen to CAS/IAS and TAS when you fly into a warmer area?

The CAS/IAS will not change, but the TAS will be higher than
flying through a less temperature, because in warmer area the
density is less.
If two aircraft are flying with the same Mach Number, which ACFT
has the higher TAS?
The aicraft higher will have a LOWER TAS because as the temperature
decrease the LSS-Locas speed of sound decrease, than the TAS to
keep some Mach Number will be lower than in lower FL.

The aicraft higher will have a HIGHER TAS because as the

temperature increase the LSS-Locas speed of sound increase, than
the TAS to keep some Mach Number will be higher than in lower FL.

What Happen to CAS/IAS and Mach Number whem climbing some

ishotermal layer at constant TAS?

The Mach Number will not change, but the CAS/IAS will be lower to
keep the TAS, because as altitude increase the presure decrease
than the density will be lower than in a low flight level.
What Happen to CAS/IAS and Mach Number if you descend ome
ishotermal layer at constant TAS?

The Mach Number will not change, but the CAS/IAS will be Higher
to keep the TAS, because as altitude decrease the presure increase
than the density will be higwer than in a low flight level.

What happen to CAS/IAS and Mach Number if you climb at constant

TAS in a inversion layer?
The CAS/IAS will decrease because an inversion layer has an
increase in the temperature. The Mach Number will decrease because
the temperature increase as the altitude increase.