Language research (Eng113)
Narrow the topic down to something manageable,
Reporter: Mylene Parmisana
Naisa Hondilay
“FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM”
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
 It is important to remember that not all questions
can be transformed into research problems and
some may prove to be extremely difficult to study.
 According to Powers, Meenaghan and Twoomey
(1985: 38), ‘Potential research questions may occur
to us on a regular basis, but the process of
formulating them in a meaningful way is not at all an
easy task.’
THE IMPORTANCE OF FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM
 The formulation of a research problem is the first
and most important step of the research process.
 The research problem serves as the foundation of a
research study: if it is well formulated, you can
expect a good study to follow.
 According to Kerlinger, if one wants to solve a
problem, one must generally know what the
problem is. It can be said that a large part of the
problem lies in knowing what one is trying to do.
(1986: 17)
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Most research in the humanities revolves around four Ps:
people, problems, programmes, phenomena.
 People – to select a group of individuals – or a
community.
 Problem – to examine the existence of certain issues
or problems relating to their lives, to ascertain their
attitude towards an issue.
 Program – to evaluate the effectiveness of an
intervention.
 Phenomenon – to establish the existence of a
regularity.
CONSIDERATION IN SELECTING RESEARCH PROBLEM
 Interest – if you select a topic which does not greatly
interest you, it could become extremely difficult to
sustain the required motivation and put in enough
time and energy to complete it.
 Magnitude –You should have sufficient knowledge
about the research process to be able to visualize
the work involved in completing the proposed study.
specific and clear.
 Measurement of concepts – If you are using a
concept in your study (in quantitative studies), make
sure you are clear about its indicators and their
measurement.
 Level of expertise – Make sure you have an
adequate level of expertise for the task you are
proposing.
 Relevance – Select a topic that is of relevance to you
as a professional. Ensure that your study adds to the
existing body of knowledge, bridges current gaps or
is useful in policy formulation.
 Availability of data – If your topic entails collection
of information from secondary sources (office/client
records, census, etc.) make sure that this data is
available and in the format you want before
finalizing your topic.
 Ethical issues – How ethical issues can affect the
study population and how ethical problems can be
overcome should be thoroughly examined at the
problem-formulation stage.
STEPS IN FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to
you - Ask yourself, ‘What is it that really interests me
as a professional?’ It is imperative that you identify
one of interest to you before undertaking your
research journey.
2. Dissect the broad area into subareas - you can
select any subject area from other fields such as
community health or consumer research and go
through this dissection process. In preparing this list
of subareas you should also consult others who have
some knowledge of the area and the literature in
your subject area.
3. Select what is of most interest to you - select issues
or subareas about which you are passionate. One
way to decide what interests you most is to start
with the process of elimination. Go through your list
and delete all those subareas in which you are not
very interested.
4. Raise research questions - ask yourself, ‘What is it
that I want to find out about in this subarea?’ Make
a list of whatever questions come to your mind
relating to your chosen subarea and if you think
there are too many to be manageable, go through
the process of elimination as you did in Step 3.
 5. Formulate objectives - Both your main objectives FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLMEN IN QUALITATIVE
and your sub-objectives now need to be formulated, RESEARCH
which grow out of your research questions.
Objectives transform these questions into The difference in qualitative and quantitative studies starts
behavioural aims by using action-oriented words with the way you formulate your research problem
such as ‘to find out’, ‘to determine’, ‘to ascertain’
 In quantitative research you strive to be as specific
and ‘to examine’.
as possible, attempt to narrow the magnitude of
6. Assess your objectives - Now examine your
your study and develop a framework within which
objectives to ascertain the feasibility of achieving
you confine your search.
them through your research endeavor. Consider
 In qualitative research, this specificity in scope,
them in the light of the time, resources (financial
methods and framework is almost completely
and human) and technical expertise at your disposal.
ignored. You strive to maintain flexibility, openness
7. Double-check - Go back and give final consideration
and freedom to include any new ideas or exclude
to whether or not you are sufficiently interested in
any aspect that you initially included but later
the study, and have adequate resources to
consider not to be relevant.
undertake it.
 At the initial stage you only identify the main thrust
THE FORMULATION OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES of your study and some specific aspects which you
want to find out about.
Objectives should be listed under two headings:

 Main objectives - is an overall statement of the

thrust of your study. It is also a statement of the
main associations and relationships that you seek to
discover or establish.
 Sub-objectives - are the specific aspects of the topic
that you want to investigate within the main
framework of your study.

THE STUDY POPULATION

 Every study in social sciences has a second aspect,

the study population, from whom the required
information to find answers to your research
questions is obtained. As you narrow the research
problem, similarly you need to decide very
specifically and clearly who constitutes your study
population, in order to select the appropriate
respondents.

ESTABLISHING OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

 In a research study it is important to develop, define

or establish a set of rules, indicators or yardsticks in
order to establish clearly the meaning of such
words/items. It is sometimes also important to
define clearly the study population from which you
need to obtain the required information.
 When you define concepts that you plan to use
either in your research problem and/or in identifying
the study population in a measurable form, they are
called working definitions or operational
definitions.