ACD2505-04 - Potential Flow-2D PDF

PEMP
ACD2505
Two-Dimensional
Two Dimensional Potential Flow
Session delivered by:

Prof M.
Prof. M D.
D Deshpande
© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 1

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Session Objectives
-- At the end of this session the delegate would have
understood
• Th
The potential
i l theory
h andd its
i application
li i to 2-D2 D iirrotational
i l
flows
• The flow field in simple flows like uniform, source,
vortex, doublet flows
• The principle of superposition and its application to simple
cases
• The method of images
• Flow around a cylinder and forces on a general 2-D
2D
cylinder
• Stokes Theorem, Kutta-Joukowski theorem
• Kutta condition
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S i Topics
Session T i
11. Basic Potentail Theory

2. 2-D Potential Flows
3. Simple Flows: Uniform, Source, Vortex,
Doublet
4. Superposition of Flows
5
5. Method of Images
6. Flow around a Cylinder
7. Force on a General 2-D Cylinder
8. Circulation, Vorticity, Stokes Theorem
9. Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
10. Kutta Condition
10

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2-D Potential Flow
This chapter starts the description of solution methods in detail.

detail
Beginning with the simplest flows: two-dimensional, inviscid
and irrotational, the chapter describes the basic theoretical
results.
l These
Th are applied
li d to airfoil
i f il problems
bl in
i later
l chapters
h
and then modified to include the effects of compressibility and
y
viscosity.
Basic Theory
Sources and Vortices
Interactive Calculations
References

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Basic 2-D Potential Theoryy
We outline here the way in which the "known" solutions used in

panel methods can be generated and obtain some useful solutions
to some fundamental fluid flow problems. Often the known
solutions can be applied, but sometimes other approaches are
possible.
ibl
p
The simplest case, two-dimensional ppotential flow illustrates this
process. We shall discuss 2-D incompressible potential flow and
just mention the extension to linearized compressible flow.
For this case the relevant equation is Laplace's equation:

∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
∇ 2Φ = 0,
0 OR iin 22-D
D + 2 =0 .
∂x ∂y
2

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There are several ways of generating fundamental solutions to

this linear, homogeneous, second order differential equation
with constant coefficients. Two methods are particularly useful:
Separation of variables and the use of complex variables.
Complex
p variables are especially
p y useful in solving
g Laplace's
p
equation because of the following:
We know,
know from the theory of complex variables,
variables that in a region
where a function of the complex variable z = x + iy is analytic,
the derivative with respect to z is the same in any direction. This
leads to the famous Cauchy-Riemann conditions for an analytic
function in the complex plane.

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Consider the complex function: W = φ + i ψ
The Cauchy-Riemann conditions are:
Differentiating the first equation with respect to x and the

second with respect to y and adding gives:
Thus, analytic function of a complex variable is a solution to

p
Laplace's equation
q and mayy be used as ppart of a more ggeneral
solution.
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W = φ+ i ψ is called the complex potential.

potential
It consists of the usual velocity potential as the real part and the
stream function as its imaginary part.
The flow velocities can then be written as a single complex
number:
dW/dz = u - iv ((Tryy derivingg this.))
We consider some simple analytic functions for W that are of

great use in applied aerodynamics:
Uniform flow W(z) = U ∞ z
Line Source or Vortex W(z) = [K / (2 π )] ln z
Doublet W(z) = C / (2 π z)
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U if
Uniform Fl
Flow
If U is real the flow is in the x direction with a speed U. The

flow direction can be adjusted by changing real and imaginary
parts.
t
This is a good example of the fact that the potential is not

defined apart from an arbitrary constant. Although the flow is
uniform everywhere, the potential depends on our choice of the
origin Differences in the potential are physically meaningful,
origin. meaningful
though and do not depend on the choice of the origin.
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Line Source or Vortex
The same expression describes a "point" source or vortex in 2-D

(which can be thought of as a vortex line or line of sources in 3-D).
3 D)
When K is real the expression describes a source with radially
directed induced velocity vectors; imaginary values lead to vortex
flows with induced velocities in the tangential direction. Further
discussion of these flows is given in the next section.

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Li Source
Line S or Vortex
V t (Contd)
(C td)
Φ = (S / 2 π) ln R
Φ = (- Γ / 2 π) ln R

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Doublet
A doublet is formed by superimposing a source and a sink along

thee x-axis.
s. Thee doub
doublet
e sstrength
e g iss ggiven
ve by (S 2x0 ). Thee
fundamental doublet singularity with the potential shown above
is formed by taking the limit as 2x0 goes to zero and S goes to
infinity while keeping the product constant.
constant The doublet is
commonly used as one of the fundamental singularities in many
panel methods.
Source-sink pair
p

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Doublet (Contd)
Streamlines of a source-sink pair and Streamlines of a doublet

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S
Sources and
dVVortices
ti

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Notice that many of the solutions to the 2-D

2 D potential equation
that we proposed are singular. In fact, the source solution seems
the ultimate way of violating continuity while the vortex is the
essence of rotational (not irrotational as we assumed) flow.
These solutions are indeed singular

g at a ppoint and do not satisfy
y
the differential equation at that point. Away from the singularity,
however, they are perfectly adequate solutions as can be seen by
evaluating the integral forms of the continuity and irrotationality
conditions.

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Why the flow field near a source satisfies continuity:

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Why the flow field near a vortex satisfies irrotationality:

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The solutions are singular at a point, but even near the singular
point strange things happen: the velocity gets very large. In real
life,, the large
g velocities in this region
g give
g rise to
compressibility effects; viscous effects smear the discrete vortex
into a distribution of vorticity in a viscous core. The actual
velocity distribution near the core of a free vortex behaves more
like a solid body with a velocity distribution V(R) = kR. (This is
the result obtained by assuming a Gaussian distribution of
di ib d vorticity
distributed i i ini the
h core region.
i The h size
i off the
h viscous
i
core depends on the Reynolds number, often taken as Γ/ν.).

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Decayy of a vortex
filament in a viscous
fluid. At t = 0, u θ = Γ /(
2 π r) . Dashed lines
correspond to the case of
rigid body rotation
corresponding
di roughly hl to
core radii proportional to
sqrt(ν
q ( t).)
From: Kuethe & Chow

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This 1/r behavior of the vortex induced velocity is not just a

mathematical result.
result It is essential for the flow to exist in
equilibrium. We can easily see that the velocity must vary as 1/r
for the pressure gradients to balance the centrifugal force acting
on the
th fluid.
fl id The
Th derivation
d i ti is i shown
h later.
l t
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E
Examples
l
We can combine these singularities in different locations to
pproduce the desired flow pattern.
p Since the solution to Laplace's
p
equation is uniquely determined in regions without singularities
when the solution on the boundaries is specified, we can use
combinations of singularities to model many flows of interest.
interest
…
Ground Effects Cylinder Group of Vortices

(Method of Images) (Source Doublets) (Stokes Theorem)
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Streamlines for ψ = uniform flow (ψ 1) + Source (ψ 2 ) for V ∞ = 1 and ACD2505
h = Λ /2 V ∞ = L. Note, for instance, that the ψ = 0 streamline (OA & BAB’) is

the locus of the intersections of the streamlines ψ 2 and ψ 1 ( = - ψ 2).
) Similarly
Similarly,
for the ψ = 0.1 streamline, ψ 1 + ψ 2 = 0.1, and so forth. (From: Kuethe and
Chow)
NOTE:
O
ψ1 = V∞ y
Λ = Source strength
ψ 2 = (Λ /2 π) θ
ψ = ψ1 + ψ2
= V ∞ [(h θ / π ) - y]
h = Λ /2 V ∞ = L
=Characteristic length of
the combined flow.
Vel = 0,
0 (h / π) ahead of the
source location.
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Flow pattern from distributing m

identical line sources along the dashed
line in the presence of a uniform flow.
Only the upper half of the flow is shown.
Circles indicate the locations of the line
sources.
(a) m = 5.
((b)) m = 11 ((same total source strength).
g )
(c ) m = 101 (same total source strength).
(d) m = 101 (but the source strength is
reduced).
(e) m Æ infinity with λ /2 = V ∞
λ = Source density = flow rate /area.
See that forward velocity is zero.
Rear side velocity is λ /2 = V ∞ and
normal to the panel.
(f) Boundary condition at inclined panel.
(From: Kuethe and Chow)

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D i ti off Vortex
Derivation V t V Velocity
l it DiDistribution
t ib ti
The inward force on an element of fluid due to pressure
ggradients may y be found byy summing
g the contributions from the
inner, outer, and side faces.

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The result is: F = r dθ dp + higher order terms.
Centrifugal force (outward): F = ρ r dr dθ V2 / r
For equilibrium: r dθ dp = ρ r dr dθ V2 / r
So, dp = ρ V2 dr / r, and from the Euler equation,

d = -ρ V dV.
dp d
g g ρ V2 dr / r = -ρρ V dV yyields:
Integrating:
V = constant / r

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M th d off IImages
Method
The flow field created byy singularities

g in the ppresence of solid
boundaries can be simulated by superimposing "image vortices".
This works
Thi k because
b the
th symmetryt off the
th problem
bl on theth right
i ht
ensures that there is no flow through the plane of symmetry. The
boundary does the same thing for the problem on the left. Since
both of these problems have the same boundary conditions and
satisfy the same linear differential equation, the flow must be
the same.
same

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A source near a p
plane wall

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A vortex near a p
plane wall

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This technique is useful for simulating the effects of the ground

on the aerodynamics of cars or airplanes at low altitude.
It can also be used in more complex situations. Here, three

images are required to simulate the boundary conditions
associated with a corner.

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This technique is used to predict the effects of wind tunnel walls

on the flow field of models being tested. Imagine the system of
image vortices that would be required to simulate wall effects on
a 2D airfoil test. Yes, more than 2 images are required. The 3-D
situation cannot in general be solved with images.

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Motion of a vortex pair near the ground


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Cylinders
Streamlines for (a doublet + Uniform flow): Synthesis of flow
around a circular cylinder in uniform flow

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Cylinders (Contd)
The flow around a circular cylinder may be computed from a

uniform stream and a doublet. (See previous sections.)
The
h potential
i l off the
h combined
bi d flow
fl is:
i
Differentiating to find the velocities gives:
NOTE: On the cylinder wall, only radial velocity is zero.

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Some interesting conclusions and generalizations follow from

the expressions for the velocity and the potential on a circular
cylinder shown above.
Note that on the surface of the cylinder, the tangential velocity

is: V = 2U ∞ sin θ,, so the maximum velocityy is twice the
freestream value.

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Continuous distribution of doublets in a uniform flow


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The more general forms of these results hold for all ellipsoids:
V max = U ∞ (1 + t/c) and V at surface = - n × (n × V max)
Notice that this holds exactly in incompressible potential flow,

even if the ellipse has a t/c much larger than 1. Of course, in
such a case, the real flow will probably look quite different from
the p
potential flow solution.

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Th fforce on a generall 2-D

The 2 D cylinder
li d
The force on a ggeneral 2-D cylinder

y can be computed
p byy
calculating the velocities, using Bernoulli's law to compute
pressures, then integrating the surface pressures. However, the
total forces and moments can be derived directly from the
complex potential. The result is called the Blasius theorem.
It is
i nott derived
d i d here,
h but
b t the
th result
lt follows
f ll from
f the
th theory
th off
residues, the complex potential, and the incompressible
Bernoulli equation. (Or one might just use the momentum
equation and compute the net force by far field integrals.).

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Th fforce on a generall 2-D

The 2 D cylinder
li d (C(Contd)
td)
where Γ is the total circulation (measured counter-clockwise)

andd S iis th
the nett source strength.
t th In
I the
th case off no nett source
strength, the net force exerted on a collection of sources and
vortices in a flow with freestream velocity U ∞ is perpendicular
to the freestream and proportional to U ∞ and the total
circulation.

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Ci l ti
Circulation, Vorticity,
V ti it andd St
Stokes
k ThTheorem
Stokes' theorem is an integral

g identityy that mayy be written:
The first integration is done over volume V. (dV missing).
When the vector function F is taken to be the velocity field, V,

then this relation in 2-D may be restated as:

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This result implies that the circulation around a contour that

contains a group of vortices is just equal to the sum of the
enclosed vortex strengths.
This allows application of the Blasius theorem to find the force

acting on a group of vortices. The result is sometimes called the
Kutta-Joukowski law:

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Kutta-Joukowski
Kutta Joukowski Theorem
As seen before this theorem states;
L = ρ V∞ × Γ
Note the direction of the lift force carefully.
We can also treat the flow field far from a group of vortices as if
it were created by a single vortex with a strength equal to the
sum of the individual vortices. Such far field solutions can be
especiall simple and useful
especially sef l as a check of more complex
comple results.
res lts
Far field solutions can also be used as boundary conditions for
the more complex near field solution, reducing the required
extent of computational grids.
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We should note here that just because we find a superposition of

singularities that satisfies the boundary conditions and the
differential equation, it does not mean that we have found the
only solution to the problem. For example, we could add a
vortex to the doublet that was used to model the circular
cylinder,
y , and we would still find that the flow went around the
cylinder. These non-unique solutions are problemsome and we
appeal to additional considerations to find the one(s) that
actually will appear in nature.
nature Just such an auxiliary condition,
condition
the Kutta condition, is provided by viscous effects which then
determine the value of circulation.

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Kutta condition
We are considering steady, incompressible, irrotational 2-D motion.
Kutta-Joukowski theorem states that force experienced by a body in a
uniform stream acts perpendicular to the flow direction and is given by
F = ρ V ∞ Γ.
With the given boundary conditions on the boundary (normal vel = 0) and
at infinity (uniform flow) we try to solve the Laplace equation. The flow
i nott unique.
is i One
O way to t make
k it unique
i is
i to
t specify
if the
th circulation.
i l ti
See that it is equivalent to specifying Lift itself! Then the formula above
is not of practical use. In the figure below Γ is specified to be zero and
hence we get zero lift.
lift

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Kutta condition (Contd)

IIn the
th problem
bl we are considering
id i if the
th circulation
i l ti is i specified
ifi d the
th
problem has a unique solution .
The bodies we are considering are airfoils with a sharp trailing edge.
They have the rear stagnation point at the trailing edge since the flow
cannot take a sharp turn as shown in the last figure due to viscosity.
Hence in real fluids the body with a sharp trailing edge will create
enough circulation to hold the stagnation point at the trailing edge as
shown in the figure below. This fixes the entire flow and the values of
circulation and lift. Hence we are able to evaluate the value of lift by
ideal fluid flow itself.

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F
Free Vortices
V ti
Singularities
g that are free to move in the flow do not behave in
response to F = m a (what is m?). Rather they move with the
local flow velocity. Thus, vortices and sources are convected
downstream with the flow.
flow And interacting singularities can
produce complex motions due to their mutual induced
velocities.

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A pair of counter-rotating Co-rotating vortices orbit

vortices moves downward each other under the
because of their mutual influence of their mutual
induced velocities. induced velocities.

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Streamlines Past Sources and Vortices (Interactive

Program)
Drag any off the

h singularities
i l i i ffrom the h wellll on the
h right
i h into
i the
h
main computation area.
Set the freestream speed
p ((the flow is from left to right),
g ), then
click Compute.
The marks on the page simulate small tufts and indicate the
direction of the local flow
flow. Experiment with multiple
singularities to simulate a pair of wing trailing vortices, a
source/sink doublet, or a spinning baseball. If you do not see the
results
l you may want to try an alternate
l version
i off this
hi applet.
l
Due to certain platform-dependent java problems, this program
mayy not work with some browsers on some pplatforms. If not,, try y
here for a less cool, but simpler version of the program.
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Summary
y
The following topics were dealt in this session
• The Potential theory and its application to 2-D

irrotational flows
• The flow field in simple flows like uniform, source,
vortex, doublet flows
• Application
A li i off superpositioni i principle
i i l to simple
i l
flows
• Method of images
• Flow around a cylinder and the forces involved
• Stokes theorem, Kutta-Joukowski theorem
• Kutta condition
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ACD2505
Thank you

04

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PEMP

Session delivered by:

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 1

11. Basic Potentail Theory

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 3

2-D Potential Flow

This chapter starts the description of solution methods in detail.

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 4

Basic 2-D Potential Theoryy

We outline here the way in which the "known" solutions used in

For this case the relevant equation is Laplace's equation:

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 5

There are several ways of generating fundamental solutions to

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 6

Consider the complex function: W = φ + i ψ

The Cauchy-Riemann conditions are:

Differentiating the first equation with respect to x and the

Thus, analytic function of a complex variable is a solution to

W = φ+ i ψ is called the complex potential.

We consider some simple analytic functions for W that are of

Uniform flow W(z) = U ∞ z

Line Source or Vortex W(z) = [K / (2 π )] ln z

If U is real the flow is in the x direction with a speed U. The

This is a good example of the fact that the potential is not

Line Source or Vortex

The same expression describes a "point" source or vortex in 2-D

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 10

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 11

A doublet is formed by superimposing a source and a sink along

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 12

Streamlines of a source-sink pair and Streamlines of a doublet

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 14

Notice that many of the solutions to the 2-D

These solutions are indeed singular

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 15

Why the flow field near a source satisfies continuity:

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 16

Why the flow field near a vortex satisfies irrotationality:

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 17

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 18

From: Kuethe & Chow

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 19

This 1/r behavior of the vortex induced velocity is not just a

Ground Effects Cylinder Group of Vortices

Streamlines for ψ = uniform flow (ψ 1) + Source (ψ 2 ) for V ∞ = 1 and ACD2505

h = Λ /2 V ∞ = L. Note, for instance, that the ψ = 0 streamline (OA & BAB’) is

Flow pattern from distributing m

(From: Kuethe and Chow)

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 23

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 24

The result is: F = r dθ dp + higher order terms.

Centrifugal force (outward): F = ρ r dr dθ V2 / r

So, dp = ρ V2 dr / r, and from the Euler equation,

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 25

The flow field created byy singularities

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 26

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 27

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 28

This technique is useful for simulating the effects of the ground

It can also be used in more complex situations. Here, three

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 29

This technique is used to predict the effects of wind tunnel walls

© M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 30