MINING IN PERU

INTRODUCCION:
Perú, a country of 31.8 million people, is one of Latin America's fastest-growing economies.. It Commented [M1]: No punctuation
is also a very diverse country due to climatic, natural and cultural variations of its regions. It has
rich deposits of minerals
Peru it is the world's second largest producer of copper, after Chile, and holds the second-largest Commented [M2]: No neccesary
known copper reserves. Perú is also the second largest producer of silver in the world, and the
Commented [M3]: No comma
sixth largest global producer of gold. The country also has significant reserves of coal, iron ore,
silver, tin,natural gas , petroleum, sulfur and zinc.

DEVELOPMENT:
Historically, Peru’s mining industry has been an essential component of the country’s economic
development. The mining sector is Peru’s top export sector. The majority of the growth in this
sector is driven by 54 greenfield and expansion projects, with a total investment value of $45
billion, accounting for the majority of the country’s private investment. (Laverdure, s.f.) Commented [M4]: Te sugiero hacer un comentario
propio sino se va a ver una copia

1. Mining techniques
Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types: surface mining and sub-
surface (underground) mining. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces. Commented [M5]: No comma

1.1. Surface mining Commented [M6]: Falta una fuente que soporte tu idea

Surface mining, method of extracting minerals near the surface of the Earth. The three most
common types of surface mining are open-pit mining, strip mining, and quarrying. See also
mining and coal mining. (Tikkanen) Commented [M7]: Es fuente? No se registra
correctamente al autor
1.2. Underground mining
Sub-surface mining consists of digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore
deposits. Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through
the tunnels and shafts. Sub-surface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used,
the extraction method or the technique used to reach the mineral deposit. Drift mining utilizes Commented [M8]: ulilize
horizontal access tunnels, slope mining uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and shaft mining
utilizes vertical access shafts. Mining in hard and soft rock formations require different
techniques. (ESTUDIOS MINEROS DEL PERU). Commented [M9]: Coloca bien la fuentes ye lao del
autor?
2. Economic Overview
The country has had continuous economic and political stability since the early 1990’s. This Commented [M10]: 1990s
growth was largely driven by prudent macroeconomic policies, investor-friendly market policies
and the government’s aggressive trade liberalization strategies.
Mining is the dominant sector of the Peruvian economy. Substantial investment has flowed to
the sector over the past 20 years. Peru is among the major producers of mineral commodities in
the world and accounts for more than 60% of the country’s exports. Copper and gold are the
most important mineral exports by value. (Benavides) Commented [M11]: La fuente debe tener estilo apa y
colocar algunas ideas tuyas en parafrasis
3. Corporate classifications
Mining companies can be classified based on their size and financial capabilities:
3.1. Major companies: Are considered to have an adjusted annual mining-related revenue of
more than US$500 million, with the financial capability to develop a major mine on its own.
3.2. Intermediate companies: Have at least $50 million in annual revenue but less than $500
million.
3.4. Junior companies: Rely on equity financing as their principal means of funding
exploration. Juniors are mainly pure exploration companies, but may also produce minimally,
and do not have a revenue exceeding US$50 million. (Vargas) Commented [M12]: Debes completar las referencias
según apa y agregar tus opiniones
4. Controversy
Rural communities in Peru depend on grazing lands for herding and livestock activities
The mineral industry in Peru has exerted several adverse impacts on the environment, including
reduced quality and quantity of water supplies and changes in habitat for plants and animals.
According to an article in the Journal of Latin American Geography, these effects have
significantly compromised the livelihoods of rural populations living in nearby communities.
Mining corporations often draw water from nearby streams, canals, aquifers, and lakes, thereby
reducing the quantity of water available for subsistence agriculture, farming, and personal
consumption. Runoff from mining operations often contaminates local water supplies with
substances such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, cyanide,
and selenium, further threatening rural populations' main sources of sustenance. Beyond
modifying water supplies, the mineral industry in Peru has also compromised natural habitat.
Mining operations often produce substantial soil erosion, thus degrading the grazing lands that
local populations rely on for herding and livestock activities.In addition, mining activities
require considerable physical space for infrastructure, road construction, drilling, and other
operations. This reduces the quantity of land available for the pastoral activities of rural
communities.
``The environmental changes generated by Peru's mineral industry have given rise to significant
corporate-community conflict in the form of peasant protests. According to the Community
Development Journal, community members often resort to violence as a means of having their
voices Heard’’ (De Enchave, Diez, & Ludwig) Commented [M13]: Es un párrafo muy extenso ,
ordenalo en 7º8 lineas y coloca la fuente según estilo APA ,
5. Conclusions agrega tus ideas
- Mining is very important for the development of Peru.
- Social conflicts are a serious problem, which must be resolved professionally.
- It must seek to work in harmony with the community, seeking mutual benefit. Commented [M14]: Son párrafos , mas no solo oraciones.

6. Bibliography