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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS


Curso: Econometría II
Profesora: Mg. Beatriz Castañeda S.

Práctica 5: Series de tiempo y función de transferencia

1. Dado el siguiente modelo:

Yt  1.3 Yt 1  0.42 Yt  2   t  0.3  t 1  0.18  t  2


a) Identifique el modelo ARIMA
b) Analice su estacionariedad e invertibilidad.
c) Si   = 2 Y2009= 4.5 Y2010 =4.3 Y2011= 3.48 y Y2012= 4.8, obtenga las predicciones
puntual e interválica para 2013 y 2014.

2. Dado el proceso (1-0.5L)Yt = 2 + (1+0.7L4)t ;   = 2

a) Escriba al modelo en su forma ecuación diferencia


b) Escriba al modelo en su forma MA
c) Proporcione las expresiones para calcular las predicciones puntuales e intervalicas de
horizonte h: 1,2,3,4,5,6

3. Se ha estimado el modelo (1+0.6L) (1-L)Yt = (1 - 0.8L) t ; 2 = 4

a) Dado Y89 = 50; Y90= 51; 90= 0.4, calcular las predicciones de Y91, Y92 y Y93
dada la información hasta el periodo 90.
b) Escriba al modelo en su forma MA() obtenga los coeficientes i hasta 4,
calcule la varianza del error de pronóstico y obtenga el intervalo de confianza
95% para las predicciones.

4. a) ¿Qué analiza la prueba de Zivot y Andrews?, especifique las hipótesis.


b) ¿Para qué se realiza el filtrado o preblanqueo de la serie X t en el modelo de
transferencia?
c) Plantee el modelo de intervención que considere pertinente para el siguiente
caso: Una disminución permanente en el nivel de la serie que se inicia en el
periodo t* y tiende a estabilizarse paulatinamente.
c) ¿Qué significa limpiar a la serie del quiebre estructural?
d) Plantee el modelo de intervención que considere pertinente para el siguiente
caso: Un aumento en el nivel de la serie en el periodo t* que se mantiene
hasta el periodo t*+3

5. En el análisis empírico de la relación entre dos series temporales estacionarias,


Yt  v ( L) X t   t Se han obtenido los siguientes resultados
(1  0.3 L) X t   xt 2 L  2.6 L2  0.6 L3
Yt*   xt  at
1  0.3 L

at  (1  0.5 L) t ˆ y  0.04;    0.03;    0.001


*
t xt t

a) Proporcione la función de respuesta de Yt ante los cambios de Xt . Justifique.


¿Cuál es la respuesta en Yt en el periodo en que Xt tiene un cambio y en los 3
periodos siguientes al cambio?
b) Proporcione el modelo para la perturbación t

6. Dado el siguiente modelo


(1  0.4 L) 3
Yt  L X t  t ; (1  0.3L) t   t
(1  0.8L)
a) Determine la función de respuesta al impulso (FIR). Interprete la respuesta de
Yt ante los cambios en Xt.
b) Calcule la función de respuesta a escalón (FRE), la ganancia y el retardo
medio. Interprete los resultados

7. Los siguientes resultados corresponden a la serie DIVID: Pagos de dividendos


empresariales netos (datos trimestrales). Interprete los resultados tanto gráficos
como numéricos acerca del comportamiento de la serie DIVID. Para los modelos
estimados analice sus resultados e indique si alguno es satisfactorio o presenta
algún problema, si fuera el caso, proponga un modelo alternativo que pudiera
superar el problema, justifique. Data en archivo Divid.wf1
140 5.0

120
4.5
100

80 4.0

60
3.5
40

20 3.0
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90

DIVID LNDIVID

8 .08

6 .06

4 .04

2 .02

0 .00

-2 -.02

-4 -.04
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90

D1DIVID D1LNDIVID

Null Hypothesis: LNDIVID has a unit root


Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend
Lag Length: 2 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=11)
t-Statistic Prob.*
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -1.750165 0.7200
Test critical values: 1% level -4.069631
5% level -3.463547
10% level -3.158207
*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(LNDIVID)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/27/08 Time: 09:32
Sample(adjusted): 1970:4 1991:4
Included observations: 85 after adjusting endpoints
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
LNDIVID(-1) -0.051955 0.029686 -1.750165 0.0839
D(LNDIVID(-1)) 0.817648 0.102878 7.947725 0.0000
D(LNDIVID(-2)) -0.266288 0.106504 -2.500272 0.0145
C 0.168134 0.088821 1.892955 0.0620
@TREND(1970:1) 0.001182 0.000709 1.666860 0.0995

Null Hypothesis: LNDIVID has a unit root


Exogenous: Constant
Lag Length: 2 (Automatic based on SIC, MAXLAG=11)
t-Statistic Prob.*
Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -0.858098 0.7968
Test critical values: 1% level -3.509281
5% level -2.895924
10% level -2.585172
*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(LNDIVID)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/27/08 Time: 09:35
Sample(adjusted): 1970:4 1991:4
Included observations: 85 after adjusting endpoints
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
LNDIVID(-1) -0.002757 0.003213 -0.858098 0.3934
D(LNDIVID(-1)) 0.825162 0.103902 7.941758 0.0000
D(LNDIVID(-2)) -0.322932 0.102039 -3.164783 0.0022
C 0.021717 0.013307 1.631956 0.1066

Prueba de Zivot - Andrews


Resultados de la
prueba F
Serie analizada LNDIVID
Modelo A El quiebre está en el período 35
Modelo B El quiebre está en el período 27
Modelo C El quiebre está en el período 35
Mejor Modelo 1

0 1

-1 0

-1
-2

-2
-3
-3
-4
-4

-5 -5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

_ZIVOTA _VCRITA _ZIVOTB _VCRITB


0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70

_ZIVOTC _VCRITC
Modelo estimado 1
Dependent Variable: DLOG(DIVID)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 06/06/06 Time: 06:56
Sample(adjusted): 1970:4 1991:4
Included observations: 85 after adjusting endpoints
Convergence achieved after 8 iterations
Backcast: 1970:3
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 0.021240 0.002611 8.135039 0.0000
AR(1) 1.261170 0.170897 7.379729 0.0000
AR(2) -0.609101 0.110468 -5.513841 0.0000
MA(1) -0.514564 0.204790 -2.512646 0.0140
R-squared 0.488392 Mean dependent var 0.020970
Adjusted R-squared 0.469443 S.D. dependent var 0.023319
S.E. of regression 0.016985 Akaike info criterion -5.267052
Sum squared resid 0.023368 Schwarz criterion -5.152103
Log likelihood 227.8497 F-statistic 25.77475
Durbin-Watson stat 2.011339 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Inverted AR Roots .63 -.46i .63+.46i
Inverted MA Roots .51

Modelo Estimado 2
Dependent Variable: DLOG(DIVID)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/27/08 Time: 09:51
Sample(adjusted): 1971:1 1991:4
Included observations: 84 after adjusting endpoints
Convergence achieved after 3 iterations
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 0.021089 0.002865 7.361386 0.0000
AR(1) 0.675610 0.080656 8.376456 0.0000
AR(3) -0.317894 0.077888 -4.081440 0.0001
R-squared 0.485936 Mean dependent var 0.021322
Adjusted R-squared 0.473243 S.D. dependent var 0.023230
S.E. of regression 0.016860 Akaike info criterion -5.292706
Sum squared resid 0.023025 Schwarz criterion -5.205891
Log likelihood 225.2936 F-statistic 38.28390
Durbin-Watson stat 1.806892 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Inverted AR Roots .60+.51i .60 -.51i -.52

Modelo 1 Modelo 2
Modelo 1 Modelo 2

Modelo 1 Modelo 2
Pronósticos Modelo 1 Pronósticos Modelo 2

8. Para las series Consumo y Renta analice la data y elabore el modelo de transferencia
para el Consumo en función de la Renta. La data en el archivo Renta-consumo.wf1

CONSUMO
1,100

1,000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Null Hypothesis: CONSUMO has a unit root
Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend
Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistic Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -1.613395 0.7825


Test critical values: 1% level -4.031899
5% level -3.445590
10% level -3.147710
*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(CONSUMO)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:36
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q2 1984Q4
Included observations: 127 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

CONSUMO(-1) -0.032257 0.019993 -1.613395 0.1092


C 12.25664 5.968365 2.053601 0.0421
@TREND("1953Q1") 0.227102 0.114072 1.990873 0.0487

R-squared 0.094532 Mean dependent var 5.611024


Adjusted R-squared 0.079928 S.D. dependent var 5.948192
S.E. of regression 5.705529 Akaike info criterion 6.344087
Sum squared resid 4036.580 Schwarz criterion 6.411273
Log likelihood -399.8495 Hannan-Quinn criter. 6.371384
F-statistic 6.472887 Durbin-Watson stat 1.708646
Prob(F-statistic) 0.002119

D1CONSUMO
30

20

10

-10

-20
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Null Hypothesis: D1CONSUMO has a unit root


Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend
Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistic Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -9.674848 0.0000


Test critical values: 1% level -4.032498
5% level -3.445877
10% level -3.147878

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(D1CONSUMO)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:37
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q3 1984Q4
Included observations: 126 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

D1CONSUMO(-1) -0.864301 0.089335 -9.674848 0.0000


C 2.429379 1.068476 2.273686 0.0247
@TREND("1953Q1") 0.038057 0.014585 2.609380 0.0102

R-squared 0.432140 Mean dependent var 0.061111


Adjusted R-squared 0.422907 S.D. dependent var 7.548329
S.E. of regression 5.734214 Akaike info criterion 6.354300
Sum squared resid 4044.389 Schwarz criterion 6.421831
Log likelihood -397.3209 Hannan-Quinn criter. 6.381736
F-statistic 46.80135 Durbin-Watson stat 2.037416
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000

D1LNCONSUMO
.04

.03

.02

.01

.00

-.01

-.02

-.03
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Null Hypothesis: D1LNCONSUMO has a unit root
Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend
Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistic Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -9.543199 0.0000


Test critical values: 1% level -4.032498
5% level -3.445877
10% level -3.147878

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(D1LNCONSUMO)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:37
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q3 1984Q4
Included observations: 126 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.


D1LNCONSUMO(-1) -0.850031 0.089072 -9.543199 0.0000
C 0.007460 0.001669 4.470415 0.0000
@TREND("1953Q1") -2.46E-06 2.00E-05 -0.122901 0.9024

R-squared 0.425439 Mean dependent var 3.11E-05


Adjusted R-squared 0.416097 S.D. dependent var 0.010683
S.E. of regression 0.008163 Akaike info criterion -6.754853
Sum squared resid 0.008196 Schwarz criterion -6.687322
Log likelihood 428.5557 Hannan-Quinn criter. -6.727417
F-statistic 45.53829 Durbin-Watson stat 2.030421
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000

RENTA
1,200

1,100

1,000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Null Hypothesis: RENTA has a unit root
Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend
Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistic Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -2.185049 0.4934


Test critical values: 1% level -4.031899
5% level -3.445590
10% level -3.147710

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(RENTA)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:38
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q2 1984Q4
Included observations: 127 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

RENTA(-1) -0.069313 0.031722 -2.185049 0.0308


C 25.58424 10.39664 2.460817 0.0152
@TREND("1953Q1") 0.481528 0.199820 2.409813 0.0174

R-squared 0.068350 Mean dependent var 6.231496


Adjusted R-squared 0.053324 S.D. dependent var 9.764909
S.E. of regression 9.500991 Akaike info criterion 7.364008
Sum squared resid 11193.34 Schwarz criterion 7.431193
Log likelihood -464.6145 Hannan-Quinn criter. 7.391305
F-statistic 4.548629 Durbin-Watson stat 2.299933
Prob(F-statistic) 0.012407

D1RENTA
60

40

20

-20

-40
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Null Hypothesis: D1RENTA has a unit root


Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend
Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistic Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -13.40851 0.0000


Test critical values: 1% level -4.032498
5% level -3.445877
10% level -3.147878

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(D1RENTA)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:39
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q3 1984Q4
Included observations: 126 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

D1RENTA(-1) -1.187360 0.088553 -13.40851 0.0000


C 3.685508 1.753716 2.101542 0.0376
@TREND("1953Q1") 0.057573 0.023758 2.423251 0.0168

R-squared 0.593779 Mean dependent var 0.037302


Adjusted R-squared 0.587174 S.D. dependent var 14.85883
S.E. of regression 9.547027 Akaike info criterion 7.373858
Sum squared resid 11210.92 Schwarz criterion 7.441389
Log likelihood -461.5531 Hannan-Quinn criter. 7.401294
F-statistic 89.89545 Durbin-Watson stat 1.992717
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
D1LNRENTA
.08

.06

.04

.02

.00

-.02

-.04

-.06
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Null Hypothesis: D1LNRENTA has a unit root
Exogenous: Constant, Linear Trend
Lag Length: 0 (Automatic - based on SIC, maxlag=12)

t-Statistic Prob.*

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -13.50338 0.0000


Test critical values: 1% level -4.032498
5% level -3.445877
10% level -3.147878

*MacKinnon (1996) one-sided p-values.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test Equation


Dependent Variable: D(D1LNRENTA)
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:40
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q3 1984Q4
Included observations: 126 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

D1LNRENTA(-1) -1.193751 0.088404 -13.50338 0.0000


C 0.010514 0.002436 4.316083 0.0000
@TREND("1953Q1") -3.49E-06 3.11E-05 -0.112074 0.9109

R-squared 0.597177 Mean dependent var -4.11E-05


Adjusted R-squared 0.590627 S.D. dependent var 0.019854
S.E. of regression 0.012703 Akaike info criterion -5.870429
Sum squared resid 0.019848 Schwarz criterion -5.802898
Log likelihood 372.8370 Hannan-Quinn criter. -5.842993
F-statistic 91.17259 Durbin-Watson stat 1.994210
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Dependent Variable: D1LNRENTA
Method: ARMA Conditional Least Squares (Marquardt - EViews legacy)
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 21:58
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q3 1984Q4
Included observations: 126 after adjustments
Convergence achieved after 3 iterations

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

C 0.008619 0.000944 9.127039 0.0000


AR(1) -0.193623 0.088044 -2.199163 0.0297

R-squared 0.037538 Mean dependent var 0.008612


Adjusted R-squared 0.029777 S.D. dependent var 0.012845
S.E. of regression 0.012652 Akaike info criterion -5.886200
Sum squared resid 0.019850 Schwarz criterion -5.841179
Log likelihood 372.8306 Hannan-Quinn criter. -5.867909
F-statistic 4.836319 Durbin-Watson stat 1.994254
Prob(F-statistic) 0.029721

Inverted AR Roots -.19


Hypothesis Testing for D1LNRENTA
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:45
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q2 1984Q4
Included observations: 127 after adjustments
Test of Hypothesis: Mean = 0.000000

Sample Mean = 0.008653


Sample Std. Dev. = 0.012802

Method Value Probability


t-statistic 7.617073 0.0000

Hypothesis Testing for DD1LNRENTA


Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:47
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q2 1984Q4
Included observations: 127 after adjustments
Test of Hypothesis: Mean = 0.000000

Sample Mean = 3.41e-05


Sample Std. Dev. = 0.012802

Method Value Probability


t-statistic 0.030056 0.9761

Dependent Variable: DD1LNRENTA


Method: ARMA Conditional Least Squares (Marquardt - EViews legacy)
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 22:39
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q3 1984Q4
Included observations: 126 after adjustments
Convergence achieved after 3 iterations

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

AR(1) -0.193623 0.087691 -2.208021 0.0291

R-squared 0.037538 Mean dependent var -6.79E-06


Adjusted R-squared 0.037538 S.D. dependent var 0.012845
S.E. of regression 0.012602 Akaike info criterion -5.902073
Sum squared resid 0.019850 Schwarz criterion -5.879562
Log likelihood 372.8306 Hannan-Quinn criter. -5.892927
Durbin-Watson stat 1.994254

Inverted AR Roots -.19


Dependent Variable: D1LNCONSUMO
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:53
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q4 1984Q4
Included observations: 125 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

EDD1LNRENTA 0.274329 0.081072 3.383770 0.0010


EDD1LNRENTA(-1) 0.106974 0.080831 1.323438 0.1881

R-squared -0.931967 Mean dependent var 0.008675


Adjusted R-squared -0.947674 S.D. dependent var 0.008160
S.E. of regression 0.011388 Akaike info criterion -6.096591
Sum squared resid 0.015952 Schwarz criterion -6.051338
Log likelihood 383.0369 Hannan-Quinn criter. -6.078207
Durbin-Watson stat 0.902223
Dependent Variable: D1LNCONSUMO
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:57
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q3 1984Q4
Included observations: 126 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

EDD1LNRENTA 0.274191 0.080750 3.395532 0.0009

R-squared -0.929245 Mean dependent var 0.008585


Adjusted R-squared -0.929245 S.D. dependent var 0.008191
S.E. of regression 0.011377 Akaike info criterion -6.106543
Sum squared resid 0.016179 Schwarz criterion -6.084033
Log likelihood 385.7122 Hannan-Quinn criter. -6.097398
Durbin-Watson stat 0.899276

Dependent Variable: D1LNCONSUMO


Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/11/17 Time: 23:59
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q2 1984Q4
Included observations: 127 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

DD1LNRENTA 0.247328 0.079469 3.112247 0.0023

R-squared -0.956423 Mean dependent var 0.008556


Adjusted R-squared -0.956423 S.D. dependent var 0.008165
S.E. of regression 0.011420 Akaike info criterion -6.099022
Sum squared resid 0.016433 Schwarz criterion -6.076627
Log likelihood 388.2879 Hannan-Quinn criter. -6.089923
Durbin-Watson stat 0.887797
Dependent Variable: CONSUMO
Method: Least Squares
Date: 10/12/17 Time: 00:05
Sample (adjusted): 1953Q1 1984Q4
Included observations: 128 after adjustments

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.

RENTA 0.906902 0.001102 822.7711 0.0000

R-squared 0.997988 Mean dependent var 659.8750


Adjusted R-squared 0.997988 S.D. dependent var 212.4166
S.E. of regression 9.527913 Akaike info criterion 7.354110
Sum squared resid 11529.20 Schwarz criterion 7.376392
Log likelihood -469.6631 Hannan-Quinn criter. 7.363163
Durbin-Watson stat 0.749679

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