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Unit 1
cured, how iPhones have bigger hard drives than 5 year old laptops,
Chemistry is often called the central science, because a basic knowledge of chemistry
is essential for students of biology, physics, geology, ecology, and many other subjects.
Chemistry is Everywhere Gerd Binnig y Heinrich
Rohrer (IBM Zürich), Nobel
Prize in Physics in 1986.
Although chemistry is an ancient science, its modern foundation was laid in the
nineteenth century….
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Chemistry is Everywhere
PIEZOELECTRICITY
MECHANIC ELECTRICAL
AL ENERGY ENERGY
2
Piezoelectric effect Piezoelectric effect
Sal de La Rochelle
DIRECT REVERSE
The compression (or expansion) The application of a voltage to a
of a material generates opposite piezoelectric material produces a
charges on the respective faces of deformation. (It serves as a
the sample. characterization method)
Cuarzo
Piezoelectric effect
BaTiO3
PZT
Uchino K., Eds. Advanced Piezoelectric Materials. Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, 2010. pp. 5 – 9. 6
The purpose of this course is to make you think like
a chemist, to look at the macroscopic world —the
things we can see, touch, and measure directly—and
visualize the particles and events of the microscopic
world that we cannot experience without modern
technology and our imaginations.
All substances, at least in principle, can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. includes things we can see and
touch (such as water, earth, and trees), as well as things we cannot (such as air).
The Three States of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
A physical property can be measured and observed without changing the composition
or identity of a substance.
Color.
Density.
Melting point,.
Boiling point and hardness.
The three states of matter can be interconverted without changing the composition
of the substance. Upon heating, a solid (ice) will melt to form a liquid (water).
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
We can measure the mp of ice by heating a block of ice and recording the temperature
at which the ice is converted to water.
Water differs from ice only in appearance, not in composition, so this is a physical
change.
We can freeze the water to recover the original ice. Therefore, the mp of a substance
is a physical property.
Extensive Intensive
Additive No additive
Currently, 118 elements are known, though they vary widely in abundance.
H constitutes about 74% of the mass in the Milky Way galaxy, and He constitutes 24%.
Elements
Compounds
Classifications of Matter: Elements Classifications of Matter: Compounds
Most elements can interact with other elements to form compounds.
H2(g) burns in O2 (g), the elements H2 and O2 combine to form the compound water.
Decomposing pure H2O into its constituent elements shows that it contains 11% H and
89% O by mass, regardless of its source. This ratio is constant because every H2O
molecule has the same number of H and O atoms.
Classifications of Matter: Compounds Classifications of Matter: Compounds
The observation that the elemental composition of a compound is always the same
is known as the law of constant composition (or the law of definite proportions).
French chemist Joseph Louis Proust (1754–1826) first stated the law in about 1800.
Hydrogen, oxygen, and water are all composed of molecules. What is it about a
molecule of water that makes it a compound, whereas hydrogen and oxygen are
elements?
Some mixtures do not have the same composition, properties, and appearance
throughout. Rocks and wood, for example, vary in texture and appearance in any
typical sample. Such mixtures are heterogeneous.
All objects in the universe are made of matter, but matter alone is not enough to
describe the behavior of the world around us.
The Nature of Energy The Nature of Energy
Unlike matter, E does not have mass and cannot be held in our hands, but its effects
The cold water and boiling water are both made from the same substance, but your can be observed and measured.
body will experience a very different sensation if you put your hand in each.
The difference between the two is their energy content (E); boiling water has more
energy than chilled water.
The magnitude of, Ek, of an object depends on its mass, m, and velocity, v:
Work is the energy transferred when a force exerted on an object causes a Which change will lead to a larger change in the kinetic energy of an object,
displacement of that object. doubling its mass or doubling its speed?
Heat is the energy used to cause the temperature of an object to increase
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
kinetic energy of atoms and molecules. Although these particles are too small to be An object has potential energy by virtue of its position relative to other objects.
seen, they have mass and are in motion, and therefore, possess kinetic energy.
(a) The physical appearance of the water is different at every stage of change.
(b) The mass of water is greatest for the ice cube and least for the steam.
Each color sphere (or truncated sphere) represents an atom. Different colored atoms
indicate different elements.
Sample Exercises Sample Exercises
Sample Exercises