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‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‬

Philology ‫ ﻭ‬Linguistics ‫ﺑﲔ‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﳌﺎﺟﺪ ﻧﺪﱘ‬.‫ﺩ‬
‫ ﻻﻫﻮﺭ‬،‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺏ‬، ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

ISSUE OF ARABIC TERMINOLOGY

IN REFERENCE TO PHILOLOGY AND LINGUISTICS

Abdul Majid Nadeem, PhD

Assistant Professor of Arabic
Department of Arabic, University of the Punjab, Lahore

Abstract

The issue of terminology in Arabic language has

become so complex that it is badly affecting academic
advancement and research as the same term is being
used differently with the change of geographical or
political entity. The academic endeavors lack in
harmonious view on the topic. The article in hand is a
study of western linguistic terminologies with special
reference to Philology and Linguistics. Since these terms
have pure western academic background, they should
not be employed for Eastern languages especially Arabic
language. Arabic language should be studied in light of
language sciences introduced by primary and principal
scholars of Arabic. The article ends with some
suggestions pertaining to adopting of terms
unanimously.

Keywords: ،‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬،‫ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﻭﺑﲔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬

‫ ﻓﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬،‫ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
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‫ﻻ ﳜﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣ ‪‬ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ؛ ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺇﺫ ﳚﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻓﻨﺘﻴﺠ ﹰﺔ ﻳﺆﺩ‪‬ﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺣﺘ‪‬ﻰ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺬﻱ ﺑﺼﺪﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ـ ﳑ‪‬ﺎ ﹼﰎ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ـ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ؟ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺿﺒﻄﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪‬ﻳ ﹶﻈ ‪‬ﻦ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﹶﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺩﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﱵ ﺗ‪‬ﻄﺮﺡ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ؛ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﹼﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﹼﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴ‪‬ﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪ Philology‬ﹼﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫‪ .Linguistics‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺒ‪‬ﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴ‪‬ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﳘﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺃﻱ ‪ Linguistics‬ﻓﻤﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩ‪‬ﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲡﻤ‪‬ﻊ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪’’ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‘‘ ﻭ’’ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺎﺕ‘‘ ﻭ’’ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‘‘؛ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﹼﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬
‫‪ Linguistics‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﹼﰒ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺧﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﳏﺎﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺳﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻟﻮﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺋﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﻳﻔ ‪‬ﺮﻗﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺪﻫﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻛ ﱠﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻼ ﺃﻟﹼﻒ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﺆﻟﹼﻔﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﻭﲰ‪‬ﺎﻩ ’’ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺣﱯ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺳﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻣﻬﺎ‘‘ ﻭﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻗﺴ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‪ )) :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﺸﺌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﳐﺎﻃﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻨﺎﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﳎﺎﺯﹰﺍ((‪ (1).‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳﺄﺕ ﲜﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻞ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ؛ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪)) :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲨﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻣﺆﻟﱠﻔﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻔﺮ‪‬ﻕ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺟﺰﺍﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻕ((‪(2).‬‬
‫ﺸ ‪‬ﻜ ﹴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﲨ ‪‬ﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺮ ﹴ‬
‫ﺡ ﻣ‪ ‬‬
‫ﻂ ﳐﺘﺼ ﹴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻧ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎ ‪‬ﺭ ﻣﺒﺴﻮﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴ ﹸ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﹺﻪ ’’ﺍﳌﺰﻫﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‘‘ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺴﻤ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻟﻘﹼﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑـ ’’ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑـ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨ‪‬ﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﯼ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ‪’’ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‘‘‪ ،‬ﻭ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‘‘‪ ،‬ﻭ’’ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ (3).‬ﻏﲑ ﺃ ﹼﻥ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻟﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﹼﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻤ‪‬ﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺄ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻠﻘﹼﺒﻮﺍ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﺑﻠﻘﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻘﺎﺏ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻻﺑﻦ ﺟ‪‬ﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﲔ‪ (4)(Philology) :‬ﻭ )‪ (Linguistics‬ﻓﺠﻌﻠﻮﺍ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪ Philology‬ﻭ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻟـ ‪ ،Linguistics‬ﻭﻳﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ‬ ‫‪Linguistics‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ‪ Philology :‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﻗﹰﺎ ‪‬ﻳﺬﮐﺮ ﮐﻤﺎ ﺻﺮ‪‬ﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ ‪ Philology‬ﻭ ‪ Linguistics‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﹼﱵ ﻣﺮ‪‬ﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤ‪‬ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـ ‪(5).Linguistics‬‬
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‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻛﺰﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺻﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺭﻳﻚ ﺃﻭﺟﺴﺖ ﻭﻭﻟﻒ )‪ (F.A.Wolf‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﻨﺔ ‪1771‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺗﺄﺻﻠﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺭﻳﺘﺸﻞ )‪ (Ritchel‬ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺕ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺃﳘﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺘﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺭﻛﺰﻩ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺣﺘﯽ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺏ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‘‘‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﲑ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺰ ﺑﻮﺏ )‪(6)(F.Bopp‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺿﺎﻓﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺰ ﺑﻮﺏ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻃﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‘‘ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ) ‪Max‬‬
‫‪ (7)(Muller‬ﻭ ﺃﻭﺟﺴﺖ ﺷﻠﻴﺸﺮ )‪.(A. Schlicher‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﯽ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‘‘ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪(8).‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﹼﰒ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ’’ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ‘‘ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ‪ Philology‬ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ‪)):‬ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
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‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﲔ( ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ((‪(9).‬‬
‫ﰒ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺎﺩ‪‬ﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺿﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﳉﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺿﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﻛﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻔﻚ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﳐﻄﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﯽ ﺷﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﯽ‪(10).‬‬
‫‪ (Mario‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫)‪Pie‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺑﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻭ‪":Linguistics‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ )‪،Philology(11‬‬ ‫‪Philology‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ‬
‫ﻻﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ Linguistics‬ﻓﲑﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﯽ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﻟﯽ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ"‪(12).‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﲏ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. “The study of literary texts and of written records, the‬‬
‫‪establishment of their authenticity and their original form, and the‬‬
‫)‪determination of their meaning”.(13‬‬
‫‪2. The study of literature and of disciplines relevant to literature or‬‬
‫)‪to language as used in literature”.(14‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﲏ ﻓﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪“philology, traditionally, the study of the history of language, including the‬‬
‫‪historical study of literary texts. It is also called comparative philology when‬‬
‫‪the emphasis is on the comparison of the historical states of different‬‬
‫‪languages. The philological tradition is one of painstaking textual analysis,‬‬
‫‪often related to literary history and using a fairly traditional descriptive‬‬
‫‪framework. It has been largely supplanted by modern linguistics, which‬‬
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‫‪studies historical data more selectively as part of the discussion of broader‬‬

‫)‪issues in linguistic theory, such as the nature of language change”.(15‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪“Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it‬‬
‫‪is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics. It is‬‬
‫‪more commonly defined as the study of literary texts and written‬‬
‫‪records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original‬‬
‫)‪form, and the determination of their meaning.”(16‬‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪“The branch of knowledge that deals with the structure, historical‬‬
‫)‪development, and relationships of a language or languages”.(17‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ’’ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‘‘ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﺡ ﻭﻧﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﱁ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ’’ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‘‘ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻄﻨﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ‘‘ ﻓﺄﻭﺿﺤﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ’’ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‘‘‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻈﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ’’ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‘‘ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﹰﺎ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‘‘ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻇﻼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻔﺮﻉ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪ Linguistics‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ‪(18).‬‬
‫ﹼﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ Linguistics‬ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫’’ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‘‘ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ’’ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‘‘ ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ’’ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‘‘ ﻓﻜﺮﰐ‬
‫’’ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‘‘ ﻭ’’ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ‘‘‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﺺ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ‪ diachronic‬ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ‪ Synchronic‬ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ ‪ descriptive‬ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻨﺎﻫﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﲔ ﲝﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﻊ ﲟﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺸﺊ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ‬
‫ﲝﻖ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ’’ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‪(19).‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺛﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮ‪‬ﺿﻮﺍ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﱵ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ،Linguistics‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﰲ ﻣﻌﲎ‬ ‫‪Philology‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﲔ ﺑﲔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪Philology‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﻠﻤﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ’’ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪(20).‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﹰﺎ ﻟـ ‪ Linguistics‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻄﺎﻛﻲ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ’’ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﰲ ﻭﺻﺒﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﻴ‪‬ﺰ ﲤﻴﺰﹰﺍ ﺗﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ Linguistics‬ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‪(21).‬‬
‫ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﹰﺎ ﻟـﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻟـ ‪ Linguistics‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭﻓﯽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺎﺭ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ؛ ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﹼﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺮ‪‬ﺣﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ؛ ﻷ ﹼﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻗﺪﳝﹰﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎﹰ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﺒﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ‪)) :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﲑ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺟﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﳝ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲰﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺈﻃﻼﻕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻏﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﺴﺮﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻐﺘﲔ ﺃﻭﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ((‪ (22).‬ﻭﻳ‪‬ﺒﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪)) :‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﲝﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ‪’’ :‬ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘(()‪ (23‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪)) :‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﲑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻭﻓﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻓﺼﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
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‫ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﻩ‪ (24)((.‬ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪)) :‬ﻭﺳﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ـ‬

‫ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺸﻔﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ـ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ‘‘ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ..‬ﻓﻤﺆﻟﻔﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻣﱰﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‬
‫ﺑﻐﲑ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺁﺛﺮﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺷﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ((‪(25).‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺘﺒﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﰲ ﳚﻌﻞ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‬
‫ﻭ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻔﺮ‪‬ﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﺒﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﺒﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺑﺎﻟﺼ‪‬ﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪)) :‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﺗﻄﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﺎﻓﻬﺔ ﻻ ﻭﺯﻥ ﳍﺎ((‪ (26).‬ﹼﰒ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ‪)) :‬ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺤﻠﻮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺘﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﻮﺍ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ـ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ـ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻤﻮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺃﺟﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻘﻬﹰﺎ((‪(27).‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺑـ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‘‘ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻳﺴﻮﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪)) :‬ﺇ ﹼﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺴﻄﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺁﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﲰﲔ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ( ﺃﻭ )ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ( ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪(28).((.‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‪)) :‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ]ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ[ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻐﺘﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻔﺮﻗﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﲔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ((‪(29).‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ’’ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ ...)) :‬ﻭﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﻮﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﻭﻫﻢ‬
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‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﱪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﳌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ‪(30)((..‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﶈﺪﺛﻮﻥ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ؛ ﻓ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﰲ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ’’ﻓﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‘‘‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺩ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﯽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻔﺖ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ (31)(Philologie‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪Comparie‬‬ ‫ﻼ‪’’ :‬ﻓﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‘‘‬
‫ﲝﻮﺛﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻴﻞ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫))ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺩ ‪‬ﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻧﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻮﺻﻬﺎ(()‪)) (32‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺩ ‪‬ﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ(()‪)) (33‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲟﻌﻨﻴﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺃﺩﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﺩ‪‬ﺎ((‪(34).‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ؛ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯽ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﲟﻌﻨﻴﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﯽ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﯽ ﺍﺳﻢ ))ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ((‪(35).‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ))ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻫﻲ ﺧﲑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ’’ﲝﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺊ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻔﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﺎﺡ‪ )) :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺊ(( ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ‪ )) :‬ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺸﺊ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﻘﻪ(( )‪(36‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﺒﺤﻲ ﺻﺎﱀ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﯽ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪)) :‬ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺤﻠﻮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﻮﺍ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻤﻮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﯽ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﺸﺊ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺃﺟﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻤﯽ ﻓﻘﻬﹰﺎ ((‪(37).‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﻠﹼﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﺒﺤﻲ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻳﻔﻀ‪‬ﻼﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺑـ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻭﻟﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺫﻫﺐ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﺧﺺ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﻨﯽ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪(38).‬‬
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‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﲔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‪ :‬ﺫﺍ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺿﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﳜﺘﺺ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪(39).‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﻭﻣﺪﻟﻮﳍﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪)) :‬ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ((‪(40).‬‬
‫ﻼ ‪ )) :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﯽ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰒ ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻗﺎﺋ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﯽ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺤﯽ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﯽ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻨﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺮ ﻭﻧﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ((‪(41) .‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ؛ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ )) :‬ﺃﻣﺎ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ )‪ (Linguistics‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‘‘ ‪ ،General Linguistics‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﹶﻟﺞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﺮﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ؛‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﯽ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ‪) :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺩﯼ ﺳﻮﺳﲑ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﯽ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﰲ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻮﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺻﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻤﻪ ﲨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻘﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺮ ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻧﺮﯼ ﺃﻥ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﯽ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﯽ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﯽ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪(42) .(( .‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺛﲔ ﺍﻟﹼﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﲔ ‪ Linguistics‬ﻭ ‪ Philology‬ﺑـ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﲔ ’’ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘‬
‫ﻭ’’ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﹼﰒ ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲰﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﺯﻣﺎ‪‬ﻢ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻬﻢ ﱂ‬
‫ﻳﻔﺮ‪‬ﻗﻮﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﹼﻔﺎ‪‬ﻢ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﹼﺬﻱ ﳒﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴ‪‬ﲔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫‪ Philology‬ﺃﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻨﺘﺮﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲰﻪ ﻓﻠﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻱ ـ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺪﻧﺎ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻛﹰﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻃﺮ ‪‬‬
‫ﰲ ﲝﺜﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ـ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﳌﺴﻤ‪‬ﻲ ﺑـ ‪ Linguistics‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤ ‪‬ﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ‪‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﻤ‪‬ﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﺪﻳ ‪‬ﺪ ﻣﺘﺨﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺎﺕ‘‘ – ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤ‪‬ﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‘‘ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻀ‪‬ﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ‪ .-‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ...‬ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ـ ﺗ‪‬ﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ’’ﻳﺎﺕ‘‘ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ؛ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ـ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)ﺳﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‪Sémiotique‬‬ ‫)ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ(‬ ‫‪Linguistique‬‬ ‫)‪ (tique‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳒﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﻭ ‪) Phonétique‬ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﻤ‪‬ﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‪:(tics‬‬
‫‪ Linguistics‬ﻭ ‪ Semiotics‬و‪ Phonetics‬ﻭ ‪ Mathematics‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻳﻔﻀ‪‬ﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‘‘ ﻷﻧ‪‬ﻪ‬
‫ﻕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﻴ‪‬ﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺃﺩ ‪‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣ‪‬ﺎ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‘‘ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻠﻲ )ﲟﻌﲎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬
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‫)ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،(...‬ﻭﻳﻘ‪‬ﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ )ﻣﺘﻜﻠﻢ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﻊ(‪ (43).‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‘‘ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﱐ‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‘‘ ﺩﻭﻥ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‘‘ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮ‪‬ﺓ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﻀ ﱡﻞ ﺍﻟ ﹼﻠ ‪‬ﻪ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻳﺸ‪‬ﺎ ُﺀ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ‪ ﴿ :‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﺭ ‪‬ﺳ ﹾﻠﻨ‪‬ﺎ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﺭﺳ‪‬ﻮ ﹴﻝ ﹺﺇ ﱠﻻ ﹺﺑ ‪‬ﻠﺴ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﻮ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﻟﻴ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻦ ﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ﹶﻓﻴ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺤﻜ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻢ ﴾ ]ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‪ ﴿ [4:‬ﻭﹶﻟ ﹶﻘ ‪‬ﺪ ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻌ ﹶﻠﻢ‪ ‬ﹶﺃ‪‬ﻧ ‪‬ﻬ ‪‬ﻢ ‪‬ﻳﻘﹸﻮﻟﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ‬
‫‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻬﺪ‪‬ﻱ ﻣ‪‬ﻦ ‪‬ﻳﺸ‪‬ﺎ ُﺀ ‪‬ﻭﻫ‪ ‬ﻮ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬ﻌﺰﹺﻳ ‪‬ﺰ ﺍﹾﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﺠ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬ﻲ ‪‬ﻭﻫ‪‬ـﺬﹶﺍ ‪‬ﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﻥﹲ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮﹺﺑ ‪‬ﻲ ‪‬ﻣﹺﺒﲔ‪] ﴾‬ﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺤﺪ‪‬ﻭ ﹶﻥ ﹺﺇﹶﻟ ‪‬ﻴ ‪‬ﻪ ﹶﺃ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬‬
‫ﺸﺮ‪ ‬ﱢﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎ ﹸﻥ ﺍﱠﻟﺬ‪‬ﻱ ‪‬ﻳ ﹾﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﹺﺇ‪‬ﻧﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻳ‪ ‬ﻌ ﱢﻠﻤ‪‬ﻪ‪ ‬ﺑ ‪‬‬
‫ﺏ ﻣ‪‬ﻮﺳ‪‬ﻰ‬
‫ﲔ﴾ ]ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ‪ ﴿ [195:‬ﻭﻣ‪‬ﻦ ﹶﻗ ‪‬ﺒ ‪‬ﻠ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﻛﺘ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ‪﴿ [103:‬ﹺﺑ ‪‬ﻠﺴ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬ﻥ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮﹺﺑ ‪‬ﻲ ‪‬ﻣﹺﺒ ﹴ‬
‫ﲔ﴾‬
‫ﺴﹺﻨ ‪‬‬
‫ﺤِ‬‫ﺸﺮ‪‬ﻯ ‪‬ﻟ ﹾﻠﻤ‪ ‬‬
‫ﺼ ‪‬ﺪﻕ‪ ‬ﱢﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﻧﹰﺎ ‪‬ﻋ ‪‬ﺮﹺﺑ‪‬ﻴﹰﺎ ﱢﻟﻴ‪‬ﻨ ‪‬ﺬ ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﱠﻟﺬ‪‬ﻳ ‪‬ﻦ ﹶﻇ ﹶﻠﻤ‪‬ﻮﺍ ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺑ ‪‬‬
‫ﹺﺇﻣ‪‬ﺎﻣﹰﺎ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺭ ‪‬ﺣ ‪‬ﻤ ﹰﺔ ‪‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻫﺬﹶﺍ ‪‬ﻛﺘ‪‬ﺎﺏ‪ ‬ﻣ ‪‬‬
‫ﺴ‪‬ﻨ‪‬ﺘﻜﹸ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺽ ﻭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬ﺧ‪‬ﺘﻠﹶﺎﻑ‪ ‬ﹶﺃﹾﻟ ِ‬
‫ﺕ ﻭ‪‬ﺍﹾﻟﹶﺄ ‪‬ﺭ ﹺ‬
‫ﺴﻤ‪‬ﺎﻭ‪‬ﺍ ‪‬‬
‫]ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺣﻘﺎﻑ‪ ﴿ [12:‬ﻭ ‪‬ﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ﺁﻳ‪‬ﺎ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻪ ‪‬ﺧ ﹾﻠﻖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﲔ ﴾ ]ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻡ‪ [ 22:‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ ﱢﻟ ﹾﻠﻌ‪‬ﺎ‪‬ﻟ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬‬
‫ﻚ ﻟﹶﺂﻳ‪‬ﺎ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬ﻭﹶﺃﹾﻟﻮ‪‬ﺍﹺﻧ ﹸﻜ ‪‬ﻢ ﹺﺇ ﱠﻥ ﻓ‪‬ﻲ ﹶﺫ‪‬ﻟ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻐﻠﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﹼﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻀﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 13‬ﻭ ‪ 19‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،1978‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ‪ Linguistics‬ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ’’ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‘‘‪(44).‬‬
‫*****‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺣﱯ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺳﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﰲ ﻛﻼﻣﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪1910‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺹ ‪3‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.4‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻛﺬﺍ ﰲ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ‪ :‬ﳎﺪﻱ ﻭﻫﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻨ‪‬ﺎﻥﹾ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﲑﻭﺕ؛ ﻁ‪.‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .1984 ،‬ﺹ ‪.257‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﲔ؛ ﳘﺎ‪ ،(Philos) :‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ)‪ ،(Logos‬ﺗﻌﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﯽ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﺪﯼ ‪‬ﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﲨﻊ ﺗﻼﻣﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﺳﻮﺳﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲝﻮﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﲰﻮﻩ ))ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ(( ‪ ، Cours de Linguistique Generale‬ﻃﺒﻊ ﺑﻠﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1916‬ﻡ‪) .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﰲ ‪ :‬ﺝ‪ 1‬ﺹ ‪.(67‬‬
 ‫‪37‬‬

‫)‪ (6‬ﻭﻟﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺰ ﺑﻮﺏ ‪ ، Franz Bopp‬ﲟﺎﻳﻨﺲ ‪ Mayence‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1791‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1867‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ))ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ((‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (7‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ ‪ Max Muller‬ﺑﺒﻠﺪﺓ ﺩﻳﺴﻮ ‪ Dessau‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1823‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﰲ ﺑﺄﻛﺴﻔﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1900‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻏﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﯽ ﻟﻴﺒﺰﺝ ﻭﺑﺮﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﺭﺣﻞ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﻀﺮ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻑ ‪ Burnouf‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﰒ‬
‫ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﯽ ﺍﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﺄﻛﺴﻔﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﲔ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻶﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﰒ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ))ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ(( ﻇﻬﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ‪1861‬ﻡ‬
‫ﻭ))ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ(( ﻇﻬﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ‪1864‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﲔ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﺄﺭﳜﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (8‬ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪17‬‬
‫)‪ (9‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪17‬‬
‫)‪ (10‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪17‬‬
‫)‪ (11‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﺃﻧ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻭﻫﻮﺗﺮﺟﻢ‬
‫‪ Linguistics‬ﺑـ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ‪ Philology‬ﺑـ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻧﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺒﺴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (12‬ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ )ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪ :(Invitation to Linguistics‬ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺑﺎﻱ؛‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃﲪﺪ ﳐﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺔ‪1419 :‬ﻩ = ‪1998‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺹ ‪.35‬‬
‫‪(13) http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Philology - 22/09/2014‬‬
‫‪(14)http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philology-‬‬
‫‪22/09/2014‬‬
‫‪(15) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456678/philology -‬‬
‫‪22/09/2014‬‬
‫‪(16)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology - 22/09/2014‬‬
‫‪(17)http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/philology -‬‬
‫‪22/09/2014‬‬
‫)‪ (18‬ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪1420) .‬ﻫـ‪2000/‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﺹ‪.237–235‬‬
‫)‪ (19‬ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.237‬‬
‫)‪ (20‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻛﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺴﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪) .‬ﻁ‪.‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ( ‪.12‬‬
‫)‪ (21‬ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ‪ :‬ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ 9‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪.‬ﺃﻭﱃ‪1992:‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺹ‪10‬‬
 ‫‪38‬‬

‫)‪ (22‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺻﺒﺤﯽ ﺍﻟﺼ‪‬ﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﻳﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪) .‬ﻁ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻳ‪‬ﺎﺭ ‪2004‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﺹ‪19‬‬
‫)‪ (23‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﰲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ‪‬ﻀﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺹ ‪15‬‬
‫)‪ (24‬ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﰲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪‬ﻀﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻁ‪.‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪2004 :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺹ‪5‬‬
‫)‪ (25‬ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻮﺍﰲ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪5‬‬
‫)‪ (26‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﺤﯽ ﺻﺎﱀ‪ :‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪20 - 19‬‬
‫)‪ (27‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪20‬‬
‫)‪ (28‬ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ـ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻁ‪.‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1383‬ﻫـ=‪1964‬ﻡ‪) .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ(‪ .‬ﺹ‪39‬‬
‫)‪ (29‬ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ ـ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎﻳﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺧﺰﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪1426‬ﻫـ = ‪2005‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (30‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺝ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.60‬‬
‫)‪ (31‬ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻮﺍﰲ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.14‬‬
‫)‪ (32‬ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ‪:‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (33‬ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (34‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (35‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (36‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (37‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﺤﻲ ﺻﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.20‬‬
‫)‪ (38‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺹ ‪44‬‬
‫)‪ (39‬ﻟﻴﻨﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ ‪ -‬ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻁ‪1993 :6.‬ﻡ(‪ .‬ﺹ‪8‬‬
‫)‪ (40‬ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪9‬‬
‫)‪ (41‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫)‪ (42‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ‪11‬ـ ‪12‬‬
‫‪(43)http://www.nashiri.net/articles/literature-and-art/4356-‬‬
‫‪2010-02-13-19-52-14.html‬‬
‫)‪ (44‬ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،237‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬
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