01.1 Concept of Buckling Analysis 01. General: Structural Mechanics

Structural Mechanics
4 . Buckling Analysis
01. General 01.1 Concept of Buckling Analysis
01.1.1 General If an incremental compressive force acts on a slender column or a thin plate is
incrementally loaded in the in-plane direction, there comes an increment of load when
sudden lateral bending is observed. This is defined as buckling behavior. Buckling in
simple terms is structural instability wherein the geometric stiffness governs the failure.
Until the buckling occurs, the element remains in stable equilibrium, once buckling
occurs, the lateral deformation is no longer linear to the applied load. The buckling is
not only limited to the flexural buckling of slender columns or thin plates. Local
buckling occurs for a local area of an element, like when shear acts upon the web
plates of a plate girder, it also tends to buckle causing local shear buckling; similarly
torsional buckling can occur in members weak in torsion leading to rotation of
element about the force axis. Also flexural-torsional buckling is the combination of
bending and twisting response of a member in compression which mostly occurs in
open cross sections. Lateral torsional buckling occurs for a beam stiff in bending
plane but weak in transverse plane particularly happens for laterally unsupported
compression flanges of an I cross sections.
▶Fig 4.1 P P
Buckling Types P
P
Flexural Buckling Torsional buckling Local Buckling
4-1
Structural Mechanics 4 . Buckling Analysis
Buckling causes imperfections of the shape and the loading axis is modified for the buckled
elements.
▶Fig 4.2 P
k sin
k P 
cos 
( 1  cos  )
Before transformation (1) After transformation (2)
Applying Moment Equilibrium at point 2, we get following equation
▶Eq 4.1 k  P sin   0
If small strain is assumed, then sin    ,
 k  P    0
If  is a finite value then values in the parenthesis should be equal to 0.
▶Eq 4.2 k
Pcr 
Critical Buckling
Load
So, instead of buckling deformation, the above equation is used to obtain buckling shape under critical
loading conditions.
For the buckling of columns with stiffness, differential equation Eq.1.4 and Eq.1.5 from chapter 1 can
be used. Buckling of hinged ends of the columns is ( EIw '''' Pw ''  0 )
So it can be expressed as
w  x   A sin kx  B cos kx  Cx  D
4- 2
P
▶Eq 4.3 Where , k
EI
Substituting for boundary conditions,.
w  0  B  D  0
w   A sin k  B cos k  C  D  0
w "  0    Bk 2  0
w "     Ak 2 sin k  Bk 2 cos k  0
Which can be represented by following form,

 0 1 0 1   A  0 
▶Eq 4.4  sin k cos k 1   B  0 
   
 0 k 2 0 0   C  0 
 2 
  k sin k k cos k
2
0 0   D  0
From Eq. 4.5, B  D  0 it can inferred that,.
 sin k   A  0 
▶Eq 4.5
 k 2 sin k   
 0 C  0
As A & C are non-zero entities, the determinant should be equal to zero. Hence,
sin k  0 Where, k  n
Here, n is natural subset of (1 ~  ).
Therefore, the critical buckling load at the ends of hinged column is,.
 n 
2
▶Eq 4.5 Pcr    EI

 
By using Eq. 1.5one can get the same results. For other support conditions, the critical buckling load
results are as shown in table 4.1
4-3
▶Table 4.1 Support Condition Pcr k
 n 
2
Both Ends Hinged   EI 1.0

 1.0 
 n 
2
Both Ends Fixed   EI 0.5

 0.5 
 n 
2
One end Hinged,
  EI 0.7
other end fixed  0.7 
 n 
2
One end fixed,
  EI 2.0
other end free  2.0 
Therefore, the buckling analysis problem can be narrowed to an eigenvalue analysis problem. From
the eigenvalue analysis, eigenvalues and mode shapes are obtained, which correspond to critical load
factors and buckling shapes respectively. A critical load is obtained by multiplying the initial load
by the critical load factor. The significance of the critical load and buckling mode shape is that
the structure buckles in the shape of the buckling mode when the critical load exerts on the
structure. For instance, if the critical load factor of 5 is obtained from the buckling analysis of a
structure subjected to an initial load in the magnitude of 10, this structure would buckle under the load
in the magnitude of 50. Note that the buckling analysis has a practical limit since buckling by and
large occurs in the state of geometric or material nonlinearity with large displacements.
4- 4
▶Figure 4.3 P P P P
k
k
k
k
P P P P
(a) k  (b) k  0 .5 (c) k  0 .7 (d) k 2
The expression is same as P-delta analysis. The main difference is P-analysis directly obtains
displacement value, whereas buckling in the determinant format obtains shape, size and variation of
critical load using boundary condition as zero. At the surface, using determinant format and boundary
condition as 0, the expression is same as buckling eigenvalue analysis. The critical buckling load in a
mathematical representation is same as eigenvalue of the eigenvalue analysis, and buckling shape is
Eigen vector.
4-5
02. Tutorial 02.1 Model Info
In this example, the buckling analysis of the column members bearing the axial force under various
boundary conditions is performed, and the buckling mode and the critical load are investigated.
▶Figure 4.4 analytical

model
15m
(a) (b)
 Material
Modulus of elasticity:100 N / mm2
 Section
Sectional area (Area) : 2.5 × 105 mm2(1000 × 250)
Moment of inertia (Iyy): 1.30208 × 109 mm4
 Load
Lower node load 10 kN at upper joint
4- 6
02.2 Set Work Frame
02.2.1 Set UCS Open a new file and save the file name.
Main Menu > > New Project...
Main Menu > > Save

1. Enter a name: ‘Buckling-a’, Click [SAVE]
Set the unit system to use in the example.
Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

2. Select Length > mm, Force(Mass) > N
3. Click [OK]
▶ Figure 4.5
(a) Save the file 2
(b) Unit system setting
The unit system setting

can be easily set at the 3
status bar at the bottom
of the screen.
4-7
02.2.2 Set the work In this example, the structure type is designated as a 2-D behavior structure (X-Z Plane) because it
plane allows the behavior of the X-Z plane based on the Global Coordinate System (GCS).
Main Menu > Structure > Structure Type...

1. Select Structure Type > X-Z Plane
2. Click [OK]
1
▶Figure 4.6
Work plane setting
4- 8
02.3 Define Material Property
For the convenience of analysis, the material and cross-section to be used in the model use the user
defined type and value type, which the user specifies any value.
Main Menu > Properties > Material Properties

1. Click [Add...], Name : ‘Mat’
2. Select Elasticity Data > Type of Design > User Defined
3. User Defined > Modulus of Elasticity : ‘100’, Click [OK]
4. Click Section Tab and [Add...] and Value Tab
5. Select Section Shape Lists > Solid Rectangle, Name : ‘Sect’
6. Size > H : ‘250’, B : ‘1000’, Section Properties > Click [Calc. Section Properties]
7. Consider Shear Deformation (off)
8. Click [OK] and [Close]
4
1
5
▶ Figure 4.7 2
(a) Material definition
(b) Section definition
6
3
After entering the size
of the section,
[Calc. Section
Properties] button to
calculate the section
performance
automatically. If you
double click the item,
you can see the 7
number of decimal
places in detail.
3 8
4-9
02.4 Generate Nodes & Elements
Create a node at the location where you want to create the element.
02.4.1 Create node
Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes...

1. Modify the lower unit of the screen to kN, m
2. Coordinates (x, y, z) : ‘0, 0, 0’
Copy 의 Number of Times: ‘60’
Distances (dx, dy, dz) : ‘0,0,0.25’
Auto fitting 3. Click [Apply]
automatically adjusts 4. Display Node Numbers, Auto Fitting, Front View (on)
the Zoom Size in real
time so that the model
fills up the entire
screen.
4
▶Figure 4.8
Create node
2 4
3 4
4 - 10
02.4.2 Create element Connect the nodes to create the element..
Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Create Elements...

1. Select Element Type > General beam/Tapered beam
2. Select Material > 1:Mat and Section > 1:Sect
3. Click Nodal Connectivity green box, and Click node number 1 and 61 in Model view
▶ Figure 4.9
Enter support
condition
▶ Figure 4.9
Create element
3
1
By modeling one element
by dividing it into several
elements, you can see the
detailed deformation results
of the element.
3
3
4 - 11
02.5 Define Boundary Conditions
The lower end of the column is the pin support condition, and the upper end is the roller support
condition. If only the motion related to the X-Z plane is allowed as shown in this example, the Dx and
Dz degrees of freedom are constrained by the pin supporting condition and the Dx degrees of freedom
are limited by the roller supporting condition.
Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

1. Hidden (off)
2. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 1
3. Support Type > Dx, Dz (on), Click [Apply]
4. . Click Select Single (on), Select node number 61
5. Support Type > Dx (on), Dz (off), Click [Apply]
▶ Figure 4.10
Enter support
condition
2 1
3 5
3 5
4 - 12
02.6 Loading
Define load conditions first for load input.

02.6.1 Definition of load
condition
Main Menu > Load > Static Loads > Static Load Cases
1. Name : ‘Case1’
Select Type > User Defined Load (USER)
2. Click [Add] and [Close]
1 2
▶ Figure 4.11
Definition of load
condition
.
4 - 13
02.6.2 Load input Remove the joint load (10 kN) in the (-) Z direction at the top of the column.
Main Menu > View > Display...

1. Load Tab > Load Case > Load Value (on)
2. Nodal Load (on), Click [OK]
Main Menu > Load /Nodal Loads...

3. Click Select Single (on), Select node number 61
4. Select Load Case Name > Case1
5. Nodal Loads > FZ > ‘-10’
6. Click [Apply]
▶ Figure 4.12
Enter node load
1
6
4 - 14
02.7 Perform Analysis
Enter the basic data for performing the buckling analysis such as the number of buckling modes and
02.7.1 Enter buckling the number of iterations.
analysis condition
Main Menu > Analysis > Analysis Control > Buckling
1. Number of Modes : ‘5’
2. Load Factor Range > Search > From : ‘0’, To : ‘0’
Buckling Combinations > Load Case > Case1 선택, Scale Factor : ‘1’
3. Click [Add]
4. Click [OK]
▶Figure 4.13
Buckling Analysis 1
Control
4 - 15
02.7.2 Perform Enter the basic data for performing the buckling analysis such as the number of buckling modes
buckling analysis and the number of iterations..
Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Message Window Interpreted in normal completion message confirmation
For the convenience of reviewing the analysis result, the text displayed on the screen is organized.
Main Menu > View > Display...
2. Load Tab > Nodal Load (off), Click [OK]
3. Display Node Numbers (off)
▶Figure 4.14
Interpret normal exit
3
message
4 - 16
02.8 Extract Result
Check the shape of the buckling mode when the upper and lower lateral displacement is constrained.
02.8.1 Buckling mode
Main Menu > Results > Mode Shapes > Buckling Mode Shapes...
1. Select Load Cases(Mode Numbers) > Mode 1
2. Select Components > Md-XYZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Legend (on)
4. Click [Apply]
5. Confirm CRITICAL LOAD FACTOR = 5.712E-001
▶ Figure 4.15
Buckling mode shape
5
1
4 - 17
02.8.2 Critical load Check eigenvalue results to calculate critical load.

calculation
Main Menu > Results > Results Tables > Buckling Mode Shape...
1. Records Activation Dialog > Buckling Mode > Mode 1,2,3,4,5 (on)
2. Click [OK]
3. Confirm the value of Eigenvalue mode in a table
▶Figure 4.16
Eigenvalue analysis
result 3
4 - 18
02.8.3 Comparison of Save the file under a different name to compare it with the case where the lateral displacement is not
results according to constrained, and modify the boundary conditions of the node 61 at the top of the member to be free.
boundary condition
Main Menu > Files > Save As...
1. Enter a name : ‘Buckling-b’, Click [SAVE]
2. Tree Menu > Works Tab

3. Works>Boundaries>Supports : 2 > Right clicking at Type 1, Select Properties
Support Type > Dx, Dz, Ry (on), Click [Apply] and [Close]
4. Works>Boundaries>Supports : 2 > Right clicking at Type 2, Select Properties
Support Type > Dx, Dy, Dz, Rx, Ry, Rz (off), Click [Apply] and [Close]
▶Figure 4.17
Modify boundary
conditions
3 4
3 4
4 - 19
The buckling analysis is performed with the modified boundary conditions and the buckling mode
and the critical load are confirmed.
Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

1. Message Window:Interpreted in normal completion message confirmation
▶ Figure 4.18
Normal termination
4 - 20
02.8.4 Buckling mode Check the shape of the buckling mode when the upper lateral displacement is not constrained.
Main Menu > Results > Buckling Mode Shapes...

1. Select Load Cases(Mode Numbers) > Mode 1
2. Select Components > Md-XYZ
3. Type of Display > Undeformed, Legend (on)
4. Click [Apply]
5. Confirm CRITICAL LOAD FACTOR = 1.428E-001
▶Figure 4.19
Buckling mode shape
5
1
2
3
4 - 21
02.8.5 Critical load To calculate the critical load, check the eigenvalues in the buckling analysis result table.
calculation
Main Menu > Results > Results Tables > Buckling Mode Shape...
1. Records Activation Dialog > Buckling Mode > Mode1,2,3,4,5 (on)
2. Click [OK]
3. Confirm the value of Eigenvalue mode in a table
▶ Figure 4.20
Eigenvalue analysis 3
result
4 - 22
03. Practice 03.1 Manual Calculation
Since the example structure is a hinge at the end, we obtain the following equation from Equation 1.1.
P
w '' w0
EI
▶expression 4.10
The shape of the solution of the differential equation is assumed as follows.
 P   P 
w  x   A1 sin  x   A2 cos  x 
 EI   EI 
▶expression 4.11 By applying the boundary condition () to the differential equation, the following final result is obtained.
 P  P
sin    0 or  n
 EI  EI
Therefore, the buckling load can be obtained as follows.
 2 EI
Pcr  n 2
k 
2
▶expression 4.12
Here, the coefficient expressing the deformed shape and the simple supporting shape in which the
lateral displacement is constrained is a cantilever shape in which the lateral displacement is not
constrained. And the buckling load in the case of is the Euler load. For comparison of analytical results,
the buckling load is expressed as eigenvalue as follows.
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝑃𝑐𝑟
▶expression 4.13 Eigen Value = =
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 10𝐾𝑁
4 - 23
The following table shows the values obtained by the above method in comparison with the analysis
results.
▶Table 4.2 Buckling load Eigenvalue Eigenvalue analysis
n k
Analysis comparirion (kN) (Eigenvalue) result (Critical Load)
1 1 5.7116 0.57116 0.57120
2 1 22.8463 2.28463 2.28464
With lateral
displacement 3 1 51.4042 5.14042 5.14045
constraint
4 1 91.3852 9.13855 9.13859
5 1 142.7903 14.27903 14.27911

No lateral
displacement 1 2 1.4279 0.14279 0.14279
constraint
▶그림
▶ 4.214.21
Figure 1 mode n=1 P
좌굴해석 결과 analysis
Eigenvalue
P
모드
x
shapes
y (a)
2 mode n=2
P P x
모드
y (b)
3 mode n=3
P 모드
P x
y (c)
4 mode n=4 P
P 모드
x
y (d)
5 mode n=5
P P x
모드
y (e)
4 - 24
Let us compare the results of the buckling analysis with the method derived from the P-delta
analysis. Applying the boundary condition in Equation 2.4 in Chapter 2, the following equation is
obtained.
P 2

30 EI
12 EI 6 EI 
 3 2  w
 36 
 1 EI  3   w1  EI 12  36 6  3    w1  0 
   2  3   
 6 EI 4 EI  1    1  2 
 6  3  4  4   1  0 
2

 3 4 

 2 
The determinant must be zero since the right-hand term must be zero.
P 2
  0.08287  
30 EI
EI  n 2 2 EI  2 EI EI 
Pcr  2.4861  exact    2.4674 2 
2
  kL 
2
 2L 
2
L 
 
The reason for this difference is that the assumption about the shape of the buckling deformation is
different. The Euler load assumes the deformation shape as a trigonometric function (sin function),
whereas the buckling analysis derived from the P-delta analysis assumes the deformation shape as a
cubic. The reason for the large value of the P-delta analysis than the Euler's load is that the sine
function is a deformed shape requiring less energy than the cubic equation.
To consider only the P-delta effect, which neglects the P-delta effect in the buckling analysis, the P-
delta expression for the truss element can be used. Since the magnitude of the lateral reaction force
when the lateral displacement occurs is shown in Fig. 4.3, the equilibrium equation for the moment
when buckling occurs can be expressed as follows.
 3EI   3EI 
 3 w   Pcr w  0 ∴  2  Pcr  w  0
 
In order to obtain the above equation, the buckling load should be as

follows.
4 - 25
3EI EI
2
 Pcr  0 ∴ Pcr  3.0 2
Pcr
w
3EI
M 3
w
It can be seen that the buckling analysis predicts the buckling load with an error of about 21.5% even
when considering only the P-delta effect which ignores the P-delta effect.
4 - 26

01.1 Concept of Buckling Analysis 01. General: Structural Mechanics

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Structural Mechanics

01. General 01.1 Concept of Buckling Analysis

Before transformation (1) After transformation (2)

Applying Moment Equilibrium at point 2, we get following equation

▶Eq 4.1 k  P sin   0

If small strain is assumed, then sin    ,

If  is a finite value then values in the parenthesis should be equal to 0.

Which can be represented by following form,

From Eq. 4.5, B  D  0 it can inferred that,.

▶Eq 4.5 Pcr    EI

▶Table 4.1 Support Condition Pcr k

Both Ends Hinged   EI 1.0

Both Ends Fixed   EI 0.5

02. Tutorial 02.1 Model Info

▶Figure 4.4 analytical

02.2 Set Work Frame

Main Menu > > New Project...

Main Menu > > Save

Set the unit system to use in the example.

Main Menu > Tools > Unit System...

The unit system setting

Main Menu > Structure > Structure Type...

02.3 Define Material Property

Main Menu > Properties > Material Properties

02.4 Generate Nodes & Elements

Main Menu > Node/Element > Nodes > Create Nodes...

02.4.2 Create element Connect the nodes to create the element..

Main Menu > Node/Element > Elements > Create Elements...

02.5 Define Boundary Conditions

Main Menu > Boundary > Supports > Define Supports

Define load conditions first for load input.

Main Menu > View > Display...

Main Menu > Load /Nodal Loads...

02.7 Perform Analysis

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

02.8 Extract Result

02.8.2 Critical load Check eigenvalue results to calculate critical load.

2. Tree Menu > Works Tab

Main Menu > Analysis > Perform Analysis

Main Menu > Results > Buckling Mode Shapes...

03. Practice 03.1 Manual Calculation

5 1 142.7903 14.27903 14.27911

In order to obtain the above equation, the buckling load should be as

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