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Christer Ljunggren
OveStephansson
Ove Alm
Hossein Hakami
Ulf Mattila
SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING AB
SWEDISH NUCLEAR FUEL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CO
BOX 5864 S-102 48 STOCKHOLM
TEL 08-67 95 4Q TELEX 13108-SKB
TEL 08-65 28 00
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANITIC ROCKS
FROM GIDEA, SWEDEN
Christer Ljunggren
Ove Stephansson
Ove Alm
Hossein riakami
Ulf Mattila
By
Christer Ljunggren
Ove Stephansson
Ove Alm
Hossein Hakami
Ulf Mattila
All together, 12 rock samples were tested with each test method. Six
samples of these were migmatitic gneiss and six samples were migma-
titic granite.
The result shows that the migmatitic gneiss has varying strength
properties with low compressive strength in comparison with its high
tensile strength. The migmatitic granite , on the other hand, is found
to have parameter values similar to other granitic rocks.
SUMMARY
The results were quite average compared to other granitic rocks. The
modulus of elasticity varied between 50 - 65 GPa for both rock types
and Poisson's ratio between 0.08 - 0.33, depending on which method
that was used. The uniaxial compression strength for migmatitic gneiss
was low, (128 MPa), while it's tensile strength was comparatively
high, (18.1 MPa). The strength values for migmatitic granite were 201
MPa and 12.3 MPa respectively, which are normal values for granitic
rocks.
Results from the triaxial test show an increase in failure stress from
confining pressure of 10 - 25 MPa. In particular at 25 MPa confining
pressure the failure stress approaches a value which is twice that of
uniaxial testing.
SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION
3 RESULTS 7
3.1 Sound velocity measurements 8
3.2 Uniaxial compression testing with simultaneous 10
acoustic emission recording
3.3 Brazilian disc test 15
3.4 Controlled triaxial testing 16
3.5 Three point bending test 18
4 DISCUSSION 22
5 RECOMMENDATIONS 31
6 REFERENCES 32
APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Determination of sound velocity and
dynamic parameters of elasticity for
rock specimens
Appendix 2: Uniaxial compression strength, modulus
of elasticity and poisson's ratio
Appendix 3: Acoustic emission
Appendix 4: Determination of indirect tensile strength
with brazilian test
Appendix 5: Controlled triaxial compression testing
Appendix 6: Fracture toughness determination with three
point bending test
1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 Geology
The main rock type within the study area is banded gneiss. It is
characteristically composed of veins, schiieren and other irregular
bodies with varying mineral composition. These veins and schlieren are
generally north-east striking with a general dip of 10° to 20° to the
north-west.
meters above
sea level I—GIOEÅ STUDY AREA
L00-
300-
200-
100 -
T" T" T
2 L 5 km
Figure 2-2 Topographic profile through the Gideå study area. Profile
is east - west striking.
2.3 Corehole Gi 1
All the testing within this study was conducted on drill core from
corehole Gi 1 (AKGI01000). The rock types that were tested were
migmatitic gneiss (migmatite) and migmatitic granite (apiite granite).
Corehole Gi 1 is vertical and has a length of 704.25 m. The hole
indicates that migmatite is predominant, at least to a depth of 700 m.
If the migmatite is divided into migmatitic gneiss and migmatitic
granite, the following percentages are obtained: migmatitic gneiss
(90%), migmatitic granite (6.0%), pegmatite (3.5%), and diabase
(0.5%).
300
8
«-»• 3 -••
• o. ua
—• c
Cu O T
—• CU (B
• r*
UD
00
rv>
-I
O
3
i 1 u CORE LOG
10M:S SECTION WITH
MORE THAN 5
_.. OJ
o -i FRACTURES/M
rr ><
CL O FRACTURE ZONE
ft>
-o
r+
-»1
O
ii T r SHEAR INDICATION O
3" O
ro CORE LOSS m
n> cu
T3
o
ro -••
o
i
in 3
r+ 03
</>
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3
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-1
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TJ
—•
n>
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-i
o
ro
-J
3P
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n>
O)
o
>
»
3
Ö
§
Z
Ö
I
O
i
I o
J t*
• • I CORE LOG
10M:S SECTION WITH
> si .MORE THAN 5
o FRACTURES/M
cn o
rn ö o ' FRACTURE ZONE
O) O
-I S o o
in
JO Z o 'SHEAR INDICATION
o Si-
[CORE LOSS fö*
o ^H cn
4
i
ro
RESULTS
- triaxial tests
All together, 12 rock samples were tested with each test method. Of
these, 6 samples were migmatitic gneiss (migmatite) and 6 samples
migmatitic granite (aplite granite).
A summary of the results from the sound velocity testing giving values
for the dynamic elf.stic modulus (E.), dynamic Poisson1 s ratio (v.),
bulk modulus (B.), primary and shear wave velocities, and a measure of
the microfracture intensity (V /V ) is given as Table 3-2. Table 3-1
displays the classification of microfracturing intensity from sound
velocity ratio (V /V ) proposed by Torenq et al. (1971).
Vs/Vp Classification
<0.6 unfractured
0.6 - 0.7 some microfractures
>0.7 highly microfractured
Table 3-2: Results from sound velocity measurements conducted on rock
samples from G idea
200-
<n
100
0
a 8 10 12
SAMPLE NUMBER
E 50
** ,50 **
Rocktype 4> L m SP
(mm) (mm) (9) (kg/m3) (GPa) (GPa) (*) (h,a)
SP=F
sp/ F max
Where: Fsp = the load when the number of acoustic events in two
seconds is equal to 1000
SP Classification
20
10
n
12
SAMPLE NUMBER
Samples of the rocks tested were taken from a depth of 599m to 606m.
A total of six samples were tested with three different confining
pressures. Results from the testing are given as Table 3-6. Figure
3-5 shows a typical load-deformation curve at 10 MPa confining
pressure.
17
200-
100'
.2 .4 .e
DEFORMATION ••
1
Confining Sample No Fracture Young's Failure
Pressure Stress Modulus Description
(MPa) (MPa) (GPa)
5 Gid 1(5) 147.2 61.4 Well defined
obligue
5 Gid 2(5) 162.4 59.8 fracture
plane
10 Gid 3(10) 240.4 63.8
10 Gid 4(10) 181.9 64.2 •i
The tests were conducted according to the SENRBB (single edge round
bar bending) method. That is, the samples were prepared with a
straight notch which acted as a fracture initiator. With this test,
Poisson's ratio must be known to calculate the mechanical failure
properties. The fracture mechanical parameters, K and G, have been
calculated using two different values of Poisson's ratio, n^ and rr ,
which were obtained from the uniaxial compression tests. As is seen
in table 3-7 and 3-8 the value of the Poisson's ratio has a very
limited impact on the values of K and G. The testing procedure and
equipment are described in Appendix 6.
19
Granite 1
2 41.6 0.240 63.4 0.355 3.11 2.819 124.3
3 41.6 0.240 60.9 0.371 3.19 3.025 149.0
4 41.5 0.241 52.7 0.367 2.89 2.722 139.5
5 41.5 0.241 46.5 0.330 2.40 2.039 89.2
6 41.5 0.241 36.9 0.394 1.95 1.985 106.4
Average 52.1 2.71 2.52 121.7
Std.dev. ±10.8 ±0.52 ±0.48 ±24.3
20
Granite 1
2 41.6 0.240 63.4 0.362 3.11 2.879 116.7
3 41.6 0.240 60.9 0.380 3.19 3.105 141.3
4 41.5 0.241 52.7 0.377 2.89 2.793 132.3
5 41.5 0.241 46.6 0.334 2.40 2.064 84.7
6 41.5 0.241 37.0 0.401 1.95 2.031 103.2
Average 52.1 2.70 2.57 115.6
Std.dev. ±10.8 ±0.52 ±0.49 ±22.6
21
Q
a
O 20 40 60 80
LOAD POINT DISPLACEMENT (urn)
4 DISCUSSION
Primary and shear wave velocities for the Gideå rock types are high
for migmatitic gneiss and moderate for migmatitic granite when
compared with other Swedish granitic rocks. The microfracturing grade,
V /V , is typical for granitic rocks. It may also be pointed out that
the migmatitic gneiss has a higher dynamic elastic modulus than the
migmatitic granite. Results from the other tests (uniaxial
compression test and three point bending test) indicated the contrary.
A contributing factor is the higher density of the migmatitic gneiss,
as density is included in the calculation of the elastic moduli from
the sound velocity measurments. It is also notable that the
migmatitic gneiss has the lowest compressive strength, o , but the
highest tensile strength, ( o j . This may be attributed to the mineral
composition and shape of mineral grains. There is a clear shape
orientation of the mica minerals in the migmatitic gneiss, and this
has probably had some effect on the test results.
Young's moduli obtained from these tests are consistent with those
obtained from uniaxial testing. Although a slight increase of the
moduli may be expected as a result of confinement, this cannot be
shown due to the limited number of samples tested.
As is seen in Figure 4-1, the density values obtained from the Gideå
rock types fall well within the area that can be regarded as normal
for acid igneous rocks.
The compiled data on the elastic moduli exhibit a much larger standard
deviation than what is found in the density data. The reason for this
lies partly in the variety of test methods used and partly in the
different evaluation methods. The results, however, give and adequate
picture of the interval within which the elastic moduli normally are
located.
24
30-
25-
20-
UJ
_i
£L
<
is-
O MEAN-2700 kg/m 3
STD. DEV.-150 k g / m 3
le-
i
Uj
o
5
UJ
o
o
J
2300 2400 2500
1I
2600 2700 2800 2900
I
3000
1
3100 3200
DENSITY (kg/m1)
13 -
12 -
11 -
MEAN • 54,9 GPö
10 "
STD. DEV.. 18,9 G Po
9 "
• -
UJ
7 -
a.
* 6
in
u. 5
_ Jl t </>
3 Z £ Lfcz H2
UJ< < UJ
oo oo oo
2
UJ UJ UJUJ UJUJ UJUJ
99 -99
nn
9 9 oo
II
1 oo
O O O oo
O O
iri
10 20 30 40 50
ii ii Ii
60
.5
70 80 90 100
YOUNG'S MOOULUS (GPa )
no
CJl
Figure 4-2 Frequency histogram of Young's modulus for c r y s t a l l i n e rocks. 160 samples. Results from
Gideå are indicated by the arrows. (After Tammemagi and Chieslar, 1985).
26
Poisson's ratio depends on which test and evaluation method was used
to obtain the result. Generally speaking, it can be concluded that
the Gideå results fall well within the area that is considered normal
for crystalline rock types.
The large standard deviation (81.6 MPa) is clear evidence of the large
variation that is present in the uniaxial compressive strength
determinations. As is seen in Figure 4-4, there is an obvious maximum
at around 200 MPa. Migmatitic granite can be taken as having a
moderate average value of compressive strength while migmatitic gneiss
has a considerably lower strength.
12 '
11 -
to
K) -
9- If
!U •
z
< 7 - MEAN • 196,0 MPQ
U.' STD. DEV.- 8t,6 MPQ
° 6-
i 5 •
Ln
4
3
nn UJ
o
Ui
z
<
o
JLJ
<
2 UJ o
so 100
I
o
150
o
Figure 4-4 Frequency histogram of unconfined compressive strength for crystalline rocks. 127 samples.
Gideå results are indicated by the arrows. (After Tammemagi and Chieslar, 1985).
5-
UJ
g 3
MEAN-8,0 MPa
g
STD. DEV • 3,9 MPa
(/t
z V)
o tu
1 - O
o
•f-
6 8 10 12
APPARENT TENSILE STRENGTH I MPQ )
Figure 4-5 Frequency histogram of apparent tensile strength for crystalline rocks. 39 samples. Gideå
results are indicated by the arrows. (After Tammemagi and Chieslar, 1985).
30
Rocktype K
lc
(MN/m 3/2 )
Migmatitic gneiss, Gideå 1.88
Migmatitic granite, Gideå 2.52
Granite, Öjebyn 1.411
Quartzite, Kiruna 2.282
Stripa granite 1.983
Avesta gneiss 1.94"
1
Obtained from results reported by Lindqvist and Rånman (1980)
2
Alm (1983)
3
Sun (1983)
4
Ljunggren, Norin (1985)
5 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
Introduction
Equipment
For soft rock or fractured the stress may be reduced from 5 MPa
down to 3 MPa for example. In such case it should be noted in the
test report. The measurements are run in the following way:
e) The test is run at 5 MPa axial stress. The equipment are con-
nected in such a way that the pulse activating the transmitting
crystal will also trigger the scanning of the oscilloscope. The
scanning time is chosen to give good resolution over the period
from transmitting to receiving the wave. The curve on the
oscilloscope is recorded by an internal memory for later plotting
it on paper by a recorder working in X-t mode. The memory can
save one curve at a time. Figure 3 shows typical curves for P-
and S-waves and how the traveling time for these is determined.
The time difference between the points on the curve is 0.55 us.
Calibration of the time axis on the paper plot is achieved by
measuring the distance between points n and n + 50
g) New double aluminium foils are placed on the ends of the specimen
and points c) to f) repeated
t; • tj - t°
o
V)
AXIAL LOAD
n+50
ROCK-- Stripa granite
38.62 us
in Ts= 26.53 us
in
LU
cr
i n+50
o
2A.69 us
Tp= 17.41 us
Young's modulus E
d = (3)
Poisson's ratio V
d =
2 (4)
The bulk modulus, B . and the shear modulus, G . are found through
the relationship between E, u, G and B. Equations (5) and (6) give
B and G as functions of E and u.
B = 3(1 - (5)
G = 2(1 + v) (6)
Reporting of results
Rock Sample L m P V V E
d v Comments
P d
nr 3
type (mm) (mm) (g) (kg/m ) (m/s) (m/s) (GPa) (m/s)
10
5000-
•Z 4000-
o
o
L 1 i
I
-x ^<
»00- v
y v
i v
2000-
• \ '
1500-
I "8
II É
SAMPLE NR
E-MODULUS,(GPa)
POISSON'S RATIO
References
Equipment
e) Recording of strain and load during the test may either be done
by a conventional X-Y recorder or a computer
« = STEEL PLATE
B = "0C< ?/>MPLE
C = SPHERICAL SEAT
0 = APFLIFD AXIAL
Procedure
b) The ends of the specimen shall be flat to 0.02 mm and shall not
depart from perpendicularity to the axis of the specimen by more
than 0.05 mm
c) The sides of the specimen shall be smooth and free from abrupt
irregularities. A specimen that does not ful Ifi 1 the above
listed rules on specimen quality shall not be tested as it might
affect the test results
h) The minimum number of specimens tested for each rock type should
be five
Calculations
_ Al
e =
a l0
d0
c) The axial stress in the specimen (a) calculated from the equation:
e T = A£
50'/.
Ea
Fig. 3 Calculation of the tangent modulus of elasticity.
a
A
Or
Y
a i
Ae a -•Ea
. AQ
50V. —
it a
S = ea + 2er
Reporting of results
Sample nr
1 8
References
ACOUSTIC EMISSION
Scope
Apparatus
6) Counter: Counts the number of pulses that have passed t.ie threshold
detector.
Besides, a printer can be connected, which will then show the
acoustic emissions.
Procedure
Calculations
Presentation of results
The results of AE is presented in the form of curves, where the
registered AE are plotted as a function of load: The curves can be
presented in four different ways:
1) The sum of the number of pulses that the counter has registered
since the sample was loaded.
3) In the third alternative, Fig 4, all the pulses in the time period
chosen are summed. After every time period, the counter is reset
and starts counting from zero. This curve gives a clear idea of the
microcracking activity in the sample. This can be useful because it
is known that the activity increases strongly when the stresses in
a sample get close to the failure limit.
FRACTURE
FRACTURE
z Z
o
o O
o
1 PERIOD
LOAD LOAD
.n n LOAD
LOAD H h 1 PERIOD
References
Apparatus
Spherical seat
Upper jaw
Guide pin
Test specimen
Lowerjaw
Calculations
Presentation of results
Rock Sample Dia Thickness Mass Density Max load Tensile Remarks
type nr meter strength
0 t m P max °1
J
[mm] [mm] [gl [kg/m ] [Nl [MPa]
References
Purpose
It is known that natural rock formations are in a tri-axially state of
stress. Knowledge of the strength of rock under such state is very
important for designing structures in rock.
By conducting conventional tri-axial tests, it is possible to obtain
the strength of rock under different confinements. These data further
help us to determine the strength envelope and calculate the internal
friction angle (*) and apparent' cohesion (c) of the rock material.
Controlled tri-axial testing, however, are more informative. They show
us how rocks behave when their peak strengths have been passed and how
reduction in load-bearing capacity takes place with the continuation
of deformation.
Testing equipment
A high pressure cylindrical vessel, with a pressuring chamber dia-
meter of 70 mm and height of 170 mm, made of handened steel is used.
Strain gauge wires are connected to a specially designed collar, sit-
ting at the bottom of the chamber. The teflon packing ring of the col-
lar seals of the oil from leaking out. Details of the vessel and
accessories are found in Fig 1, schematically.
A pressure intensifier provides the necessary confining pressure and
maintains the pressure constant, while the specimen is being deformed.
The axial load on the sample is applied by the existing 4500 kN stiff
and servocontrolled Instron testing machine. It is possible to carry-
out the test in 'strain control' by this system. Details of the
system is shown schematically in Fig 2.
-2
<3
%
, »' .'
-5
-6
12-
-8
-9
Testing procedure
The experiments are conducted in the following way:
- The specimen is placed in the pressurizing chamber, all the
strain gauge wires are connected and the chamber is filled
with oil.
By pushing the top piston into the chamber, the specimen is slightly
loaded, while no oil pressure is being built up.
- The confining pressure is raised to the desired value by the
pressure intensifier.
- The loading of the specimen, then starts in 'position con-
trol 1 , (see reference 2 ) .
- At about 50% of the ultimate strength of the specimen, the
control is transferred to "strain controller1 module, where
the long circumferetial strain gauges are responsible of
prowiding the "feedback1 signal for the system.
- The experiii.ant is continued in this manner until the com-
plete load-deformation curve for the specimen is recorded.
Scope
Apparatus
SECRBB configuration
F
top roller
•clip gauge
a) The three point bending test is conducted on drill cores and the
ratio S/D shall be 3.33, where S is the c-c distance between the
support rollers and D is the diameter of the core.
c) Tne supports for the COD gauge are glued on the sample.
1) The test is strain controlled via the COD gauge, with a strain rate
of 0.1 um/s.
m) The time for a test to total failure should not exceed 15 min.
Calculations
The calculations for a test with only one cycle are done according to
the following:
Step 1 Calculate the initial modulus of elasticity, E
x (1 + 7.0165(a/D)4*5)] (1)
A6F
A6F
where X = TF~ [mm/kN]
v - Poisson1s ratio
Step 2 Calculate the real crack length, a, from equation (1) with an
iterative method. Use X from l_i and the modulus of elastici-
ty from the first calculation.
Cyclic tests
The evaluation procedure for cyclic tests is similar to that for one
cycle tests. Fig 3 shows an idealized diagram of load as function of
load point deformation from a several cycle test.
The lines l\ - U in Fig 3 are drawn through the linear portion of the
curves from cycles 2 - 5 . The stepwise calculation for curves like the
one above, is described below.
Step 2 Use equation (1) to calculate the real crack length, a, after
the first cycle. Use X from line 2 and the modulus of
elasticity, given from Step 1, as E
Presentation of results
d) A table where all the calculated values for each sample, as well as
the sample's diameter and notch depth are listed.
References
1983
TR 83-77
The KBS Annual Report 1983.
KBS Technical Reports 83-01 -83-76
Summaries. Stockholm, June 1984.
1984
TR 85-01
Annual Research and Development Report
1984
Including Summaries of Technical Reports Issued
during 1984. (Technical Reports 84-01-84-19)
Stockholm June 1985.
1985
TR 85-01
Annual Research and Development Report
1984
Including Summaries of Technical Reports Issued
during 1984.
Stockholm June 1985.
TR 85-02
The Taavinunnanen gabbro massif.
A compilation of results from geological,
geophysical and hydrogeological investi-
gations.
Bengt Gentzschein
Eva-Lena Tullborg
Swedish Geological Company
Uppsala, January 1985