List of Symbols

q heat transfer rate per unit length (HT)

Undesignated symbols are used consistently q heat flux (HT)
throughout the book. The following denote Q# amount of energy transfer by heat transfer
particular sections where symbols have Q heat transfer rate (T)
Q volumetric flow rate
special meanings r radial vector
T thermodynamics R gas constant: RM, radius (FM, HT)
FM fluid mechanics Ra Rayleigh number
HT heat transfer Re Reynolds number
R universal gas constant
Rc electrical resistance
Bi Biot number Rf fouling factor
c specific heat of an incompressible substance, Rt thermal resistance
centroid (FM) Rt,c thermal contact resistance
cp specific heat at constant pressure, 0h  0T )p s, S entropy per unit mass (T), distance along a
cv specific heat at constant volume, 0u  0T )v streamline (FM); entropy (T)
CD drag coefficient s entropy function as used in ideal gas tables
CL lift coefficient SG specific gravity
Ct thermal capacitance St Strouhal number
d drag force t time
Dh hydraulic diameter T temperature
e; E energy per unit mass (T); energy (T), electric u; U internal energy per unit mass (T ); internal energy
potential (HT), emissive power (HT) (T ), upstream velocity (FM), overall heat transfer
Eu
# Euler number coefficient (HT)
E# g rate of energy generation u, v, w fluid velocity components
E# in,out rate of energy transfer in/out of control volume v; V specific volume; volume
Est rate of increase of energy stored within a control volume V, V velocity
F, F force vector, force W work, width of a slot nozzle (HT)
Fo Fourier number w # weight
Fr Froude number W rate of work, or power
f friction factor x quality
G irradiation xc critical location for transition to turbulent flow
Gr Grashof number xfd,h hydrodynamic entry length
h enthalpy per unit mass (T), convection heat transfer xfd,t thermal entry length
coefficient (HT) y mass flow rate ratio, mole fraction
H enthalpy (T), head (FM), height (FM, HT) yR distance from free surface to center of pressure
hL head loss z elevation
i electric current Z compressibility factor
J radiosity
k specific heat ratio: cpcv (T ), thermal conductivity
(HT), Boltzmann’s constant (HT) Greek Letters
KL loss coefficient
l lift  thermal diffusivity (HT), absorptivity (HT), angle of
m mass attack (FM)
#
m mass flow rate  coefficient of performance for a refrigerator (T),
M molecular weight, Mach number (FM), moment (FM) diameter ratio (FM), coefficient of volume
M mass dimension expansion (HT)
n number of moles, polytropic exponent  coefficient of performance for a heat pump (T),
Nu Nusselt number specific weight (FM)
p pressure hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
pe; PE potential energy per unit mass; potential energy t thermal boundary layer thickness
Pr Prandtl number ε heat exchanger effectiveness (T,HT), pipe wall
q heat transfer rate (HT) roughness (FM), emissivity (HT)
#
q rate of energy generation per unit volume (HT) εf fin effectiveness

efficiency, similarity variable i initial value (T), property of saturated solid, inner

f fin efficiency (HT)

 temperature difference, angle I irreversible
 wavelength ig, if difference in property for saturated vapor (saturated
absolute (dynamic) viscosity liquid) and saturated solid
 kinematic viscosity isol isolated
 pi term; dimensionless quantity int rev internally reversible
 density, reflectivity (HT) j portion of the boundary
 entropy production (T), normal stress (HT), L based on characteristic length
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (HT) l based on plate length
#
 rate of entropy production lm log mean condition
 relative humidity (T) m mean value over a tube cross section
 shear stress (FM), transmissivity (HT) o center or midplane condition, tube outlet condition,
 humidity ratio (T), angular velocity (T), shedding outer
frequency (FM) p pump
p particle
rad radiation
Subscripts ref reference state or value (T), reflected radiation (HT)
res reservoir
a dry air R reversible
abs absorbed R resultant
ad adiabatic s isentropic
b boundary (T), base of an extended surface (HT), s streamwise direction, surface conditions
blackbody (HT) sat saturated
B bouyancy sur surroundings
c property at the critical point (T), compressor (T), t turbine
combined system (T), critical (transition) (FM), t thermal
centroid (FM), cross-sectional (HT), cold fluid (HT) tp triple point
cv control volume tr transmitted
cw cooling water v vapor
C cold reservoir, low temperature w water, wall
CF counterflow x local conditions
D drag, diameter  spectral
e state of substance exiting a control volume (T),
emission (HT)
Superscripts
f property of saturated liquid (T), temperature of
surroundings (T), final value (T), film temperature
# dot over symbol denotes time rate
(HT), fin conditions (HT)
fg difference in property for saturated vapor and * dimensionless quantity
saturated liquid, heat of vaporization ‘ fluctuating quantity (HT)
g property of saturated vapor - overbar denotes property on a molar basis (T),
h hydrodynamic, hot fluid surface average conditions (HT)
H hot reservoir, high temperature  property at standard state or standard pressure
i state of a substance entering a control volume (T),
tube inlet condition (HT), initial condition (HT)