Lecture 11 by MR Alok Bhowmick - Detailing of Reinforcement PDF

WORKSHOP ON
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE

ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 BSEC
REFRESHER COURSE ON CONCRETE BRIDGE DESIGN USING CODE OF PRACTICE IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY IAStructE, AUGUST-OCTOBER 2018, NEW DELHI
Topic of Presentation
NEW DETAILING PROVISIONS OF IRC:112-2011
Name of Presenter, Job Title / Affiliation

Alok Bhowmick,
Managing Director, B&S Engg. Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Brief Details / CV about the Presenter, in about 100 Words :
• Born 1959. Graduated in Civil Engineering Degree (1981, from Delhi
University), and M.Tech (Structural Engg.), from I.I.T, Delhi (1992).
• Working in consultancy companies since 1981, in India & Malaysia
• 36 years of Experience in Consultancy. Started own Consultancy
Organisation in 1998 and presently MD of a well known organisation B&S
Engg. Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
• Worked essentially in the field of Bridges and Flyovers and infra-structure
projects.
• Made significant contributions in development and upgradations of codes
and standards through several professional institutions (like IRC, BIS,
IABSE, IASE, IE).
DETAILING REQUIREMENTS
(Section 15, 16 & 17 of IRC:112) BSEC
CONTENTS :
1. Introduction
2. General Detailing Requirements
3. Specific Detailing Requirements
4. Ductile Detailing for EQ Resistance
5. Conclusions
2
INTRODUCTION
3
WHY DETAILING IS IMPORTANT ?

1. DETAILING has an important role in ensuring
safety and durability of RCC/PSC structures.
2. GOOD DESIGN, if not supported by GOOD
DETAILING, can lead to poor construction
and unsafe structure.
3. Some of the most devastating collapses in
history have been caused by defective
DETAILING. 4
Section 15 of the Code contains :

• General Detailing of Reinforcing Steel
(Covering reinforcement bend diameter, bond length,
lap length, Anchorage length, splicing and bundling
…etc.)
• General Detailing of Prestressing Steel

(Covering spacing of cable ducts, cover, anchorages
and couplers, post tensioning system …etc.)
• Detailing requirements of Coated Steel 5


• Specific Detailing Requirements
(Covering Beams, Slabs, Columns of solid and hollow
section, Walls, Corbels, Articulations, Deep Beams
…etc.)
• Minimum areas of reinforcement specified

(to prevent brittle failure, wide cracks and also to
resist forces from restrained actions).
• Dimensional restriction of elements given 6

• Specific Ductile Detailing

Requirements for Seismic Resistance
for :
- Concrete Piers / Columns
- Foundations
7
GENERAL
DETAILING
REQUIREMENTS
8
General Detailing Requirements
Section 15 of IRC:112 BSEC
Grades of Concrete (Section 6) :
• Previous code (IRC: 21) covered

Concrete up to grade M55 for RCC
structures & IRC:18 covered up to
Grade M60 for PSC structures.
• IRC: 112 covers Concrete of

Grade up to M90 9
A word of caution for concrete grade above M60 !!
10
Grades of Reinforcement (Section 6) :
• Previous code (IRC: 21) covered 3 grades

of reinforcement steel : Fe250, Fe415 &
Fe500.
• IRC: 112 covers 7 grades of

reinforcing steel : Fe250; Fe415;
Fe415D; Fe500; Fe500D; Fe550D &
Fe600 11
Cover to Reinforcement (14.3.2, 15.3.1) :

Cover to reinforcement is required
to ensure:
• Safe transmission of bond forces.
• Protection of steel against corrosion.
• Adequate fire resistance (This aspect
is not directly covered in IRC: 112)
12
Cover to Reinforcement (14.3.2) :

S. IRC:21-2000 IRC:112-2011
Item
No. provisions Provision
Cover to
1. Reinforcement in 75mm 75mm
Foundation
Moderate : 40mm
Cover to
Reinforcement in Moderate : 40mm Severe : 45mm
2.
Substructure & Severe : 50mm Very Severe : 50mm
Superstructure
Extreme : 75mm
13
Cover to Prestressing Steel (15.3.1) :

S. IRC:18-2000 IRC:112-2011
Item
No. provisions Provision
75mm
Cover for Post (Measured from
3. 75mm
Tensioned Tendons outer diameter of
duct)
Same as for the
Cover for Pre reinforcement
4. 65mm
Tensioned Tendons (As per IRC:SP:71-
2006)
14
As per IRC: 21 As per IRC: 112

“Moderate” “Moderate”
Condition other than “Severe” Concrete ‘dry’ or ‘permanently wet’; concrete
continuously under water
“Severe”
Wet, rarely dry; humid (RH > 70%), completely
submerged in sea water below mid-tide level;
concrete exposed to coastal environment
”Severe” “Very Severe”
Marine Environment ; alternate Moderate Humidity (RH 50% to 70%), concrete
wetting & drying due to sea spray; exposed to air borne chloride in marine
alternate wetting & drying combined environment, freezing conditions while wet.
with freezing; buried in soil (having
“Extreme”
corrosive effect); members in contact
Cyclic wet & dry; concrete exposed to tidal, splash
with water where velocity of flow and
and spray zones in sea, concrete in direct contact
the bed materials are likely to cause
with aggressive sub-soil / ground water, concrete
corrosion of concrete. 15
in contact with aggressive chemicals.
Spacing of Reinforcement (15.2.1) :

As per IRC: 112,
Smin = max. of [, (dg+10mm), 20mm]
Where :
 = bar diameter
dg = maximum size of
aggregate
16

Maximum Bar Dia (mm) Spacing as per
Aggregate Size IRC:112 (mm)
(mm)
Upto 30.0 30.0
20.0
More than 30.0 
40.0 All Bars 50.0
17

In situations where bars
are provided in separate
horizontal layers and
where access for vibrator
needle is required, a
minimum spacing
50 mm between columns of bars
shall be kept as 50mm 18
19
Detail Min 50 mm gap
Minimum Bend Diameter of Reinforcement (15.2.2) :

S.
No. Item IRC:112-2011 Provision
Case 1 : Cover perpendicular to plane of
From curvature less than 3, 50mm
consideration of  20
1.
splitting / crushing Case 2 : Cover perpendicular to plane of
of concrete. curvature more than 3, 50mm
 15
From Case 1 : For  < 20mm
consideration of  4
2.
damage to Case 2 : For  ≥ 20mm
reinforcement itself  7 20
The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend
m
21

1. Small Diameter bends are generally to be followed in
most of the situations.
2. Designers will be responsible for the calculation of large

diameter bends. Large diameter bends will be required in
situations where the bar carry full stress at the bends.
Examples where large diameter bends will be required
are :
- Pile Cap Bottom Bars
- Corbels
- Earth Face reinforcement
of cantilever retaining walls 22

A typical situation that crops up
regularly is shown here. The fitting of
the corner reinforcement in case of a X c
girder beam needs to account for the
bending radius of the shear stirrup. Clear
cover
1. Location A : Will shift the rebar laterally
and reduce horizontal spacing between
bars.
2. Location B : Will shift the rebar vertically as well as laterally and
reduce horizontal as well as vertical spacing between bars.
3. Location C : Will shift the rebar vertically and reduce vertical

spacing between bars. 23
Basic Anchorage Length (15.2.3) :
Anchorage length is required to

transmit force from reinforcement to
concrete and vice versa.
The basic anchorage length depends

upon the ultimate bond strength
between concrete and the rebar. 24
Basic Anchorage Length, lb (15.2.3) :

lb = (/4) (fyd/fbd) = k.
The bond strength (fbd) for high-bond bars

are a function of :
• Type, shape, diameter and surface condition of
rebar, including the projected rib configuration ;
• tensile strength of concrete (fctk,0.05) ;
• concrete cover & member thickness ;
• bar spacing & amount of transverse reinft. and
• Nature & magnitude of stress in bar 25
Bond Strength : (Table 15.3)
• For concrete grade more than M60, fbd is restricted due to increased
brittleness of Concrete.
• For reinft. of ‘’ > 32mm, IRC:112 has further de-rated the bond strength
and provided additional rules for detailing in cl. 15.2.6
26
• For value of c = 1.2, the above values can be increased by 1.25
Favourable & Unfavourable Cond. :

Unhatched :
Good Bond Condition
550 mm
For unfavorable bond condition, the bond
27
strength is to be taken as 70%
28
Design Anchorage Length (15.2.4)

Depends upon :
1. Basic Anchorage length (bond stress, type of
steel, bond condition) [lb,reqd.]
2. Bar shape / form [1]
3. Concrete cover to affected bar [2]
4. Confinement by unwelded transverse reinft. [3]
5. Confinement by welded transverse reinft. [4]
6. Confinement by transverse pressure [5]
IRC 112 HAS SIMPLIFIED THE PROVISIONS SIGNIFICANTLY
FOR DESIGNERS BY ELIMINATING ALL THESE VARIABLES29
Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement (15.2.4)

Design Equivalent Anchorage length,
lb,net = a x lb x (As,reqd / As,prov) ≥ lb,min
a = Reduction factor to account for :

• Shape of Bar
• Nature of stress (Tensile or
Compressive)
• Confinement by welded transverse bar.
lb,min ≥ max [0.3lb; 10; 100mm] for

anchorage in tension
lb,min ≥ max [0.6lb; 10; 100mm] for

30
anchorage in compression
a = 1.0 for Straight bars & all bars in compression

(except in case the bar in compression is
having transverse welded reinforcement)
31
a = 0.7 for bent bars & loop bars in tension & for
all bars having transverse welded bar
32
Anchorage of Links & Shear Reinforcement (IRC;112)
Use of welded bar for

stirrups was not there
in earlier code IRC:21
Provision of shear
stirrups was different for
compression zone and for
tension zone in IRC:21 33
Anchorage of Links & Shear Reinforcement
Example for combination of link & shear

reinforcement as per IRC:112 34
Splicing of Bars (15.2.5)

Splicing ensures transmission of force from
reinforcement to reinforcement.
Arrangement of
At splice points, avoid :
Splice :
• Large cracks,
• Spalling • Should be
staggered
Methods of Splicing can be by : • Not located in areas
of high moments
• Lapping, • Should be placed
• Welding or symmetrically at
• Mechanical Device any section 35
Clause 15.2.5.1 : Lapping of Bars

(or increase lap length by clear spacing)
36
Clause 15.2.5.1
Lap Length, ls = lb,net. 1 ≥ ls,min
Coefficient as per IRC:112
Bars in compression & secondary reinforcements can

also be lapped in one section
ls,min = max. [0.31lb; 15; 200mm] 37

1. The permissible % of lapped bars in

tension may be 100% where the bars
are in one layer.
2. Where the bars are in several layers,
the percentage should be reduced to
50%
3. Need for transverse reinforcement in
preventing splitting at the end of lapped
bars is recognized in both the codes.38
For lapped bars greater than or equal to 20 mm,

transverse reinforcement area ΣAs = area of one
lapped bar.
∑Ast ≥ 1.0 As
Links provided from other

considerations can be taken into
account to satisfy this requirement 39
Splicing by Welding of Reinforcement
1. Welding of HYSD bars is generally not

recommended. Can be permitted only in special
cases. There are stringent criteria for welding.
2. Shop welding is preferred where feasible. Bars of

diameter 20mm and above shall invariably be butt
welded.
3. Limit for CE is 0.53% in IRC:112, which is in line with

the provision of IS:1786.
40
Splicing by Mechanical Couplers

1. The splice including its connecting elements
shall be capable of resisting in tension or in
compression at least 125% of the characteristic
strength fyk.
2. At location of Splices, reduction in cover is
permitted. Cover in any case shall not be less
than 30mm
3. There is a BIS code (IS 16172 : 2014) which also
needs to be referred, though not covered in
41
IRC112.
Splicing by Mechanical Couplers

3. IRC:112 gives further details on acceptance
criteria for established or new system supplier
for mechanical devices.
4. For established system suppliers, the design
shall be based on manufacturer’s test certificate.
In addition, field testing on selected samples
from actual supply at site shall be carried out.
5. For new system suppliers, acceptance testing
shall be carried out in laboratories first, before
choosing the system. 42
Additional rules for HYSD bars with  > 32mm

1. For HYSD bars with  > 32mm, lapping is not
permitted. Such bars shall be either butt-welded
or joined using mechanical devices.
2. Minimum depth of element shall be ≥ 15
3. Exceptions to this can be made in situations
where minimum dimension of the member is 1m
or the stress in the reinforcement does not
exceed 80% of the design strength.
43
Use of Bundled Bars (15.2.7)

1. Unlike IRC:21, the new code has detailed provision
for bundled HYSD bars.
2. It allows bundles of upto four bars for vertical bars
in compression zones & bars in a lapped joint and
upto three bars in all other zones.
3. All the bars in a bundle shall be of the same
characteristics (i,e. Type, Grade and preferably the
diameter). Bars of different diameter can be
bundled provided the ratio of diameter does 44not
exceed 1.7
Use of Bundled Bars (15.2.7)
Possible reinforcing bar bundling scheme

The equivalent dia: n = .√nb ≤ 55mm
1. The max. dia of bars which can be bundled are : 32 &
36 for 2 bars, 28 for 3 bars and 25 for 4 bars.
2. Lap length calculation & spacing of bars shall be
based on equivalent dia. 45
Prestressing Units (15.3) : Pretensioning
:
Clear Spacing between strands /

tendons in Pre-tensioned Members
Sv
Vertically, Sv Horizontally, Sh
≥ dg + 10 ≥ dg + 10 Sh
≥2 ≥2 Minimum Clear Spacing

 ≥ 20 mm between pre-tensioned
strands / tendons
As per IRC:SP:71, minimum C/C spacing between strands is
given as 44mm for 12.7mm strands and 51mm for 15.2mm
46
strands
Prestressing Units(15.3) : Post‐tensioning
:
Clear Spacing between strands /

tendons in Pre-tensioned Members
Vertically, Sv Horizontally, Sh
≥ dg + 10 ≥ dg + 10
≥  ≥ 
≥ 50 mm ≥ 50 mm Minimum Clear Spacing
between post-tensioned
ducts
47
IRC:112 formula is quite elaborate and includes the effect of bond

condition, nature of release of prestress, design tensile strength of
concrete and the tendon stress after release of prestress.
As per IRC:112-2011
48
Transmission (lpt), Anchorage (lbpd) & Dispersion Length (ldisp)
Anchorage
Check for
tendons are not
required at
sections where
tensile stress do
not exceed
fctk,0.05
lbpd = Anchorage length over which the tendon force in the

49
ultimate limit state is fully anchored in concrete
Transmission, Anchorage & Dispersion Length
Design Value of Transmission Length = Less
favorable of 0.8xlpt1 or 1.2 x lpt2
50
Coated Steel (15.4)

1. IRC:112 covers 2 types of coating on steel :
a. Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coating
(IS:13620)
b. Galvanisation
In case of FBEC, the bond resistance shall be

reduced by 20% (i,e Lap lengths increase 25%)
51
Coated Steel (15.4)

Frequently Asked Question : Use of Cement Polymer
Composite Coating (CPCC) System for Corrosion
Protection of Reinforcing and Prestressing Steels
1. CECRI has developed CPCC system. The coating system
consists of a primer and a sealing coat.
2. No BIS code available. CECRI, Karaikudi have the
detailed specification of chemicals and quality control
with them.
3. Long term results of this system, developed by CECRI
are not known. 52
SECTION - 16
SPECIFIC
DETAILING
REQUIREMENTS 53
COLUMNS (16.2)
B B
A
A
COLUMN WALL
(A < 4B) (A>4B) 54
PEDESTAL COLUMNS (16.2)

1. Columns with Length / least radius of
gyration is less than 12
2. Minimum % Reinforcement : 0.15% of

cross sectional area of concrete.
55
COLUMNS (16.2)
1. Minimum Diameter of Bar in Column :
12mm
2. Minimum % Reinforcement :
A minimum % of Long Reinforcement is required
in columns to cater for un-intended eccentricities
and to control creep deformations. Under long
term application of sustained axial load, concrete
creeps and transfers load to long. reinforcement.
56
COLUMNS (16.2)
2. Minimum % Reinforcement :
Too small, Never governs
For seismic zones III, IV and V, Minimum % of

Reinforcement shall be 1% in Plastic Zone
(IRC:SP:114 57
COLUMNS (16.2)
3. Maximum % Reinforcement :
st,min ≥ max [8mm; long /4] :
Scl,max= min [12long; b; 200mm]}
Purpose of transverse reinforcement

in columns is to provide adequate
shear resistance and to secure
Transverse Reinforcement in Columns longitudinal bars against buckling
58
out through concrete cover.
RC Walls & Wall Type Piers (Section 16.3) :

Vertical Reinforcement :
As,vmin = 0.0024 Ac (half located at each face) [0.3% as per IRC:78]
As,vmax = 0.04 Ac (0.08 Ac at laps)
Sv,max = 200 mm
long,min ≥ 12 mm Consideration of early thermal cracking gives
rise to greater reinforcements in Walls.
Hor. Reinft. (Running parallel to the long face of wall):
As,hmin = 25% of Vertical Reinft. Or 0.001 Ac [As per IRC:78, 0.25% of Ac]
Sv,max = 300 mm
st,min ≥ [8mm; long /4]
Transv. Reinft. (Running parallel to the short face of wall):
Where total vertical reinft. Exceeds 0.02 Ac , links required as for
columns. 59
CONTRADICTIONS !!
Hollow Piers / Columns (Section 16.4) :

• To be treated the same way as Solid Pier
• Leff / r > 12
• Minimum Wall Thickness ≥ 300 mm
Lateral Reinforcement as per IRC: 78 Provisions :
As,hmin = 0.003 Ac [60% on Outer face and 40% on Inner

face]
60
Beams (Section 16.5) : Min. & Max R/F

Longitudinal Reinforcement :
• As,min = 0.26 (fctm / fyk)btd but ≥ 0.0013btd
This requirement is derived to ensure that reinforcement does not yield as soon as cracking
in the concrete occurs.
• As,max = 0.025 Ac (Tension) ;
This requirement is from consideration of ease of placing & compacting of concrete & to
prevent cracking from excessive internal restraint to concrete shrinkage.
• As,max = 0.04 Ac (Tension+Compression)
61
Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement in Beams

0.0040
0.0035
Minimum Long. Reinft. in Beams
0.0030
0.0025
0.0020
0.0015
0.0010
0.0005
0.0000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Concrete Grade (fck)
For Fe 415 Reinft. For Fe 500 Reinft. For Fe 550 Reinft. As per IRC:21
62
Beams (Section 16.5) : Spread of R/F

Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at supports should be spread
over the effective width.
Fig. 7.1
Definition of Parameters to determine
Effective Flange Width
63
Beams (Section 16.5) : Curtailment

1. As per IRC:112, the ‘shift’
depends on effective depth, ‘strut
angle’ chosen and the fact
whether the member is with or
without shear reinforcement.
2. As per IRC:21, al = 1.5h for Slab &

‘h’ for beams
64

1. IRC:112 permits the designer to take
benefit of the progressive linear increase
of tensile strength within its anchorage
length.
2. As the tensile force diagram varies

smoothly and there is no abrupt jump, the
resistance also can vary accordingly.
65
IRC:112 IRC:21
lbd lbd
66
PRESENTATION ON “NEW DETAILING PROVISIONS OF IRC:112-2011 & COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS CODES (IRC:21 & IRC:18)”
Beams (Section 16.5) : Shear

1. Minimum Shear Reinforcement, w,min =
(0.072√fck)/fyk
2. Maximum long. Spacing, Sl,max = 0.75d
3. Maximum Transv. Spacing, St,max = 0.75d ≤

600 mm
67
Beams (Section 16.5) : Shear

Fig. 1 : Comparison of Minimum Shear Reinforcement Ratio
(As/b.s) for Beams (For Fe 415)
0.00180
0.00160
Shaer Reinft. Ratio, w,min
0.00140
0.00120
0.00100
0.00080
0.00060
M20 M30 M40 M50 M60 M70 M80 M90 M100
Concrete Grade (Mpa)
IRC:112 IRC:21 68
Beams (Section 16.5) : Torsion

IRC:112 provides the following rules for Torsion :
1. The torsion links should be closed and be
anchored by means of laps.
2. The long. bars shall be so arranged that there is
at least one bar at each corner, others being
distributed uniformly around the inner periphery
spaced at no more than 350mm centres.
3. The long. spacing of the torsion links should not
exceed 1/8th the outer perimeter of the member.
69
Solid Slabs (Section 16.6) :
1. Min. % Reinft. (Primary) As,min = Same as for

Beams
2. Max. % Reinft. (Main) As,max = Same as for Beams
3. Min. % Reinft. (Secondary) As,min = 20% of Primary

R/F
4. Shift Rule for Curtailment : al = d

70
Solid Slabs (Section 16.6) :

5. Max. Spacing for Main R/F, Smain,max = min{2h,
250mm}
6. Max. Spacing for Distribution R/F, Sdist,max =

min{3h, 400mm}
71
Corbels (Section 16.7) :

1. There are two cases
covered :
a. Case 1 : ac ≤ 0.5 hc
b. Case 2 : ac > 0.5 hc
72

a. Case 1 : ac ≤ 0.5 hc
In addition to the main
reinforcement provided at
the top of corbel closed
horizontal or inclined links
(secondary tie bars) to be
provided distributed within
the depth of the corbel.
73

a. Case 2 : ac > 0.5 hc
In this case, in addition to
the main tension
Reinforcement / vertical
links / stirrups are required
where the shear force
exceeds the concrete shear.
74
Articulations (Section 16.8) :

1. Articulation (or half Joint) is usually provided in
Bridges at a connection where the construction
depth is limited or in case of suspended span resting
on tip of a cantilever.
2. The treatment of articulation shall be similar to a

corbel or a nib.
3. Half joints may be designed using strut & tie models

or by any other alternative elastic / plastic methods.
75
Deep Beams (Section 16.9) :

1. Any Beam with Span/Depth ratio of less than 3 is a
Deep Beam.
2. Deep Beams Can be

designed by elastic /
plastic method.
A B C
D
3. As,min = 19 MN
20MN
19 MN
Min [0.15%, 150mm2 / m / face] 29 MN 29 MN
1.8m x 1.8m 2.0m

76
Concentreated Forces (Section 16.11) :

1. Covers small loaded area on a larger supporting
area.
2. The compression resistance is governed by the
lesser of the local crushing strength of the
concrete and the strength of reinforcement
resisting the transv.
tensile (bursting)
forces generated by
transverse load
dispersal
77

1. Crushing and spalling
a. Resistance at loaded face governed by
concrete confining the local compression
concrete in ring tension:
FRdu  Ac 0 f cd Ac1 / Ac 0  3.0 f cd Ac 0
b. No benefit if loaded area smaller than
supporting area in one dimension only.
c. Higher pressure achievable with confining
reinforcement or prestressing 78
79

Allowable Bearing Stress under Bearings
Comparison : IRC:112 & IRC:21
Formula as
180.0 per IRC:21
Permissible Bearing Stress (Mpa)
160.0
140.0
FRdu / Aco =
120.0
100.0 co =
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0 co = 0.25 x fck
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Concrete Grade fck
IRC:112 Provisions IRC:21 Provisions
FRdu  Ac 0 f cd Ac1 / Ac 0  3.0 f cd Ac 0

80
Zones below Bearings (Section 16.11) :

1. Sliding wedge
mechanism, also needs
to be checked.
2. The “failure” plane is

defined by θ = 30° &
reinforcement must be
provided in this zone
over the height h.
81
Zones below Bearings (Section 16.11) :

 A line inclined at an angle θ (30º) to the direction of load
application is drawn from the edge of the section to
intersect with the opposite edge of the loaded surface.
 The reinforcement provided to avoid edge sliding (At) shall

be calculated using the expression At fyd ≥ FRdu/2 and
shall be adequately
anchored on both sides of
the failure plane.
Reinforcement provided
for other purposes may
also be utilized for this
82
requirement.
Indirect Supports (Section 16.13)
83
Indirect Supports (Section 16.13)
84
SECTION - 17
DUCTILITY
DETAILING
REQUIREMENTS 85
1. This Section is applicable for all bridges in

Seismic Zone III, IV and V, where ductile
design is mandatory.
2. Recently published IRC:SP:114 also provides
for ductile detailing and there are a few
additional provisions in IRC:SP 114, which
are missing in this code.
3. New Additions : Min. Long. Reinforcement
shall not be less than 1% and Min. Concrete
grade at Plastic Hinge Location : M30 86
Objective of Ductile Detailing :

Increase of local ductility of reinforced concrete
sections + avoiding brittle failure modes
Confinement: for increasing ultimate concrete strain εcu
Confined concrete
fcm,c
Unconfined concrete
fcm
Ecm
Esec
εc1 εcu1 εc1,c εcu,c c 87

4. In general, the philosophy of design is to

form plastic hinge in Substructure at
defined locations and aim is to ensure a
minimum level of curvature ductility at
these plastic hinge locations for
dissipation of EQ energy.
5. Plastic hinge formation is not permitted in
Superstructure.
6. Foundation is also expected to remain
88
elastic during earthquake.
7. At the location of plastic hinge, Curvature

ductility is achieved by confinement
8. Confinement reinforcement formula in this
code is significantly different from
IS:13920 provisions.
9. Depth of Plastic
Hinge zone is
dependent on
direct axial
stress in Piers. 89
10. Lack of confinement in reinforcement

can result in failures during EQ.
11. There are several examples to
demonstrate this fact.
90
Location of Plastic Hinge & Length of

Confinement Reinforcement Zone 91
Length of Plastic Hinge Zone :

a. When nk = NED/(Ac.fck) ≤ 0.064 :
No Confinement necessary
b. When nk = NED/(Ac.fck) ≤ 0.24 :
Lh = Max (b, L0.8xBM)
c. When nk = NED/(Ac.fck) > 0.24, but < 0.48 :
Lh = Max (1.5xb, 1.5xL0.8xBM)
Over an additional length of Lh, reinforcement

provided shall not be less than 50% of above 92
TYPICAL
CONFINEMENT
DETAILS FOR
PIERS 93
1. Reqd. qty. of confining reinft. =
2. Vol. ratio of transv. Reinft. in

Rectangular Sections =
3. Vol. ratio of transv. Reinft. in

Circular Sections =
94
Foundations :
1. It is desirable that inelastic response in
strong ground shaking occurs above the
foundations, as repairs to foundations can be
extremely difficult and expensive.
2. Code does not allow foundations to enter

within plastic range under design seismic
action except for pile foundation in
unavoidable circumstances. 95
Foundations : …Contd.
3. This is generally ensured by :
a. Designing the foundation for 35% additional base
shear on account of seismic action, so that the
weakest link is within the pier or at the pier base
(capacity protection).
b. Ensuring adequate ductility at the plastic hinge

location by proper detailing and confinement for
pile foundations as hinge formation is allowed, if
unavoidable. 96
For any queries,
e-mail at
BSEC
bsec.ab@gmail.com
THANK YOU
For your patience
97

Lecture 11 by MR Alok Bhowmick - Detailing of Reinforcement PDF

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Lecture 11 by MR Alok Bhowmick - Detailing of Reinforcement PDF

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WORKSHOP ON

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE

Name of Presenter, Job Title / Affiliation

WHY DETAILING IS IMPORTANT ?

Section 15 of the Code contains :

• General Detailing of Prestressing Steel

• Detailing requirements of Coated Steel 5

Section 16 of the Code contains :

• Minimum areas of reinforcement specified

• Dimensional restriction of elements given 6

Section 17 of the Code contains :

• Specific Ductile Detailing

- Concrete Piers / Columns

Grades of Concrete (Section 6) :

• Previous code (IRC: 21) covered

• IRC: 112 covers Concrete of

A word of caution for concrete grade above M60 !!

Grades of Reinforcement (Section 6) :

• Previous code (IRC: 21) covered 3 grades

• IRC: 112 covers 7 grades of

Cover to Reinforcement (14.3.2, 15.3.1) :

Cover to Reinforcement (14.3.2) :

Cover to Prestressing Steel (15.3.1) :

As per IRC: 21 As per IRC: 112

Spacing of Reinforcement (15.2.1) :

Spacing of Reinforcement (15.2.1) :

40.0 All Bars 50.0

Spacing of Reinforcement (15.2.1) :

Spacing of Reinforcement (15.2.1) :

Minimum Bend Diameter of Reinforcement (15.2.2) :

Minimum Bend Diameter of Reinforcement (15.2.2) :

The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend

Minimum Bend Diameter of Reinforcement (15.2.2) :

2. Designers will be responsible for the calculation of large

Minimum Bend Diameter of Reinforcement (15.2.2) :

3. Location C : Will shift the rebar vertically and reduce vertical

Basic Anchorage Length (15.2.3) :

Anchorage length is required to

The basic anchorage length depends

Basic Anchorage Length, lb (15.2.3) :

The bond strength (fbd) for high-bond bars

Bond Strength : (Table 15.3)

Favourable & Unfavourable Cond. :

Design Anchorage Length (15.2.4)

Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement (15.2.4)

a = Reduction factor to account for :

lb,min ≥ max [0.3lb; 10; 100mm] for

lb,min ≥ max [0.6lb; 10; 100mm] for

a = 1.0 for Straight bars & all bars in compression

Anchorage of Links & Shear Reinforcement (IRC;112)

Use of welded bar for

Anchorage of Links & Shear Reinforcement

Example for combination of link & shear

Splicing of Bars (15.2.5)

Clause 15.2.5.1 : Lapping of Bars

Coefficient as per IRC:112

Bars in compression & secondary reinforcements can

ls,min = max. [0.31lb; 15; 200mm] 37

1. The permissible % of lapped bars in

For lapped bars greater than or equal to 20 mm,

Links provided from other

Splicing by Welding of Reinforcement

1. Welding of HYSD bars is generally not