What’s a Broadband?

It is a High Speed Internet Connection which requires a modem or

a router and it is an Optical Fiber Connection (RJ 45, (Registered
Jack-45)) Speed of 64KBPS to 1GBPS. This cable is used only for
Ethernet card, LAN WAN

What’s a narrowband/ Dialup? -

It’s an Internet Connection which has to be Manually Dialed

through telephone lines (RJ11, (Registered Jack-11)) with the help
of a modem. Speed of 56KBPS. This card is only for MODEM 2
Phone

What’s Winzip?

WinZip is a popular data compression format. WinZip files save

time and space, and make downloading software faster. To open
the Zip file you will need to have WinZip software on your PC.
Once you have unzipped the file you will have an executable file.

To extract a Winzip file right click on the zipped file and click on
Extract All. It will direct u to a Destination Folder. Click on the
desired folder and the file is extracted to that folder.

Define an operating system

This is a computer's primary software program, and it controls all

basic operations of the computer.

Ex Windows, Linux, UNIX & Dos.

What are the different types of internet browsers?

Netscape navigator, Netscape communicator, Internet Explorer 6,

Internet Explorer 7, Mozilla Firefox and Opera
How is a desktop Measured? - It is measured diagonally

What is System restore?

It’s a process when the entire system is restored back to its

previous day’s or time’s setting. This is done only when the system
does not work properly maybe due to software or hardware which
is not installed properly.

How’s a System restore done?

System Restore can be done only on a Windows XP in the

following ways.

1-Go to Safe Mode then go to Start on the taskbar menu

2- Go to Programs and then go to Accessories.

3-Go to System tools and then to System restore.

4-Automatically 2 options pop up on the Screen which is A-

Restore System to a previous point and B- Create a new restore

point.

5-When u click on option A, a calendar automatically pops up with

few dates highlighted.

6- Click on the highlighted dates and click on next. Then the

computer restarts and it either says A- System successfully
restored or B- System not Restored or System Restore
unsuccessful
What the Components inside a CPU?

1 Processor

2 Mother Board

3 RAM

4 Hard Disk

5 CD Drive,

CD Writer

6 Floppy Drive

7 Sound Card

8 Video Card

9 Graphics Card

10 LAN/Ethernet card (Used for Networking)

11 SMPS (Switch mode Power Supply)

What is a Combo Drive?

It’s a drive that plays both CD and DVD but can write only CD’S
What are Optical Drives?

The Hard Disk, CD drive and Floppy Drive Put together are called
as optical drives.

Basic configuration of a PC

1- Pentium 4 2.8 GHz Processor.

2- Intel 915 Mother Board.

3- 512 MB RAM

4-80 GB Hard Disk.

What is a RAM?

Random Access Memory is the best form of a Computer Memory.

RAM is considered as “Random Access” because you can access
any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that
intersect at that cell.

What is ROM?

Read Only Memory whose contents can be accessed and read but
cannot be changed. You can read from it, but you cannot write to it
without using special procedures. ROM is where your BIOS is
stored. BIOS stand for Basic Input / Output System.

What are Input and Output Devices?

Input Devices- Keyboard, Mouse, Floppy drive, CD Drive,

Scanner etc.

Output Devices- monitor, Speakers, Printer etc.

What are the Different types of RAM?

1 SDRAM

SDRAM means Synchronous Dynamic Random

Access Memory

2 DDR1

Double Data Rate

3 DDR2

What are the different types of Slots?

1 PCI-(Peripheral

Component Interconnect)

–Sound card, Video Card, LAN Card,

Internal Modem, Graphics/VGA card.

2 RAM

3 IDE

(Integrated Drive

Electronics) –

Optical Drives
Windows XP Vs Windows Vista

Windows XP Windows Vista

1. Not secure More secured compared to
XP
2. Compatible with 32 bit Processors and 64
Bit Processors Compatible with 64 bit
3. Processor
Minimum of 64 MB of RAM
4. Minimum of 1 GB RAM

Advanced Graphics option

File system

NTFS and FAT32

New Technology File System or NTFS is the standard file

system of Windows NT, including its later versions Windows
2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server
2008, and Windows Vista.

File Allocation Table or FAT

How many types of Ports are there?

There are 3 types of ports,

1 Serial port

2 Parallel Port
3 USB Port

Audio file formats or sound file formats –WAV, AIFF, MP3 and
AU.

Image file formats available – mpeg, jpeg, gif, bitmap

Dual Core Vs Core 2 Duo

The Simple facts are:

All Core 2 Duo Processors are Dual Core Processors

All Pentium D Processors are Dual Core Processors
All Intel Dual Core Processors are Dual Core Processors

Intel Core 2 Duo processors are next gen processors from Intel on
65 nm platform developed from Ground up with new Architecture
called Core

What are the seven layers in the OSI Reference Model?

1- Applications Layer

2- Presentation Layer

3- Sessions Layer

4- Transport Layer

5- Network Layer

6- Data Link Layer

7 – Physical Layer
What is a MODEM?

Modem is a device used to connect to the internet. The signals

coming from the phone are converted from analogue and sent to
the computer as digital and vice versa

What is a ROUTER?

Router is a device used for networking. Incase of more than one

computer then a modem and a router is required for the internet
connection as well as for networking purpose. Its basically used to
connect two LANS or LAN – WAN ETC

Router

Abbreviations

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

POP Post Office Protocol

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

WIFI Wireless Fidelity

URL Uniform Resource Locator

FTP File Transfer Protocol

BIOS Basic Input Output Setup

What is BIOS?

BIOS is an acronym that stands either for the Basic Input/Output

System or for Built In Operating System. BIOS refers, in part, to
the firmware code (a type of boot loader) run by a PC when first
powered on. The BIOSes of IBM PC class machines are coded
programs embedded on a chip that recognize and control various
devices that make up x86 personal computers, and provide a small
library of basic Input/Output functions that can be called to operate
and control the peripherals such as the keyboard, primitive (800 x
600) display functions and so forth.

The primary functions of BIOS is as follows:

1. to identify and initialize system component hardware (such

as the video display card, hard disk, and floppy disk) and
some other hardware devices
2. to prepare the machine into a known low capability state, so
other software programs stored on various media can be
loaded, executed, and given control of the PC. This process is
known as booting, or booting up, which is short for
bootstrapping

What is a File System?

A file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files

and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.
File systems may use a data storage device such as a hard disk or
CD-ROM and involve maintaining the physical location of the
files.

TYPES OF FILE SYSTEM

1. Disk file systems

A disk file system is a file system designed for the storage of

files on a data storage device, most commonly a disk drive,
 which might be directly or indirectly connected to the
computer

Ex: FAT (FAT12, FAT16, FAT32), NTFS, HFS and HFS+,

ext2, ext3, ISO 9660, ODS-5, and UDF

2. Flat file systems

In a flat file system, there are no subdirectories—everything

is stored at the same (root) level on the media, be it a hard
disk, floppy disk, etc. While simple, this system rapidly
becomes inefficient as the number of files grows, and makes
it difficult for users to organize data into related groups.

3. Flash file systems

A flash file system is a file system designed for storing files

on flash memory devices.

Ex: mobile devices, flash memory devices in Digital

cameras.

4. Database file systems

A database is a collection of interrelated data’s stored in a

database server; these data’s will be stored in the form of
tables. The primary aim of database is to provide a way to
store and retrieve database information in fast and efficient
manner. In addition to, hierarchical structured management,
files are identified by their characteristics, like type of file,
topic, author.

5. Transactional file systems

Each disk operation may involve changes to a number of

different files and disk structures. In many cases, these
changes are related, meaning that it is important that they all
 be executed at the same time. Transaction processing
introduces the guarantee that at any point while it is running,
a transaction can either be finished completely or reverted
completely (though not necessarily both at any given point).
This means that if there is a crash or power failure, after
recovery, the stored state will be consistent. This type of file
system is designed to be fault tolerant, but may incur
additional overhead to do so.

6. Network file systems

A network file system is a file system that acts as a client for

a remote file access protocol, providing access to files on a
server

Examples of network file systems include clients for the

NFS, AFS, SMB protocols, and file-system-like clients for
FTP and WebDAV.

7. Special purpose file systems

A special purpose file system is basically any file system that

is not a disk file system or network file system. This includes
systems where the files are arranged dynamically by
software, intended for such purposes as communication
between computer processes or temporary file space.

What is a Protocol?

A protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the

connection, communication, and data transfer between two
computing endpoints. In its simplest form, a protocol can be
defined as the rules governing the syntax, semantics, and
synchronization of communication. Protocols may be implemented
by hardware, software, or a combination of the two. At the lowest
level, a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection.
Common protocols

• IP (Internet Protocol)
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• Telnet (Telnet Remote Protocol)
• SSH (Secure Shell Remote Protocol)
• POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
• IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

TYPES OF NETWORKS:

1. LAN - Local Area Network -A LAN connects

network devices over a relatively short distance.
A networked office building, school, or home
usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes
one building will contain a few small LANs
(perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN
will span a group of nearby buildings.
2. WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network -a LAN
based on WiFi wireless network technology
3. WAN - Wide Area Network -As the term
implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance.
The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the
Earth. A WAN is a geographically-dispersed
collection of LANs. A network device called a
router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking,
the router maintains both a LAN address and a
WAN address.
4. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network - a
network spanning a physical area larger than a
 LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A
MAN is typically owned an operated by a single
entity such as a government body or large
corporation.
5. SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area
Network, Server Area Network, or
sometimes Small Area Network - connects
servers to data storage devices through a
technology like Fibre Channel.
6. CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller
Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area
Network - a network spanning multiple LANs
but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university
or local business campus.
7. PAN - Personal Area Network - is a computer
network organized around an individual person.
Personal area networks typically involve a
mobile computer, a cell phone and/or a
handheld computing device such as a PDA. You
can use these networks to transfer files including
email and calendar appointments, digital photos
and music.

What is ISP?

An Internet service provider (ISP, also called Internet access

provider or IAP) is a company that offers their customers access
to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers using a data
transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet
Protocol datagrams, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem or
dedicated high-speed interconnects.

ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow

them to communicate with one another by sending and receiving
electronic messages through their ISPs' servers. ISPs may provide
other services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their
customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP.

What is DHCP?

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol

used by networked devices (clients) to obtain the parameters
necessary for operation in an Internet Protocol network. This
protocol reduces system administration workload, allowing devices
to be added to the network with little or no manual configuration.

What is DNS?

The Domain Name System (DNS)

Few Anti Virus Vendors available

Symantec Norton Antivirus, McAfee, Avast,

Computer Association – CA, AVG, ESET, Kaspersky,

Bit Defender, Quick Heal, Vipre, Trend Micro.

What is a Fire Wall?

A firewall is a dedicated appliance, or software running on another

computer, which inspects network traffic passing through it, and
denies or permits passage based on a set of rules.

A firewall's basic task is to regulate some of the flow of traffic

between computer networks of different trust levels. Typical
examples are the Internet which is a zone with no trust and an
internal network which is a zone of higher trust.

What are Cookies?

HTTP cookies, more commonly referred to as Web cookies,

tracking cookies or just cookies, are parcels of text sent by a server
to a Web client (usually a browser) and then sent back unchanged
by the client each time it accesses that server. HTTP cookies are
used for authenticating, session tracking (state maintenance), and
maintaining specific information about users, such as site
preferences or the contents of their electronic shopping carts.

What is Antivirus ?

Antivirus software are computer programs that attempt to

identify, neutralize or eliminate malicious software. The term
"antivirus" is used because the earliest examples were designed
exclusively to combat computer viruses; however most modern
antivirus software is now designed to combat a wide range of
threats, including worms, phishing attacks, rootkits, Trojans, often
described collectively as malware.

How do u go to safe mode ?

To use a Safe Boot option, follow these steps:

1. Restart your computer and start pressing the F8 key on your

keyboard. On a computer that is configured for booting to
multiple operating systems, you can press the F8 key when
the Boot Menu appears.
2. Select an option when the Windows Advanced Options
menu appears, and then press ENTER.
3. When the Boot menu appears again, and the words "Safe
Mode" appear in blue at the bottom, select the installation
that you want to start, and then press ENTER.

What is a boot device?

Devices that can boot a computer are usually boot disks or boot
drives (normally a hard drive, but can be a floppy disk or a CD).
What is a Device Manager?

The Device Manager is a Control Panel applet in Microsoft

Windows operating systems. It allows users to view and control
the hardware attached to the computer. When a piece of hardware
is not working, the offending hardware is highlighted for the user
to deal with. The list of hardware can be sorted by various criteria.

For each device, users can:

• Supply device drivers for the hardware

• Enable or disable devices
• Tell Windows to ignore malfunctioning devices
• View other technical properties

Windows 2000 and Windows XP:

1. Right-click My Computer then select Properties

2. Select the Hardware tab
3. Click the Device Manager button

MSConfig, or Microsoft System Configuration Utility, (or

simply System Configuration in Windows Vista)

What is a Task Manager?

A task manager is a program used to provide information about the

processes and programs running on a computer, as well as the
general status of the computer. It can also be used to terminate
processes and programs, as well as change the processes' priority.

Use CTRL+ALT+DEL to invoke Task Manager.

2. Spyware: Malicious programs that stealthily embed themselves

into your software. They are installed in your software, without
your knowledge, in many ways. Through e-mail especially, the
ones that are multi-forwarded.

3.The Registry: If your registry is corrupted or bloated, there

could be a BSOD in your future.

How to install software?

Manual: - After inserting the CD

1. Open My Computer

2. Open the CD drive

3. Click on Setup.exe

How to uninstall software?

1. Go to Add/remove programs in control panel.

2. Select the software that has to be uninstalled and click on
remove.
3. A pop-up screen will appear, follow the instructions.

Or go to the location where the software is stored and execute

uninstall.exe.