EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA Y CALIDAD ARQUITECTÓNICA - T2 | E V O L U C I Ó N A R Q U I T E C T U R A V E R N A C U L A /// student: Joris Katkevicius
Cold semi-arid climates (type "BSk") tend to be located in
Hot semi-arid climates (type "BSh") tend to be located in the
tropics and subtropics. These climates tend to have hot, sometimes
extremely hot, summers and mild to warm winters. Snow rarely (if
ever) falls in these regions. Hot semi-arid climates are most
commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts. The
most common variant of a hot semi-arid climate, found in regions
such as West Africa, India, parts of Mexico, parts of Southern
California, and small parts of Pakistan experiences the seasonal
effects of monsoons and has a short but well-defined wet season,
but is not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as a tropical savanna
climate. In Australia, a large portion of the Outback, surrounding
the central desert regions, lies within the hot semi-arid climate
regime.Hot semi-arid climates can also be found in sections of
South America such as the sertão and on the poleward side of the
arid deserts where they typically feature a Mediterranean precipi-
tation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters.
Hot desert climates (type "BWh") are typically found under the
subtropical ridge where there is largely unbroken sunshine for the
whole year due to the stable descending air and high pressure
aloft. These areas are located between 30 degrees south and 30
degrees north latitude, under the subtropical latitudes called the
horse latitudes. Hot desert climates are generally hot, sunny and
dry year-round.
Hot desert climates feature hot, typically exceptionally hot, periods
of the year. In many locations featuring a hot desert climate,
maximum temperatures of over 40 °C (104 °F) aren't uncommon in
summer and can even soar to over 45 °C (113 °F) in the hottest
regions. During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures
can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss
under the clear skies. However, very rarely do temperatures drop
far below freezing. In fact, the world absolute heat records are
generally in the hot deserts where the heat potential is the highest
on the planet.
The world's greatest hot desert regions include deserts of North
Africa such as the wide Sahara Desert, the Libyan Desert or the
Nubian Desert; deserts of the Horn of Africa such as the Danakil
Desert or the Grand Bara Desert; deserts of Southern Africa such as
the Namib Desert or the Kalahari Desert; deserts of the Middle East
such as the Arabian Desert, the Syrian Desert or the Lut Desert;
deserts of South Asia such as the Thar Desert; deserts of the United
States and Mexico such as the Mojave Desert, the Sonoran Desert or
the Chihuahuan Desert; deserts of Australia such as the Simpson
Desert or the Great Victoria Desert and many other regions.
temperate zones. They are typically found in continental interiors
some distance from large bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates
usually feature hot and dry (often exceptionally hot) summers,
though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot
semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold
semi-arid climates tend to have cold winters. These areas usually
see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much
lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid
climates. Areas featuring cold semi-arid climates tend to have
higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and are
sometimes subject to major temperature swings between day and
night, sometimes by as much as 20 °C (36 °F) or more in that time
frame. These large diurnal temperature variations are seldom seen
in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates at higher latitudes
tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi-arid
climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns
more akin to Mediterranean climates, with dry summers, relatively
wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns. Cold semi-arid
climates are most commonly found in Asia and North America.
However, it can also be found in Northern Africa, South Africa,
Europe (primarily in Spain), sections of South America and sections
of interior southern Australia and New Zealand.
Cold desert climates (type "BWh") can feature hot (sometimes
exceptionally hot) and dry summers, though summers typically are
not quite as hot as summers in hot desert climates. Unlike hot
desert climates, cold desert climates usually feature cold,
sometimes brutally cold, dry winters with temperatures far below
the freezing point. Cold deserts are typically found at higher
altitudes than hot desert climates, and are usually drier than hot
desert climates.
This variant of the desert climate is somewhat rare outside of Asia.
A cold desert climate is typically found in temperate zones, almost
always in the rain shadow of high mountains which restrict precipi-
tation from the westerly winds, or in the case of Central Asia, from
the monsoon. The Gobi desert in Mongolia is a classic example of a
region with a cold desert climate. Though hot in summer, it shares
the very cold winters of the rest of Central Asia. The Kyzyl Kum and
Taklamakan deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the
Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other major
examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region, lying in the Great
Himalayas in India also has a cold desert climate.
Arctic and Antarctic regions also receive very little precipitation
during the year, owing to the exceptionally cold dry air, but they
are generally classified as having polar climates.
 2_A CHRONOLOGIC LINE
3000 BC IMPORTANT EVENTS 2000 BC 1000 BC 0 1000 AD 2000 AD
Discovery of America Internet
nomadic invasion from stepes
silk road
1498 Steam engine 1980s
1st crusade 1606
Shang 1095 Light bulb
Indo / dynasty 1878
Vedic Minoan / etc.
Sumer / Canaanites Micenae / Etruscan / British
Mesapotamia Egypt Greek Mayan Inca Islam
Roman Israel
CIVILISATIONS

1 Carpas Tipi de las Grandes Llanuras de EEUU North America

2 Aldea Tulor - Atacama, Chile South America

3 Jaisalmer, India Asia

4 Balat, Egypt Africa

5 Matmata, Túnez Africa

6 Casas Torre Yemen Asia

7 Urban house of Mesopotamia - Baghdad, Iraq Asia

 2_B MAPA

5 - Matmata, Túnez 3 - Jaisalmer, India

1 - Carpas Tipi de las Grandes Llanuras de EEUU

7 - Urban house of Mesopotamia

4 - Balat, Egypt - Baghdad, Iraq

2 - Aldea Tulor - Atacama, Chile

6 - Casas Torre, Yemen

2_C SUMMARY
STRATEGIES: MATERIALS:
URBAN MORPHOLOGY: Organic:
Urban dencity and height alterations to provide shaded streets, and sun-lit spaces, shading devices in alleys and directly illuminat- wood
ed public squeres, to generate difference in atmospheric pressure and move air. Cannals with watter might be incorporated to palm trunks
flow to basements. Usualy building (in urban context) are higher that 2 floors, and with basement, providing spaces with different leaves
temperatures. Wind catching might be used when orienting chimeneis to the prevailing winds. reeds
tissues
LOW ENCLOSURE TO VOLUME RATIO VS HIGH ENCLOSURE TO VOLUME RATIO: skins
Lower ones when needed to keep temperature for longer time during night time, and higher ones when needed to dissipate heat oils
fast, patios - balconies are used to have temperature difference via shaded/illuminated and inducing conventional ventilation vineger

THERMAL MASS VS INSULATION: Non organic:

Where in hot climate higher fluctuations of temperature occurs thermal mass is more appropriate to use as it would keep thermal stone,
comfort for longer time. Whereas insulation is usually used for prolonged colder climate, when there is a need of thermal confort lime,
is needed to be almost immediate, its low density allows to be light and be carried around. In some case there can be combinations sand stone,
of both strategies according to the parameters of sun/shade mapping. doub,
adobe
ORIENTATION: clay
In some cases house might be oriented to get benefit of prevailing winds, sun/shade (usually of stand alone or small clustered sand
building, steepy areas), in urban context building usually are oriented - integrated to the whole system of narrow-shaded street. water
salt
APERTURES:
In severe conditions (desert storms, high temperatures by direct sun) opening might be limited to only one entrance. In other (usu- Mixed:
ally urban fabric) there are ''semi-porous'' sun shading devices allowing conventional ventilation to occur, and free air flow. Earth

CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION:
Difference of higher pressure air (in shaded, colder places) tends to move toward lower pressure air (hot, sun lit), knowing that
SYSTEMS:
natural elements, water, (f.e. in patio, urban shading via deciduous trees) '' height vertical chimney stacks'' might be incorporated. Mechanic control of
ventilation
PHYSICAL PROTECTION FROM ATMOSPHERE/AGGRESSORS:
High walls might be used to protect the perimeter of settlement from desert storms or enemies, device properties and zones for Ventilation shaft
animals. Can provide shading on their behalf. system

''MIMETICS CAMOUFLAGE'' : Shading

using natural topology of the place and same material an visual neutrality - integration might be achieved to the levels that
enemies would not notice settlement. Topology might protect settlement from winds, give a shade, thermal mass. Transformability

SPATIAL MIGRATION: Kitchen - Heater

Vertical daily - dwellers go to the colder places (f.o.r. basements, semi basements, shaded patios or streets) and use roof at night
which radiates heat to the sky. Cold basement
Horizontal seasonally - in winter people move to the warmer - sun lit spaces, and vice versa in summer time.
Veranda - Patio -
RECYCLE: Street
Many of materials can be recycled - unburned clay might be remolded, stone, burned bricks, ceramics might be crushed and used
f.e. as infill inside the wall, or other non structural spaces. Prevailing wind
catchers
2_D ANALISIS - SIMILARITIES / CONTRAST
1 - Carpas Tipi de las 2 - Aldea Tulor - 3 - Jaisalmer, India 4 - Balat, Egypt 5 - Matmata, Túnez 6 - Casas Torre, Yemen 7 - Urban house of Mesopotamia
Grandes Llanuras de EEUU Atacama, Chile - Baghdad, Iraq

CASE

CONTINENT North America South America Asia Africa Africa Asia Asia

CLIMATE BSk BWk BWh BWh BWh BWh BWh

THERMAL MASS (only from the LOW ENCLOSURE TO VOLUME URBAN MORPHOLOGY URBAN MORPHOLOGY THERMAL MASS (cave) URBAN MORPHOLOGY URBAN MORPHOLOGY
ground) RATIO
HIGH ENCLOSURE TO VOLUME HIGH ENCLOSURE TO VOLUME APERTURES - only one THERMAL MASS HIGH ENCLOSURE TO VOLUME
INSULATION THERMAL MASS RATIO RATIO RATIO
CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION ORIENTATION
CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION ORIENTATION THERMAL MASS combined with THERMAL MASS THERMAL MASS
thin layer of INSULATION ''MIMETICS CAMOUFLAGE'' APERTURES combined with
RECYCLE APERTURES - only one CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION INSULATION - shading devices
ORIENTATION CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION
APERTURES - only one PHYSICAL PROTECTION FROM SPATIAL MIGRATION ORIENTATION
ATMOSPHERE/AGGRESSORS APERTURES - bigshading SPATIAL MIGRATION
screens allowning free air flow RECYCLE APERTURES - shadings - allow
RECYCLE RECYCLE air flow
CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION
CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION
''MIMETICS CAMOUFLAGE''
STRATEGIES SPATIAL MIGRATION
SPATIAL MIGRATION

Mechanic control of Shading Ventilation shaft system Ventilation shaft system

Shading Shading Shading
ventilation
Veranda - Patio - Street Shading Shading
Kitchen - Heater Cold basement Kitchen - Heater
Ventilation shaft system
Veranda - Patio - Street Cold basement
SISTEMAS Shading
prevailing wind catchers Veranda - Patio - Street
Transformability
Prevailing wind catchers
Kitchen - Heater
2_E FODA

AMENAZAS / OPORTUNIDADES /
THREATS OPPORTUNITIES

In hot desert climate: there is no water, no vegetation, sand storms Migratory routes - information exchange
- inhumane conditions, lack of constructional materials.
In case of vicinity of the river a great city can develope

Adobe, sand dried brick construction, and other local materials

In case of rain - many buildings are damaged Use of lime mortar, or doub mixed with salt to protect from water

Hunters have to migrate together with their preys Temporary construction, rapid assembly, easy servisable and adjust-
able to the climate

DEBILIDADES / FORTALEZAS /
WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS
1 - Carpas Tipi de las Grandes Llanuras de EEUU

Temporality - need of maintenence, only insulation used. transformability, low maintenance, possibility to adapt to changing
climate during migration

2 - Aldea Tulor - Atacama, Chile / 4 - Balat, Egypt

Vulnarebility - earthquaques, rain. thermal mass for sun radiation and heat dissipation at night,
compactness of the shape
5 - Matmata, Túnez

caveman living conditions total thermal mass, social interaction in common area

3 - Jaisalmer, India / 6 - Casas Torre, Yemen / 7 - Urban house of Mesopotamia - Baghdad, Iraq

high rise building fragility very sophisticated urban morphology - street shading, public
spaces, advanced passive climate control systems, combination of
various passive climate control strategies, urban density