2005 cqks ui 8 - n∞∞
ú≥y,
MICROCONTROLLERS
laIqø md,k tall (MICROCONTROLLERS) ;ju;a
Tn fndfyda fokl=g wd.ka;l = fh≥ula úh yels h' tfy;a
laIøq md,k tall jeä l,a fkdhjd u t†fk∞ „ú;hg ke;s
j u ne˙ Wmdx.hla njg m;a jk ,l=Kq fmkakï q lrhs'
kq≥re wkd.;h jk úg laIøq md,k tallhla wvx.= fkdjk
bf,lafg%dksl WmlrKhla fidhd .ekSug o ne˙ ;rï jkq
we;' kQ;kfha fudagr® r:" iSã hka;"% leiÜ hka;"% leurd wd†
WmlrK /il laIøq md,k tall wka;r®.; fõ'
th Tfí wjYH;djla fjkqfjka Wmfoia ° wjYH ld˙hl
fhoúh yels Wmdx.hls' W∞yrKhla f,i forgqjla yryd
.uka lrk ñksik q a .Kk .Kka ls¯u i|yd laIøq md,k
tallhla l%uf,aL.; ls¯ug ms<j s k' m˙.Klhl laIøq
ilikhla jeks u tfy;a Bg jvd ir, uÜgfï Wmdx.hla
f,i o fuh y∫kajd †h yels h'
ú≥ir mdGl Tn fjkqfjka laIøq md,k tall ms<n s |
m%fhdackj;a ,sms fm<la wm wo mgka f.k tkafka fï lafIa;h %
w<,d i;=g∞q hl ≤kqula Tn fj; ,nd °fï wruq◊ks' fuajd
wvx.= WmlrK w¨;ajeähdj i|yd o fï iïnkaOfhka
,nkakd jQ ≤kqula Tng m%fhdackj;a úh yels w;r fï
lafIa;f% ha /lshd" iajhx /lshd wjia:d W∞ lr .ekSu i|yd
o tlS ≤kqu bjy,a jkq we;'
fïa ,sms fm< i|yd wdor®Y jYfhka fhd∞ .kakd laIøq md,k
tall fï †kj, mj;sk ñ, .Kkaj,g wkqj remsh,a 350-
700 w;r uqo,lg ñ, ° .; yels neúka uQ,l s fh≥u mqoa., m˙.Klj, (PC) uOHu ieliqï tallh
w;ay∞ne,Sïj, ° wdr®:l s w;ska o Tng lsih
s ï myiqjla
ie,fikq we;'
1' ye¢kaùu
♣ fudlla o fï uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh@
Tn §whs iS¶ (IC - Integraded Circuit) .ek wid fyda ≤l
fyda we;sjd ksiel h' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r (Microcontroller)
ndysr fmkqñka tlS ix.Dys; m˙m:hla (Integraded Circuit)
jeks WmlrKhls' Tn fyd¢ka okakd ir, ICj, fmkqfuka hq;=
j fjf<| fmdf<ys Microcontroller mj;S' tfuka u fïjd
úfYaI ieliqï (Packages) f,i o we;' fuh mdo lsysmhl
ir, IC ;;a;ajfha isg mdo ish .Kkla iys; ixlSr®K wjia:d
olajd mqΩ,a weiqreï wdlD;s jr®.j,ska iukaú; úh yels h'
wfkl=;a ixLHdxl (Digital) yd m%;siu (Analog) ix.Dys;
m˙m: fuka u fuu uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r o g%dkaisiagr® ^oaú O%ej&"
fCIa;% wdprK g%dkaisiagr (F.E.T), m%;sfrdaOl yd Od˙;%l wd°
uQ,sl bf,lafg%daksl Wmdx. ñ,shk" ì,shk" .Kkla tl;= ùfuka
ksr®ñ; ù we;s ix.Dys; m˙m: jr®.hla fõ'
¶uhsfl%da¶ hk jokska §ish,a, ix.Dys; lr we;¶ hk wre; o"
lkafg%da,r® ^md,lh& hkak uÛska §md,k WmlrKh¶ hk wre; o
ms<sìUq fõ'
b;d ir, f,i ye¢kajqj fyd;a fuu Micro Controllers,
Ndú; lrkakd yg wjYH m˙† l%uf,aLkh lr (Program)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhl ndysr fmkqu ^Wv me;a;&
;dlaIK wxYh
úúOdldr wjYH;d i|yd Ndú; l< yels nyqldr®h bf,lafg%daksl
Wmdx. jr®.hla fõ'
l%uf,aLkh (Program) m˙.Klhla Ndú; lr ksr®udKh
lr.; yels w;r" m˙.Klhg u iú lrk ,o úfYaI wu;r
tallhka Ndú; lr tu l%uf,aLkh w∞< uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
;=<g we;=<;a l< yels h'
l%uf,aLkh (Program) lrk ,o uhsfl%dlkafg%da,rh w∞<
ksr®ñ; m˙m:hg we;=<;a ls¯fuka miqj Tng wjYH ls%hdld¯;ajh
,nd foñka lghq;= lrkq we;'
fuys ° Tn wjfndaO lr.; hq;= jeo.;a lreKqla jkqfha
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg lsis≥ nqoaêuh yelshdjla fkdue;s nj h'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh hkq úúOdldr ixLHdxl bf,lafg%daksl
moaO;Ska f.a (Co unters, flip-flops, ALU's, A/D Convert-
ers) tl;=fjka ksuefjk tallhla ùu Bg fya;=jhs' Tn f.a
md,k moaO;sh ls%hd l< hq;= wdldrh" ls%hdmámdáh yd ksje/†
Ndjh' iïmQr®Kfhka u /£ mj;skafka Tn úiska ilia lrkq
,nk l%uf,aLkh u; fõ' Tn úiska f∞aI iys; widr®:l l%u
f,aLkhka we;=<;a l< fyd;a Tn f.a m˙m:h o tf,i u f∞aI
iys;" m%fhdackhla ke;s tallhla jkq we;'
tfia u uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh hkq jev ls¯ug Wmka" wdYdjka
iys; b;d lSlre fiajlhl= f,i u;l ;nd .ekSu jà' th
l%uf,aLkfha we;s Wmfoia tlla fkd yer lsis≥ wvqmdvqjlska f;dr
j ls%hd lrk w;r th lsis úgl;a l%uf,aLkfha fkdue;s
ls%hdldrlula is≥ fkd lrhs'
fuu ,sms fm< ;=<ska uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla Ndú; lr m˙m:
ksr®udKh lr .ekSu yd Bg w∞< l%uf,aLkhla (Program)
ksr®udKh ls¯u;a" th uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< msysgqùu;a (In-
stall) hk ldr®hhka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï
lsysmhla ;=<ska mdGlhdg b†˙m;a ls¯ug wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
tfia u" bf,lafg%daksl lafIa;%fha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, fh°ï yd
jdis wjdis ms<sn| j ye¢kaùula b†˙m;a ls¯ug o wms
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
♣ uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh hkq uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla o@
m˙.Kl Ndú;h ms<sn| b;d ir, ≤kqula we;s whl=
mjd uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh hk jok y∫kkq we;' fndfyda fokd
okakd m˙† m˙.Klhl m%Odk o;a; ieliqï yd m˙md,k
WmlrKh uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh (µP) fjhs' tfy;a µPys tl u
(C.P.U) f,i Ndú; ls¯u muKla fkd jk nj isys ;nd
.kak'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh (µC) hkq uhsfl%dfm%dfiirfhka ir,
lrk ,o fh≥ula f,i ye¢kaúh yels fõ' tfy;a µP yd
µC w;r m%Odk fjkila we;' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla hkq
'Single Chip Computer' tlla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
fuu md˙NdIsl jpkfhys ksje/† wr®:h jgyd .ekSug my;
≤lafjk whq˙ka mqΩjk' idudkH m˙.Kl hka;%hla tl,ia
ù we;af;a ieliqï yd md,k tallfhka (Processors), u;l
.nvdfjka (Memory units) yd o;a; ,nd .ekSfï yd msg
ls¯fï tallj, (Input/Output units) tl;=fjks'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r IC tlla ;=< by; lS m˙.Klhl
wvx.= jk ishÆ u uQ,sl tall wvqjeä jYfhka ixCIsma;
lr mj;S' tu ksid tjeks Chi p tlla ;ks m˙.Klhla
f,i y∫kajd †h yels h'
♣ µP iy µC w;r iei£ul
iei£ula
(1) µPg idfmaCI j µCys o;a; ieliSfï yelshdj wvq
h'
(2) ls%hdld¯ fõ.h w;ska µP b;d by< h' ^kQ;k
m˙.Klj, 2GHz muK moaO;s >áld mj;S& µCys
% dld¯ >áld fõ.h 50MHz (System clock) muK fõ'
lsh
(3) u;l moaO;s m˙md,kh iïnkaOfhka µCg jvd µP
b;d úYd, u;l m%udKhla md,kh ls¯fï yelshdj iys; h'
fï ksid µP uQ,sl moaO;sj, (Microprocessor base
system) tljr fh≥ï (Applications) rdYshla Ndú;
ls¯fï yelshdj mj;S' idudkHfhka fuh µC md,l
moaO;shlg u|la wmyiq ldr®hhla fõ' fndfyda úg µC
Ndú; lrkqfha tla úfYaIs; fh≥ula mu◊' th idr®:l f,i
bgq ls¯u µCys we;s úfYaI;ajhhs' fndfyda úg ls%hdlrejl=
(User) wjYH fkd fõ'
,nk i;sfha ( uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfhys m%dfhda.sl fh≥ï
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a iy ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s fudrgqj úYAj úoHd,hfha hdka;l
msgj
q 21
wkqudk ;r®l l%uh (FUZZY LOGIC)
wkqudk ;r®l ms<ns | isoO
a dka;" ≤kg jvd;a u Ndú; jkqfha
lD;su a h (Artitical intelligene) yd iïnkaO mr®fhaIK
% nqoê
yd jHdmD;s i|yd h' ≤kg m˙.Kl iïnkaO Wmdê y∞rk
YsIHhkag fuu ;r®l l%uh b.ekSug is≥ fõ' u;= ld,fha
w'fmd'i Wiia fm< .◊;h y∞rk isik q g
a o fuu ;r®l l%uh
bf.kSug is≥ ùug bv ;sfí' w†ka werfUk fuu ,sms fmf<ys
wruqK fuu ;r®l l%uh yd tys uq,l s isoO
a dka; ms<n
s |j
jegySula ir, W∞yrK u.ska ,nd °u h'
W∞yrKh 1 ( ms˙is≥ iy b;d wms˙is≥ c,h Ndck 2lg fjk
fjk ouuq' bkamiq §fuu Ndckfha we;s c,h ms˙is≥ h'¶ hk
m%ldYh i,luq' ms˙is≥ c,h we;s Ndckhg fuu m%ldYh i;H
jk w;r wms˙is≥ c,h we;s Ndckh i|yd m%ldYh wi;H fõ'
idudkH ;r®l l%uh hgf;a hï m%ldYhl i;H;dj fyda wi;H;dj
jYfhka oaúudk f,i i,lk uq;a fï i;H;dj fyda wi;H;dj
w;r w;rueo wjia:djkaa ms<sn|j ie,lSula ke;'
jvd ms˙is≥ fkd jk tfuka u b;d wms˙is≥ fkd jk w;rueo
wjia:djl mj;sk c,h Ndckhlg ouuq' túg tu Ndckh
ms<sn|j by; jdlHfha i;H wi;H;dj .ek Tng mjikq
yelafla l=ula o@
1'1 (a) ms˙is≥ c,h - 1'1 (b) wms˙is≥ c,h - 1'1 (c) w;rueo
m%ldYh wi;H fõ' m%ldYh wi;H fõ wjia:dj - m%ldYh@
rEm igyk 1'1
túg fuu m%ldYfha wi;H wi;H;dj ug mejish fkdyels h
lshd Tng lsj yels h' thska yefÛkqfha tu Ndckh ;=< we;s
c,fha ms˙is≥lu ms<sn|j Tfí ≤kqula ke;s nj o@ wms fuh
;j≥rg;a ú.%y lr .ekSu i|yd ;j;a W∞yrKhla i,luq'
W∞yrKh 2 ( Ndck 3la f.k tu Ndck 3g ms˙is≥ c,h iy
wms˙is≥ c,h 3 ( 1" 1 ( 1" iy 1 ( 3 hk wkqmd;j,ska
ms<sfj<ska ñY% fldg tu Ndckj,g ouuq' tys ° §fuu Ndckh
;=< we;s c,h ms˙is≥ h¶ hk m%ldYh ms<sn|j Tfí woyi l=ula
o@
wkqmd;h = ms˙is≥ c,h ( wms˙is≥ c,h
1 ( 1 1 ( 3
3 ( 1
1'2 (a) 1'1 (b) 1'2 (c)
rEm igyk 1'2
m%ldYfha i;H wi;H;dj flfia fj;;a fuu Ndck w;=˙ka
jvd;a u ms˙is≥ c,h we;af;a 1'2 (a)ys o jvd;a u wms˙is≥
c,h we;af;a 1'1 (c)ys o nj meye†,s h' 1'2 (b) Ndckh ;=<
1'2 (c) Ndckhg jvd ms˙is≥ c,h we;s w;r 1'2 (a) ;=< we;s
c,h 1'2 (b) ;=< we;s c,hg o jvd ms˙is≥ fõ' tkï 1'2 (a)
Ndckh i|yd by; m%ldYh jvd;a i;H;djg wdikak nj;a 1'2
(c) Ndckh i|yd th jvd;a wi;H;djg wdikak nj;a lsj
yels h' ta wkqj hï m%ldYhl i;H wi;H wjia:djg wu;r j
úúO w;rueo wjia:djka we;s nj meye†,s h'
idudkH ;r®l l%uh hgf;a hï m%ldYhl fyda hï lreKl fyda
i;H fyda wi;H fyda nj muKla ;r®lhg Ndckh fõ' tfyhska
fuu w;rueo wjia:dj ie,lSu i|yd wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy
logic) Ndú; fõ'
fuu w;rueo wjia:dj ie,lSfï ° tu wjia:dfõ ° i;H;dj
fldmuK o@ tkï i;H;djg fldmuK wdikak o hk .eg¨j
mek kef.a' fuys ° i;H wi;H;dfõ m%udKd;aul jákdlula
(Quantified value) ,nd .ekSug wjYH fõ' fï i|yd
m%ldYh" lreK fyda ;r®lh i;H úg §1¶ w.h o" wi;H úg
§0¶ w.h o fh†h yels h' w;rueo wjia:dj i|yd §0¶ yd §1¶
w;r we;s ´kE u w.hhla .; yels h' i;H ùfï m%udKh
ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla we;s úg tu w.h o ksje/† j
m%ldY l< yels h' 1'1 j.=fjka by; W∞yrK fol i|yd
i;H;dfõ m%udkh ≤lafõ' fuyss z hkq 0 iy 1 w;r ´kE u
w.hhla úh yels h'
20 jeks msgj
q g
%s wxYfha
wdpdr®h md,s; oikdhl
 msgj
q 26 2005 cqks ui 29 - n∞∞

ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
fojk ,smh
s - ^miq.h
s i;sfhka b;s˙ fldgi& md,k yd ieliqï tallh
m%∞k$m%;∞s k tallh (I/O Ports) fuh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha yoj; f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' th
l%uf,aLk Wmfoia tlska tl lshjd tajd f;areï .kshs' bka miqj
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla ndysr f,dalh iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd Bg w∞< ld, iamkaok md,k ix{d we;s ls¯u yd ta ta m%ok yd
.ekSu (Communication) fï tall ;=<k s a is≥ flfr®' idudkHfhka m%;s∞k w.%j,g w∞< ;dr®lsl (Logic) w.hhka 0V, 5V) ,nd
uhsfl%dlakfg%da,rhlg úYd, m%∞k (input/out put) m%;s∞k w.% °u Wmfoiaj,g wkqj is≥ lrhs' md,k tallfhka l%uf,aLkh
m%udKhla mj;S' fuu tla tla w.% ;ks ;ks j kï fkd lr (Program) lshjd f;areïf.k Bg wjYH m˙† ls%hd ls¯fï
iuqy jYfhka f.dkq lr ^w.% 8 ne.ska fyda Bg wvq j& y∫kajkq ls%hdj,sh m%Odk wjia:d ;=klska y∫kajkq ,nhs'
,nhs' fuu iuQyhla PORT hk kñka ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° fuh"
y∫kajkq ,efí' Fetch - l%uf,aLkfhka Wmfoia ,nd.ekSu'
W∞ (- PORT A - A f;dgqm< Decode - Wmfoia lshjd f;areï .ekSu'
PORT B - B f;dgqm<
PORT tll mj;sk w.% .Kk ta ta IC tl u; ksr®Kh fõ'
Execute - ls%hd ls¯u hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
fuu ilikj, (Processor) ls%hdld¯;ajh ms<sn|j jvd jeo;a
MICROCONTROLLERS
tfy;a Wm˙u jYfhka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r PORT tll ;sìh
yelafla w.% 8la mu◊' ;j;a jeo.;a lreKla jkqfha Tng hï lreKq ≤k .ekSug kï m˙YS,k m; fmd; Ndú; ls¯ug yqre miq.sh ,smsfha m%udo fodaI
PORT tll we;s ta ta w.% iajdëkj tla tla ldr®hhka i|yd jkak' my; olajd we;s rEm igyk u.ska uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhl miq.sh ,smsfhys msgq ieliqfï ° m%udo f∞aI 3la is≥ ù we;'
Ndú; l< yels ùuhs' ndysr fmkqu yd tys w.% kï ls¯u y∫kd .kak' fïjdfha ksje/† ls¯ï 27 jeks msgfq õ m< fõ'
W∞ (- PIC 16 F 877 IC ;=< PORT Aj, w.% 8la fuu rEmfhka Pic 16F84 IC tflys Pin configuration
we;'
rEmigyk wxl 3
wjYH kï fuu w.% wxl 1, 2, 5, 7 m%∞k w.% (Input pins)
f,i o 3, 4, 6, 8 hk w.% m%;s∞k w.% (Output pins) f,i o
Ndú; l< yels fõ' fuu oDVdx. m˙md,kh lrk wdldrh
l%uf,aLkfha ° (Programming) iúia;rd;aul j y∞ruq'
fuh my; W∞yrKh u.ska jvd;a meye†,s lr.; yels fõ'
W∞ (- Tn uhsfl%dfldkafg%dar,hl w.%hla m%;s∞khla f,i ilia
lr.; (Coufigure) fyd;a tu w.%hg fY%a◊.; j LED tlla
yd Odrd iSud m%;sfrdaOlhla (Current limitiug resistor) iú
lr Tng tu LED tl ksùu fyda ≤,aùu lr.; yels fõ' tfia
u ;j;a w.%hla m%∞khla f,i ilia (Configure) l< fyd;a
thska Tng LED oe,aùu l< fkd yels jk kuq≥ thg hï
ixfõolhla (LDR fyda iaúphla& iú lr m%∞khla µcg we;=<;a 27 jeks msgj
q g
l< yels h'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh

wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy Logic)

miq.sh i;sfha ,smsfhka u;= l< .eg¨jg úi∫ula f,i
wkqudk ;r®l l%uh fh†h yelafla flfia o hkak wo i,ld
n,uq' fï i|yd 3'1 iy 3'2 m%ldY i,luq'
m%ldY 3'1 §Tyq ;reKfhls¶
m%ldYh 3'2¶ Tyq ue†úfha mqoa.,fhls¶
by; l%uh wkqj wjqre≥ 34 udi 9 jhie;s mqoa.,fhl= i|yd
3'1 m%ldYh i;H fõ' 3'2 wi;H fõ' tu mqoa.,hd i|yd udi
6lg miq tkï Tyqg jhi wjqre≥ 35 udi 3 muK jk úg 3'1
m%ldYh wi;H ù 3'2 i;H fõ' we;a; jYfhka u fuu igyk ) fuys ° fuu wjia:djka j, i;H;djhka udre ù <ufhl= ùfï i;H;djh }
m˙jr®;kh tla †klska is≥ fõ' Wmka fõ,dj o i,ld neÆfjd;a f,i Tng fmfkkq we;' th tfia ta we;af;a fuu wjqre≥ 30 1 x ≤ 10
fï i|yd .;jkqfha úkdähla fyda wvq ld,hls' tfy;a wkqudk isg wjqre≥ 40 olajd w;rueo wjia:dj tkï wjqre≥ 35 isg  20 − x  10 ≤ x ≤ 20
;r®l l%uh hgf;a i;H;djfha m%udKh (Degree of tuthness) fuu wjia:d 2l iuñ;slj mej;Suhs' ^udi 3 ne.ska& ta yereKq  10 
m%ldY l< yels ksid fuu m˙jr®;kh fyda fjkiaùu l%udkql,j fldg fufia i;H;djhla udre fkdfõ' fuh úfYaI wjia:djla 0 20 ≤ x
(Gradually) l< yel' th is≥ lrk wdldrh rem igyk 3'1 mu◊' tu i;H;djhla udre ùfï úfYaI jeo.;lula ke;' by;
uÛska úia;r fõ' ishÆ jhia iSudj,a i|yd wkqudk ;r®l l%uh hgf;a fY%a◊.; ;reKfhl= ùfï i;H;djh }
ls¯u rEm igyk 3'2 uÛska ksrEmKh fõ' 0 x ≤ 10
 x − 10 
fuys ° ishÆu iïnkaO;djhla fr®Çh (Linear) f,i i,ld 10 ≤ x ≤ 20
 10 
we;s w;r iEu mqoa.,fhl= tla l=,lhg fyda l=,l 2l fyda ùfï
1 20 ≤ x ≤ 30
i;H;djfha m%udKhkaf.a tl;=j 1 jk m˙† ilid we;' tkï
hï mqoa.,fhl= <ud" ;reK" ue†úh fyda uyÆ hk l=,lhl ùfï  40 − x 
30 ≤ x ≤ 40
i;H;djh 0 fõ' ;jo hï mqoa.,fhl= l=,l 2la w;r mj;sk  10 
úg tu l=,l fofla i;H;djfha tl;=j 1 úh hq;=h' W∞yrKhla 0 40 ≤ x
f,i wjqre≥ 16l kj fhdjqka úfhys miqjk wfhl= <ufhl= ùfï ue†úfha ùfï i;H;djh }
i;H;djh 0'4 jk w;r ;reKfhl= ùfï i;H;djh 0'6 fõ'
rEm igyk 3'1g wkqj wjqre≥ 30l mqoa.,fhl= i|yd 3'1 0 x ≤ 30
m%ldYh i;H ù 3'2 m%ldYh wi;H fõ' tfy;a wjqre≥ 32l fuys ° fuu l=,l idudkH ;r®l l%uh hgf;a f–okh fkdjk
nj i,ld fuu wkqudk ;r®l l%uh olajd úys≥jd we;' fuu x − 30
mqoa.,hl= i|yd by; m%ldY folska tllaj;a iïmqr®Kfhka i;H 30 ≤ x ≤ 40
fyda iïmqr®Kfhka wi;H fkdfõ' ta i|yd rEm igyk 3'1 m˙† W∞yrKh i|yd fujka jr®.SlrKhla fh°u ksje/† jQj;a iEu 10
fr®Ldjka weo ^wjqre≥ 32 yryd& th ;reK iy ue†úh fr®Ld úgu fufia ùfï wjYH;djhla ke;' fuu tl;=j 1 ùfï 1 40 ≤ x ≤ 50
yuqjk B iy A uÛska i;H;djh ,nd.; yel' túg m%ldYh 3'1 wjYH;djh ,nd we;af;a fuu W∞yrKhg muKla nj wjOdrKh 60 − x
i;H ùfï m%udKh 0'8 jk w;r 3'2 i;H ùu 0'2 fõ' ^fuys° l< hq;=h' 50 ≤ x ≤ 60
10
iEu úgu mqoa.,fhl= tla fY%a◊hlg we;=<;a úh hq;= ksid mka;shl isiqka jr®.SlrKh ls¯fï ° Wi isiqfjl= yd oCI
isiqfjl= f,i fjka lrk wjia:djl idudkH ;r®l l%uh hgf;a 0 60 ≤ x
fujeks l%uhla ksr®udKH ls˙fï ° i;H;djfha tl;=j 1la jk uyÆ ùfï i;H;djh }
m˙† iE†u jeo.;a fõ' 0.8+0.2 = 1) by; wjqre≥ 34la udi isiqfjl= fuu l=,l 2ysu f–okhla ùug tkï oCI Wi isiqfjl=
ùug fyda tu l=,lhlg muKla ^tkï oCI Wi fkdjk fyda Wi 0 x ≤ 50
9l mqoa.,fhl= i|yd
oCI fkdjk& fyda l=,l 2 l wvx.= fkdùug ^oCI fkdjk Wi x − 50
3'1 i;H ùu } 5'25 50 ≤ x ≤ 60
fkdjk& ùug bv we;' fujka wjia:djl wkqudk ;r®l fh°fï 10
3'2 i;H úu } 4'75 ° tu l=,l 2ys i;H;djfha tl;=j 1 ùu jYfhka fh°u ksje/ 1 60 ≤ x
wjqre≥ 35 udi 3l mqoa.,fhl= i|yd † fkdjk w;r m%dfhda.sl o fkdfõ' fujka wjia:djla i|yd
fh†h yels wdldrh wms B<Û ,smsfhka úuiuq' fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha hdka;%sl bx‚fkare wxYfha
3'1 i;H ùu } 4'75 by; rEm igyk 2'2 .◊;uh m%ldYhla wdOdrfhka fufia fcHIaG l:ßldpdr®h
3'2 i;H ùu } 5'25 b†˙m;a l< yel' hï mqoa.,fhl= jhi X kï wdpdr®h md,s; oikdhl
2005 cqks ui 29 - n∞∞

ú≥y,
msgj
q 27
;dlaIK wxYh
iSã ^ix.; ;eá& ;dCIKh - 3

bf,lafg%dksl
f,dalhg pd˙ldjla
40

;s,lr;ak ≤†.u

fmkajkq ,nhs' tys PORT A w.% miq.sh i;sfha ,smsfhys m%udo fodaI
laIqø md,k tall'''' 5lska hq;= j yd PORT B w.%
26 jeks msgfq jka 8lska hq;= j mj;sk nj jgyd
15 pF .kak' 1' rEm igyka wxl 1ys ueo jQ fldgqj my; i|yka whq˙ka 2' ,smsfhys m<uq ;Srefõ wjika
rEm igyk wxl 4 u.ska thg kï úh hq;= h' f√ofhys 8 jeks fmf<ys i|yka j ;snQ
4 MHz Y1
LED tlla iú lr we;s wdldrh Program EPROM (Erasable Programmable
m˙m: igyklska fmkakqï lr w;' Memory Read Only Memory) hka k
15 pF
17
RA0 RB0/INT
6 wksjdr®hfhka u fï w.%h m%;s∞k EEPROM (Electrically Erasable
18 7
1 RA1 RB1 8 w.%hla (Output pin) f,i ilia Programmable Read Only
RA2 RB2
2
RA3 RB3
9
(Configure) l< hq;= nj ≤ka Tng Memory) f,i fjkia úh hq;= h'
3 10
RA4/TOCKI RB4 jegfykjd we;' ulaksid o h;a wm Controlling & Input/output
16 RB5
11
12
Oscillator Processing unit pins (ports)
15 OSC1/CLKIN RB6 13 LED tl ≤,aùu yd ksùu l< hq;= 3' foda,lh kue;s wkq ud;Dldj
OSC2/CLKOUT RB7
jk ksid h' Y1 hk wxlkfhka 2 hgf;a §fuu foda,lh y;/ia ;rx.
4
MCLR Pin Crystal foda,lh fmkakqï lr tallhla f,i l%shd lrhs'¶ hkqfjka jQ
14 we;s w;r thg wdikakfha u Od˙;%l
VDD jelshg miq my; ≤lafjk rEm igyk
folla o fhd∞ w;' (15 pf) fuu Data Memory
PIC16F84
fhosh hq;= j ;sìKs'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh wm b†˙fha °
VDD 5V 100 uF m%dfhda.l
s lsh
% dldrlïj,g m%fhdackhg
VSS 0V .kakd ksid Tn i;= j uqo,a we;s
330 R LED úgl ° th ñ,g .ekSu jà' 5V
Clock pulses
Connect Pin No 5 to VSS bf,lafg%dksla Wmdx. fjf<|i,aj, 0V
fuu PIC 16F84 µc tll ñ,
rEmigyk wxl 4 rEm igyka wxl 2
remsh,a 300la muK fõ'
2005 cQ,s ui 6 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
;=kj
a k ,smh
s mj;S' tkï Tng tlsfklg fjkia úOdk fyda m◊jqv 256la
CIqø md,k tall l%uf,aLkh
ls¯u i|yd wjYH jk
uD≥ldx.
wdrïNfha ° u fuu mdvï ud,dj i|yd oDVdx. (Hardware)
yd uD≥ldx. (Software) hk fojr®.h u Ndú; ls¯ug is≥ jk
nj wm i|yka l<d Tng u;l we;e hs is;uq' wo wms
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r® l%uf,aLkh i|yd wjYH jk uQ,sl uD≥ldx.
ms<sn|j y∞ruq' fï i|yd Tng uD≥ldx. ms<sn| úfYaI ≤kqula
w;HjYH fkd jk nj i,lkak' yels;dla ir, j lreKq
b†˙m;a ls¯ug wms W;aiql fjuq'
uq,ska u µC yd m˙.Kl l%uf,aLkh ls¯u i|yd fhd∞ .kakd
NdId (Programming languages) .ek hï wjfndaOhla ,nd
.ksuq' my; W∞yrKh i,lkak'
wms t†fk∞ „ú;fha ° woyia yqjudre ls¯ug NdIdjla Ndú;
lruq' fuh isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis wd° ljr fyda NdIdjla úh yels
h' tfy;a fuys ° wm Ndú; lrk NdIdj wksla mdr®Yajhg
f;areï .; yels tlla úh hq;= h' tfia fkd jqj fyd;a ksje/†
woyia yqjudrejla is≥ fkd fõ' tjka wjia:dj, ° wmg
m˙jr®;lhl= f.a fiajh wjYH jkq we;'
fï wdldrhg u uhsfl%dkafg%da,rj,g o ^tfia u m˙.Klj,g
wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy Logic)
isõjk ,smh
s x
idudkH l=,l moaO;shlg wkqudk ;r®l l%uh fh†h yelafla
flfia ≤ hs n,uq' l=,l (Sets) iy ta iïnkaO kS;s (Set
Theory) wkqudk l=,l (Fuzzy sets) i|yd fhfokafka flfia
≤ hs Tng l=;=y,hla we;s jkq fkdwkqudk h' miq.sh mdvïj,
.;a jr®.SlrKh (Classification) W∞yrKfha ° wkqudk ;r®l
l%uh Ndú; fkd fldg tkï idudkHfhka Ndú; lrk úg tal
mqoa.,hl= ^l=,l wdY%s; j i,lk úg tla wjhjhla& tla
jr®.SlrKhlg ^tla l=,lhlg& muKla wh;a fõ' tfia u iEu
mqoa.,hl= u tla l=,lhlg fyda wh;a fõ' fuys ° l=,l
f–okhla we;s fkd fõ'
wo wms fuhg jvd fjkia W∞yrKhla i,luq' tkï
idudkHfhka Ndú; lrk l=,lj, tla wjhjhla tl u
l=,lhlg jvd wh;a úh yels" tf,i u iuyr wjhj lsis u
l=,lhlg wh;a fkd jk ^ir®j;% l=,lhg muKla& wjia:djla
i,luq' mka;shl isiqka 40la we;s w;r fuhska 12 fokl=
.◊;hg oCI w;r (A) 20la ix.S;hg oCI o (B), 2g u
oCI isiqka 6 fokl= (Α∩Β) isák nj i,luq'
túg .◊;hg muKla oCI isiqka 6la o" ix.S;hg muKla
oCI isiqka 14la o" folg u woCI isiqka 14la muKla ,efí'
wkqudk ;r®l l%uh hgf;a fuh jvd;a ixlSr®K fõ' wo mdvfï
wruqK" wkqudk ;r®l l%uh hgf;a wjhj .Kk fiùu fkd j"
idudkH ;r®l l%uh hgf;a b;d u ir," tfy;a wkqudk ;r®l
l%uh hgf;a u|la ixlSr®K woyila úuiSu h' hï isiqjl=
i,luq' Tyq .◊;hg muKla oCI kï" Tyq my; l=,lj,g
wh;a ùfï i;H;dj idudkH ;r®l l%uh hgf;a fufia ≤laúh
yels h'
ú≥y,
msgj
q 29
;dlaIK wxYh
o& jegfyk NdIdjla mj;S' fï NdIdj wms hka;% NdIdj f,i idlÉPd ls¯u miqjg l,a ;nuq'
y∫kajuq' ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° Machine language f,i Compiler tlla hkq Tfí m˙.Klfha msysgqjd .; yels
ye¢kafjk fuu hka;% NdIdfjys we;af;a ixfla; folla mu◊' uD≥ldx.hla fõ' (An application program which can be
tajd kï §1¶ iy §0¶ hk b,lalï fol mu◊' ir, ixLHdxl installed in your computer) fuuÛska wm ,shk l%uf,aLkhka
(Digital) WmlrKj, isg ixlSr®K m˙.Kl olajd jQ hka;% NdIdjg yrjd m˙.Klhlg fyda uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg
bf,lafg%daksl WmlrKj, ls%hdld¯;ajh yeisrùug fuu ixfla; f;areï .; yels m˙† ilia flfr®'
fol m%udKj;a fõ' §1¶ iy §0¶ys úúO ixfhdackhka Ndú; lr wmg f;areï .ekSug myiq jk m˙† l%uf,aLkhka rpkd
by; i|yka WmlrKj,g úúO mKsúv" úOdk" w.hhka ,nd †h ls¯ug fndfyda úg by< uÜgfï l%uf,aLk NdIdjka (High-
yels h' tfuka u tajdhska ndysr f,dalhg (For users) f;dr;=re level programming languages) fhd∞ .efka' High - level
,nd fokafka;a §1¶ iy §0¶ hk ixLHdj,ska iukaú; ixfhdackhka programming languages hkq idudkHfhka hï ksYaÑ; jQ
f,isk's ixfla;hka yd úOdkhka iuQyhlska ie≥ï ,;a bx.%Sis NdIdjg
my; W∞yrKh o i,ld n,kak' wdikak jYfhka iudk jQ NdIdjka fõ' W∞yrK jYfhka 'C,
§1¶ iy §0¶ ixLHd wgla Ndú; fldg Tng fjkia ixfhdack
256la ,nd .; yels h' ^0 isg 255 olajd& fuu ´kE u
C++, Java, VB' wd†h y∫qkajd †h yels h' fuu l%uf,aLk
NdIdjka f.ka rÑ; l%u f,aLkhka myiqfjka jgyd .; yels fõ'
ixfhdackhla 00000000 isg 11111111 olajd jQ mrdih ;=< hï m˙.Kl NdIdjla (Programming language) High -
level language f,i y∫kajhs kï" th fndfyda úg ñksiqkag
ksr®udKh lr.; yels nj h'
lshjd f;areï .; yels wCIr" ixfla;" úOdk wd†fhka hqla; fõ'
;j o isxy, NdIdfõ wCIr 56la o" bx.%Sis NdIdfõ wCIr fïjd fndfyda úg bx.%Sis NdIdjg iudk jk ksid" bx.%Sis NdIdj
26la o we;' tu wCIrj, úúO ixfhdack u.ska úúO wre;a
ms<sn| uq,sl ≤kSula Tng ;sìh hq;= nj wms uq, ° i|yka
we;s jpk" jdlH ;eksh yels w;r tajd wmg f;areï .; yels lf<uq'
fõ' tfy;a m˙.Klhlg" uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg fyda fjkhï
wxl 1 rEm igykska úúO l%uf,aLk NdIdjka yd tajd
ixLHdxl (Digital) WmlrKhlg tajd f;areï .; fkdyels h' fl;rï wmg ióm ≤ hs hkak ≤lafõ'
ukao h;a tu WmlrK f;areï .kakd tl u NdIdj hka;% NdIdj
^§1¶ iy §0¶& ùu h' iajdNdúl NdId ^isxy," bx.%i
S "s fou< wd°&
tfia kï wfma wjYH;djka" úOdkhka" m˙.Klhlg fyda
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg mejiSug tajd §1¶ iy §0¶ys ixfhdackhka
njg m;a l< hq;= h' tkï hka;% NdIdjg yerúh hq;= h' 'C', 'VB' jeks bx.Si
% h
s g ióm
fuh l< yels o@ High - level languages
i;H jYfhka u m˙.Kl f,dalfha wdrïNfha ° isá
ksr®udmlhskag fuh is≥ l< hq;= úh' tfy;a fuh b;d lrorld¯"
ld,h jeh jk ls%hdj,shls' tfia u fuys ° is≥ jk je/°ula
ksje/† ls˙u fyda wvq ;rñka jro fidhd .ekSu ≥Ialr Machine language tlg jvd;a ióm
lghq;a;la nj Tng jegfykq we;' tfia u hka;% NdIdfjka ,shQ Assembly language
l%uf,aLhla lshjd f;areï .ekSu o w;s ≥Ialr lghq;a;ls'
Bg fya;=j wm yqre ù we;af;a wm f.a ujq NdIdjg ^fyda
;j;a iajdNdúl NdId lsysmhlg& muKla ùu h' tu ksid wms wm 1 iy 0 muKla fhfok
f.a NdIdj Ndú; ls¯ug leue;af;uq' tfy;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg Machine language
th fkd f;afrk neúka hï wdldrhl m˙jr®;lhl= f.a iydh
wjYH fõ' fuu m˙jr®;lhka ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° Compil- ^b;s˙ fldgi ,nk i;sfha&
ers f,i ye¢kafõ' fïjdfha ldr®hhka m˙jr®;khg muKla iSud fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
fkd fõ' tuÛska ;j;a fndfyda ldr®hhka bgq lrhs' ta .ek .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
A (x) = 1 A l=,lfha wjhjhla B l=,lfha wjhjhla
B (x) = 0
isij
q d
ùfï i;H;dj F(A) ùfï i;H;dj F(B)
A ∩ B( x) = 0
0'9 0'3
A ∪ B( x) = 1 y 0'8 0'7
ix.S;hg muKla oCI isiqjl= kï z 0'6 1'0
A (x) = 0
B (x) = 1 4'1 j.=j
A ∩ B( x) = 1
0
fuys ° wkqudk i;H;dj (Fuzzy membership value) F
A ∪ B( x) = 1
hk ixfla;fhka y∫kajd ° we;' fï wkqj ffioaOdka;sl jYfhka
folg u woCI isiqjl= kï ^uydpdr®hh ifoaag wkqj&
A (x) = 1
F( A ∩ B) = wju ( FA , FB ) → ( 4.1)
B (x) = 1
A ∩ B ( x) = 10 F( A ∪ B) = Wm˙u (FA , FB ) → ( 4.2)
A ∪ B ( x) = 10
F( A )′ = 1 − F( A ) → ( 4.3)
m%ldYk ≤laúh yels h'
tu m%ldYk jvd;a meye†,s ls¯u i|yd x isiqjd W∞yrKhla
f,i i,luq' 4'1 j.=jg wkqj x .◊;hg oCI;dj F (A)x =
0.9 fõ' fuys woyi x isiqjd .◊;hg oCI he hs hul= mejiqj
fyd;a tys i;H;dj 0'9la njhs' túg tu isiqjd .Ks;hg oCI
 ′ 
fkdùfï i;H;dj  F (A ) x  0.1 úh hq;= h' fuu woyi 4'3
fuys ° wkqudk ;r®l l%uh hgf;a hï isiqjl= hï l=,lhlg m%ldYkh uÛska ≤lafõ' tf,i u tu isiqjd i|yd ix.S;hg we;s
whs;s ùfï i;H;dj ieu úg u §0¶ fyda §1¶ fkd.kakd w;r" ta oCI;dfõ i;H;dj fufia meye†,s l< yels h'
w;r we;s ´kE u w.hla .; yels h' fuys ° by; wdldrfhka ix.S;hg oCI ùfï i;H;dj F (B) x = 0.3
myiqfjka ≤laúh fkdyels h' fï i|yd l%uhla uydpdr®hh ifoa ix.S;hg oCI fkd ùfï i;H;dj F (B)'x = 0.7 (1-0.3)
b†˙m;a lr we;' Tyq f,dfjys m%:u j;djg wkqudk l=,l ≤ka fuu isiqjd úIhhka 2lg u i;H he hs lsisjl= mejiqj
(Fuzzy sets) ms<sn|j f,djg y∫kajd ≥ka mqoa.,hd fõ' Tyq f.a
fyd;a tys i;H;dj .ek Tng lsj yelafla l=ula o@ fuys ° Tyq
fuu ,smsh 1965 ° m< jqK kuq;a th úldr woyila f,i .◊;hg oCI nj jvd;a i;H;djg wdikak fõ' ^0'9&' ix.S;hg
fkdfhl=;a úfõpk o t,a, úh' miqj 80 oYlfha lD;%su nqoaêh
oCI nj tu w.hg jvd wvq fõ' ^0'3&' folg u fmd≥ i;H nj
ms<sn| mr®fhaIKhka i|yd fuu ixl,amh ckm%sh ù .sh w;r
Tyq wkqudk l=,l ms<sn| mshd (Father of Fuzzy sets) f,i o
jeks msgqjg
y∫kajkq ,nhs'
fuu W∞yrKhg wkqj isiqka 3l f.a (x, y iy z) .Ks;hg fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha hdka;%sl bx‚fkare wxYfha
oCI ùu iy ix.S;hg oCI ùu 4'1 j.=j wdY%fhka ≤laúh yels fcHIaG l:ßldpdr®h
kï wdpdr®h md,s; oikdhl
2005 cQ,s ui 13 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
;=kajk ,smsh - fojk fldgi
CIqø md,k tall
l%uf,aLkh ls¯u i|yd
wjYH jk uD≥ldx.
miq.sh ,smsfha m< jQ rEm igyk wOHhkfha ° Tng High
level languages yd Machine languages w;r Assembly
language kï ;j;a NdIdjla we;s nj;a th hka;% NdIdjg
jvd;a ióm nj;a fmkS hkq we;' fuh hka;% NdIdjg fndfyda
fihska iudk fõ' tfy;a fuys we;s fjki kï hka;% NdIdfõ tk
§1¶ yd §0¶ys ksYaÑ; ixfhdackhka i|yd bx.%Sis wl=re fh°uhs'
my; W∞yrKh i,ld n,kak'
INCF PORTA
fuh Assembly language instruction tlls' tuÛska Porta
kï f;dgqmf<ys (Ports .ek l,ska i|yka ù we;& w.h tllska
jeä ls¯ug uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha md,k tallhg (Control unit)
úOdkh lrhs' óg wkqrEm Machine code tl my; ≤lafõ'
000101010000101
fuu Machine code tflys wmg f;afrk hula ke;' tfy;a
th u Assembly language uÛska b†˙m;a l< úg f;areï .;
yels fõ'
fï W∞yrKfhka Tng Assembly language Ndú;h Ma-
chine language Ndú;hg jvd fl;rï myiq ≤ hs ≤ka
jegfykjd we;' tfia kuq;a by< uÜgfï l%uf,aLk NdIdjkag
(High level programming languages) idfmaCI j fuh
;j≥rg;a ≥Ialr uÜgfï mj;S'
tfy;a uhsfl%dkafg%da,r Ndú;fha ° Assembly language b;d
úYd, jYfhka fhd∞ .efka' kQ;k f,dalfha uhsfl%dkafg%da,r®
l%uf,aLkh i|yd by< uÜgfï l%uf,aLk NdIdjka yd tajdg w∞<
wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy Logic)
miajk ,smh
s 90]la ksid th îug iq≥iq wdikakfha mj;S'
wkqudk ;r®l
(Fuzzy logic) iy
iïNdú;dj (Probability)
w;r fjki
fuu ,smsfhka wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy logic) ms<sn| j ;j
≥rg;a úuid n,uq' fuys ° wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy logic) iy
iïNdú;dj (Probability) w;r fjki meye†,s ls¯ug woyia
lruq'
W∞yrKhla f,i j;=r msmdihlska fmf<k mqoa.,hl=g j;=r
fnda;,a 2la yuq fõ he hs is;uq' tajd A fnda;,h iy B
fnda;,h f,i kï lruq' A iy B fnda;a,j, fufia f,an,a lr
we;akï" tkï
A - "fuu fnda;,h ;=< we;s c,h îug iq≥iq njg 90]l
iïNdú;djla we;¶ (Probability of 0.90 of being potable)
B - "fuu fnda;,h ;=< we;s c,h îug iq≥iq njg wkqudk
i;H;dj 90]ls' (Fuzzy membership of 0.90 being pota-
ble)
tu ;eke;a;dg msmdih ksjd .ekSu i|yd fuu fnda;,a 2ka
tlla f;dard .; hq;= fõ' Tn Tyq kï f;dard .kafka l=ula o@
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
Compilers fndfyduhla ;sfí' W∞ : C, Basic, J2Me. tfy;a
Assembly language Ndú;h my; lreKq fya;= fldgf.k
b†˙fhka mj;S'
1' l%uf,aLkh b;d ixCIsma; ls¯ug yels ùu'
2' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< we;s fkdfhl=;a fldgia ^tall&
ldr®hCIu f,i Ndú; ls¯ug yels ùu&
3' b;d by< ls%hdld¯ fõ.hla yd fõ.j;a m%;spdr iys;
moaO;Ska ksr®udKh ls˙ug myiq ùu'
4' moaO;sh ;=< oDVdx. (Hardware) m˙md,kh b;d
idr®:l j yd myiqfjka l< yels ùu'
tfia u Tng uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r Ndú;h ms<sn| meye†,s yd
ksje/† jegySula ,nd.ekSug kï" Assembly language pro-
gramming mqyqKq ùu wjYH fõ' fï ksid fuu ,sms fmf<a
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï i|yd fhdo.kq ,nk l%uf,aLk ilia
ls¯ug Assembly language Ndú; ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq'
;j o tla tla uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r® jr®.hkag úúO Assem-
bly language compilers mj;S' lsishï moaO;shla ksr®udKh
ls¯ug uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla f;dard .ekSfï ° Bg w∞< Com-
piler tl .ek o úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= h' Bg fya;=j
fuu uD≥ldx. (Compilers) fndfyda ñ, wêl ùu h' iuyr
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
îug .kakd fnda;,h ;SrKh ls¯ug fmr A iy B fnda;,aj,
we;s f,an,aj, woyi úuiuq' A fnda;,fha woyi" fuu fnda;,h
mss˙is≥ fnda;,hla ùug we;s yelshdj 90] jk njhs' tfia u tu
fnda;,h wms˙is≥ tkï îug fkdyels ùug 10]l yelshdjla o
we;' ;j ≥rg;a úuiSfï ° ms˙is≥ c,h fnda;,a 9la iy wms˙is≥
c,h fnda;,a 1la tlg oud" tu fnda;,a 10ka tlla wyUq f,i
.;a úg tu fnda;,h ms˙is≥ c,h ;sîug 90]l wjia:djla fyda
yelshdjla we;s w;r tf,i tu fnda;,h wms˙is≥ ùug fkdyels
msgj
q 21
ksIamdolhka úiska fïjd fkdñ,fha imhkq ,efí' fuu ,sms fmf<a
° wm Ndú;hg .kakd PIC 16F84 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r® ksIamdokh
lrk uhsfl%dÑma (Microchip) iud.u w∞< Assembly lan-
guage compiler tl fkdñf,a ,nd °ug ls%hd lr we;' th
MPLABIDE (MPLAB Intergrated Development Envi-
ronment) f,i ye¢kafõ' PIC jr®.fha ´kE u
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla l%uf,aLkh ls¯ug Ndú; l< yels h'
tu.ska Tn f.a Assembly code tl hka;% NdIdjg
yrjkjdg wu;r j tu l%uf,aLh m˙.Kl wdlD;shla u.ska
m˙.Klh ;=< ° u l%shd lrjd (Simulate lr& y˙
je/† ne,Sug bvlv i,id fohs' fï ksid Tng Tfí
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh kej; kej; Program ls¯ug is≥ jk jdr
.Kk wju lr .; yels h'
fuu MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h my; i|yka fjí wvúhg
msúiSfuka Tng ,nd.; yels h'
http://www.microchip.com
fuu uD≥ldx.h Ndú; lrk wdldrh b†˙ ,smsj, °
iúia;rd;aul j y∞ruq' ta jk úg Tng fuu uD≥ldx.h
imhdf.k ;sìh yel' MPLAB IDE wdrïNl uqyqKf;a
PdhdrEmhla wxl 2 remfhka ≤lafõ'
,nk i;sfha
wjYH lrk
oDVdx. .ek
idlÉPd lruq'
ùug we;s yelshdj 10]la fõ' B fnda;,h b;d ms˙is≥ c,h fkd
jQj;a th wms˙is≥ fkd fõ' tu fnda;,fha we;s c,h îug iq≥iq
iy îug kqiq≥iq w;r wjia:djl mj;S' fuys ° wkqudk i;H;dj
A fnda;,h f;dard .; fyd;a tu fnda;,h îug iq≥iq
fnda;,hla fyda îug kqiq≥iq ^tkï th îfuka udrdka;sl frda.hla
je<|sh yels& tlla úh yels h' fuys ° îug iq≥iq ùfï
iïNdú;dj 90] jqj;a" îug kqiq≥iq udrdka;sl ùfï 10]l
wjodkula we;' B fnda;,h" îug iq≥iq b;d ms˙is≥ c,h fkd
jQj;a th lsis úgl;a udrdka;sl fkd fõ' th îug iq≥iq
wdikakfha mj;sk ksid th mdkh ls¯fuka b;d iqΩ frda.hla
je<£ug bvla we;s uq;a „ú; ;r®ckhla fkdue;' fuys ° fndfyda
mqoa.,hska B fnda;,h f;dard .kq fkdwkqudk h' fuys ° fuu
90] -50] olajd fjkia jqj fyd;a ;;a;ajh fjkia fõ'
túg A fnda;,h b;d ms˙is≥ c,h fyda udrdka;sl c,h ùug
tl yd iudk bv m%udKhla we;' B fnda;,h ms˙is≥ yd
udrdka;sl w;r wjia:djl mj;S'
B fnda;,h mdkh ls¯fuka fkd ue¯" fí¯ug yelshdj ,enqK;a"
b;d ;on, f,i frda.d;=r ùug bv ;sfí' fuys ° mqoa.,hd f.a
mshdih wkqj ñfhïjd fyda /flïjd hehs is;ñka A fnda;,h
mdkh ls¯ug fyda c,h mdkfhka je<lS isàug fyda bv ;sfí'
fuu ,smsfhka wkqudk ;r®l iy iïNdú;dj w;r fjki
meye†,s l< w;r B<Û ,smsfhka oaúudk ;r®l l%ufhka woyila
meye†,s ls¯fï ° Widúhl kS;suh m%Yakhlg ms<s;=re °fï ° tk
.egÆj;a" wkqudk ;r®l l%uh hgf;a th meye†,s l< yels
wdldrhla úuiuq'
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha hdka;%sl bx‚fkare wxYfha
fcHIaG l:ßldpdr®h
wdpdr®h md,s; oikdhl
 2005 cQ,s ui 20 - n∞∞

ú≥y,
msgqj 23
;dlaIK wxYh
CIqø md,k tall hq;= uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fuu WmlrKhg iú lr" hdka;%

l%uf,aLkh ls¯u i|yd

NdIdjg yerjQ Wmfoia ud,dj (Compiled program) ta ;=<g
we;=<;a l< yels h'

wjYH oDVdx.
rEmigyk wxl 2 uÛska wm b†˙m;a lrk ir, fm%da.eur®
tl m˙m: yqjudrejl wegjQ miq †ia jk wdldrh ≤lafjk w;r
rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska
by; igyk wOHhkh ls¯fï ° yeÛS hk lreKla jkqfha w∞< m˙m: igyk ≤lafõ'
hdka;% NdIdjg yrjk ,o Wmfoia ud,dj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fuh fjf<|fmdf<a nyq, j
;=<g we;=<;a ls¯u i|yd hïlsis oDVdx.hl iyh me;sh hq;= nj we;s Wmdx. lsysmhlska
h' tjeks oDVdx. fldgia ;dCIK jHjydrfha ° fm%da.eur®ia ;kd.; yels ir, m˙m:hla
(Programmers) fyda l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrK f,i ye¢kafõ' neúka fjfrdafndaâ tlla u;
MICROCONTROLLERS úúO jr®.fha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r i|yd úúOdldrfha l%uf,aLkh
ls¯fï WmlrK Ndú; ls¯ug is≥ fõ'
wgjd .ekSu Tng u is≥ l<
yels h' Bg w∞< Wmfoia
fujeks WmlrK fjf<|fmdf<a ñ, ° .ekSug we;;a tajd ud,djla fuu ,smsfha w.
;=kajk ,smsh - fojk fldgi - ^IIa& ;rula ñ, wêl ùu fndfyda wdOqkslhska ukaf∞a;aidyS ùug fya;= b†˙m;a lr we;' fjfrda
fõ' fndaâ tlla fjkqjg f*dañld
CIqø md,k tall l%uf,aLkfha ° uD≥ldx. Ndú; ls¯u óg ir, úi∫ula b†˙m;a ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq' wm (Formica) mqjre fyda
ms<sn|j wms miq.sh i;sfha idlÉcd lf<uq' wo wms ta i|yd b†˙m;a lrk l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKh Ndú; l< yelafla ma,diaála mqjre fyda Ndú;
rEmigyk wxl 2
wjYH jk oDVdx. ms<sn| ye¢kaùula ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' b;d u iSñ; µC m%udKhlg jQj;a uQ,sl w;ay∞ ne,Sï i|yd th ls¯fuka j<lskak'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï ° wkq.ukh l< hq;= m%udKj;a fõ h hkak wm f.a woyihs' ta ukao h;a wm rEmigyk wxl 3
ls%hdms<sfj< ms<sn| o< woyila ,nd.ekSug my; igyk n,kak' m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï
i|yd Ndú; ls¯ug
1
Assembly language uÛska l%uf,aLkh lrk ,o woyia lrk PIC 6
Wmfoia ud,dj 1 6 F 8 4 1N4148 1 18 10k 2
2 RA2 RA1 17 7
fuu m˙jr®;kh is≥ ls¯u i|yd uhs f l% d fldka f g% d a , rh 3 RA3 RA0 3
1N4148 RA4/TOCKI 16 8
MPLAB IDE kï uD≥ldx.h tuÛska l%uf,aLkh 4 OSC1/CLKIN 15 4
fhd∞.; yels h' (PIC jr®.fha MCLR OSC2/CLKOUT 9
µc i|yd& lr.; yels ksid h'
5 14 5
i;H jYfhka u GND VDD
BC547
fm%da.eur® tlla hkq 6 13 9 pin serial
hdka;l
s% NdIdjg yrjk ,o tu Wmfoia ud,dj 7 RB0/INT RB7 12 connector
tla;rd wdldrhl 8 RB1 RB6 11 (Female)
BC547 9 RB2 RB5 10 1.5k
fuu ls%hdj,sh is≥ ls¯u i|yd bf,lafg%dksl m˙m:hls' RB3 RB4
oDVdx. Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' fuh m˙.Kl yd PIC16F84 1N4148
;dCIK jHjydrfha ° tajd
fm%da.eur®ia (Programmers) f,i uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh w;r
ye†kafõ' + 8.2V Zener diode +
w;rue†hl= f,i ls%hd 1N4148
lrhs' l%uf,aLkh l< 100uF 25V 22uF 25V 5.1V Zener diode
hdka;%sl NdIdjg yerjQ Wmfoia ud,dj µc ;=<g b;s˙ fldgi
we;=<;a lr we;'
,nk i;sfha
rEmigyk wxl 1 fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh

meñ◊,slre" idlalslre fyda ú;a;slre ;ukag yels wdldrhg ñys∫ ysñ - Tn;=udg kEfhda isá;a o@
wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy Logic) ms<s;=r meye†,s ls¯ug W;aidy .;a; o §wik m%Yakhg Tõ o" uyrcq - tfia h iajdóks'
ke;s o" jYfhka fl<ska ms<s;=rla fokq¶ hk ksfhda.hg hg;a ùug
ñys∫ ysñ - Tn;=udg fkdkEfhda ^kEfhda fkd jk wh& isá;a
yhjk ,smsh is≥ fõ' §y˙hg u lsj fkdyelshs¶ hk ms<s;=˙ka ta ms<sn| j Tyq
o@
fkd okakd njg ;r®l ls¯ug wjia:djla W∞ fõ' tfyhska u;=
oaúudk ;r®l l%uh hgf;a mj;sk .egÆjla wo f;dard .ksuq' ld,fha ° wkqudk ;r®l ms<sn| woyi kS;s moaO;shg fhduq úh uyrcq - tfia h iajdóks"
W∞yrKhla f,i <uhl= jD;a;hla ;=< tla mdohla o" wfkla hq;= nj uf.a fm!oa.,sl yeÛSu h' ñys∫ ysñ - Tn;=udg kEfhda fkd jk" fkdkEfhda;a fkd jk
mdoh jD;a;fhka msg; o ;nd we;s wjia:djla ^rEmh 6 '1 m˙†& wkqudk ;r®l l%uhg fjkia" tfy;a oaúudk ;r®l l%uhg fjkia ljfrla fyda isá;a o@
i,luq' jk" oaúudk ;r®l l%ufha iuyr .egÆj,g úi∫ï ,nd .; yels uyrcq - wehs iajdóks uu@
fuu .egÆj jvd;a meye†,s ls¯u i|yd my; ixjdoh i,luq' ≤kg t;rï Ndú; fkd flfrk ;r®l l%uhla .ek o fuu
,smsfhka úia;r ls¯ug woyia lrñ' th nqoaO or®Ykfha mj;sk fuu ;r®l l%uh hgf;a by; W∞yrKh ;j ≥rg;a ú.%y l<
m%Yka h - <uhd isákafka jD;a;h p;=iafldaál ;r®l l%uhhs' fuys ° ´kE u fohla fyda m%ldYhla fyd;a §fuu mqoa.,hd fyda ms˙i uyrcqg kEfhda fj;s'¶ hk
;=< o@ ke; fyd;a bka msg; o@ fyda woyila fldgia 4lg fnokq ,efí' m%ldYh i,luq' fuu mqoa.,hd fyda ms˙i f;dard .ekSu wkqj by;
ms<s;=r - th lsj fkdyels h' m%ldYh p;=iafldaál ;r®l l%ufha fldgia 4g we;=<;a ùu ;SrKh
m%Yakh - thska Tn woyia (i) i;H fõ' l< yels h' th 6'1 jÛ=j wkqj meye†,s fõ'
lrkafka <uhd isák ia:dkh (ii) wi;H fõ'
ms<sn| j Tn fkd okakd nj o@ (iii) i;H fyda wi;H fõ' mqoa.,hkaa fyda ms˙i p;=ifa ldaál ;r®lh
(iv) i;H fyda wi;H fkd fõ'
ms<s;=r - ke;' uu <uhd isák kEhka ms˙ila i;H fõ'
ia:dkh meye†,s j ≤k isáñ' fkdkEhka ms˙ila wi;H fõ'
ñys∫ uy ry;ka jykafia YS% ,xldjg jevu fldg foajdkïmsh;sii
a
m%Yk a h - tfia kï uu wik rcq f.ka m%Yak weiqfõ fuu ;r®l l%uh wjfndaO ls¯ug ;rï kEhkaa iy fkdkEhka i;H iy wi;H fõ'
m%Yakhg meye†,s ms<s;=rla fokq' ,dxlSh ck;dj nqoaêu;a ≤ hs ;SrKh ls¯ug h' ula ksid o h;a" hk fofldgiska u
<uhd isákqfha jD;a;h ;=< o@ nq≥ oyu wjfndaOh i|yd oaúudk ;r®l l%ufhka Tíng is;Su iukaú; ms˙ila
ke; fyd;a bka msg; o@ wksjdr®h fyhsks' wU .i iïnkaO m%YAkh o" kEhka iïnkaO uyrcq i;H fyda wi;H fkd fõ'
m%Yakh o fuhg w∞< h' fuys ° kEhka iïnkaO m%Yakh muKla
fuhg †h hq;= ms<s;=r uu Tng ndr lrñ' fuys ° <uhd f.a úia;r ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjñ' j.=j 6'1
fldgila jD;a;h ;=< o" fldgila jD;a;fhka msg; o ksid <uhd
isákqfha jD;a;h ;=< o hk m%Yakhg ms<s;=re jYfhka §<uhd
fuu p;=iafldaál l%uh o" lD;s%u nqoaêh yd iïnkaO j o" kS;s
isákqfha jD;a;h ;=< h'¶ jYfhka fyda §<uhd isákqfha jD;a;h
moaO;shg o fhd∞ .; yels nj ud ork woyils'
;=< fkd fõ'¶ jYfhka oaúudk ;r®l l%uh hgf;a ms<s;=re †h
B<Û ,smsfhka wkqudk ;r®l m%dfhda.sl j fhd∞ .kakd wjia:d
fkdyels h'
(Practical applications) iy lD;s%u nqoaêh iïnkaOfhka Ndú;
ula ksid o h;a" fï i|yd i;H;dj §1¶ fyda i;H;dj §0¶ fyda
lrk l%u fyda ixl,am (Methods and concepts used in
jQ ms<s;=rla ,nd .; fkdyels ksid h' tu ksid fuu .egÆjg
artificial intelligence) ms < s n | flá ye¢ka ù ula ls ¯ ug
ms<s;=r °u i|yd <uhd jD;a;h ;=< msysgk m%udKh i,ld n,d
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjñ'
wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy logic) l%uh hgf;a 0 yd 1 w;r
^W∞yrKhla f,i 0'428& w.hla ,nd †h yels h'
kS;s moaO;sh ;=< o by; i|yka W∞yrKfha m˙† ms<s;=re .ek fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha hdka;%sl bx‚fkare wxYfha
fyd| jegySula we;s jqj o wik m%Yakhg i;H o" wi; o" fcHIaG l:ßldpdr®h
jYfhka fl<ska ms<s;=rla †h fkdyels wjia:d we;' túg wirK wdpdr®h md,s; oikdhl

msgj
q 22
MICROCONTROLLERS
;=kajk ,smsh - fojk fldgi - ^II&
^miq.h
s i;sfhka b;s˙ fldgi&
fuu m˙m:h i|yd Tng w.% 9la iys; Serial port
connector tlla Ndú; ls¯ug is≥ fõ' tfia u th Female
jr®.fha ^b†˙mi is≥re iys;& tlla o úh hq;=hs' fujeks
Wmdx.hl rEm igykla wxl 4 rEm igyfkka ≤lafõ' tys w.%
<Ûska msysgd we;s neúka jhr® iïnkaO ls¯fï ° ^mEiaiSfï °&
Æyqj;a fkd ls¯ug j.n,d.; hq;= h' Tng Wmdx. mEiaiSfña
m<mqreoaola fkdue;s kï fï i|yd m<mqre≥ whl= f.a wdOdrh
,nd .ekSu fhda.H fõ'
miq.sh i;sfha m< jQ rEm igyka wxl 3 uÛska olajd we;s
m˙m: igyfka tk ix.Dys; m˙m:h (IC tl& PIC 16F84
kue;s uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fõ' fuh wm l%uf,aLkh ls¯ug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fõ' th fuu m˙m:hg
ia:ßr j u iú lrkq ,nk tlla fkd fõ' tu ksid ta fjkqjg
w.% 18lska hq;a ix.Dys; m˙m: r|jkhla (IC base) Ndú; l<
hq;= fõ' l%uf,aLkh ls¯ug wjYH jQ úgl uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
fuu IC base tl ;=< r|jd l%uf,aLkh lr miqj bka bj;a
lr.; yels h' fjf<|fmdf<a úúO jr®.fha IC base we;s neúka
fyd| jr®.fha tlla f;dard .ekSug Tn j.n,d .; hq;= h' tfia
fkd jqK fyd;a jdr lsysmhla Ndú; l< miq iamr®Yl w.% f.ù
hdu fyda úlD;s ùu ksid ksje/† ls%hdld¯;ajh ,nd .; fkdyels
fï ,sms fm<g w∞< j Tng mek k.sk .eg¨ we;a kï my; ,smk
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s " 11$3" háhkaf;dg mdr" wúiaidfõ,a,' B fï,a ,smk
wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy Logic)
y;a jk ,smh
s .ekSu Ndú;hg myiq jk
fuu ,smsfhka wkqudk ;r®l Ndú; lrk wjia:d (Practical
applications of fuzzy logic) ms<sn| j úuiuq' md,l úoHdj"
isoaOdka; iy md,l moaO;s (Control theory and control
systems) i|yd wkqudk ;r®l ixl,amh (Fuzzy logic con-
cept) Ndú; lr we;'
Fuzzy control ^wkqudk ;r®l Ndú; fldg md,kh ls¯u&
cmdkfha fika∞hsys Wux ≥ï˙hj, ;ajrKh (Acceleration)
ukaokh (Deceleration) iy ;s˙x. moaO;s (Braking system)
md,kh ls¯u i|yd fhd∞ f.k we;' fuys ° Yla;sh jeh ùu
(Energy consumption) 10%la wvq ù we;s w;r uÛSka f.a
iem myiqj b;d by< uÜgulg <Ûd ù we;' ≥ï˙fha fõ.h
fjkia ùu uÛSkag fkd ≤fkk uÜgug ;rï tu fõ. md,kh
†hqKq h' Y%S ,xldfõ ° ú≥,s fidamdkj, ° iuyr úg Tn;a
fujeks w;a≤lSulg uqyqK °ug bv we;' fujeks ú≥,s fidamdk
≥,n jqj;a" ug fm!oa.,sl j fujekakla Y%S ,xldfõ ° w;a≤l.;
yels úh' tys ° ú≥,s fidamdkhg we;=Ω ù f∞r jeiqKq miq by<
hdula ≤fkkafka ke;' miq j f∞r újD; jk úg by< ud,hg
ud meñK isáfha h' fuu md,l moaO;sh i|yd wkqudk ;r®l
fhd∞ .;a;d ≤ hs fidhd .ekSug ug wjia:djla fkdue;s úh'
flfia fj;;a fujeks ú≥,s fidamdk i|yd wkqudk ;r®l l%uh
myiqfjka fhd∞ .; yels nj udf.a fm!oa.,sl úYajdih fõ'
hka;% iaùlrKh (Machine automation) i|yd fuu l%uh
b;d idr®:l j Ndú; lr we;' ^iuyr fr† fidaok hka;% i|yd
o fuu l%uh Ndú; lrk nj mejfia'& fuhg wu;r j lD;%su
nqoaêfhka frdfndajreka md,kh ls¯ug o (Artificial intelligent
control of robotics) fuh idr®:l j fhdod f.k we;' ñksiqka
is;k m;k wdldrh b;d myiqfjka wkqudk ;r®ldkql+, kS;s
(Fuzzy rules) njg yrjd Ndú; ls¯u" l=uk m%dfhda.sl
fh≥ulg jqj;a fh†h yels h' idudkH .◊; l%u uÛska
ksrEmKh ls¯ug wmyiq ixl,am" tajdfha woyi ksrEmKh jk
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
CIqø md,k tall
l%uf,aLkh ls¯u i|yd
wjYH oDVdx.
;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ'
fuu .egÆjg ms<shula f,i Tng ZIF (Zero Insertion
Force socket) fidlÜ tlla Ndú; l< yels h' tfy;a tajd
;rula ñ, wêl h' Tn Tfí f*%da.Eurh †.= l,la Ndú; ls¯ug
woyia lrkafka kï IC base tlla fjkqjg fujeks ZIF fidlÜ
tlla Ndú; ls¯u m%«f.dapr fõ' fjf<|fmdf<a we;s fndfydauhla
jdksc f*%da.%eur®iaj, fuu ZIF Sockets Ndú; lr we;'
m˙m: igyfka wfkl=;a Wmdx. i,ld neÆ úg IN 4148 hkq
l=vd vfhdavhls' fuh iú ls˙fï ° tys wefkdavh yd lef;davh
ksje/† j y∫kd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
vfhdavhl nf|ys we;s jr®K ;Srejg wdikak u w.%h
lef;davh fõ' fikr® vfhdav i|yd o fuh j,x.= fõ'
m˙m:fha i|yka fikr® vfhdav kshñ; ^ì|jegqï&
fjda,aàh;dfjka yd 500mW fyda 1W fyda CIu;d
W;air®ckhlg Tfrd;a;= †h yels wdldrfha tajd úh hq;= h' ;j
o Ndú; jk g%dkaisiagr BC 547 jr®.fha is,slka g%dkaisiagr fõ'
vfhdav iy g%dkaisiagrj, w.% y∫kd .kakd wdldrh wxl 4
rEmigyfka ≤lafõ'
wxl 4 rEmigyk
fuu fm%da.eur® tl ls%hd;aul ls¯u i|yd ndysr ú≥,s iemhqula
wjYH fkd fõ' m˙m:h wgjd" th m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.;
f;dgqm<g (Serial port or comport) iú l< úg th
s hg fhduq lrk fuka f,aLlfhda okajd isá;s'
s h ( dharmapriyatdk@yahoo.com
wdldrhg wkqudk ;r®l
l%u hgf;a fhd∞ .; yels
h' tu ksid fuh fhd∞
(User - friendly) w;r
u" thska ,efnk úi∫ï
jvd;a iq≥iq wdldrfhka
idOdrKh ls¯ug o moaO;s ls%hd lrk wdldrfha ixlSr®K;ajh ksid th m%dfhda.sl j
yelshdjla ,efí' ixlSr®K
.egÆ i|yd Fuzzy logic
iq≥iq jqj o ≤kg Ndú;
lrk .◊; l%u (Con-
ventional methods)
uÛska myiqfjka úi¢h yels
.egÆ i|yd" fuh fh°u
iq≥iq ke;' thg fya;=j
≤kg Ndú; lrk idudkH l=,l isoaOdka; (General set
theory, Crisp sets) wkqudk l=,l (Fuzzy sets)j, Wm
l=,lhla ùuhs' wkqudk l=,lj, we;s 0 yd 1 muKla ie,l+ úg
idudkH l=,l ,efí' fjk;a jpkj,ska mejiqj fyd;a ≤kg Ndú;
jk l=,l hkq wkqudk l=,lj, úfYaI wjia:djla fõ' .egÆjla
úi£fï ° úfYaI wjia:djla fyda l%uhla fyda fh°u myiq fõ'
fPaokh (Inters ection) fyda fï,h (Union) fiúfï ° wkqudk
;r®l l%uh Ndú;h" Ndú;fha fhfok l=,lj, ;rï myiq fkd
jk nj fuhg by; m< jQ ,sms uÛska Tn wjfndaO lr f.k
we;e hs is;ñ' hï .egÆjla úi£fï ° myiq l%uh Wmfhda.S lr
.ekSu jvd;a fhda.H fõ'
nqoaêh iïnkaOfhka fhd∞ .efkkqfha wkqudk ;r®l (Fuzzy
logic) fyda wkqudk l=,l (Fuzzy sets) muKla fkd fõ' ta
i|yd lD;S%u kshqfrdak moaO;s (Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN) cdk we,af.d˙;u (Genetic algorithm) oDV l=,l
(Rough sets) iy ≤kqu .nvd moaO;s (Knowledge based
systems) hkd° jYfhka fkdfhl=;a l%u iy ixl,am b†˙m;a ù
we;' fuys ° lD;S%u kshqfrdak moaO;s (ANN) muKla b;d u
ieflúka i|yka lrñ'
2005 cQ,s ui 27 - n∞∞
m˙.Klfhka ú≥,sh ,nd f.k ls%hd;aul fõ' fuu m˙m:h
m˙.Klhg iú lrk neúka Tn jvd;a mfriaiï úh hq;= h'
m˙.Klhg iú ls¯ug fmr m˙m:h Æyqj;a ùïj,ska fyda fjk
hï f∞aIj,ska f;dr nj iel yer ≤k .kak'
m˙m:h tl,ia ls¯fï ° my; i|yka Wmfoia wkq.ukh
ls¯fuka Tng jvd;a idr®:l m%;sM, ,nd .; yels fõ'
1' ;U ;Srej,ska iukaú; jQ wÛ,a 2×2 muK jQ fjfrdafndaâ
(Vero board) lene,a,la ,nd .kak'
2' IC base tl (fyda ZIF socket tl& ue†ka iú lrkak'
3' bka miq IC base tfla w.%" ue†ka hd lrk ;U ;Srej,
wLKav;dj bj;a lrkak' ke; fyd;a w.% Æyqj;a fõ'
4' IC base tfla ishÆ u w.% mdiaid .kak'
5' m˙m:fha ≤lafjk wdldrhg Æyqj;a l< hq;= w.% jhr®
uÛska Æyqj;a lrkak'
6' vfhdav g%dkaisiagr yd Od˙;%l ksje/† wdldrhg iú
lrkak'
7' Serial port connector tl iú lrkak' fuh Tfí m˙m:
mqjrejg fyda jhr® fhd∞ bka msg; isák wdldrhg fyda iú lr
.; yels h'
8' lsis≥ úgl m˙jrKh fkd lrk ,o lïì tlsfkl yria
jk m˙† Æyqj;a ls¯ï i|yd fkd fhdokak'
9' ishÆ u iú ls¯ïj,ska miqj kej;;a
iEu Wmdx.hla u yd iïnkaO;djla u m¯CId
lr f∞aI rys; njg ;yjqre lr .kak'
10' m˙m:fha wkjYH Æyqj;a ùï fkdue;s
nj;a ;yjqre lr .kak'
11' by; ish,a, iïmQr®K kï" ≤ka Tng
fuu l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKh Ndú; l<
yels uÜgfï mj;S'
^Ndú; lrk wdldrh ,nk i;sfha&
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
ñksiqka iy i;=ka f.a fud<fha ls%hdld˙;ajhg kshqfrdak úoHdj
(Neuroscience) jeo.;a ksid" lD;%Su nqoaêh ksmoùu i|yd
úoHd{hka f.a wjOdkh kshqfrdak úoHdj flfrys fhduq úh'
tfyhska lD;S%u kshqfrdak moaO;shla (ANN) hkq ienE kshqfrdak
moaO;s (Biological Neural Network) wdY%fhka ,nd .;a ≤kqu
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka lD;S%u j ksr®udKh l< .◊;uh
WmlrKhls" (Mathematical tool). fuys ° ienE kshqfrdak
fhd∞ .ekSug wmyiq ksid" ir, lD;S%u kshqfrdak moaO;s ìys úh'
fuu fya;=j ksid m%dfhda.sl fh≥u idr®:l lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj
u; úúO lD;S%u kshqfrdak moaO;s ieleiauj,a iy kshqfrdak
moaO;sh mqyqKq ls¯ug úúO l%u ìys úh' tfyhska m%dfhda.sl
fh≥fï úúO;ajhg wkqrEm" ta i|yd iq≥iq ieleiaula (Structure)
yd mqyqKq l%uhla (Learning method) fh°u b;d u jeo.;a
úh' fï i|yd" fuu f;a¯u i|yd iq≥iq ms<s.;a l%ufõohla
fkdue;s ksid ≤kg lD;S%u kshqfrdak moaO;s (A NN) idr®:l;ajh
,nd we;af;a iuyr wxYj, mu◊' thska lshefjkqfha wfkl=;a
wxY i|yd fhd∞ .; fkdyels nj fkd j" ta i|yd iq≥iq moaO;s
ieleiaula fyda mqyqKq l%uhla f;dard .ekSfï .egÆ we;s njhs' ´kE
u .egÆjlg Ndú; l< yels fmd≥ lD;%Su kshqfrdak moaO;shl
ieleiaula (Common artificial neural network structure)
fyda fmd≥ mqyqKq l%uhla (Common Learning method) fyda
;j u ìys ù ke;'
ixl,am (Concepts) jYfhka uQ,sl j fjkia jQj;a Ndú;fha
° fïjd tlsfkl ixl,kh lr fhd∞ .ekSu ^W∞ - Neuro-
Fuzzy system, Rough-Fuzzy sets) wo iq,N j is≥ fõ'
m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; ls¯fï ° iq≥iq l%uh jkqfha m%dfhda.sl fh≥u
wkqj l=ula Ndú; l< hq;= o hkak ;SrKh ls¯uhs' fuu
ixl,amh i|yd l=uk m%dfhda.sl fh≥ula fh†h hq;= o jYfhka
fiùu iq≥iq ke;' thg fya;=j tys ° tu m%dfhda.sl fh≥u i|yd
jvd;a u iq≥iq ixl,amh fyda l%uh fh°ug we;s bvlv wju ùu
h'
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha hdka;%sl bx‚fkare wxYfha
fcHIaG l:ßldpdr®h
wdpdr®h md,s; oikdhl
2005 wf.dai;
a = ui 10 - n∞∞

ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
rEm igyk wxl 6 rEm igyk wxl 7
fuys ° hïlsis .egÆjla mek ke.=K fyd;a fY%a◊.;
MICROCONTROLLERS f;dgqmf<ys ku iy oDVdx. ilia ls¯ï kej; m¯CId lr
n,kak' .egÆjlska f;dr j l%uf,aLkh ùu is≥ jqj fyd;a wmg
th ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd Command/verify hkak Ndú;
;=kajk ,smsh - ;=ka jk fldgi (II) l< yels h' túg rEm igyk wxl 7 m˙† f;dr;=re fldgqjla
,efnk w;r ;yjqre ls¯u idr®:l jqj fyd;a rEm igyk wxl
msgqj 23
wm tfia lshkqfha fufia ùug ;j;a fndfyda fya;=
we;s neúks'
fndfyda úg is≥ úh yels f∞aI lsysmhla my;
≤lafõ'
1' úikaê jQ fyda je/† f,i iïnkaO ù we;s
jhr® fya;=fjka'
2' l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKfhys Wmdx. f∞aIhla
3' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh IC base tflys je/†
w;g r|jd ;sîu'
4. (Serial port) fY%a◊.; f;dgqm< wxl je/†
f,i we;=<;a lr ;sîu'
5' I/O Delay w.h l=vd fyda úYd, ùu'
6' wjYH ;rï fjda,aàh;djla Serial port tl ;=<ska cks;
fkd ùu ^fjk;a m˙.Klhla Ndú; lr n,kak&
wjidk jYfhka wms Configuration bit settings ms<sn|j

l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï
i,ld n,uq' m%Odk uqyqKf;a ol=Kq mig jkakg óg w∞< ieliqï
08 uÛska olajd we;s olakg we;' tys ° m%Odk jYfhka Tn foda,lh f;a˙h hq;= h'
f;dr;=re fldgqj ,efí' Tn 4MHz wmg we;s (Crystal oscillator) ls%iag,a foda,lhla

WmlrKh
fuys ° hï wdldrhl Ndú; lrkafka kï XT hkak o 20MHz fyda Bg wdikak tlla
fkd.e,mSula is≥ jqj fyd;a kï HS hkak o f;darkak' WDT f,i Watch Dog Timer
w∞< ia:dkfha msysgqï wxlh tl o PWRT f,i Powerup Timer tl o ≤lafõ' tajd .ek
(Location Address) iuÛ úia;r ls¯u miqjg l,a ;nuq' ≤kg tajd f;a¯ula fkd lr isàu
Ndú; lrk whqre rEm igyk wxl 8
wxl 09 rEmfha ≤lafjk uekú' ;j o CP-Codeprotect hkak lsis úgl fkdf;a˙h hq;=
h' th ;sfnkqfha Tn f.a l%uf,aLh ;j;a whl= úiska lshùu
wdldrfha f;dr;=re je<elaùug h' Tn fuh f;arej fyd;a l%uf,aLkh ls¯fuka miqj
^miq.h
s i;sfhka b;s˙& fldgqjla †ia fõ' th Tng jqj o kej; lshùu is≥ l< yels fkd fõ'
≤ka Tn f.a l%uf,aLh uhsfl%dkafg%da,rh ;=<g we;=<;a ls¯ug fuu f;dr;=re fldgqj ≤ka Tng fuu WmlrKh ls%hd;aul lrk wdldrh ms<sn| hï
iq≥iq wjia:djhs' ta i|yd Command/Program.all hkak †ia jQ úg wjfnda Ohla we;ehs is;uq' ,nk i;sfha PIC 16F84 Ndú; lr
ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h' fï wjia:dfõ ° Tn f.a úOdkh wkqu; uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ir, m˙m:hla idouq'
ls¯ula úuikq we;' tys ° 'Yes' hkak tnQ úg rEm igyk wxl ydkshla is≥ ù we;ehs fudrgqj úYa j úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
6ys ≤lafjk m˙† f;dr;=re fldgqjla †ia fõ' ks.ukh fkd l< hq;= h' rEm igyk wxl 9 .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh

wxl 4 rEm igyk wxl 5 rEm igyk

b;s˙ fldgi ,nk i;sfha

msgj
q 22
MICROCONTROLLERS
isõjk ,smsh - m<uq fldgi (I)
ir, uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r
m˙m:hla ksr®udKh lruq
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r fyj;a CIqø md,k tall yd tajd l%uf,aLkh
ls¯ug wjYH uD≥ldx. iy oDVdx. ms<sn| o< wjfndaOhla ,nd
°ug wm miq.sh ,smsj,ska W;aidy lf<uq' wm fu;eka isg
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ;=<ska ;j;a lreKq b†˙m;a ls¯ug woyia
lrk w;r b;d u ir, ksr®udKhl isg ixlSr®K ksr®udK olajd
tu ls%hdldrlï fm<.iajd we;'
wm f.a m<uq ls%hdldrlu f,i uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla Ndú;fhka
LED tlla ≤,aùug yd ksùug yels ir, m˙m:hla f.dvk.uq'
ne¨ ne,aug u fuh b;d u ir, fohla nj;a" NE 555 jeks
ix.Dys; m˙m:hla (IC) Ndú;fhka fuh f,fyisfhka u lr.;
yels nj;a" Tng is;Sug bv we;' tfy;a fuys we;s jeo.;alu
jkqfha Tn fuu m˙m:h ksis f,i ilid" uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
l%uf,aLkh lr" ksje/† ls%hdld˙;ajh ,nd .;a miq b;d u iqΩ
fjkialï lsysmhla lr" úis;=re LED wdf,dal rgd ksr®udK
lr.; yels ùuhs'
rEm igyk wxl 1 u.ska ir, m˙m:h ≤lafjk w;r m˙m:
mqjrejla u; tu m˙m:h ilia lr .kak' m˙m:fha lsh % dld˙;ajh
ms<sn| úia;rhla my; ≤lafõ'
rEm igyk wxl 1
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
by; m˙m:fha ° uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg wjYH ú≥,sh 7805
fjda,aà;d ia:dhSldrlhla (Voltage regulator) yryd ,nd °
we;' ixLHdxl m˙m:j, ksje/† ls%hdld˙;ajh i|yd fujeks
ksh;lrKh jQ fjda,aàh;d iemhqula w;HjYH fõ' fuys °
fjda,aàh;d iemhqu fyj;a 7805ys m%∞kh f,i 7V isg 35V
olajd jQ mrdihl we;s ´kE u ir, Odrd m%Njhla Ndú; l<
yels h' fjf<|fmdf<a we;s ir, n, iemhqula (Power pack)
fï i|yd fyd|g u m%udKj;a fõ'
iDcqldrl †fhdavhla fhd∞ we;af;a m˙m:fha wdrCIdj i|yd jk
w;r" w;aje/°ulska n, iemhqfï w.% udre jqj o bka m˙m:hg
lsis≥ ydkshla is≥ fkd fõ' 7805 fjda,aàh;d ia:dhsldrlhg fmr
yd miq we;s Od˙;%l (1000µF yd 220µF) uÛska n, iemhqfï
;sìh yels iemhqï fjdaa,aàh;dfõ& /<s;s bj;a lr jvd;a iqugkh
jQ ú≥,s iemhqula uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fj; ,nd foa' fï wkqj
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha 14 jeks w.%h (VDD) fj; +5l
fjda,aàh;djla o 5 jk w.%h fj; (Ground fyj;a GND) 0V
w.hla o ,nd foa' by; úia;r lr we;s wdrCIl mQr®fjdamdhhka
wkq.ukh ls¯fuka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg is≥ úh yels ydks wju
lr.; yels jk w;r Tn f.a m˙m:h †.= ld,hla ls%hd lrùug
o yelshdj ,efí' tu ksid b†˙fha ° m< jk m˙m:j, °
úfYAIfhka i|yka fkd l<;a fuu fldgia n, iemhqug iïnkaO
ls¯ug j.n,d .kak' 7805 fjda,aàh;d ia:dhsldrlfha yd
iDcqldrlfha w.% y∫kd .kakd wdldrh wxl 2 rEm igykska
≤lafõ'
2005 wf.dai;
a = ui 24 - n∞∞
fuu m˙m:fha foda,lh f,i 4MHz ls%iag,a foda,lhla fhd∞
f.k we;' tys ls%hdld˙;ajh iïmQr®K ùug kï ;j;a 15pF
Od˙;%l 2la wjYH fõ' fïjd fjf<| fmdf<ka myiqfjka ,nd .;
yels h' 4MHz ls%iag,a (Crystal) tlla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels
kï Bg wdikak w.hla jqj o iEfya' Od˙;%l fol 15pF
w.fhka u ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
fuu m˙m:h ieliSfï ° PIC 16F84 (A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
fl<ska u m˙m: mqjrejg iïnkaO fkd fldg" ta fjkqjg
ix.Dys; m˙m: r|jkhla (IC base tlla& iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh l%uf,aLkh ls¯ug wjYH jQ úg th IC
Base tflka .,jd wm l,ska b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï
WmlrKhg iú lr" l%uf,aLkh lr.; yels h' bka miq j
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh tu l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKfhka .,jd
kej;;a fuu m˙m:fha we;s IC Base tflys ksje/† j iú lr
ú≥,sh iemhQ úg th ls%hd;aul fõ' fuys ° úfYAIfhka i|yka
l< hq;af;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%dar,h IC Base tflka .,jk úg °
yd kej; ta ;=<g we;=Ω lrk úg ° jvd;a ie,ls,su;a jk
f,i h' tfia fkd jqK fyd;a fl<jfr® we;s w.% leã hdug fyda
úlD;s ùug fyda bv we;'
≤ka wms uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd l< hq;= wdldrh u|la úuid
n,uq' by; m˙m:fha ≤lafjk m˙† uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha 17 jeks
w.%hg Odrd iSud ls¯fï m%;sfrdaOlhla iuÛ LED tlla
fY%a◊.; wdldrhg iïnkaO lr we;' ta wkqj 17 jeks w.%fha
fjda,aàh;dj 5V (Logic 1) jQ úg LEDh ;=<ska Odrdjla .,hs'
túg th ≤,afõ' tu n,anh ksùug wjYH jQ úg w∞< w.%fha
fjda,aàh;dj 0V (Logic 0) njg m;a l< hq;= h' túg LEDh
rEm igyk wxl 2
;=<ska Odrdjla fkd.,k neúka th ksù mj;S'
wm f;dard .;a PIC 16F84 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha m%∞k" m%;s∞k
w.% 13la (8+5) mj;S' ñka w.% wgla PORTB f,i f.dkq lr
we;s w;r b;s˙ my PORTA f,i f.dkq lr we;' Tng 17
jk w.%h fyj;a RAO uÛska LFD tlla ≤,aùug wjYH kï
uq,ska u tu w.%h m%;s∞k w.%hla f,i ilia lr.; hq;= h' tfia
fkdjqj fyd;a w∞< ls%hdld¯;ajh ksis m˙† RAO fyj;a 17 jeks
w.% ;=<ska ,nd .; fkdyels h' fuf,i wm Ndú; lrk iEu
w.% h la u ks i s m˙† ilia lr.; hq ; = h' fuf,i
uhsfl%dfldkafg%dar,fha w.% m%∞k fyda m%;s∞k f,i ilia lr
.ekSug Tng uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< we;s fr‚iagr® (Regis-
ters) lsysmhlg w∞< w.hka ,sùug is≥ fõ' fï ksid uq,ska u
fr‚iagr ms<sn| o< woyila ,nd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' tu ksid
ó <Û ,smsfhka wms PIC 16F846 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha we;s
fr‚iagr ms<sn| ≤kqj;a fjuq'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh

msgj
q 22
MICROCONTROLLERS
s - fojk fldgi (II)
isõjk ,smh
PIC 16F84(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%d,
a rfhys
we;s fr‚iagr
miq.sh ,smsfhaa b†˙m;a l< ir, m˙m:fhys we;s PIC 16F84A
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh i|yd l%uf,aLhla (a program) ilia ls¯u
ó<Ûg l< hq;= ldr®hhhs' tfy;a Bg fmr PIC 16F84(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%darfhys we;s fr‚iagr ms<sn| o< wjfndaOhla ,nd
.ekSu w;HdjYH fõ' tu ksid fuu ,smsfhka wm woyia lrkqfha
fr‚iagr ms<sn|j Tn wksjdr®hfhka u ≤k isáh hq;= lreKq
lsysmhla b†˙m;a ls¯ughs'
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
Bit 7 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
rEm igyk wxl 1
rEm igyka wxl 1 uÛska frcsiagrhl o< igyklaa ≤lafõ'
fuu fr‚iagrfha uQ,sl u;l tall 8la we;' tajd Bit 0, Bit 1,
Bit 2, Bit 3, Bit 4, Bit 5, Bit 6, Bit 7 f,i kï lr we;'
fuu uQ,sl u;l tallj, .nvd l< yelafla §1¶ fyda §0¶ mu◊'
ta wkqj fuys b†˙m;a lr we;s ìÜ wfÜ fr‚iagrfhys
§00000000¶ isg §11111111¶ olajd jQ fjkia w.hka 256ka tla
w.hla .nvd lr ;eìh yels h' fuu u;lh rπ mj;skqfha
ú≥,sh imhd we;s ;dla mu◊' ú≥,sh úikaê jQ iekska tu u;lh
o uelS hhs'
by; rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska b†˙m;a lr we;af;a ìÜ 8l
fr‚iagrhla jqj o fr‚iagrhla ;=< Bg jvd ìÜ .Kkla ;sìh
yels h' WodyrKhla f,i .; fyd;a kQ;k m˙.Klj, we;s
CIQø ilikj, (Microprocessors) ìÜ 32l fyda 64l fr‚iagr
;sfí' túg tajd ms<sfj<ska ìÜ 32 m˙.Kl (32bit Computer)
fyda ìÜ 64l m˙.Kl (64 bit Computer) f,i ye¢kafjhs'
tfy;a wm Ndú; lrk PIC 16F84 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha
we;af;a ìÜ wfÜ fr‚iaagr mu◊' tu fr‚iagrj,g ° we;s kï
yd tajdfha w∞< msysgqï wxl (Addresses) rEmigyk wxl 2
u.ska ≤lafõ'
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
fuu rEmigykg wkqj msysgqï wxl 00h isg 0Bh olajd;a"
80h isg 8Bh olajd;a we;s fr‚iagr úfYAI ldr®hhka i|yd
fjka lr we;s fr‚iagr (Special Purpose Registers, SFR)
f,i;a msysgqï wxl 0ch isg 4Fh olajd we;s fr‚iagr idudkH
ldr®hhka i|yd fhd∞ .; yels (General Purpose Registers,
GPR) fr‚iagr® f,i;a y∫kajd ° ;sfí'
fuu idudkH ldr®hhka i|yd fhd∞ .; yels fr‚iagrj,g
l%uf,aLkfha ° Tng wjYH jk úp,Hhka fyda úfYAI o;a;
we;=<;a l< yels h' tfy;a úfYAI ldr®hhka i|yd fjka lr
we;s fr‚iagrj,g fufia úp,Hhka fyda o;a; we;=<;a l<
fkdyels h' tu fr‚iagr Ndú; flfrkqfha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha
we;s fkdfhl=;a fldgia yd tall fufyhùu i|yd h' W∞yrKhla
f,i TRISA iy TRISB fr‚iagr uÛska PORT A fyj;a A
2005 iema;eïnr® ui 7 - n∞∞
f;dgqm< (RA0 - RA4 w.%& yd PORT B fyj;a B f;dgqm<
(RB0 - RB7 w.%& m%∞k fyda m%;s∞k w.% f,i ielish yels h'
fuys we;s úfYAI ldr®h fr‚iagrj,ska w;HjYH fr‚iagr
lsysmhla .ek muKla fuu ,smsfhka idlÉPd flfr®' wksl=;a
fr‚iagr ms<sn| j tajd fhd∞ .efkk wjia:djkays ° úia;r
b†˙m;a ls¯ug wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' Tng fï ms<sn|j
;j≥rg;a ≤k .ekS u g wjYH kï PIC 16F84
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha o;a; m;s%ldj www.microchip.com fjí
wvúhg msúi ,nd .; hq;= h'
wm f.a ir, m˙m:fha ls%hdld¯;ajhg w∞< l%uf,aLh ilia
ls¯fï ° wmg uQ,sl jYfhka úfYAI ldr®h fr‚iagr 3la jeo.;a
fõ' TRISA, PORTA iy STATUS hkq tu fr‚iagr ;=khs'
TRISA hkq A f;dgqmf<ys w.% (RA0 - RA4) m%∞k fyda
m%;s∞k f,i ilia ls¯ug fhd∞ .kakd fr‚iagrhhs' A f;dgqmf<ys
w.% 5la (RA0 - RA4) we;s neúka fuu fr‚iagrfha uq,a ìÜ 5
muKla Ndú; fõ'
Bit 7 Bit 4 Bit 0
RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 fyj;a
17 jeks w.%h
m%∞k o
m%;s∞k o
TRISA Register hkak fï ìÜ
tlg ,shk
rEm igyk wxl 3 w.h u;
;SrKh fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 3g wkqj Bit 0g ,shk w.h u; RA0 fyj;a
17 jk w.%h m%∞k w.%hla o" m%;s∞k w.%hla o (Input pin or
output pin) hkak ;SrKh fõ' ta wkqj tu ìÜ tl §0¶ jqj
fyd;a RA0 fyj;a 17 jeks w.%h m%;s∞k w.%hla (Output pin)
f,i o §1¶ jqj fyd;a th m%∞k w.%hla (Input pin) f,i o"
ilia fõ' fuf,i Bit 1g ,shk w.h u; RA1 o Bit 2g ,shk
w.h u; RA2 o Bit 3g ,shk w.h u; RA3 o Bit 4g ,shk
w.h u; RA4 o m%∞k w.% fyda m%;∞s k w.% f,i †Yd.; fõ' A
f;dgqm<g f.dkq fldg we;af;a w.% 5la muKla neúka TRISAys
Bit 5, Bit 6 iy Bit 7 Ndú; fkd fõ' tfy;a B f;dgqmf<ys
w.% 8la we;s neúka Bg w∞< TRISB fr‚iagrfha ìÜ 8 u
Ndú; fõ'
ó<Ûg wms PORTA fr‚iagrh ms<n s | j y∞ruq' fuu fr‚iagrfha
o uq,a ìÜ 5 muKla Ndú; fõ'
Bit 7 Bit 0
RA0 - 17 w.%h
RA1 - 18 w.%h
RA2 - 1 w.%h
rEm igyk wxl 4 RA3 - 2 w.%h
RA4 - 3 w.%h
fuu frisiagrfha ìÜ 0g ,shk w.h (§1¶ fyda §0¶& wkqj RA0
fyj;a 17 jeks w.%h 5V fyda 0V njg m;a fõ' W∞yrKhla
f,i fuu w.%hg iïnkaO lr we;s LED tlla ≤,aùu i|yd
th 5V ;;a;ajhg f.k taug fuu Bit 0ys 1 ,súh hq;= w;r
n,anh ksùu i|yd tu ia:dkhg 0 o ,súh hq;= h' fuf,i u
Bit 1g ,shk w.h wkqj RA1ys o Bit 2g ,shk w.h wkqj
RA2ys o Bit 3g ,shk w.h wkqj RA3ys o Bit 4g ,shk
w.h wkqj RA4ys o fjd,aàh;dj fjkia fõ' óg wkqrEm B
f;dgqmf<a w.%hka i|yd we;af;a PORTB fr‚iagrhhs'
rEm igyk wxl 2 fyd¢ka ms˙laiQ úg tys Bank 0 yd Bank
1 f,i fldgia folla ≤lsh yels fõ' úfYAI ldr®h fr‚iagrj,ska
fldgila Bank 0ys o wfkla fldgi Bank 1ys o fõ'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd ls¯ug wdrïN lrk úg fuu Bank
0ys we;s fr‚iagr Ndú; ls¯ug yels ;;a;ajfha mj;S' Tng
Bank 1ys we;s fr‚iagrhlg hula ,sùug wjYH jQ úg (W∞-
TRISA) uq,ska u Bank 0ys isg Bank 1 olajd udre úh hq;=
h' tfia udre ùug STATUS fr‚iagrfha Bit 5ys w.h 1 f,i
ilia l< hq;= h' tfuka u kej;;a Bank §0¶g udre ùu i|yd
tu ìÜ tl §0¶ l< hq;= h'
ó <Û ,smsfhka w∞< l%uf,aLh b†˙m;a flfr®'
Bit 7 Bit 5 Bit 0
1 Bank 1
1 Bank 0 STATUS Register
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
msgqj 30
MICROCONTROLLERS
isõjk ,smsh - ;=ka jk fldgi (III)
PIC 16F84(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh i|yd ir,
l%uf,aLkhla f.dvkÛk whqre
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dkafg%da,rh Ndú; lr LED tlla
≤,aùug yd ksùug yels m˙m:hl igykla wms miq.sh ,smsj,ska
b†˙m;a lf<uq' Bg wu;rj uhsfl%dkafg%da,rfhys we;s úfYaIs;
fr‚iagr ms<sn| o< wjfndaOhla o ,nd °ug W;aidy lf<uq' Tn
fuu ,sms fm< wjfndaOfhka hq;= j lshjQfha kï fï jk úg
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh i|yd ir, l%uf,Lkhla
,sùu wdrïN ls˙ug iq≥iq uÜgfï isà' tu ksid fuu ,smsfha
wruqK jkqfha ir, l%uf,aLkhla f.dvk.d .kakd whqre b†˙m;a
ls˙uhs' fuys wvx.= hï hï lreKq Tng tl jr wjfndaO fkdúh
yels h' tfia jqj fyd;a fuu ,smshka miq.sh ,sms o idjOdk j
fo;=ka jrla lshjQ úg tu .egÆj uÛ ye˙ hkq we;s nj wm
f.a úYajdihhs'
idr®:l l%uf,aLkhla f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd fyd| u m%fõYh
kï Tng is≥ lr .; hq;= ldr®hhg w∞< ixCIsma; o< igykla
we| .ekSuhs' fï i|yd we;s jvd;a ckm%sh u l%uh kï .e,Sï
igyka (Flaw charts) we£uhs' fuys ° wms≥ tu l%uh Ndú;
ls¯ug woyia lf<uq' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ,jd LED tlla ksùu
yd ≤,aùu is≥ lr .ekSug w∞< .e,Sï igyk rEm igyk wxl
1 uÛska ≤lafõ' ta wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd ls¯ug mgka
.;a ú.i u tkï thg ú≥,sh iemhq ú.i u is≥ l< hq;=
ldr®hh kï tys wNHka;r tallhka ksis f,i ilia lr .ekSuhs'
fuys ° jvd;a jeo.;a jkqfha m%∞k yd m%;s∞k w.% ksje/†
wdldrhg †Yd.; jk m˙† ilia ls¯uhs'
uhsfl%dkafg%da,rh ls%hdld˙;ajh wdrïN ls¯u
m%∞k yd m%;s∞k w.% we;=Ω wfkl=;a
w;HjYH tall ksis m˙† ilia ls¯u
LED tl ≤,aùu
;;amr 1la n,d isàu
LED tl ksùu
;;amr 1la n,d isàu
rEm igyk wxl 1
tfia ilia ls¯fuka miq LED h ≤,aùu is≥ l< yels w;r
bkamiq ;;amr 1la fyda Bg wdikak ld,hla n,d isáh hq;= h'
tu ld,h ;=< n,anh ≤,aù mj;S' bkamiqj n,anh ksjd ;j;a
ld,hla n,d isáh hq;= h' fufia fkdl< fyd;a Tng n,anh †.g
u ≤,aù fyda ksù mj;skq ≤lsh yels fõ' n,anh ksjd ;;amrhla
fyda Bg wdikak ld,hla .; jQ miq kej;;a n,anh ≤,aùug
w∞< ia:dkhg hd hq;= h' fï whq˙ka n,anh ≤,aùu yd ksùu
fkdlvjd is≥ lrf.k hkq ,nhs' ú≥,sh imhd we;s ;dla fuh
is≥ fõ'
≤ka wms .e,Sï igyfka tla tla fldgig w∞< j
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg †h hq;= Wmfoia (Instructions) tlska tl
iúia;rd;aul j y∞ruq'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha ls%hdld¯;ajh wdrïN ls¯u f,i olajd
we;s fldgiska i;H jYfhka u olajkqfha t;eka mgka .e,Su
igyk wdrïN lrk njhs' fuh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ú≥,sh
ú≥ir ú≥y,
iemhSug wkqrEm fõ' tuksid tu fldgig w∞< j lsisjla ,sùug
wjYH ke;'
fojk fldgiska olajkqfha m%∞k$m%;s∞k w.% we;=Ω wfkl=;a
w;HjYH tall ksis m˙† ilia ls¯uhs' fuu ls%hdldrlfï ° wmg
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< we;s fjk;a tll lsisjla wjYH fkd
jk w;r wjYH jk tl u foh A f;dgqmf<ys RAO fyj;a
17 jeks w.%h m%;s∞khla f,i ilia ls¯uhs' fufia ls¯ug Tn
TRISA fr‚iagrfha 0 jeks ìÜ tlg ìka≥j ,súh hq;= h'
(TRISA fr‚iagrh ms<sn| úia;rhla miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a
lr we;& tfy;a TRISA fr‚iagrh we;af;a Bank 1 fldgfia
neúka Bg udre ùu i|yd STATUS fr‚iagrfha 5 jeks ìÜ tl
tl §1¶ f,i ilia lr isáh hq;= h' my; ≤lafjk Assembly
language instruction fyj;a Wmfoia fï i|yd Ndú; l< yels
h'
BSF STATUS, 5
fuuÛska uhsfl%dkafg%da,rhg fokq ,nk Wmfoia jkqfha Status
fr‚iagrfha mia jeks ìgqj 1 f,i ilia l< hq;= h hkakhs' fuu
Wmfoi ls%hd;aul l< miq Tng Bank 1ys we;s fr‚iagr
yeisrúh yels h' bkamiq TRISA fr‚iagrfha §0¶ jeks ìÜ tlg
ìx≥j ,sùu i|yd BCF TRISA,0 hk Wmfoi ,nd †h yels h'
fuys ° BSF (Bit Set in register F& uÛska l< hq;=
ldr®hh STATUS uÛska l=uk fr‚iagrh u; th l< hq;= o
hkak;a Bg miqj tk b,lalu uÛska w∞< ìÜ msysgqu;a ≤lafõ'
ta wkqj
BCF TRISA,0 kï Wmfoi uÛska TRISA fr‚iagrfha §0¶
jeks ìgqjg ìx≥j ,shkq ,efí' BCF uÛska Bit clear in
register F hkak lshfõ' fuys ° tu fr‚iagrfha wksl=;a ìÜj,g
lsis≥ fjkila is≥ fkd fõ'
fï jk úg uhsfl%dkafldkafg%da,rh Bank 1ys we;s fr‚iagr
muKla Ndú; l< yels wjia:dfõ mj;S' idudkH ;;aa;aj hgf;a
ls%hd;aul ùug kï uhsfl%dkafldkafg%da,hr Bank 0 fjk kej;
f.k wd hq;= h' ta i|yd §1¶ f,i ieliQ STATUS, 5 ìÜ tl
ìx≥j l< hq;= h' Bg BCF STATUS, 5 hk Wmfoi iEfya'
≤ka n,anh ≤,aùug iq≥iq wjia:djhs' ta i|yd RAO fyj;a
17 jeks w.%h ;dr®lsl 1 fyj;a 5V ;;a;ajhg m;a l< hq;= h'
ta i|yd PORTA fr‚iagrfha §0¶ jeks ìÜ tlg §1¶ ,súh hq;=
h' ta i|yd START BSF PORTA, 0 hk Wmfoi Ndú; l<
yels h'
ó<Ûg we;af;a ;;amr 1g wdikak ld,hla n,d ys£uhs' ta
i|yd fkdfhl=;a l%u mj;sk w;r fuys ° wms b;d u ir,
l%uhla Ndú; lrkafkuq' fï i|yd Tng úp,Hhka folla Ndú;
ls¯ug is≥ fõ' tajd CounterH CounterL jYfhka .ksuq' fï
2005 iema;eïnr® ui 14 - n∞∞
yeu úp,Hhla u ìÜ wfÜ tajd neúka 0 isg 255 olajd jQ ´kE
u w.hla .; yels h' idudkHfhka wdrïNl w.hka 255 ne.ska
fõ'
LOOP1 DECFSZ counterL,'
goto LOOP1
DECFSZ CounterH,'
goto LOOP1
by; ≤lajQ Wmfoia ud,dfõ LOOP1 hkq l%uf,aLkfhka
;ekla y∫kd .ekSug fhdok f,an,hla mu◊' tu ksid thg
fjk;a kula jqj o wdfoaY l< yels h'
DECFSZ counterL,' u.ska lshfjkqfha Decrease the
register and skip the next instruction if the result is
zero tkï Counter kï úp,Hfha w.h tllska wvq lr
m%;sM,h ìx≥j kï B<Û Wmfoi u.y˙k f,i;a m%;sM,h §0¶
kï B <Û Wmfoi ls%hd;aul lrk f,i;a h' wvq lr ,enqKq
w.h kej; counterL u; u ,shk f,i fl<jfr® u we;s §1¶
b,lalu uÛska lshfõ'
wdrïNfha ° CounterLys w.h 255 neúka
DECFSZ CounterL, 1 Wmfoi jrla ls%hd;aul jQ úg w.h
254 jk w;r m%;sM,h §0¶ fkd jk neúka B<Û Wmfoig hhs'
bka lshfjkafka kej; LOOP1 yfj;a DECFSZ counterL,1
Wmfoig kej; meñfKk f,ihs' fï wkqj l%ufhka CounterLys
w.h tlska tl wvq ù ìx≥jg meñ◊ miq goto LOOP1 Wmfoi
u.yer DECFSZ CounterH,1 hk Wmfoig meñfKa' tys °
255ys jQ CounterHys w.h 254 jk ksid B<Ûg we;s goto
LOOP1 Wmfoi uÛ fkd y¯' tu ksid wjidkfha kej;;a
LOOP1 fyj;a DECFSZ CounterL, hk ;ekg u meñfKa'
l,ska wjia:dfõ ° CounterLys w.h ìx≥jg ;snQ ksid kej;
1la wvq l< úg tys w.h 255g meñfKa' ^8 Bit ksid& tfia
meñK kej; kej;;a jdr 255la DECFSZ CounterL,1 iy 1
goto LOOP1 hk Wmfoia ls%hd;aul lrhs' fufia jdr 255la
hEfï ° CounterL kej;;a ìx≥jg ùu fya;=fjka goto
LOOP1 Wmfoia uÛyer DECFSZ CounterH,1 hkakg meñK
l,ska 254 j ;snQ CounterHys w.h 253 njg m;a lrhs'
kej;;a th §0¶ fkd jk neúka goto LOOP1 Wmfoi uÛ fkd
yer l%shd;aul lrhs' ta fya;=fjka kej;;a DECFSZ CounterL
hkak o ta yd iuÛ jQ goto LOOP1 hkak o mqkrdjr®;S f,i
255 jrla is≥ lr DECFSZ CounterH,l hkakg meñfKa' tys
° kej; CounterHys w.h 1la wvq lr m%;sM,h ¶0¶ fkd fõ
kï by; m˙† u ls%hd;aul fõ' fufia 255×225 j;djla .sh
miq CounterL yd CounterH hk úp,Hhka fol u ìx≥j ùu
fya;=fjka LOOP1 ;=<ska bj;g meñfKa' fufia LOOP1 ;=<
255×225 j;djla .uka ls¯ug ld,h wdikak jYfhka
;;amrhla muK .kakd ksid (4MHz fo`,lhla we;s úg& tu
ld,h mqrd u LED tl ≤,aù mj;S'
≤ka LED tl ksùug iq≥iq wjia:djhs' ta i|yd RA fyj;a
17 jeks w.%h 0V fyj;a ;dr®lsl §0¶ fj; f.k taug BCF
PORTA,0 hk Wmfoia ,nd †h hq;= h' bkamiq ;;amrhla n,d
isàug my; i|yka Wmfoia ud,dj fh†h yels h'
LOOP 2 DECFSZ CounterL, 1
goto LOOP 2
DECFSZ CounterH, 1
goto LOOP 2
fuys ls%hdld˙;ajh o by; úia;r l< wdldrhg u fõ'
;;amrhla n,d isàfuka miq kej;;a n,anh ≤,aùu i|yd
START hk ;ekg hd hq;= neúka wjidkfha ° goto START
hk Wmfoi fhdokak' fufia ilia lr.;a l%uf,aLkh MPLAB
IDE uÛska Compile lr.kak whqre ó<Û ,smsfhka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
fï ,sms fm< kej; ≤kqï fok ;=re iEu foi;shlg u jrla
m< jkq we;s nj lreKdfjka ie,l=j uekeú
msgj
q 26
MICROCONTROLLERS
isõjk ,smsh - isõ jk fldgi (IV)
MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h
Ndú; lrk whqre
miq.sh ,smsfhka wm W;aidy lf<a PIC 16F84(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh Ndú; lr LED tlla ksùu yd ≤,aùu is≥
lr .ekSug w∞< l%uf,aLkh f.dvk.k whqre mshjfrka mshjr
b†˙m;a ls¯ughs' tfia f.dvkÛd.;a l%uf,aLkh fyj;a Wmfoia
ud,dj MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h Ndú; lr hka;% NdIdjg
yrjd miqj th uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=<g we;=Ω lrk wdldrh
fuu ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®'
fï jk úg Tn MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h imhd f.k th
Tfí m˙.Klh ;=< ia:dmkh lr ;sìh hq;= h' tfia fkdjqj
fyd;a fuys i|yka hï hï lreKq wmeye†,s úh yels h'
MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h Ndú;h ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul meye†,s
ls¯ula is≥ ls¯ug ;ju;a l,a jeä neúka wm f.a ldr®hhg
w;HjYH wju mshjr muKla fuys ° b†˙m;a flfr®' flfia
fj;;a b†˙ ,smsj, ° ;j ;j;a lreKq b†˙m;a ls¯ug wms
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h Odjkh
wdrïN ls˙fuka miq ,efnk wÆ;a uqyqKf;a (New window)
w∞< Wmfoia (Assembly language instructions) ,shd we;s
wdldrh †ia fõ' (File → New hk úOdkh Ndú; lr fuu
uqyqK; ,nd.; yels h'
ú≥ir ú≥y, 2005 Tlaf;danr® ui 5 - n∞∞
Tn f.a Wmfoia ud,dj y˙hdldrj ,sh ù we;skï rEm igyk ia:dmkh l< yels h' bkamiq Command→Verify úOdkh
wxl 2 uÛska ≤lafjk uqyqK; b†˙m;a jk w;r hïlsis f∞aIhla Ndú; lr ksje/†j l%uf,aLkh ù o keoao hkak ;yjqre lr.;
;snqK fyd;a rEmigyk wxl 3ys m˙† uqyK;la †ia fõ' tfia jqj yels h'
fyd;a w∞< f∞aIh l=ula ≤ hs fidhd ksje/† lr kej; fï jk úg PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh l%uf,aLkh
Quickbuild úOdkh ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h' lr wjika neúka th ls%hd ls¯ug iq≥iq uÜgfï mj;S' tu ksid
fufia ls¯fuka miqj w∞< Wmfoia ud,dj hka;% NdIdjg ye¯" th l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKfhka bj;g f.k Tn id∞.;a
.hex †.=j hgf;a m˙.Klh ;=< .nvd ù we;s nj Tng m˙m:hg iïnkaO lrkak' (PIC 16F84(A) Ndú; lr LED
≤l.; yels jkq we;' W∞ (- LED Blink.hex tlla ksùug yd ≤,aùug w∞< m˙m:h óg by; ° b†˙m;a lr
we;&
Tn ksis m˙† m˙m:h ilia lr ;snqfKa kï ú≥,sh
Executing: “D:\Program Files\MPLAB IDE\MCHIP_Tools\mpasmwin.exe” /q /p16F84A “Vidu2.asm” / iemhQ ú.i uhsfldfl%dkafg%da,rfha 17 jeks w.%hg
l”Vidu2.lst” /e”Vidu2.err”Message[302] D:\GAMINISSTUFFS\VIDUSARA\VIDU2.ASM 11 : Register
in operand not in bank 0. Ensure that bank bits are correct.Loaded
D:\gaminisstuffs\VIDUSARA\Vidu2.CODBUILD SUCCEEDED: Fri Sep 30 12:03:50 2005
iïnkaO fldg we;s LED tl ksùu yd ≤,aùu
fkdlvjd is≥ fõ' tfia fkdue;s jqj fyd;a hïlsis
f∞aIhla mj;S' tjka wjia:djl ° uq,ska u l< hq;af;a
uhsfl%dkafg%da,rfha VDD (14) iy GND (5) w.%
rEmigyk wxl 2
w;r fjda,aÜ 5l iemhqula ;sfí o hkak m¯CId
ls¯uhs' bkamiq foda,lh yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. ksis m˙†
Executing: “D:\Program Files\MPLAB IDE\MCHIP_Tools\mpasmwin.exe” /q /p16F84A “Vidu2.asm” /
l”Vidu2.lst” /e”Vidu2.err”Message[302] D:\GAMINISSTUFFS\VIDUSARA\VIDU2.ASM 11 : Register in
iïnkaO lr kej; ú≥,sh iemhQ úg ksis
ls%hdld˙;ajh ,efí'
operand not in bank 0. Ensure that bank bits are correct.Error[113]
D:\GAMINISSTUFFS\VIDUSARA\VIDU2.ASM 18 : Symbol not previously defined (oop1)Halting build fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY
on first failure as requested.BUILD FAILED: Fri Sep 30 12:04:47 2005
wxYfha .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
rEmigyk wxl 3
≤ka Tn Assembly language uÛska ,shk ,o
Wmfoia ud,dj hka;% NdIdjg yerùu wjika lr we;s
fyhska B<Û mshjr jkqfha" tu hka;% NdIdfjka we;s
Wmfoia ud,dj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ;ekam;a
ls¯uhs' fuh is≥ ls¯ug wm l,ska b†˙m;a l<
l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKh yd w∞< uD≥ldx.h jk
IC-Prog ls%hd;aul uÜgfï ;sìh hq;= h'
(IC-Prog uD≥ldx.h configure ls˙u yd Ndú;
ls¯u óg fmr ,smshl ° idlÉcd lf<uq&
IC-Prog uD≥ldx.h Tfí m˙.Klh ;=< Odjkh
lr File → Open file hk úOdkh Ndú; lr
l,ska id∞ .;a Led blink.hex kue;s ,smsh újD;
lrkak' tfia is≥ l< miq
IC-Progys m%Odk uqyqK; rEm igyk wxl 4
wdldrhg †ia fõ' ≤ka l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï hka;%h ;=<
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dkafg%da,rh r|jd bka miqj
m˙.Klfha Serial port tlg th iú lrkak'
Command→Erase All úOdkh uÛska
uhsfl%dkafldkafg%da,rh ;=< l,ska ;snQ Wmfoia uld
bkamiq Command→Program All úOdkh uÛska
wm f.a Wmfoia ud,dj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< rEmigyk wxl 4

fï ,sms fm< kej; ≤kqï fok ;=re iEu foi;shlg u jrla m< jkq we;s nj lreKdfjka ie,l=j uekeú
;*****Set up the Constants*****
STATUS equ 03h
udih wjidkh f;la m< jk .eg¨ w;˙ka .eg¨ 20la fyda Bg
TRISA equ 85h jeä ixLHdjla i|yd ,nd.kakd uqΩ ,l=Kq ixLHdfõ idudkHh
PORTA equ 05h i,ld n,d by< u idudkHh ,nd .kakd isiqka ^1986 cQ,s 14
CounterL equ 0Dh fyda Bg miq Wm; ,o& 15 fokdg YS% ,xld .◊; wNsfhda.;d
CounterH equ 0Eh
;r.hg iDcq j u iyNd.S ùfï wjia:dj ie,fia'
;*****Set up the port***** ^YS% ,xld .◊; ;r.h iy YS% ,xld .◊; wNsfhda.;d ;r.h
bsf STATUS,5
bcf TRISA,0
ms<sn| jeä úia;r i|yd www.slmatholympiad.org hk fjí
bcf STATUS,5 wvúhg msúfikak&
;*****Turn the LED on***** 3.A yd 3.B .egÆ i|yd fï jk úg ie,lsh hq;= úi∫ï
Start bsf PORTA,0 m%udKhla ,eî we;s w;r ta i|yd jeä u ,l=Kq ,enQ ;sfokd f.a
;*****Delay loop1*****
Loop1 decfsz CounterL,1 kï ,nk i;sfha m< flfrkq we;' fuu .egÆ úi£fï ° fï
goto Loop1 ;dla Tn olajd we;s Wkka≥j tf,iska u mj;ajdf.k hkq we;ehs
decfsz CounterH,1
goto Loop1 wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
;*****Turn the LED OFF***** miq.h
s i;sfha m< jQ .Ks; .egÆ
bcf PORTA,0
4.A n hkq ixLHdxl mylska hq;a ixLHdjla ^m<uq ixLHdxlh
;*****Delay loop2*****
Loop2 decfsz CounterL,1
Y=kH fkdjk& iy m hkq nys oyfia ia:dkfha
goto Loop2 ixLHdxlh uld oud ,nd .kakd ixLHdxl y;rlska hq;a
decfsz CounterH,1
goto Loop2 n
ixLHdj f,i i,lkak' ksÅ,hla jk m˙† ng .;
goto Start m
fld<U úYAj úoHd,hfha .◊; wOHhkxYfha wxY m%Odk yels ishÆ w.hhka fidhkak' Tfí ms<s;=r ikd: lrkak'
end
fcHIaG l:sldpdr®h
pdklH úf–r;ak iy Let n be a five digit number (whose first digit is
iyh l:sldpdr®h ohd,a Or®ufiak non zero) and let m be the four digit number
formed from n by deleting its thousands' place
rEmigyk wxl 1 YS% ,xld T,sïmshdâ .◊; moku u.ska b†˙m;a flfrk fuu n
fuu Wmfoia ta wdldrfhka u Tn f.a m˙.Klhg o we;=<;a .◊; T,sïmshdâ fmryqrej ,sms fmf<ys wruqKq jkafka cd;Hka;r digit. Determine all n such that is an integer.
lrkak' bkamiq File→ Save As hk úOdkh Ndú; lr th .◊; T,sïmshdâ uÜgfï .◊;h YS% ,dxlsl mdi,a isiqkg ióm m
.asm †.=j hgf;a m˙.Klh ;=< .nvd lrkak' WodyrKhla lrùu yd .◊;h flfrys iqúfYAI oCI;d we;s isiqka y∫kdf.k Justify your answer
f,i LED blink.asm hk ku yd †.=j Ndú; l< yels h' Tjqka f.a oCI;d jvd by< uÜgulg kxjd ,Suhs' wNsfhda.d;aul
ó<Ûg Configure → Select device hgf;a we;s fukqj .◊; .eg¨ .◊; T,sïmshdâ fmryqrej ;Srh Tiafia m< flfrk
;=<ska PIC 16F84(A) hkak f;a˙h hq;=hs' bkamiq Project w;r ta i|yd úi∫ï tùug i;s foll ld,hla bv ,nd fokq jeks msgj
q g
hgf;a we;s Quick build hk úOdkh ls%hd;aul lrkak' fuys ° we;' Tn tjk úi∫ï i|yd ,l=Kq ,nd fok w;r 2006 wfm%a,a
 2005 Tlaf;danr® ui 19 - n∞∞ ú≥ir ú≥y, msgqj 23
;yjqre lr.; hq;= h'
4' Tn Pic 16F 84 (A) o;a; m;s%ldfõ i|yka Instruction
set hk fldgi lshjQfha kï tys i|yka Instruction lemsg,a
wl=rej,ska we;s kuq;a fuu ,smsfha tajd Simple lettersj,ska ,shd
we;s njla fmkS hkq we;' MPLAB uD≥ldx.h Simple iy
Capital hk fohdldr fiùu we;s Wmfoia ms<s.kS'
,nk i;sfha MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h uÛska fuu
l%uf,aLkh Simulate ls¯u .ek y∞ruq'
;*****Set up the Constants*****
STATUS equ 03h
TRISA equ 85h
MICROCONTROLLERS PORTA equ 05h
CounterL equ 0Dh
isõjk ,smsh - mia jk fldgi (V) CounterH equ 0Eh

MPLAB IDE ;j≥rg;a ;*****Set up the port*****

bsf STATUS,5
miq.sh ,smsfhka wm b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aLkh MPLB IDE bcf TRISA,0
uD≥ldx.h uÛska Compile ls¯fï ° we;s úh yels .egÆ bcf STATUS,5
lsysmhla ms<sn| j ffï ,smsfhka i,ld nef,a' Y%S ,xld T,sïmshdâ .◊; mokfï m%Odk úOdhl
tu l%uf,aLkfha uq,ska u ;s;a fldudjla ; (Semicolon) iy ;*****Turn the LED on***** fld<U úYAj úoHd,hfha .◊; wOHhkxYfha wxY m%Odk
* ,l=Kq lsysmhlg miqj Setup the constants f,i ,shd ;sfí' Start bsf PORTA,0 fcHIaG l:sldpdr®h
fuh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,nd fok Wmfoila fkd jk w;r tys pdklH úf–r;ak iy
m%fhdackh we;af;a l%uf,aLkh lshjk mqoa.,hd yg h' fujeks ;*****Delay loop1***** iyh l:sldpdr®h ohd,a Or®ufiak
igyka (Comments) we;=<;a ls¯fuka l%uf,aLkh kej; lshjd Loop1 decfsz CounterL,1
f;areï .ekSu myiq fõ' fuys ° iEu igyklg u fmr ;s;a Y%S ,xldfõ T,sïmshdâ .◊; moku uÛska b†˙m;a flfrk
goto Loop1
fldudjla (;) ;sìh hq;= h' MPLAB uD≥ldx.h uÛska tu ;s;a fuu .◊; T,sïmshdâ fmryqrej ,sms fmf<ys wruqKq jkafka
decfsz CounterH,1
fldudjg miqj we;s ishÆ u wl=re" i,l=Kq iy jpk igyka cd;Hka;r .◊; T,sïmshdâ uÜgfï .◊;h Y%S ,dxlsl mdi,a
goto Loop1
(Comments) f,i f.k Compile ls¯fï ° w∞< fma<sh u isiqkag ióm lrùu yd .◊;h flfrys iqúfYaI oCI;d we;s
fkdi,ld y¯' isiqka y∫kd f.k Tjqka f.a oCI;d jvd by< uÜgulg kxjd
;*****Turn the LED OFF*****
fï wkqj Complile ls¯fï ° m<uqjk fma<sh fkdi,ld ye˙h ,Suhs' wNsfhda.d;aul .◊; .egÆ folla .◊; T,sïmshdâ
bcf PORTA,0
miq B<Ûg yuq jkafka STATUS equ 03h hkakhs' fmryqrej ;Srh Tiafia m< flfrk w;r ta i|yd úi∫ï tùug
fuh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,nd fok Wmfoila fkd j i;s foll ld,hla bv ,nd fokq we;' Tn tjk úi∫ï i|yd
;*****Delay loop2***** ,l=Kq ,nd fok w;r 2006 wfm%a,a udih wjidkh f;la m<
MPLAB uD≥ldx.hg fok Wmfoila fõ' th ;dCI◊l Loop2 decfsz CounterL,1
jHjydrfha ° Compiler directions f,i ye¢kafõ' jk .egÆ w;˙ka .egÆ 20la fyda Bg jeä ixLHdjla i|yd
goto Loop2 ,nd.kakd uqΩ ,l=Kq ixLHdfõ idudkHh i,ld n,d by< u
Status fr‚iagrfha wkq wxlh (Address) 3 nj wm l,ska decfsz CounterH,1
b†˙m;a l< fr‚iagr igyk m¯CId ls¯fï ° Tng fmkS hkq idudkH ,nd.kakd isiqka ^1986 cq,s 14 fyda Bg miqj Wm; ,o&
goto Loop2 15 fokdg Y%S ,xld .◊; wNsfhda.;d ;r.hg iDcq j u iyNd.S
we;' fuys ° STATUS equ 03h uÛska MPLAB uD≥ldx.hg
mjikqfha STATUS hk jpkhg w∞< fr‚iagrh we;af;a wxl ùfï wjia:dj ie,fia'
goto Start ^Y%S ,xld .◊; ;r.h yd Y%S ,xld .◊; wNsfhda.;d ;r.h
3 ork msysgqfï njhs' tfuka u TRISA A equ 85h uÛska
lshfjkqfha TRISA fr‚iagrhg w∞< msy s g
s u
q hs' ms<sn| jeä úia;r i|yd www.slmatholympiad.org hk fjí
end wvúhg msúfikak&
PORTA equ 05h uÛska PORTA fr‚iagrhg w∞< msysgqu
,nd foa' fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY miq.h
s i;sfha m< jQ .◊; .egÆ
fuys ° wm úp,Hhka f,i fhd∞ .kakd Counter L iy wxYfha .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
5.A wx.iu;d uQ,Or®u Ndú;fhka 4165 ixLHdj 7ka
Counter H i|yd o msysgqï wxl 2la ,nd †h hq;= h' tajd fï ,sms fm< kej; ≤kqï fok ;=re iEu foi;shlg u jrla fn¥ úg ,efnk fYaIh fidhkak' Tfí ms<s;=r
ms<sfj<ska ODh iy OEh f,i ,nd ° we;' ^úp,Hhka i|yd m< jkq we;s nj lreKdfjka ie,l=j uekeú ikd: lrkak'
.; yels msysgqï wxl 4'2 ,smsfha i|yka úh& fuys ° iEu
b,lalul u w.g 'h' wl=rla fh° we;af;a tu wxl oYuh Use the theory of congruences to find the
ixLHd fkd j Hexadecimal fyj;a oy ifha mdofha ixLHd nj remainder when 4165 is divided by 7. Jus
≤laùug h' ^oy ifha mdofha ixLHd ms<sn|j b†˙ ,smshl ° tify your answer.
idlÉcd flfr®&' 5.B wx.iu;d uQ,Or®u Ndú;fhka 244-1 ixLHdj 89ka
ó<Ûg ;sfnkqfha ; *** Setup the Port *** hkakhs' th fnfok nj fmkajkak' Tfí ms<s;=r ikd: lrkak'
Wmfoila fkd j igykla nj uq,ska we;s ;s;a fldudfjka ms<sìUq Use the theory of congruences to show
fõ' bkamiqj ;sfnk that 89 divides 244-1. Justify your answer.
Bxf STATUS,5 6cf TRISA,0 bcf STATUS,5 hk
Wmfoia ;=k uÛska Bank 1ys we;s TRISA fr‚iagrfhys §0¶ fuu .egÆ fol u fyda tlla i|yd jk Tn f.a úi∫ï
jeks ìgqj ìx≥jg ilia lr kej; Bank 0 fj;g meñ”u is≥ 2005 Tlaf;danr® 26 ∞ fyda Bg fmr ,efnk f,i
lrhs' §.◊; T,sïmshdâ fmryqrej¶"
bkamiqj ;sfnk igykg miq .◊; wOHhkxYh"
Start bsf PORTA,0 hk Wmfoiys Start hkak f,an,hls' fld<U úYajúoHd,hh"
th l%uf,aLkfha hïlsis ;ekla y∫kd .ekSug fhdok f,an,hla fld<U 03'
neúka Tng leue;s jpkhla fï i|yd fhd∞.; yels h' tfia hk ,smskhg tjkak' fuu .egÆ i|yd fyd| u úi∫ï tjk
ls¯fï ° wjidkhg we;s goto start hk Wmfofia Start hkakg ;sfokd f.a kï yd ta wh f.a ,l=Kq úi∫ï túh hq;= wjidk
o ta ku u fh†h hq;= h' bkamiqj we;s Delay Loops ms<sn|j †kfha isg i;s follska fuys m< fõ' úi∫ï tjk ishÆ fokd
j 4'3 ,smsfha ° úia;r lr we;' fuys ° wjidk jYfhka end f.a u kï yd ,l=Kq www.slmatholympiad.org hk fjí
hk jpkh fhd∞ we;af;a l%uf,aLkfha wjidkh ≤laùug h' th wvúfha m< fõ'
MPLAB uD≥ldx.hg Compile ls¯u kej;sh hq;= ia:dkh
olajhs'
≤ka wms Compile lsS˙fï ° ,eìh yels Error massages
ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
1' Tng ;s;a fldudj" ,sùug wu;l jqj fyd;a"
Illegal character (*) f,i ,eìh yels h' túg w∞<
ia:dkj, ° ;s;a fldudj ,shd kej; Compile l< hq;= h'
2' hï Wmfoil wl=rla wvq jqj fyd;a" W∞yrKhla f,i
bsf STATUS,5 hkafkys b wl=r wvq jqj fyd;a illegal
opcode STATUS f,i ,efí' tu Error massage tl u;
double click lr w∞< f∞aIh we;s ia:dkh fidhd.; yels h'
3' massage[302], Register in operand not in bank 0
ensure bank bits are correct f,i ,efnkqfha ,sùug hk
fr‚iagrh Bank 0ys fkd j Bank 1ys we;s njg u;la ls¯uls'
ta wkqj STATUS fr‚iagrfha w∞< ìgq ilia lr we;s nj
msgj
q 22 ú≥ir ú≥y,
NdIdjg yerùu fyj;a Compile ls¯uhs' ta i|yd Project
→ Quickbuild úOdkh Ndú; l< yels h' ^Compile ls¯u
ms<sn|j 4'4" 4'5 ,smsj, ° úia;r lf<uq& bka miq Debugger
→ Select tool → MPLAB SIM hk ms<sfj< wkq.ukh
lr MPLAB SIM m˙.Kl wdlD;sh ls%hd;aul l< yels h'
túg rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjk wdldrfha ixfla;
(Icons) lsysmhla ≤l.; yels fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 1
2005 fkdjeïnr® ui 09 - nodod
° Bg wod< fr‚iagrj, w.hka o wkqrEm j fjkia fõ'
wm f.a LED tl ≤,aùug wod< jk Porta,1 ìgqj o
fufia 1 iy 0 f,i mqkrdjr®;S j fjkia fõ' tau ìgqj §1¶
jk úg n,anh ≤,aùu o" §0¶ jk úg n,anh kSùu o is≥
fõ' fï wkqj wm f.a l%uf,aLkh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=<
Odjkh jk wdldrh m˙.Kl ;srh uÛska ≤ln,d.; yels h'
fufia ls¯fï ° wm úiska ,shkq ,nk l%uf,aLkhlg wod< j
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j meye†,s
wjfndaOhla Tng ,efnk nj wm f.a úYajdihhs'
fuys ° wm b†˙m;a lf<a Simulation ms<sn| uQ,sl
lreKq lsysmhla mu◊' fuu ,sms fm< b;d °r®> ùu je<elaùu

MICROCONTROLLERS ó <Ûg View hgf;a we;s

s - yh jk fldgi (VI)
isõjk ,smh
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< is≥ jk foa
m˙.kl wdlD;shla ;=<ska olsuq
wm úiska f.dvk.kq ,nk l%uf,aLkhlg wod< j
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh flfia l%shd lrhs o hkak fndfyda úg
mek ke.sh yels .egÆjls' iuyr wjia:djkays ° ,shk ,o
l%uf,aLkfha hï hï wvqmdvq fyda fodaI ;sìh yels h' tjeks
l%uf,aLkhla uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=<g we;=Ω lr Odjkh
ls¯ug W;aidy l< o n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ whq˙ka ls%hd fkdlrkq
we;' tjka úgl uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg fyda m˙m:fha wfkl=;a
Wmdx.j,g ydks is≥ùug o bv we;'
ta wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg we;=Ω ls¯ug fmr" ,shk
,o l%uf,aLkh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< flfia ls%hd lrhs o
hkak ms<sn|j meye†,s wjfndaOhla ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' fï
i|yd Ndú; lrk ckm%sh u l%uh jkqfha m˙.Kl wdlD;shla
u; wod< l%uf,aLkh Odjkh ls¯uhs' fuys ° tu l%uf,aLkhg
wod< j uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd lrk wdldrh msshjfrka
mshjr meye†,sj ≤l.; yels jk w;r fodaI fyda wvqmdvq
wef;d;a tajd o fidhd.; yels h' l%uf,aLkfha fodaI fyda
wvqmdvq we;akï tajd ksje/† lr kej; m˙.Kl wdlD;sh
;=< Odjkh lr fodaI rys; l%uf,aLkhla f.dv k.d .;
yels h' fufia fodaI wvqmdvq rys; jk f,i l%uf,aLkh
f.dvk.d.;a miq th uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg we;=Ω l< yels
h' túg ksis ls%hdld˙;ajh ,nd foñka Tn f.a l%uf,aLkh
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< Odjkh jkq we;' fufia m˙.Kl
wdlD;shla ;=< l%uf,aLkhla Odjkh ls¯u Computer simu-
lation f,i ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° Ndú; fõ'
MPLAB IDE uD≥ldx.h PIC uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r i|yd
fuu myiqlu imhd we;' miq.sh ,smsj, ° wm b†˙m;a l<
ir, l%uf,aLkh MPLAB uD≥ldx.fha we;s MPLAB SIM
wdlD;sh ;=< Odjkh lrk whqre fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a
flfr®'
fuys ° uq,ska u l< hq;af;a wod< l%uf,aLkh hka;%
Program memory, File regis-
ters iy Special Function Reg-
isters hk úOdkhka ls%hd;aul l<
hq;= h' fuys ° Programme
Memory uÛska hka;% NdIdjg
yerjQ Wmfoia ud,dj
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ia:dms;
jk ms<sfj< o" File Registers
uÛska ta ta wjia:djkaj, °
fr‚iagrj, ;sìh yels w.hka o"
Special Function Register uÛska
úfYaI ldr®hhka i|yd fjka lr
we;s fr‚iagrj, ta ta wjia:djkays
° ;sìh yels w.hka o ≤lafõ'
bkamiq Window → Tile Hori-
zontally úOdkh Ndú; lr ishÆ
u uqyqK;a tljr ≤lsh yels m˙†
ilia lr.; yels h' rEmigyk
wxl 2 u.ska tjka ieleiaula †ia
fõ'
≤ka Debugger → Reset
úOdkh fyda F6 h;=r Ndú; lr
Reset fyj;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg
ú≥,sh iemhQ ú.i we;s ;;a;ajh rEm igyk wxl 2
,nd.; hq;= h' fuys ° Program
memory uqyqKf;a fld< meye;s B ;,hla †ia fõ' tu B i|yd wms hï hï wjia:djkays ° wod< uQ,sl lreKq muKla
b†˙m;a lrkafkuq' m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h yd iajhx wOHhkh
;,fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh uq,ska u ls%hd;aul
lrk Wmfoihs' wm f.a l%uf,aLkhg wkqj th bsf STA- ;=<ska Tng ;j;a fndfyda foa bf.kSug th fyd| wä;d,ula
fõ hehs wms úYajdi lruq'
TUS,5 hkak fõ' fuu Wmfoia ls%hd;aul ls¯ug Debugger
→ Step Into úOdkh fyda F7 h;=r Ndú; l< yels h' ó<Û ,smsfhka wm woyia lrkqfha l,ska b†˙m;a l<
fuys ° lsishï fr‚iagrhl w.hla fjkia fõ kï th r;= l%uf,aLkh yd m˙m:h u|la jeä †hqKq lr LED wdf,dal
meyefhka †ia fõ' ta wkqj Special Function Registers rgdjla ksr®udKh lrk wdldrhhs'
uqyqKf;a we;s STATUS hkakg wod< w.hka r;= meyefhka
†ia fõ' ≤ka m<uq Wmfoia ls%hd;aul ù wjika ù we;s w;r fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
B ysi fojeks Wmfoi fmkakqï lr isà' kej; F7 fyda .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
Debugger step Into Ndú; lr fojeks Wmfoi o ls%hd;aul
l< yels h' túg TRISA fr‚iagrhg wod< w.hka r;= fï ,sms fm< kej; ≤kqï fok ;=re iEu foi;shlg u jrla
meyefhka †ia fõ' fufia Wmfoia tlska tl ls%hd;aul ls¯fï m< jkq we;s nj lreKdfjka ie,l=j uekeú
2005 fkdjeïnr® ui 23 - nodod ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 15
7 jeks ìgqfõ ;snQ 0 bj;a fõ 0 jeks ìgqjg msg;ska 0la we;=Ω fõ
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
uhsfldfl%dkafg%da,rh ls%hdld¯;ajh i;a jeks ìgqj ìx≥j jeks ìgqj
wdrïN ls¯u 0 jeks ìgqfõ ;snQ 1 b,lalu 1 jeks ìgqjg udre ù we;
rEm igyk wxl 4
fï jk úg m<uq n,anh ksù fojeks n,anh ≤,aù we;'
m%∞k yd m%;∞s k w.% we;=Ω wfkl=;a kej;;a ;;amr 1l muK m%udohlg miq f;jk n,anh ≤,aùu
w;HjYHh tall ksis m˙† ilia ls¯u i|yd ;j;a jrla PORTB fr–iagrfha w.hka jug ;,aÆ l<
hq;= h' fufia i;a j;djla l< úg PORTB fr‚iagrfha 7 jeks
ìgqj 1 fõ' tkï RB7 fyj;a 13 jeks w.%hg iïnkaO lr we;s
MICROCONTROLLERS m<uq jeks n,anh ≤,aùu
n,anh ≤,afõ' ≤ka wxl tfla isg wg olajd we;s LED
ms<sfj<ska ≤,aù wjika fõ'
PORTB fr‚iagrfha 7 jeks ìgqj 1 ùu uÛska fuu
miajk ,smsh - m<uq jk fldgi (I) wjia:dj y∫kd.; yels h' bkamiqj l< hq;af;a wdmiq wg jeks
LED tfla isg m<uq jeks LED tl olajd ms<sfj<ska ≤,aùuhs'
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dkafg%da,rh fhd∞f.k ;;amr 1la n,d isàu fï i|yd PORTB fr‚iagrfha we;s tfla b,lalu tlska tl
ol=Kg udre ls¯uhs' fuh Right Shift fyda Rotate right f,i
úis;=re wdf,dal rgdjla f.dvk.uq ye¢kafõ'
fuu ,sms fmf<ys m<uq ls%hdldrlu f,i wm b†˙m;a lf<a fuf,i wfÜ isg 1 olajd n,an wdmiq ≤,aùu m<uq jeks
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dkafg%da,rh Ndú; lr LED tlla ksùu n,anhg meñK wjika fõ' kej;;a jug .uka lrùu i|yd
yd ≤,aùuhs' ≤ka th u|la jeä†hqKq fldg úis;=re wdf,dal Left Shift Wml%uh o kej; ol=Kg .uka
PORTB lrùug Right Shift Wml%uh o fhd∞.;
rgdjla njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u wm f.a fojk ls%hdldrlu f,i fr‚iagrfha ke; PORTB fr‚iagrfha w.hka
fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®' yels h' fuu ls%hd∞uh fkdkj;ajd is≥ lrf.k
7 jeks ìgqfõ tl ia:dkhla jug ;,aÆ ls¯u hdfï ° wmg jug iy ol=Kg .uka lrk
w.h 1 o@ LED wdf,dal rgdjla ≤l.; yels fõ'
;*****Define Registers*****
Tõ STATUS equ 03h
TRISB equ 86h
PORTB equ 06h
CounterL equ 0Dh
PORTB fr‚iagrfha w.hka tl CounterH equ 0Eh
ia:dkhla ol=Kg ;,aÆ ls¯u
rEm igyk wxl 1 ;*****Set up the Port*****
bsf STATUS,5
rEm igyk wxl 01 uÛska w∞< m˙m:h ≤lafõ' fuys ° clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
LED wgla PORTBys w.%j,g ^6 jeks w.%fha isg 13 jeks ;;amr 1la n,d isàu
bcf STATUS,5
w.%h olajd& iïnkaO lr we;' tajd ms<sfj<ska LED 1, LED 2
..... LED 8 f,i kï lr we;' fuys ° wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;****Turn the First LED on****
jkqfha wxl 1 isg 8 olajd we;s LED tllg miq wfkl o,ajd Start bsf PORTB,0
kej; wfÜ isg tl olajd wdmiq ≤,aùuhs' fuu rgdj fkdkej;S PORTB call Delay
†.g u ls%hd;aul ùfï ° wmg Knight Rider wdf,dal rgdjla Tõ fr‚iagrfha 0 ke;
olakg ,efí' jeks ìgqfõ ;*****Shift Forward*****
fuhg w∞< .e,Sï igyk wxl 2 rEmigykska ≤lafõ' ta wkqj w.h 1 o@ Forward btfsc PORTB,7
m˙m:hg ú≥,sh iemhQ ú.i u uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha m%odk goto reverse
m%;s∞k w.% ksis m˙† ilia lr.; hq;= h' B<Ûg m<uq n,anh rlf PORTB,1
fyj;a LED 1 ≤,aúh hq;= h' ta i|yd RBO fyj;a 6 jeks rEm igyk wxl 2 call Delay
w.%h ;dr®lsl 1 fyj;a 5V ;;a;ajhg f.k wd hq;= h' ta i|yd
goto Forward
PORTB fr‚iagrfhys ìx≥j jeks ìgqj tl l< hq;= h' B<Û n,anh ≤,aùug fmr ;;amr 1l muK ld,hla n,d
rEmigyk wxl 3ka tu wjia:dj ≤lafõ' isàu i|yd Delay Loop tlla fhd∞.; hq;= h' bka miq m<uq
;*****Shift Backward*****
n,anh ksjd fojk n,anh ≤,aùug kï PORTB fr‚iagrfha 1
Reverse rrf PORTB,1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 jeks ìgqj muKla tl l< hq;= h' tkï 0 jeks ìgqfjys we;s
call Delay
i;a jeks ìgqj ìx≥j jeks ìgqj tfla b,lalu tl ia:dkhla jug ;,aÆ l< hq;= h' fuh
;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° Left Shift fyda Rotate Left f,i btfsc PORTB,0
PORTB fr‚iagrh goto Forward
rEm igyk wxl 3 ye¢kafõ' rEm igyk wxl 04 uÛska fuh ;j≥rg;a meye†,s fõ'
goto reverse
yryg
1' Trdhka ;drld rdYshg wh;a °ma;su;a u ;rej jk fuh iqm˙ ;*****Delay loop*****
;re m%fya<l
s d 12 fhdaO wjia:dfõ miq fõ' Delay decfsz CounterL,1
goto Delay
4' reishdj i;= fuu wNHjldY hdkh fuf;la ñksid úiska ksmojk
,o fyd| u wcgdldY m%jdyk hdkhla f,i ie,fla' decfsz CounterH,1
1 2 3 goto Delay
˙ 6' 1997 jifr® mshú weig uekúka or®Ykh jQ j,a.d ;rejls'
my<g
2' rdYs pl%hg wh;a rdYshlg ngysr cd;Ska fhdok kuhs' fï kñka
return

4 wNHjldY hdkd jHdmD;shla o †h;a fldg we;' end

iaa 3' W;=re wr®Of.da,fha fjfik ñksia f.da;%hl kñka fuu ksyd˙ldj
ye¢kafõ'
5' wÛyre f.a Wm.%yfhls'
fï m%fya<sldj ksje/†j iïmQr®K lr ;eme,a m;l w,jd Tfí ku"
;eme,a ,smskh o iu. fkdjeïnr® ui 30 †kg fmr
5
;re m%ya<sldj wxl 12" ú≥ir" iSudiys; Wmd,s mqj;a m;a iud.u" 223"
í¨uekav,a mdr" fld<U 13' hk ,smskhg ,eîug i,iajkak'
l=im;a we°fuka f;dard .kakd ch.%dylhka isõ fokl= i|yd my;
6 lrkq we;'
i|yka wdldrhg ;Hd. ms˙kefï' mqj;amf;ys m< jk m%fya<sldj muKla
ma fhduq lrkak' Pdhd msgm;a Ndr.kq fkd,efí'
m%:u ia:dkh - §msgilaj< „jhla mj;S o@¶ .%ka:h iy §;re f.`,h¶
kï wyi ks¯laIK is;shu
fojk ia:dkh - §msgilaj< „jhla mj;S o@¶ .%ka:h
f;jk iy isõ jk ia:dk - §;re f.`,h¶ ne.sks'
rEm igyk wxl 5
rEm igyk wxl 5 uÛska fuu ls%hdldrlug w∞< l%uf,aLkh
olajd we;' fï wdldrhg u MPLAB IDE ;=< fuu
l%uf,aLkh ,shd Compile ls¯fuka miqj ,efnk hka;% NdIdjg
yerjQ Wmfoia ud,dj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ia:dmkh l< hq;=
h' bka miqj rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska ≤lafjk m˙m:h
ksje/† j f.dvk.d l%uf,aLkh lr.;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh Bg
iïnkaO lr ú≥,sh iemhQ úg ksis ls%hdld¯;ajh ,nd foñka ls%hd
fuu l%uf,aLkh ms<sn| jeä úia;r ó<Û ,smsfhka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
fï ,sms fm< kej; ≤kqï fok ;=re iEu foi;shlg u jrla
m< jkq we;s nj lreKdfjka ie,l=j uekeú
 ú≥y,
2005 foieïnr® ui 7 - n∞∞ msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
ms<n|j b†˙ ,smshl ° úia;r flfr®' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg btfsc PORTB, 7 u.ska Wmfoia ° we;'
bka miqj ;sfnk ;***** Setup the PORT ***** hkak o tu ksid i;ajeks ìgqj §0¶ ù we;s iEu úg u tu Wmfoi
igykls' B<Ûg ls¯ug hk ldr®hh l=ula o hkak bka lshfõ' u.yer rlf PORTB, 1 hk Wmfoi ls%hd;aul lrhs' rlf hkq
fujeks igyka fh¥ úg l%uf,aLkh lshjd f;areï .ekSu myiq rotate left hkak flá lr fh°uls' fuys ° is≥ jkqfha PORTB
jk neúka fuf,i igyka (Comments) fh°ug yqre ùu fr‚iagrfha we;s w.hka tl ia:dkhla jug mekakSuhs' tkï
w;HjYH fõ' ihjeks ìgqfõ we;s w.h ^§1¶ fyda §0¶& i;ajeks ìgqjg;a miajeks
bsf STATUS, 5 hk Wmfofika lshfjkqfha STATUS ìgqfõ we;s w.h ih jeks ìgqjg;a i;r jeks ìgqfõ we;s w.h
fr‚iagrfha miajeks ìgqj "1" ls¯u h' túg Bank 1yss we;s miajeks ìagqjg;a hkd° jYfhka ishÆ u w.hka tl ia:dkhla
fr‚iagr® yeisrùug yels fõ' B<Û Wmfofika Clrf TRISB jug mekakSuhs' tfukau i;ajeks ìgqfõ ;snQ w.h bj;a jk w;r
lshfjkqfha TRISB fr‚iagrfha ishÆ u ìgq "O" njg m;a ìx≥j jeks ìsgqjg §0¶la tla fõ' rEm igyk wxl 4 u.ska fuh
ls¯uhs' PORTBg wod,j RB0.... RB7 w.% wg m%;s∞k f,i ;j≥rg;a meye†,s fõ'
ilia ls¯u fuys wruqKhs' TRIS B fr‚iagrh we;af;a
MICROCONTROLLERS Bank 1j, neúka Bg hula ,sùug fmr Bank 1 fj; hdug
STATUS fr‚iagrfha miajeks ìgqj 1 f,i ilia ls¯u wksjdr®h
PORTB
fr‚iagrh
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
rlf PORTB, 1
l%hs d;aul ùug
fmr
miajk ,smsh - fojk jk fldgi (II) fõ' tfy;a idudkHfhka mej;sh hq;fa ;a Bank0j, neúka TRISB
fr‚iagrhg ,sùfuka wk;=re j STATUS fr‚iagrfha miajeks
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ìgqj nx≥j njg m;a lr kej; Bank0 fj;g meñ”ug bcf rlf PORTB, 1
STATUS, 5 hk Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
l%shd;aul ùfuka
fhd∞f.k úis;r= e wdf,dal rgdjla fï jk úg uQ,sl ilia ls¯ï is≥ lr wjika neúka ñ<Ûg is≥ rEm igyk wxl 4 miqj
f.dvk.uq l< hq;af;a m<uq n,anh ≤,aùuhs' ta i|yd PORTB fr‚iagrfha
ìx≥j jeks ìgqj §1¶ l< hq;= h' túg RBO fyj;a 6 jeks rlf PORTB, 1 hk Wmfoi ls%hd;aul jQ miq l,ska ≤,aù ;snQ
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%d, a rh Ndú; lr úis;r= e wdf,dal w.%hg iú lr we;s m<uq n,anh ≤,afõ' bsf PORTB, 0 n,anh ksù B<Û n,anh ≤,afõ' B<Ûg we;s Call Delay
rgdjla f.dvk.d .ekSug w∞< m˙m: igyk iy l%uf,aLkh Wmfoi u.ska flfrkqfha PORTBys ìx≥j jeks ìgqj §1¶ ls¯uhs' Wmfoi u.ska ;;amr 1l mudjla we;s lr bkamiq goto
miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a lf<uq' tu l%uf,aLkh iy Bg w∞<j rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska fï wjia:dfõ ° PORTB fr‚iagrfha Forward hk Wmfoig meñfKa' goto Forward hkafkka
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j ;j≥rg;a úia;r w.hka mj;sk wdldrh ≤lafõ' lshfjkqfha kej; btfsc PORTB, 7 hk Wmfoi we;s ;ekg
ls¯u fuu ,ssmsfha wruqK fõ' hk f,ihs' tys ° PORTB fr‚iagrfha 7 jeks ìgqj 1 o keoao
;*****Define Registers***** PORTB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
m<uq n,anh hkak n,hs' th 0 kï B<Ûg we;s goto reverse hk Wmfoi
STATUS equ 03h fr‚iagrh ≤,afõ u.ye¯ tfia fkdue;s j PORTB fr‚iagrfha i;ajeks ìgqj §1¶
TRISB equ 86h ù ;sfí kï B<Ûg we;s goto reverse Wmfoi ls%hd;aul lrhs'
i;ajeks ìx≥j jeks
PORTB equ 06h ìgqj ìgqj
goto reverse Wmfoi ls%hd;aul jQ úg wjidk n,anfha isg
rEm igyk wxl 2
CounterL equ 0Dh uq,a n,anh olajd ±,aùug wod, Wmfoia wvx.= revervse
CounterH equ 0Eh m<uqjeks n,anh ≤,aùfuka miqj ;;amr 1l muK ld,hla keue;s fldgig wj;Sr®K fõ' tys° PORTB fr‚iagrfha we;s
kej;S isg bkamiqj fojk n,anh ≤,aúh hq;= neúka Call Delay w.hka tla ia:dkhla ol=Kg mekakSfuka ±,aù ;snQ wgjeks n,anh
;*****Set up the Port***** hk Wmfoi B<Ûg fh° we;' fuys ° Delay hkq l%uf,aLkfha ksjd i;ajeks n,anh ±,aùu is≥l, yel' ta i|yd rrt PORTB 1
bsf STATUS,5 u we;s ;j;a Wmfoia f.dkqjls' th Delay Loop f,i kï lr hk Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' fuys° rrf hkq rotate righl hkak
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output we;' th ilid we;af;a ;;amr 1l muK mudjla ,nd fok flálr ±laùuhs' bkamiqj ;;amr 1 l mudjla ,nd.ekSug
bcf STATUS,5 wdldrhg jk w;r wjidkfha ° return hk Wmfoi fujeks Delay hk Wmfoia f.dkqj kej;;a Ndú;d lr we;'
Wmfoia f.dkqjl wksjdr®fhka ;sìh hq;a;ls' fuu Wmfoia f.dkqj bkamiqj we;s btfsc PORTB, 0 hkafkka PORTB fr‚iagrfha
;****Turn the First LED on**** ;;amr 1l muK mudjla wjYHh iEu úg u fhd∞.; yels h' ìx≥j jeks ìgqj §1¶ ù ;sfí±hs n,hs' PORTB fr‚iagrfha
Start bsf PORTB,0 l%uf,aLkhla ;=< ° kej; kej; Ndú; l< hq;= fujeks Wmfoia ìx≥j jeks ìgqj §1¶ jkqfha n,an ish,a,u wdmiq ±,aùu is≥lr
call Delay f.dkq Sub programs fyda functions f,i ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha yudr jQ úghs' tfia fkdue;skï tu ìgqj 0 f,ig mj;S' túg
° ye¢kafõ' btfsc PORTBO g miqj we;s goto Forwavd hk Wmfoi u.
;*****Shift Forward***** Call Delay hkakg miqj we;af;a ikaikaokh ls¯uls' ta yer goto reverse hk Wmfoi ls%hd;aul flfr®' túg kej;;
Forward btfsc PORTB,7 ms<sn|j úia;r ls¯u uolg kj;d m˙m:h ;=< ó<Ûg is≥ úh rrf PORTB 1 hk Wmfoig meñK PORTB ys w.hka tla
goto reverse hq;af;a l=ula ≤hs n,uq' fï jk úg m<uq n,anh oe,aù ;;amr ia:dkhla ol=Kg mekakSu is≥lrhs' fufia kej; kej;;a is≥lr
PORTB ys 0 jeks ìgqj §1¶ jq úg goto Forward hk
rlf PORTB,1 1la .; ù yudr h' ≤ka fojk n,anh ≤,aúh hq;= h' tfuka u
m<uq n,anh ksùu o is≥ úh hq;=h' tfia ùug kï PORTB Wmfoig meñfKa' tkï n,an kej; 1 isg 8 olajd ±,aùu
call Delay
wdrïN ls¯uhs' fuu ls%hdj,sh wkjr;j is≥fõ' wjidkfha° Tng
goto Forward fr‚iagrfha 1 jeks ìgqj muKla §1¶ l< hq;= h' fï wjia:dj
rEm igyk wxl 3ka ≤lafõ' knignt Ridev wdf,dal rgdjla ±l.; yelsfõ'
fuu ls%hdj,shu ;j;a wdldr .Kkdjlska u is≥lr .; yels
;*****Shift Backward***** fojk n,anh jqj;a l%uf,aLKh jvd;a †.=ùu yd ixlSr®K ùu tajdfha we;s
reverse rrf PORTB,1 PORTB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ≤,afõ
fr‚iagrh wvqmdvqjhs' wm b†˙m;a lr we;s l%uf,aLKh b;du;a l=vd tlla
call Delay jqj;a hï;dla ≥rg ixlSr®K njla Wiq,hs' kuq;a Tn fuu ,smsh
btfsc PORTB,0 i;ajeks ìgqj 1 jeks ìgqj ìx≥j jeks ìgqj iy fmr ,smsh wjfndaOfhka hq;=j fo;=ka jrla lshjQfha kï tu
goto Forward rEm igyk wxl 3 ixlSr®K Ndjh u.ye¯ hkq we;s nj wmf.a úYajdihhs'
goto reverse PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg w∞, Wmfoia fyj;a
fojk n,anh o,ajd ;;amr 1la n,d isg kej; ;=kajk n,anh Assemdy Iìtrnctioì 35 ms<sn| meye†,s wjfndaOhlska ,nd
;*****Delay loop***** muKla ≤,aùug PORTB fr‚iagrfha 2 jk ìgqj §1¶ l< hq;= .ekSug tu uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha o;a; m;s%ldj lshjk fuka wms
Delay decfsz CounterL,1 h' tu wjia:dj rEm igyk wxl 4ka ≤lafõ' Wolau b,a,d isáuq'
goto Delay f;jk n,anh
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
decfsz CounterH,1 ≤,afõ ó<Û ls%hdldrlu f,i 7 Segment display Ndú;d lr
goto Delay Conter tlla ksr®udKh ls¯u y∞ruq'
return i;ajeks ìgqj 2 jeks ìgqj ìx≥j jeks ìgqj
rEm igyk wxl 4 fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
end .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
rEm igyk wxl 1 fuf,i i;ajeks ìgqj olajd tla tla ìgqj ms<sfj<ska §1¶ fï ,sms fm< kej; ≤kqï fok ;=re iEu foi;shlg u jrla
rEm igyk wxl 1 u.ska wod< l%uf,aLkh ≤lafõ' tys ° lrf.k hdfï ° wmg m<uq n,anfha isg wgjk n,anh olajd m< jkq we;s nj lreKdfjka ie,l=j uekeú
wdrïNfha ° u ;***** Define Registers ***** f,i ,shd n,an ms<sfj<ska ≤,afõ' wgjeks n,anh ≤,ajqKdhska miqj tu
we;af;a l%uf,aKLkh lshjd f;areï .ekSu i|yd fhd∞ we;s rgdj wjika jk w;r wdmiq wfÜ isg tl olajd n,an wdmiq
igykla nj uq,ska u we;s ;s;a fldudj (;) ≥gq ú.i Tng ≤,aùu wdrïN l< hq;= h' fuu wjia:dj y∫kd .ekSug kï
wjfndaO úh hq;= h' ^jeä úia;r i|yd 4'5 ,smsh lshjkak& PORT B fr‚iagrfha 7 jeks ìgqj §1¶ jk f;la n,d isáh
bkamiqj we;s STATUS equ 03h hkak MPALB uD≥ldx.hg hq;= h' btfsc PORTB, 7 hk Wmfofika lshfjkqfha bit test f
,nd fok Wmfoila fyj;a A Compiler Directive f,i ye¢kafõ' skip if clear hkak h' fuys ° f hkq ° we;s fr‚iagrfha ì
fuys ° uD≥ldx.hg fok Wmfoi jkqfha STATUS fr‚iagrhg jk w;r m¯CId l< hq;= ìgqj Wmfofia w.g we;=<;a l< hq;=
w∞< msysgqï fr‚iagrj,g w∞, msysgqï wxlh (Address) 03 h' fuys ° w∞< fr‚iagrh PORTB jk w;r ìgqj 7 jeks
njhs' fï wdldrhg PORTB yd TRISB fr‚iagrj,g w∞< ìgqj fõ'
msysgqï wxl o 06 iy 86 f,i o olajd we;' Counterh iy ìx≥j jeks ìgqfõ isg i;ajeks ìgqj olajd tfla b,lalu jï
CounterH hkq úp,Hhka folla jk w;r tajdg w∞< msysgqï mig f.kú;a i;ajeks ìgqjg meñ◊ úg reverse fyj;a n,an
wxl o OD iy OE f,i olajd we;' fuys ° b,lalïj, w.g wdmiq ≤,aùfï Wmfoia wvx.= fldgi fj; hdug goto reverse
"h" wl=r fhdod we;af;a tu ixLHd oyfha mdofha ixLHd fkd j Wmfoi fhd∞ we;' i;ajeks ìgqj 1 jQ úg muKla fuu Wmfoig
oy ifha mdofha ixLHd nj ≤laùug h' oy ifha mdofha ixLHd meñfKa' wka iEu úg u fuu Wmfoi u.y˙k f,i
 ú≥y,
2005 foieïnr® ui 21 - n∞∞ msgqj 23
;dlaIK wxYh
≤ka PIC 16F84(A) u.ska fuu ls%hdldrlu is≥ lrk wdldrh fuys Odjk fõ.h jeä lr .ekSug wjYH kï Deley loopys
úuid n,uq' rEm igyk wxl 1ka w∞< m˙m:h ≤lafjk w;r ta Ndú; jk Counter H i|yd wvq w.hla fh†h hq;= h' ta i|yd
i|yd f.dvke.= l%uf,aLkh rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafõ' tu retnrn Wmfoig fmr
l%uf,aLkh wm uq,ska b†˙m;a l< Knight Rider m˙m:hg w∞< Movlw 80 h
l%uf,aLkfha u jeä †hqKq ls¯uls' ≤ka ms<sfj<ska LED 40 tlska movwf Counter H hk Wmfoia fhdokak' fuys ° 80h
tl oe,afjk wdldrh n,uq' fjkqjg Bg wvq w.hla fh¥ úg ;j;a fõ.j;a fõ'
m˙m: igykg wkqj fuu LED 40 wg ne.ska fldgia mylg fuu LED 40 u rEm igyk wxl 4 u.ska ≤lafjk wdldrhg
fn∞ we;' bka miq ta iEu fldgila u D 400 g%dkaisiagr u.ska fm<.eiajQ úg Tng 8 × 5 matrix tlla ,efí' tu.ska Tng
n, iemhqfï iDK w.%hg iïnkaO lr w;' iEu g%dkaisiarhl u leue;s wl=rla fyda b,lalula or®Ykh lr.; yels h'
mdou (Base) w.%h m%;sfrdaOlhla yryd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha
PORT Ays w.%j,g (RA0 - RA4) iïnkaO lr we;'
PORT Ays w.% ;dr®lsl 1 fyj;a 5V ;;a;ajhg m;a l< úg ^b;s˙ fldgi ,nk i;sfha&
MICROCONTROLLERS tu g%dkaisiagr ls%hdld¯ ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' tkï w∞< LED
wfÜ f.dkqj ≤,aúh yels h' tu f.dkqfõ we;s LED ≤,aùu
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
;SrKh jkqfha PORT Bys w.%j,g ,shk w.h u; h'
miajk ,smsh - f;jk jk fldgi (III) W∞yrKhla f,i PORT Ays RA1 w.%hg ;dr®lsl 1 (5V) .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh

PIC 16F84(A) 1
VIN D VOUT
3 14
4 VDD 6
330R X 8
0
B
R
1
B
R
2
B
R
3
B
R
4
B
R
5
B
R
6
B
R
7
B
R
N MCLR RB0/INT RB0
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfhka G 7805
R A0
1k
17
18
RA0
R B1
R B2
7
8
9
RB1
RB2
R A1 RA1 R B3 RB3
wf,dal rgd ksru ® dK ls¯u 1N4007 2
220uF R A2
R A3
1
2
RA2
RA3
R B4
R B5
10
11
RB4
RB5
D33 D40

3 12
R A4 RA4 R B6 13 RB6
miq.sh ,sms lsysmh ;=<ska ir, Knight Rider wdf,dal rgdjla + 15pF X 2
R B7 RB7

ksr®udKh lrk wdldrh meye†,s lf<uq' ≤ka tu m˙m:h u u|la 16

OSC 1/CLKIN
7 - 30V DC 15 5 4.7k
jeä†hqKq fldg LFD 40l Knight Rider m˙m:hla ksr®udKh - OSC 2/CLKOUT GND
D400
GND RA4
lrk wdldrh fuys ° úia;r flfr®' LED n,an 40 u b†˙hg CRYS TAL 4MHz PIC16F84(A)

yd miqmig Odjkh jk wdldrhg ≤,aùu i|yd fuys ° wjYH

jkafka b;d u wvq Wmdx. ixLHdjla nj rEm igyk wxl 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
wOHhkh ls¯fuka Tng meye†,s fjhs' tfy;a fuu ls%hdldrlu u R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
is≥ ls¯ug 4017" 555 jeks IC Ndú; lrkafka kï wvq u
;rñka IC 3la muK iy Odrd jr®Ol g%dkaisiagr .Kkdjla u
Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' tfia u Wmdx. w;r iïnkaO;d ixLHdj D1 D8 D9 D16 D17 D24 D25 D32

by< hk w;r ta ksid m˙m:fha m%udKh yd ixlSr®KNdjh o

by< hhs'
;*****Define Registers*****
STATUS equ 03h 4.7k 4.7k 4.7k 4.7k

PORTA equ 05h RA0 D400 R A1 D 400 RA 2 D400 RA3 D400

PORTB equ 06h

TRISA equ 85h
TRISB equ 86h
rEm igyk wxl 1
,shd PORT Bys RB 7 w.hg ;dr®lsl ,shQ úg fojeks LED
CounterL equ 0Dh f.dkqfõ we;s wgjeks n,anh fyj;a D 16 n,anh ≤,afõ' óg
CounterH equ 0Eh w∞< j PORT A yd PORT B fr‚iagrj, ;sìh hq;= w.hka
rEm igyk wxl 3ys ≤lafõ'
;*****Set up the Ports***** uhsfl%dfldkafg%d,
a rfha w∞< w.%
bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
clrf TRISA ;PORT A output RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output PORT A
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 fr‚iagrh
Bi +7 Bi +0
;****Turn the First LED set****
Start movlw b’00000001' RA7 RA6 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0
movwf PORTA ;Select First LED set PORT B
movwf PORTB ;First LED ON 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
fr‚iagrh
call Delay ;Call the Delay loop Bi +7 Bi +0
rEm igyk wxl 3
;*****Shift Forward*****
Forward fuys ° Tng meye†,s úh hq;= lreKla jkqfha PORT A
btfsc PORTB,7 ;Check the 7th bit fr‚iagrhg ,shk w.h wkqj ≤,aúh hq;= LED f.dkqj ;SrKh
goto Ashift ;If it is 1 do this jk w;r tu f.dkqfjka ≤,afjkqfha l=uk n,anh o hkak
rlf PORTB,1 ;Else left shift ;SrKh flfrkqfha PORT B fr‚iagrhg ,shk w.h u; njhs'
call Delay ;Call the Delay loop fï wkqj wm f.a ls%hdldrlu is≥ ls¯ug uq,ska u RA 0 §1¶
goto Forward ;Back to Forward loop lr m<uq LED f.dkqj f;a˙h hq;= h' bkamiq RB 0 w.%h §1¶
l< hq;= h' túg D1 n,anh ≤,afõ' fojkqj D2 n,anh ≤,aùug
Ashift btfsc PORTA,4 ;Check for the 5th set RB1 w.%h 1 l< hq;= h'
goto Reverse ;If 1 go to Reverse fuf,i ms<sfj<ska f.dia RB7 o ;dr®lsl 1 jQ úg m<uq LED
clrf PORTB ;Else all LEDs OFF wg ≤,aùu yudr fõ' ≤ka B<Û LED tl fyj;a D9 we;af;a
bsf PORTB,0 ;Make first LED ON fojeks f.dkqfõ neúka RA1 ;dr®lsl 1 lr tu f.dkqj
rlf PORTA,1 ;Move to next LED set
f;dard.; hq;= h' bkamiqj kej;;a RB0 isg RB7 olajd w.%
ms<sfj<ska ;dr®lsl 1 njg mg;a l< hq;= h' fuf,i u ;=kajk
goto Forward ;Back to Forward loop
y;rjk iy miajk LED f.dkq o ms<sfj<ska ≤,ajQ úg LED
40 u b†˙hg Odjkh jk f,i ≤,aùu yudr fõ' bkamiq
;*****Shift Backward*****
kej;;a LED f.dkq 5" 4" 3" 2" 1 hk ms<sfj<g f;dard
Reverse
PORT Bys w.% o RB7, RB6, RB5,.........RB1, RB0
btfsc PORTB,0 ;Check the 4th bit ms<sfj<g ;dr®lsl 1 f,i kej; kej; ieliSfuka wdmiq Odjkh
goto Rshift ;If it is 1 do this jk wdf,dal rgdj ,efí'
rrf PORTB,1 ;Else left shift l%uf,aLkfha we;s Forward yd Reverse hk fldgia u.ska
call Delay ;Call the Delay loop b†˙hg yd miqmig Odjkh is≥ flfr®' yeu Wmfoila iu. u
goto Reverse ;Back to Reverse loop we;s igyk lshùfuka fuu l%uf,aLkh f;areï .ekSug W;aidy
rEm igyk wxl 2 lrkak'
 ú≥y,
2005 foieïnr® ui 28 - n∞∞ msgj
q 21
;dlaIK wxYh
m%udo fodaIhla
;*****Define Registers*****
miq.sh i;sfha m< jQ rEmigyk wxl 2 l%uf,aLkfhys wjika
STATUS equ 03h fma<s lsysmh m;%fha m< ù fkd;snqfKa m%udo fodaIhlsks' iïmQr®K
PORTA equ 05h l%uf,aLkh my; m< fõ'
PORTB equ 06h
TRISA equ 85h ;*****Define Registers*****
TRISB equ 86h STATUS equ 03h
PORTA equ 05h
CounterL equ 0Dh PORTB equ 06h
CounterH equ 0Eh TRISA equ 85h
TRISB equ 86h
;*****Set up the Ports*****
MICROCONTROLLERS bsf
clrf
STATUS,5
TRISA
;Switch to Bank 1
;PORT A output
CounterL equ 0Dh
CounterH equ 0Eh
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
miajk ,smsh - f;jk jk fldgi (III) bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 ;*****Set up the Ports*****
bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
PIC 16F84(A) Main
;****Display letter A****
movlw b 00000001’
clrf TRISA ;PORT A output
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfhka movwf PORTA ;Select first column bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
movlw b 11111110’
wf,dal rgd ksr®udK ls¯u movwf PORTB ;Writ the value ;****Turn the First LED set****
call Delay ;Call the Delay loop Start movlw b 00000001’
-miq.h
s i;sfhka- clrf PORTB ;All LEDs OFF movwf PORTA ;Select First LED set
movwf PORTB ;First LED ON
movlw b 00000010’ call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
fuu LED 40 u rEmigyk wxl 4 u.ska ≤lafjk wdldrhg movwf PORTA ;Select second column
fm<.eiajQ úg Tng 8x5 matrix tlla ,efí' tu.ska Tng leue;s movlw b 00010001’ ;*****Shift Forward*****
wl=rla fyda b,lalula or®Ykh lr.; yels h' movwf PORTB ;Writ the value Forward
call Delay ;Call the Delay loop btfsc PORTB,7 ;Check the 7th bit
RB0 clrf PORTB ;All LEDs OFF goto Ashift ;If it is 1 do this
RB1
RB2 rlf PORTB,1 ;Else left shift
movlw b 00000100’ call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
RB3
movwf PORTA ;Select third column goto Forward ;Back to Forward loop
RB4
RB5 movlw b 00010001’
RB6 movwf PORTB ;Writ the value Ashift btfsc PORTA,4 ;Check for the 5th set
RB7 call Delay ;Call the Delay loop goto Reverse ;If 1 go to Reverse
clrf PORTB ;All LEDs OFF clrf PORTB ;Else all LEDs OFF
bsf PORTB,0 ;Make first LED ON
movlw b 00001000’ rlf PORTA,1 ;Move to next LED set
movwf PORTA ;Select forth column goto Forward ;Back to Forward loop
0 1 2 3 4
RA 0
RA 1
RA 2
RA 3
RA 4

movlw b 00010001’
AA AA A movwf PORTB ;Writ the value
RRRRR ;*****Shift Backward*****
call Delay ;Call the Delay loop Reverse
rEm igyk wxl 4 clrf PORTB ;All LEDs OFF btfsc PORTB,0 ;Check the 4th bit
fuu rEm igyfkka oelafjkqfha A wl=r m%or®Ykh lr we;s goto Rshift ;If it is 1 do this
wjia:djls' Bg w∞< l%uf,aLkh rEm igyk wxl 5ka ≤lafõ' movlw b 00010000’ rrf PORTB,1 ;Else left shift
movwf PORTA ;Select fifth column call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
fuys ° uq,ska u m<uq ;Srej f;a¯u RAQ u.ska is≥ lr w∞< movlw b 11111110’ goto Reverse ;Back to Reverse loop
n,an D2..... D7 ≤,aùu l< hq;= h' B<Ûg RA1 u.ska fojk movwf PORTB ;Writ the value
;Srej f;dard Bg w∞< D9 iy D13 ≤,aúh hq;= h' fuf,i call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
;=kajk y;rjk iy miajk ;Sre f;dard Bg w∞< n,an ≤,aúh clrf PORTB ;All LEDs OFF Rshift btfsc PORTA,0 ;Check for the 1st set
hq;= h' fuys ° jrlg ≤,afjkqfha tla ;Srejlg w∞< n,an jqj;a goto Forward ;If true start Forward
;Sre tlska tl fõ.fhka udre ls¯u fya;=fjka ishÆ u ;Sre goto Main clrf PORTB ;Else all LEDs OFF
tljr ≤,afjk wdldrhla †ia fõ' fuys ° Delay loopys bsf PORTB,7 ;Make 8th LED ON
Counter H i|yd 20h ,shd we;s neúka fõ.h b;d by< Delay decfsz CounterL,1 rrf PORTA,1 ;Else move to next set
w.hla .kS' goto Delay goto Reverse ;Back to Reverse loop
wod< l%uf,aLkfha iEu Wmfoilg u miq ,shd we;s igyk decfsz CounterH,1
lshùfuka l%uf,aLkh f;areï .ekSug W;aidy lrkak' goto Delay
fuys ° Tng uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha we;s W fr‚iagrh fyj;a movlw 20h ;*****Delay loop*****
Working Register ms<sn|j hula i|yka l< hq;= j we;' Tng movwf CounterH Delay decfsz CounterL,1
PORT A fr‚iagrhg 0000001 ,súh hq;= j we;ehs is;kak' return goto Delay
uq,ska u tu w.h W fr‚iagrhg ,shd bkamiqj th PORT A decfsz CounterH,1
fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= h' 00000001 hkq fofla mdofha ixLHdjla end goto Delay
nj ≤laùug l%uf,aLkfha ° b'00000001' f,i ,shd we;' movlw 80h
ta wkqj" rEm igyk wxl 5 movwf CounterH
Movlw b'00000001
return
hk Wmfoig ls%hd;aul l< miq W fr‚iagrfha ;;a;ajh my;
≤lafõ' fï wkqj Tn f;areï .; hq;af;a Tng frcsiagrhlg ,sùug
wjYH iEu úg u th uq,ska W fr‚iagrhg ,shd bkamiq th end
W w∞< ;ekg ,súh hq;= njhs'
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
fr‚iagrh
Bit 7 Bit 0 ó<Û ,smsfhka 7 segment displays yeisrùu n,dfmdrd;a;=
bka miq Movwf PORT A Wmfoi ls%hd;aul l< úg tu jkak'
w.h PORT A fr‚iagrhg ,shfõ' tu wjia:dj my; rEmfhka
≤lafõ'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
PORT A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
fr‚iagrh
Bit 7 Bit 0
 ú≥y,
2006 ckjd˙ ui 4 - n∞∞ msgj
q 21
;dlaIK wxYh
wxl ≤,aúh hq;= LKavl PORTB ìx≥fõ isg kjh olajd jQ wxl mqkrdjr®;S f,i ≤,aùug w∞<
fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= w.h l%uf,aLkh rEm igyk wxl 5 uÛska ≤lafõ'
0 abcdef 00111111 fuys ° uq,ska u wxl §0§g w∞< j ≤,aúh hq;= LKavl jk
1 bc 00000110 abcdef ≤,aùu i|yd PORTB fr‚iagrhg 00111111 ,súh hq;=
2 abdeg 01011011 h' tfia ls¯ug kï uq,ska u tu w.h W fr‚iagrhg ,shd
3 abcdg 01001111 bkamiqj PORTB fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= h'
4 bcfg 01100110 Movlw b'00111111'
5 acdfg 01101101 movf PORTB
6 acdefg 01111101 hk Wmfoia foflka flfrkqfha tu ldr®hhhs' bka miq
7 abc 00000111 ;;amrhl mudjlg miq wxl 1 o bka miq wxl 2 o wd°
8 abcdefg 01111111
MICROCONTROLLERS 9 abcfg 01100111
jYfhka f.dia wxl §9¶ m%or®Ykh ls¯fuka miq kej;;a wxl
§0¶ka mgkaf.k §9¶ olajd jQ b,lalï m%or®Ykh lrhs' fuh
rEm igyk wxl 4 fkdkej;S †.g u is≥ fõ'
yhjk ,smsh - m<uq jk fldgi (I) ó<Û ,smsfhka fnd;a;ula tnQ úg w.h 1lska jeä jk
;*****Define Registers***** wdldrfha .Kl m˙m:hla f.dvk.uq'
ima; LKav m%or®Yl STATUS equ 03h
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
PORTB equ 06h
(Seven segment displays) TRISB equ 86h .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
yeisrùu
CounterL equ 0Dh
ìx≥fõ isg kjh olajd jQ b,lalï m%or®Ykh ls¯u i|yd
CounterH equ 0Eh
fhd∞.; yels ima; LKav m%or®Yl fyj;a Seven segment
display fhd∞f.k ir, .Kl m˙m:hla f.dvk.d .kakd
;*****Set up the Ports*****
wdldrh fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®' rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska
bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
ima; LKav m%or®Ylhl o< igykla ≤lafõ'
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
fujeks ima; LKav m%or®Yl úúO
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
jr®.j,ska úúO m%udKj,ska yd úúO
jr®Khka f.ka b;d iqΩ uqo,lg ñ, ;****Display numbers from 0 to 9****
° .ekSug ;sfí' tu ksid fujeks Main
Wmdx.hla ñ, ° f.k tla tla movlw b’00111111'
LKavdxl fjk fjk u ≤,aùug movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 0
W;aidy lr n,kak' fï i|yd 1.5V call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
úh<s fldaI folla fyda 3la m%udKj;a
fõ' fuys we;s LKavdxl úúO movlw b’00000110'
wdldrj,ska ≤,aùfuka 0 isg 9 olajd movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 1
jQ b,lalï m%or®Ykh lr.; yels h' call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
rEm igyk wxl 1
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska
§0¶ §1¶ iy §2¶ hk movlw b’01011011'
b,lalï m%or®Ykh jk movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 2
wdldrh ≤lafõ' call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
fuu Wmdx.fha LKavl
y; f,i we;af;a LED movlw b’01001111'
y;ls' rEmigyk wxl 3 movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 3
uÛska tu LED y; call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
rEm igyk wxl 2 m%or®Ylh ;=< iïnkaO ù
we;s wdldrh ≤lafõ' movlw b’01100110'
fuys LKavl f,i we;s movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 4
LED yf;a u lef;dav call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
tlg iïnkaO lr we;s movlw b’01101101'
wdldrhla olajhs' fujeks movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 5
ima; LKav m%or®Ylhla call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
fmd≥ lef;dav jr®.fha
m%or®Ylhla f,i ye¢kafõ' movlw b’01111101'
rEm igyk wxl 3 (Common Cathode movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 6
Display) tdy;a call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
fjf<|fmdf<a fmd≥ wefkdav jr®.fha m%or®Yl o ;sfí' fuu
ls%hdldrlfï ° wm fhd∞ .kafka fmd≥ lef;dav jr®.fha tlla movlw b’00000111'
neúka tu jr®.fha u m%or®Ylhla ñ, ° .ekSug Tn j.n,d.; movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 7
hq;= h' call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
Tn fjf<|fmd<ska ñ, ° .kakd m%or®Ylh fmd≥ lef;dav o
fmd≥ wefkdav o hkak m¯CId lr .ekSug nyq ógrhla movlw b’01111111'
(Multimeter) fhd∞.; yels h' nyq ógrh m%;sfrdaO ñkqï i|yd movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 8
ilia lr (XI Scale) r;= w.%h ima; LKav or®Ylfha tla call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
w.%hlg iïnkaO lr lΩ w.%h wfkl=;a w.%j, iamr®Y lrkak'
lsis u LKavlhla fkd≤,afõ kï nyq ógrfha r;= w.%h B<Û movlw b’01100111'
w.%hg f.k f.dia kej; lΩ w.%h tla tla w.%h iuÛ iamr®Y movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 9
lrkak' nyq ógrfha r;= w.%fha tla msysgqul ° ishÆ u LKavl call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
fjka fjka j ≤,aúh yels wjia:djla ,efí' fuys ° r;= w.%h
ia:djr j tla w.%hla u; ;sfnk w;r lΩ w.%h m%or®Ylfha goto Main
tla tla w.% fj; f.k hdfï ° w∞< LKavl ≤,afõ' Tng
fujeks ks¯CIKhla ,enqfKa kï th fmd≥ lef;dav jr®.fha Delay decfsz CounterL,1
m%or®Ylhls' tfia fkdjQfha kï" nyq ógrfha r;= yd lΩ w.% udre goto Delay
lr by; ms<sfj<g u m¯CId lrkak' túg by; lS ks˙CIKh decfsz CounterH,1
goto Delay
,enqfKa kï th fmd≥ wefkdav m%or®Ylhls'
return
fuf,i m¯CId ls¯fï ° m%or®Ylfha tla tla LKavlhg w∞<
w.%h o fmd≥ w.%h o f;dard.; yels h' rEm igyk wxl 4
end
uÛska tla tla b,lalug w∞< j ≤,aúh hq;= LKavl iy tfia
≤,aùu i|yd PORTB fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= w.hka o ≤lafõ' rEm igyk wxl 5
msgj
q 18

ú≥y,
2006 ckjd˙ ui 18 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
btfsc PORTA,0 hk Wmfofika lshfjkqfha PORTA
fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj §0¶ ≤ hs n,d tfia ù kï B<Ûg ;*****Define Registers*****
we;s Wmfoi fyj;a go to Loop hkak uÛyer w.h 1lska jeä PC equ 02h
lrk incf count, 1 hk Wmfoi ls%hd;aul lrk f,ihs' tu ksid STATUS equ 03h
fnd;a;u tnQ ú.i fuu Wmfoig meñ◊ count keue;s úp,Hfha PORTA equ 05h
w.h tllska jeä lr .kS' bkamiq count úp,Hfha w.h oyh PORTB equ 06h
ù ≤ hs ne,Su i|yd movlw D'10 yd xoRwf count, 0 hk TRISA equ 85h
Wmfoia fol Ndú; lr we;' fuys ° flfrkqfha uq,ska u w TRISB equ 86h
fr‚iagrhg oyfha b,lalu f.k count úp,Hfha w.h ta yd
iudk ≤hs ne,Suhs' w.hka fol iudk kï STATUS CounterL equ 0Dh
fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj §1¶ njg m;a fõ' w.hka iudk ke;skï CounterH equ 0Eh
MICROCONTROLLERS tu ìgqj §0¶ fõ' fufia jkqfha by; XOR kue;s ;dr®lsl
ls%hdfõ ° m%;sM,h ìx≥j ùu fyda fkdùu wkqjhs' Count
Count equ 0Fh

úp,Hfha w.h oyh ù kï STATUS fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj ;*****Set up the Ports*****
yhjk ,smsh - fojk fldgi (II) §1¶ jk neúka btfsc STATU S 2 hk Wmfoig miqj we;s clrt bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
count hk Wmfoia uÛy¯' túg count úp,Hfha ;snQ w.h bsf TRISA,0 ;Set RA0 as input
tf,i u mj;S' clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
ir, .Kl m˙m:hla ≤ka tu w.h ima; LKav m%or®Ylh uÛska ≤laúh hq;= ksid bcf
clrf
STATUS,5
Count
;Switch to Bank 0
Bg w∞< j PORTB fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= w.hka Table f,i
f.dv ke.Su kï lr we;s fldgfika ≤lafõ' fujeks j.=jla Look up table
;****Display numbers from 0****
f,i ;dCI◊l jHdjydrfha ° ye¢kafõ'
ima; LKav m%or®Yl (Seven Segment Displays) yiqrejk fuu j.=j Ndú; ls¯ug uq,ska u wod< b,lalu w main movlw b’00111111'
wdldrh ms<sn| uQ,sl lreKq lsysmhla miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a fr‚iagrhg ≤ñh hq;= h' movf conut, 0 uÛska count úp,H movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 0
fl¯ we;s w;r ta u; mokï j fnd;a;ula tnQ úg w.h 1lska fyj;a m%or®Ykh l< hq;= wxlh W fr‚iagrhg ,nd foa' bkamiq
jeä jk wdldrfha .Kl m˙m:hla f.dvk.k whqre úia;r call Table hk Wmfoiska w∞< j.=jg hk f,i okajd isà' fï ;*Wait for Button press & then display*
ls¯u fï ,smsfha wruqK fõ' jk úg;a w fr‚iagrfha w∞< wxlh tf,i u mj;sk neúka Loop btfsc PORTA,0 ;Button pressed?
rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjk m˙m:fha PIC 16F84 (A) Addwf PC,1 hk Wmfofika lshfjk m˙† tu b,lalu PC goto Loop ;If no then wait
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,hrg iú l< ima; LKav or®Ylh yd iaúph fr‚iagrhg tl;= flfr®' tl;= lrk b,lalu wkqj w∞< ;Srej
fuys ° úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' m˙m:hg ú≥,sh iemhq fudfydf;a fj; f.dia tys we;s w.h W fr‚iagrhg o f.k kej; wdmiq incf Count,1 ;If yes count up
u ima; LKaav m%or®Ylfha ìka≥j †ia úh hq;= w;r fnd;a;u call Table hk Wmfoig miqj we;s movwf portb Wmfoi movlw D’10' ;load w with ten
(sw1 iaúph& jrla tnQ úg wxl tl †ia úh hq;= w;r kej; fj; meñfKa' W∞yrKhla f,i m%or®Ykh l< hq;= w.h §5¶ kï xorwf Count,0 ;compare Count & 10
jrla fnd;a;u tnQ úg wxl fol §2¶ †ia úh hq;= h' fufia Bg w∞< retlw b' 01101101¶ hk Wmfoig meñK tys we;s
fnd;a;u Tnk jdrhla mdid w.h tllska jeä ù wxl 9g w.h jk 01101101 kue;s fofla mdofha ixLHdj w btfsc STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0
meñ◊ miq kej; §0¶ka mgka .; hq;= h' fr‚iagrhg f.k wdmiq movwf PORTB Wmfoig .uka lrhs' clrf Count ;Then clear Count
movf Count,0 ;Else continue
1 3 14 330R X 7 call Table ;Look Up Table
VIN D VOUT 4 VD D 6 a
N MCLR RB0/I NT a movwf PORTB ;Writ the number
1k 7
G R B1 b f b call Delay ;Call the Delay loop
7805 17 8 g
4.7k 18 RA0 R B2 9 c goto Loop
RA1 R B3 d e
1N4007 2 1
RA2 R B4
10
e d c
2 11 ;****Look Up Table for bit patterns****
RA3 R B5 f D
+ 3 12
220uF SW1 RA4 R B6 13 g N Table addwf PC,1
15pF X 2 R B7 G retlw b’00111111' ;Number 0
7 - 30V DC 16 Sev en Segment Display retlw b’00000110' ;Number 1
GND OSC1/CLKIN
15 5 retlw b’01011011' ;Number 2
- OSC2/CLKOUT GND
CRY STAL 4MHz PIC16F84(A) retlw b’01001111' ;Number 3
retlw b’01100110' ;Number 4
rEm igyk wxl 1 retlw b’01101101' ;Number 5
retlw b’01111101' ;Number 6
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLkh ≤lafõ' fuys ° tys ° W fr‚iagrfha ;snQ w.h PORTB fr‚iagrhg udre
PORTBys RB0-RB6 w.% ima; LKav m%or®Yl Odjkh ls¯ug retlw b’00000111' ;Number 7
lrk w;r Bg wkqrEm j ima; LKav m%or®Ylfha §5¶ b,lalu
fhd∞ we;s ksid tajd m%;s∞k f,i;a RA0 w.%h sw1 iaúphg retlw b’01111111' ;Number 8
or®Ykh fõ' bka miq ;;amr 1l muK ld,hla n,d isg kej;;a
retlw b’01100111' ;Number 9
iïnkaO lr tuÛska ix«jla ,nd.ekSug fhd∞ .kakd ksid m%∞k btfsc PORTA, 0 Wmfoig .uka lrhs' ta i|yd go to Loop
w.%hla f,i;a ilia l< hq;= h' Clrf TRISB yd bsf TRISA, hk Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' tys ° kej;;a fnd;a;u Tnk ;=re
0 uÛska tu ilia ls¯ï is≥ lr we;' ^m%∞k yd m%;s∞k f,i w.% ;********** Delay Loop *********
n,d isà' fnd;a;u tnQ miq kej;;a Count úp,Hfha w.h 1lska
Delay decfsz CounterL,1
ilia ls¯u 4 jk ,smsfha i|yka úh& jeä lr th oyh fõ kï §0¶ lr ke;skï tf,i u" w
mgka .ekSfï ° ìx≥j m%or®Ykh ls¯u i|yd Bg w∞<j goto Delay
fr‚iagrhg udre lr j.=j fj; f.dia w∞< w.hka f.kú;a
PORTB fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= w.h jk 00111111| uq,ska u decfsz CounterH,1
P ORTB fr‚iagrhg ,nd foa' bka miqj kej;;a fnd;a;u
w fr‚iagrhg ,shd bka miqj th PORTB fr‚iagrhg udre goto Delay
tfnk ;=re Bttsc PORTA,0 yd go to Loop hk Wmfoia u;
lr we;' Morlw b'00111111 yd movwf PORTB hk return
fkdkej;S ls%hd;aul fõ'
Wmfoia fol uÛska tu ldr®hhka is≥ flfr®' end
fuys ° Tng .Kkh l< yelafla 0 isg 9g mu◊' 0 isg 99 rEm igyk wxl 2
bkamiq fnd;a;u Tnk f;la n,d isáh hq;= h' fnd;a;u tnQ olajd .Kka ls¯u i|yd ;j;a ima; LKav m%or®Ylhla wjYH
úg RA0 w.%fha w.h fyj;a PORTA fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks fõ' Bg w∞< m˙m:h yd l%uf,aLkh ó<Û ,smsfhka
ìgqj §0¶ fõ' fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
ksje/† ls¯ula
miq.sh mdvfï rEm igyk wxl 6 f,i m< ù ;snQ rEmfhys fldgila uqøKh ù fkd;sì◊' tu rEmh ksje/†j my; m< fõ'
msgj
q 18

ú≥y,
2006 fmnrjd˙ ui 1 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
ìgq ieleiau jk §01101101¶ PORTB fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;=
h' bka miq Digit 1ys fmd≥ w.%h iïnkaO lr we;s Q1 ;*****Define Registers*****
PC equ 02h
g%dkaisiagrh ;=<ska Odrdj .e,Sug ie,eiaúh hq;= h' ta i|yd STATUS equ 03h
RA1 w.%h 5V ;;a;ajhg f.k wd hq;= h' PORTA PORTA equ 05h
fr‚iagrfha §1¶ jeks ìgqjg §1¶ ,sùfuka th is≥ lr.; yels h' PORTB equ 06h
túg §5¶ b,lalu Digit 1 uÛska m%or®Ykh fõ' bka miqj TRISA equ 85h
we;af;a wfkla b,lalu jk fofla b,lalu Digit 2 uÛska TRISB equ 86h
m%or®Ykh ls¯u h' tfia ls¯ug kï l< hq;af;a tu b,lalug
w∞< ìgq ieleiau PORTB fr‚iagrhg ,shd Q2 g%dkaisiagrh CounterL equ 0Dh
CounterH equ 0Eh
;=<ska Odrdj .e,Sug ie,eiaùu h' tfy;a fuúg Q1 g%dkaisiagrh Digit1 equ 10h
;=<ska o Odrdj .e,Sug yels j ;snqfKa kï Digit 1ys o mfya Digit2 equ 11h
MICROCONTROLLERS b,lalu fjkqjg fofla b,lalu †ia fõ' tu ksid jrlg
m%or®Ykh l< hq;af;a tla b,lalula mu◊' ta wkqj Digit 1 ;*****initialization*****
uÛska mfya b,lalu m%or®Ykh lrk úg Digit 2 uÛska lsis u bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
yhjk ,smsh - f;jk fldgi (III) b,lalula m%or®Ykh fkd l< hq;= w;r Digit 2 uÛska fofla movlw b’00111001'
b,lalu m%or®Ykh lrk úg Digit 1 uÛska lsis≥ b,lalula movwf TRISA ;RA0 I/P RA1,2 O/P
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
m%or®Ykh fkdúh hq;= h' bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
0 isg 99 olajd .s◊h yels ta wkqj Digit 1 yd Digit 2 uÛska w∞< b,lalï fol fjk clrf Digit1 ;initilize to zero
fjk u wjia:d foll ° m%or®Ykh lrhs' fuu ls%hdj,sh clrf Digit2 ;initilize to zero
.Kl m˙m:hla ksru® dKh lruq fkdkj;ajd fõ.fhka lrf.k hdfï ° m%or®Ylh ksù we;s
wjia:dj wmg .%yKh fkd ù b,lalï fol u ≤,aù we;s
miq.sh ,smsfhka wm b†˙m;a lf<a 0 isg 9 olajd .s◊h yels wdldrhla fmfka' ta wkqj 0 isg 99 olajd jQ ´kE u wxlhla ;**display the first digit**
.Kl m˙m:hla ksr®udKh lr.kakd wdldrhhs' th u|la m%or®Ykh lr .; yels h' fuu ixl,amh b,lalï y;rla fyda Loop bcf PORTA,2 ;disable digit2
jeä†hqKq fldg 0 isg 99 olajd fyj;a wxl follska hq;a .Kl movf Digit1,0 ;get digit1 value
myla i|yd jqj o j,x.= fõ' m˙m:h yd l%uf,aLkh ixlSr®K call Table ;Look Up Table
m˙m:hla ksr®udKh lrk whqre fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®' ùu j<lajd .ekSu i|yd b,lalï follg muKla iSud ls¯ug movwf PORTB ;Writ the number
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞< m˙m:h ≤lafõ' wm is≥ jqj;a u|la W;aidy l< fyd;a b,lalï follg jvd bsf PORTA,1 ;enable digit1

;**small delay to display digit1**

Delay1 decfsz CounterL,1
goto Delay1

;**display the second digit**

bcf PORTA,1 ;disable digit1
movf Digit2,0 ;get digit2 value
call Table ;Look Up Table
movwf PORTB ;Writ the number
bsf PORTA,2 ;enable digit2

;**small delay to display digit2**

Delay2 decfsz CounterL,1
goto Delay2

btfss PORTA,0 ;Button pressed?

goto Countup ;If yes Count up
goto Loop ;else back to Loop

;**Update Digit1 and Digit2**

Countup incf Digit1,1 ;increase Digit1
movlw D’10' ;load w with ten
xorwf Digit1,0 ;compare with 10
btfss STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0
goto Loop ;else back to Loop
clrf Digit1 ;make Digit1 = 0
incf Digit2,1 ;increase Digit1
movlw D’10' ;load w with ten
xorwf Digit2,0 ;compare with 10
btfsc STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0
rEm igyk wxl 1 clrf Digit1 ;make Digit2 = 0
Digit 1 yd Digit 2 f,i olajd we;s ima; LKav m%or®Yl jeä m%udKhla m%or®Ykh ls¯u i|yd m˙m:h yd l%uf,aLkh goto Loop ;back to Loop
fofla a isg g olajd jQ w.% uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RB0 isg fjkia lr .ekSu Tng u lr.; yels jkq we;ehs wms úYajdi ;****Look Up Table for bit patterns****
RB6 olajd jQ w.%j,g iïnkaO lr we;s w;r GND fyj;a lruq' Table addwf PC,1
fmd≥ w.% D 400 g%dkaisiagr folla yryd iemhqfï ^-& w.%hg fuu m˙m:fha ° o ú≥,sh iemhQ ú.i u Digit 1 yd Digit retlw b’00111111' ;Number 0
iú lr we;' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RA1 yd RA2 w.% uÛska 2 uÛska ìx≥j m%or®Ykh lrhs' fnd;a;u jrla tnQ úg Digit 2 retlw b’00000110' ;Number 1
tu g%dkaisiagr md,kh fõ' RA1 w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj 5V njg uÛska ìx≥j o Digit 1 uÛska tl o m%or®Ykh flfr®' ta wkqj retlw b’01011011' ;Number 2
m;a jQ úg tkï PORTA fr‚iagrfha 1 jeks ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 jQ fnd;a;u Tnk jdrhla mdid m%or®Ykh flfrk w.h tllska jeä retlw b’01001111' ;Number 3
úg g%dkaisiagrh ;=<ska Odrdj .e,Sï is≥ fõ' tkï PORTB fõ' wjidkfha ° §99¶g meñK kej; ìx≥fjka mgka .kS' retlw b’01100110' ;Number 4
retlw b’01101101' ;Number 5
fr‚iagrhg ,shk w.hg w∞< b,lalu Digit 1 uÛska or®Ykh fnd;a;u fjkqjg fjk;a iq≥iq ixfõolhla Ndú; lr fuu retlw b’01111101' ;Number 6
fõ' tf,i RA2 w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj 5V jQ úg Q2 ;=<ska m˙m:h u f∞rgqjla yryd .uka lrk ñksiqka .Kk .Kka ls¯u retlw b’00000111' ;Number 7
Odrdj .e,Su ksid Digit 2 uÛska PORTBys we;s w.hg w∞< i|yd fhd∞.; yels h' fuu ,sms fmf<a wruqK jkqfha retlw b’01111111' ;Number 8
b,lalu m%or®Ykh flfr®' RA1 yd RA2 hk w.% foflka iEu uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j Tn o; hq;= uQ,sl lreKq f.kyer retlw b’01100111' ;Number 9
úg u tlla muKla 5V ;;a;ajfha ;sìh hq;= w;r wfkl 0V ≤laùu jk w;r tu ≤kqu iy Tn f.a ksr®udKYS,S yelshdjka
;;a;ajfha úh hq;= h' tfia fkd ù RA1 yd RA2 hk w.% Ndú; lr kj ksr®udK ìys ls¯u Tng Ndr fõ' end
fol u 0V jqj fyd;a ima; LKav m%or®Yl fol u ksù hk ≤ka w∞< l%uf,aLk foig yefruq' rEm igyk wxl 2ka
w;r lsis u b,lalula †ia fkd fõ' tfukau RA1 yd RA2 ≤lafjkqfha tu l%uf,aLkh jk w;r iqmqre≥ m˙† uq,ska u rEm igyk wxl 2
w.% fol u 5V jqj fyd;a Digit 1 yd Digit 2 hk m%or®Yl fr‚iagr yd úp,Hhka ye¢kaùu is≥ lr wdrïNfha ° u ta nj
fol u tl wxlhla m%or®Ykh lrhs' ,nd †h hq;= w.hka o ,nd ° we;' úh hq;= w.h W fr‚iagrhg fldms l< hq;= h hkak h' bkamiq
ta wkqj ksis ls%hdld˙;ajh ,nd .ekSug kï jrlg tl bkamiq ** display the first digit ** hk igykg miqj Call table hkq tu b,lalug w∞< ìgq ieleiau ,nd fok
m%or®Ylh ne.ska Digit 1 yd DIgit 2 m%or®Yl udrefjka udrejg ;sfnk Loop hk f,an,hg b†˙fhka we;s bcf PORTA, 2 hk j.=j fj; f.dia th W fr‚iagrhg ,ndf.k kej; movwf
ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h' fuh ;j≥rg;a W∞yrKhlska f;areï Wmfofika lshkqfha PORTA fr‚iagrfha fojeks ìgqj ìx≥j l< jeks msgj
q g
.ekSug W;aidy lruq' Tng 25 kue;s wxlh m%or®Ykh l< hq;= hq;= h hkakhs' túg RA2 w.fha fjda,aàh;dj 0V njg m;a ù
kï" Digit 1 uÛska §5 ¶ b,lalu o Digit 2 uÛska §2§ b,lalu Q2 g%dkaisiagrh ;=<ska Odrdj fkd .,k ;;a;ajhla we;s fõ' bka fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
o m%or®Ykh l< hq;= fõ' fï i|yd uq,ska u §5¶ b,lalug w∞< miq movf Digit 1, 0 hk Wmfoiska lshfjkqfha Digit 1ys †ia .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
 PORTB hk Wmfoig meñfKk f,ihs' fï ms<sn| j
úia;rhla 6'2 ,smsfha i|yka úh' mowf PORTB hk Wmfoi;a
tu ìgq ieleiau W fr‚iagrfha isg PORTB fr‚iagrhg udre
lrhs' fï wjia:dfõ ° Digit 1ys ≤,aúh hq;= LKavl fj; 5V
o fkd≤,aúh hq;= LKavl fj; 0V o fh° we;' bka miqj we;s
65f PORTA, 1 Wmfoi uÛska RA1 w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj 5V
njg m;a l< ú.i u Digit 1ys w∞< LKavl ≤,aùfuka tu
b,lalu m%or®Ykh lrhs'
bka miq fojk b,lalu ≤,aùug fmr hïlsis ld,hla n,d
isáh hq;= h' tfia fkd l< fyd;a b,lalu kshu ;Sj%;djlska †ia
fkd fõ' tu ksid Delay 1 uÛska ñ,s ;;a;amr lsysmhl mudjla
,nd foa' bka miqj fojk b,lalu Digit 2 uÛska m%or®Ykh
ls¯u wdrïN l< hq;= h' fuúg Digit 1 ksjd ≤ñh hq;= neúka
bcf PORTA, 1 uÛska th is≥ lr we;'
bkamiq fmr m˙† u Digit 2ys we;s w.h W fr‚iagrhg
f.k Clall Table hk Wmfoig wkqj w∞< ìgqq ieleiau W
fr‚iagrhg f.k miqj th PORTB fj; fhduq flfr®' bkamiqj
bsf PORTB, 2 uÛska RA2 w.%h 5V ;;a;ajhg f.k Digit
2 ≤,aùug i,iajhs' bkamiq kej;;a delay 2 uÛska ñ,s ;;amr
lsysmhl mudjla ,nd.kS'
fï jk úg Digit 1 yd Digit 2 uÛska ìx≥j m%or®Ykh lr
we;' fï w;r SW1 fnd;a;u tnq◊ kï RA0 w.%fha
fjda,aàh;dj 0V njg m;a jk neúka PORTA fr‚iagrfha
ìx≥j jeks ìgqj ìx≥j njg m;a fõ' btfss PORTA 0 uÛska
n,kqfha tfia ù o hkak h' tfia ù kï m%or®Ykh l< hq;= w.h
tllska jeä lr.ekSu i|yd countup hk f,an,h hgf;a we;s
Wmfoia f.dkqjg hhs' tys ° uq,ska u Digit 1ys w.h tllska
jeä lr kj w.h oyh ≤hs n,hs' oyh fkd fõ kï tys kj
w.h tf,i u ;ndf.k Loop f,an,h hgf;a we;s b,lalï
m%or®Ykh ls¯fï Wmfoia ud,djg kej; meñfKa'
tfy;a hï fyhlska Digit 1ys kj w.h oyh jQfha kï
Digit 1ys w.h ìx≥j lr Digit 2ys w.h tllska jeä lrhs'
fuys ° o Digit 2ys w.h 10 ≤hs n,hs' oyh fkd fõa kï
Loop fj; hk w;r 10 kï Digit 2 o ìx≥j njg m;a
lrhs' iEu Wmfoilg u miqj we;s igyka lshùfuka tu
Wmfoiaj,ska flfrkqfha l=ula o hkak ms<sn|j o< wjfndaOhla
,nd.; yels h'
ó<Û ,smsfhka w;=re ì∫ï fyj;a Interrupts Ndú;h ms<sn|
lreKq b†˙m;a flfr®'
 ú≥y,
2006 fmnrjd˙ ui 15 - n∞∞ msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
fyd¢ka wOHHkh lf<a kï ;;amr 1l mudjla ,nd.ekSu i|yd Program memory
Delay loops Ndú; l< nj u;l ;sìh yels h' tys ° tu Address
;;amrh f.fjk f;la uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg fjk;a lsis u jevl
fh†h fkdyels h' tfy;a ta i|yd ld, .Kl (Timers) yd
000h Reset } ú≥,s h iemhQ ú.i fuu
ia:dkfha we;s Wmfoi
iïnkaO w;=re ì∫ï Ndú; lf<a kï tu ld,h fjk;a ls%hd;aul lrhs' fndfyda
lghq;a;lg fhoúh yels h' b†˙fha ° m< jk iEu ksr®udKhl úg goto main Wmfoia
° u ld, mrdi ,nd .ekSu i|yd Delay loops fjkqjg fuu ia:dkhg fhdohs'
ld,.Kl fyj;a Timers Ndú; flfr®'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r Ndú; lr ksr®udKh lrk fndfyda m˙m: 0004h Interrupt
úh<s fldaI fyda neg˙ uÛska n,h ,nd .kakd neúka tajdfha cj
m˙fNdackh b;d wju úh hq;= h' ta i|yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, ISR 1 wxl 1 w;=re ì∫u i|yd
MICROCONTROLLERS Power saving modes fyda Sleep modes Ndú; fõ' fujeks
wjia:djl isg ls%hdld¯ wjia:djg (Active mode) wdmiq f.k retie
jk Wmfoia f.dkqj

taug o w;=re ì∫ï fyj;a Interrupts Ndú; fõ' ISR 2 wxl 2 w;=re ì∫u i|yd
yhjk ,smsh - isõjk fldgi (IV) fï wd° jYfhka fkdfhl=;a wjYH;d i|yd w;=re ì∫ï Ndú; jk Wmfoia f.dkqj
flfr®' b†˙ ,smsj, ° ta tla tla wjia:d W∞yrK iuÛ f.kyer retie
≤laùug wms woyia lruq' wxl 3 w;=re ì∫u i|yd
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r l%uf,aLkfha ° PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg w;=re ì∫ï ,nd †h ISR 3
jk Wmfoia f.dkqj
w;=re ì∫ïj, (Interrupts) Ndú;h yels wdldr lsysmhla fõ' tajd uQ,sl jYfhka fldgia follg retie
fn†h yels h'
w;=re ì∫ï hk jpkh fndfyda fokl=g wÆ;a f,i yeÛS 1' wNHka;r w;=re ì∫ï (Interu nal Interrupts)
hdug bv we;' ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° kï fndfyda úg w;=re 2' ndysr w;=re ì∫ï (Extr ernal Interrupts)
ì∫ï fjkqjg Interrupts hkak Ndú; fõ' m˙.Kl i|yd fyda wNHka;r w;=re ì∫ï ckkh lrkq ,nkafka
uhsfl%dkafg%da,r i|yd l%uf,aLk ieliSfï ° w;=re ì∫ï fyj;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha wNHka;r tall uÛsks' W∞ ( main
Interrupts ms<sn| ≤kqu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' b†˙hg m< ùug * Timer module interrupts
we;s ishÆ u ksr®udKj, ° w;=re ì∫ï Ndú; lrk neúka ta * A/D converter interrupts
ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd °u fuu ,smsfha wruqKhs' * Brown out interrupts w;=re
w;=re ì∫ï hk jpkfha ir, f;areu jkqfha" is≥ lrñka hk * PWN Interrupts ì∫ula
ls%hdj,shla u|lg kj;ajd fjk;a ls%hdj,shlg fhduq ù th ndysr w;=re ì∫ï ckkh lrkq ,nkafka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,efnk úg
iïmQr®K lr wdmiq uq,a ls%hdj,shg meñ”u h' b;d ir, m˙ndysr m˙m: fyda Wmdx. uÛsks' W∞yrKhla f,i PIC l%h
s d;aul
W∞yrKhla uÛska fuh wjfndaO lr .ekSug W;aidy lruq' 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RBO w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj 0V lrñka ;snQ Main
Tn ksjfia ° mqj;am;la lshjñka isákafka hehs is;kak' fï isg 5V olajd fyda 5V isg 0V olajd fjkia ùul ° w;=re Wmfoi fyj;a
w;r;=fr® ° ≥rl:kh kdo jqj fyd;a" lshùu u|lg kj;d ì∫ula ckkh jk f,i ilia lr.; yels h' idudkHfhka m%Odk
≥rl:k weu;=ug ms<s;=re °ug hd hq;= h' ≥rl:k ixjdoh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhl fujeks w;=re ì∫ï ,nd †h yels w.% tlla lsh
% dj,shg
wjika ls¯fuka miq kej; mqj;am; lshùu wdrïN l< yels h' fyda lsysmhla ;sìh yels h' fuys ° úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= w;=re w∞<
fuys ° uQ,sl ls%hdj,sh jkqfha mqj;am; lshùuhs' ≥rl:k kdo jkafka wmg wjYH w;=re ì∫ï muKla ls%hdld¯ ;;a;ajhg m;a ì∫ug w∞< Wmfoia
ùu thg ndOdjla fyj;a w;=re ì∫ula f,i ie,lsh yels h' lr wfklajd wls%h ls¯fï yelshdj l%uf,aLkh f.dvk.kakdg ls%hdj,sh fuu
≥rl:k weu;=ug ms<s;=re °u fojeks ls%hdj,sh f,i .; yels h' we;s njhs' is≥ l< miq fldgfia
th wjika jQ miq kej; uq,a ls%hdj fyj;a mqj;am; lshùu wNHka;r fyda ndysr w;=re ì∫ula ,enqKq miq fuu we;'
wdrïN l< yels h' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r yd m˙.Klj, ° o uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh flfia ls%hd lrhs o hkak ó<Ûg i,ld Wmfoig
w;=re ì∫ïj, Ndú;h óg wkqrEm fõ' ne,sh hq;= ldrKh fõ' meñK uQ,sl
fuu W∞yrKh u mdol lr.ksñka w;=reì∫ïj,g wdfõ◊l rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjkqfha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ls%hdj,sh
.;s ,CIK lsysmhla myiqfjka úia;r l< yels h' l%uf,aLkhla .nvd ù we;s wdldrhhs' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg kej; mgka
w;=re ì∫ula ckkh jQ jyd u Bg w∞< ls%hdj,sh wdrïN ú≥,sh iemhQ ú.i u 0000h kue;s msysgqfï we;s Wmfoia ls%hdjg .kS'
l< hq;= h' tfia fkdue;s j is≥ lrñka hk ls%hdj,sh wjika kxjhs' fndfyda úg fuys we;af;a goto main hk Wmfoihs' ta
lr Bg fhduq ùu m%dfhda.sl fkd fõ' by; W∞yrKhg wkqj wkqj m%Odk l%uf,aLkh fj; meñK tys we;s Wmfoia tlska tl
≥rl:k weu;=ug ms<s;=re °u th ,enqKq ú.i u l< hq;= ls%hd;aul ls¯u wdrïN lrhs' fï wdldrhg m%Odk ls%hdj,shg
ldr®hhla jk w;r mqj;am; lshjd wjika lr Bg ms<s;=re °u wh;a Wmfoia ls%hd;aul lrf.k hdfï ° hïlsis fudfyd;l
m%dfhda.sl fkd fõ' w;=re ì∫ula ckkh jqj fyd;a ta fudfydf;a ls%hd;aul lrñka
iuyr w;=re ì∫ï fkdi,ld ye˙h yels h' tfia l< yelafla ;snQ Wmfoig w∞< ldr®hh wjika lr 0004h msysgqu fj;
tajdfha jeo.;alfï wvq jeä ùu wkqj h' iuyr ≥rl:k meñfKa' ´kE u w;=re ì∫ul ° meñfKkafka fuu msysgqug neúka
weu;=ïj,g ms<s;=re fkd ° isàu óg wkqrEm W∞yrKhhs' ckkh ù we;af;a l=uk wdldrfha w;=re ì∫ula ≤hs fidhd ne,Su
lsishï uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg w;=re ì∫ï ckkh ls¯fï ó<Ûg is≥ l< hq;= ldr®hhhs' 0004h iy bkamiq we;s msysgqï
m%Nj tllg jvd jeä .Kkla ;sìh yels w;r bka iuyrla wvq lsysmfha we;af;a Bg w∞< Wmfoia fõ'
jeo.;alñka hq;= fkdi,ld ye˙h yels tajd úh yels w;r iuyr bkamiqj we;s ISR1, ISR2, ISR3 hk Wmfoia f.dkqj, Wmfoig miqj we;s Wmfoighs' bkamiqj m%Odk ls%hdj,sh kej;
tajd fkdje<elaúh yels w;sYhska jeo.;a tajd úh yels h' we;af;a ta ta w;=re ì∫ug w∞<j l< hq;= ldr®hhka i|yd jQ idudkH wdldrhg is≥ lrf.k hhs' kej;;a w;=re ì∫ula ckkh
W∞yrKhlska mjif;d;a ≥rl:kh kdoùug wu;rj f∞rg ;Ügq Wmfoia fõ' fuys ISR hkq Interrupts Service Routine fyj;a jqj fyd;a by; lS wdldrhg u Bg m%;spdr olajhs'
ls¯u" úYd, Yíohla weiSu" y†is .skakla we;s ùu wd†h Tfí w;=re ì∫ïj, ° ls%hd;aul l< hq;= Wmfoia f.dkq fõ' w;=re ì∫ï ms<sn| j o; hq;= uQ,sl lreKq fndfyduhla fï
wjOdkh fhduq lr.kakd w;=re ì∫ï úh yels h' bka iuyrla W∞yrKhla f,i ckkh jQ w;=re ì∫ug w∞< Wmfoia f.dkqj jk úg úia;r fl¯ we;' ;j≥rg;a lreKq b†˙m;a ls¯ug
wjia:dj wkqj fkdi,ld ye˙h yels w;r .skakla jeks hula ISR1 kï tys we;s Wmfoia tlska tl ls%hd;aul lr wka;sug m%dfhda.sl ksoiqkla fhd∞ .ekSu fhda.H jk neúka ó<Û ,smsfhka
lsisfia;a fkdi,ld ye˙h fkdyels h' we;s retie fy;a return from interrupts hk Wmfoig meñfKa' w;=re ì∫ï iys; ksr®udKhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
w;=re ì∫ï ms<sn| o< wjfndaOhla ,nd °ug by; W∞yrK tuÛska lshfjkqfha w;=re ì∫ug w∞< ls%hdj,sh fj; wdmiq hk
m%udKj;a fõ hehs wms is;uq' ≤ka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, ° w;=re f,ihs' fuu Wmfoia ls%hd;aul ls¯fuka miq kej; meñfKkafka fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
ì∫ï fhd∞ .efkkafka wehs ≤hs úuid n,uq' w;=re ì∫u ckkh jk wjia:dfõ ° ls%hd;aul lrñka isá .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
iuyr fh°ïj, ° fjda,aàh;d iamkao (Pulses) uÛye¯ulska
f;dr j uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,nd.; hq;= wjia:d W∞ fõ' tjka
úgl ° tu iamkaoh w;=re ì∫ula f,i uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg
,nd ≥k fyd;a wksjdr®hfhka u th ,nd .kS'
wjYH ld, mrdi ,nd.ekSu i|yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ;=<
we;s ld, .Kl (Timers) Ndú; ls¯fï ° o w;=re ì∫ï
fndfyda úg fhfoa' W∞yrKhla f,i iEu ;;amr 1l ° u
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha w.%hl fjda,aàh;dj 0V fyda 5V f,i
udre ls¯ug wjYH kï ld, .Kkh ;;amr 1lg ilia lr bka
miq uhsfld%dfldkafg%da,rh fjk;a ldr®hhl fh†h yels h' fï
w;r ld, .Klfha ld,h flfuka f.ù f.dia ;;amr 1g meñ”
úg w;=re ì∫ula ckkh lrhs' túg lrñka ;sfnk ldr®hh
u|lg kj;d w;=re ì∫ug w∞< ldr®hh jk w.%hl fjda,aàh;dj
fjkia fldg kej; uq,a ldr®hhg meñ◊h yels h' Tn miq.sh ,sms
 ú≥y,
2006 fmnrjd˙ ui 22 - n∞∞ msgj
q 25
;dlaIK wxYh
w.h ìx≥fõ isg 255 olajd jeä l< yels w;r tys úfYaI;ajh ;*****Define Registers*****
jkqfha 255g meñ◊ miq w;=reì∫ula ckkh ls¯ug yels ùuhs' PC equ 02h
TMR0 fr‚iagrfha w.hka jeä l< yels wdldr lsysmhla
STATUS equ 03h
;sfnk w;r fndfyda úg Ndú; jkqfha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha
m%Odk foda,lfha iamkao lsysmhlg jrla TMR0 fr‚iagrfha PORTB equ 06h
w.h 1lska jeä jk wdldrhghs' fuys ° wm Ndú; lr we;af;a TRISB equ 86h
o tu l%uh jk w;r m%Odk f∞a,lfha iamkao 1024lg jrla OPTIONreg equ 81h
TMR0 fr‚iagrfha w.h 2lska jeä fõ' ta wkqj 255g meñKSu INTCON equ 0Bh
i|yd ld, iamkao 1024×255la jeh fõ' fï i|yd .; jk CounterL equ 0Dh
ld,h .Kkh ls¯u i|yd f∞a,lfha ixLHd;h o; hq;= h' Count equ 0Fh
ixLHd;h 4MHz jk f∞a,lhla Ndú; lr we;s úg tla ld,
iamkaohl w.h 1/4MHz fyj;a 250ns fõ' ta wkqj TMR0 org 0 ;Reset vector
MICROCONTROLLERS fr‚iagrfha w.h 255g meñ”ug 1024×255l ld,iamkao
m%udKhla fyj;a ñ,s ;;amr 65'536 (65.536ms) .; fõ'
goto main ;1st instruction
;at 0th location
yhjk ,smsh - miajk fldgi (V) ;j;a wdldrhlska lshf;d;a iEu ñ,s ;;amr 65'536lg u
org 4 ;Interrupt vector
jrla w;=reì∫ula ckkh fõ' fujeks w;=reì∫ï 15la .;a úg
;;amr 1lg wdikak ld,hla ,efí' btfss INTCON,2 ;TIMER0 interrupt?
w;=reì≥ïj, m%dfhda.sl Ndú; l%uf,aLkfha we;s orgo hkak MPLAB uD≥ldx.hg ,nd goto INTend ;If no return
w;=reì∫ï (Interrupts) ms<sn| uQ,sl ye¢kaùula miq.sh fok Wmfoila fõ' bka lshfjkqfha 0 fjks msysgqfï ° we;s
,smsfhka b†˙m;a lr we;s w;r ta ms<sn|j ;j≥rg;a úia;r Wmfoia jk goto main hkak ,shk f,i h' decfsz CounterL,1 ; decrease CounterL
ls¯u i|yd ir, m˙m:hla iy Bg w∞< l%uf,aLkh my; uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ú≥,sh iemhQ ú.i u fuu 0 jeks msysgqfï goto INTend ;If no return
≤lafõ' fuu m˙m:h 6'1 ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< m˙m:h u jk we;s Wmfoia ls%hd;aul lrhs' ta wkqj goto main hk Wmfoi
w;r l%uf,aLkh u|la fjkia fldg we;' fuys ° o ima; LKav ls%hd;aul lr l%uf,aLkfha we;s main keue;s ia:dkhg f.dia incf Count,1 ;If yes count up
m%or®Ylfha †ia jk w.h ìx≥fjys isg 9 olajd ;;amrfhka bka miqj we;s Wmfoia tlska tl ls%hd;aul lrhs' OPTION yd movlw D’10' ;load w with ten
;;amrhg jeä ù kej; ìx≥fjka mgka .kS' INTCON fr‚iagrj,g ,shd we;s w.hkaj,ska flfrkqfha xorwf Count,0 ;compare Count & 10
6'1 ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aLkfha ° ;;amr 1l mudjla TMR0 w;=reì∫ï ckkh ùug ie,eiaùu yd Bg w∞< wfkl=;a btfsc STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0
,nd .ekSu i|yd Delay l oop f,i ye¢kajQ Wmfoia f.dkqjla mrdñ;Ska ilia ls¯u h' PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha
clrf Count ;Then clear Count
fhd∞ .;a; o fuys ° tjeks hula wjYH fkd fõ' ta fjkqjg o;a; m;%sldj m˙YS,kh ls¯fuka óg w∞< ;j;a úia;r ,nd.;
yels fõ' movf Count,0 ;Else continue
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< we;s ld, .Kl (Timers) yd ine¢ call Table ;Look Up Table
w;=reì∫ï Ndú; ls¯u jvd;a ldr®hCIu l%uhhs' PIC 16F84A wdrïNfha ° u o m%or®Ykh ls¯ug movlw b'00111111' yd
movwf PORTB hk Wmfoia fol Ndú; lr we;' bka miqj movwf PORTB ;Writ the number
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< fujeks ld, .Kl 1la muKla we;s
w;r th Timer 0 f,i kï lr we;' tfy;a iuyr we;s Loop goto Loop hk Wmfoig meñK †.g u tys /£ movlw D’15'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, fujeks ld,.Kl 1lg jvd ;sìh yels h' isà' fï w;r TMR0 fr‚iagrfha w.h tlska tl jeä ù 255g movwf CounterL ;Load initial value
wms ≤ka Timer 0 ld,.Klh ls%hd;aul lrk wdldrh n,uq' meñ◊ miq w;=reì∫ula ckkh fõ' túg l%uf,aLkh .nvd ù
Timer 0 ld, .Klh yd iïnkaO m%Odk u fr‚iagrh jkqfha we;s u;lfha (Program memory) 4 jeks ia:dkhg hhs' tys INTend retfie ;Return from interrupt
TMR0 fr‚iagrhhs' fuh ìga 8l fr‚iagrhla jk w;r tys we;s btfss Intcon,2 hk Wmfoiska n,kqfha ckkh ù we;af;a
org D’25' ;start writing from
;17th location

;*****Set up the Ports*****

main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
movlw b’10000111'
movwf OPTIONreg
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
movlw b’10100000'
movwf INTCON
movlw D’15'
rEmigyk wxl 1 movwf CounterL ;Initilize to 15
Timer 0g w∞< w;=reì∫u o hkakhss' tfia kï IMTCON clrf Count
fr‚iagrfha fojeks ìgqj §1¶ jk ksid B<Û Wmfoi uÛy¯'
bkamiqj we;s decfsz Counter L,1 hk Wmfoig meñK ;****Display number 0****
Counter L hk úp,Hfha w.h tllska wvq lr m%;sM,h ìx≥j movlw b’00111111'
kï B<Û Wmfoia uÛyer ima; LKav m%or®Ylfha w.h tllska movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 0
jeä ls¯ug w∞< Wmfoia f.dkqjg hhs' w.h ìx≥j fkd fõ kï
goto Intend Wmfoig wkqj Bg w∞< ia:dkhg f.dia retfie ;*****Loop forever*****
fyj;a return from interrupt hk Wmfoig meñfKa' tu Loop goto Loop ;If no then wait
10 x 2 ad Wmfoi ls%hd;aul ls¯fuka miqj w;=reì∫u ckkh ùug fmr isá
Loop hk ia:dkhg meñK tys we;s goto Loop hk Wmfoia
;****Look Up Table for bit patterns****
fkdkj;ajd ls%hd;aul lrhs'
fï w;r TMR0 fr‚iagrfha w.h 255 olajd jeä ù Table addwf PC,1
kej;;a w;=reì∫ula ckkh fõ' fï wdldrhg w;=reì∫ï 15la retlw b’00111111' ;Number 0
ckkh jQ úg Counter L úp,Hfha w.h 15 isg 0g wvq fõ' retlw b’00000110 ;Number 1
túg ;;amr 1la .; ù we;s ksid ima; LKav m%or®Ylfha w.h retlw b’01011011' ;Number 2
1lska jeä fõ' fuu l%uf,aLkfha we;s fndfyda Wmfoia ms<sn| j retlw b’01001111' ;Number 3
6'1 ,smsfha ° úia;r lr we;s w;r hïlsis .egÆjla wef;d;a tu retlw b’01100110' ;Number 4
,smsh o lshjk f,i wms Wola u b,a,d isáuq' fuu ,smsfha m%Odk retlw b’01101101' ;Number 5
wruqK jQfha w;=reì∫ï i|yd l%uf,aLkh ilia lr.kakd retlw b’01111101' ;Number 6
wdldrh ≤laùuhs' ta fya;=fjka l%uf,aLkfha wfkl=;a fldgia retlw b’00000111' ;Number 7
ms<sn|j jeä≥r úia;r b†˙m;a lr ke;;a miq.sh ,sms lsysmfha °
retlw b’01111111' ;Number 8
u ta ms<sn|j úia;r fl¯ we;s neúka Tng .egÆjla we;s fkd
jkq we;' ó<Û ,smsfhka ndysr w;=reì∫ï fhfok m˙m:hla yd retlw b’01100111' ;Number 9
l%uf,aLkhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
end
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh rEmigyk wxl 2
 ú≥y,
2006 udr®;= ui 1 - n∞∞ msgqj 19
;dlaIK wxYh

MICROCONTROLLERS rEmigyk wxl 1

;*****Define Registers*****
movwf INTCONys INTCON fr‚iagrh ms<sn|j hula lsj PC equ 02h
yhjk ,smsh - yhjk fldgi (VI) hq;= h' INTCON fr‚iagrhg ,shk w.hka wkqj iuyr STATUS equ 03h
w;=reì∫ï ls%hd;aul ùu fyda fkd ùu ;SrKh fõ' INTCON PORTB equ 06h
ndysr w;=reì∫ï hkq Interrupt Configuration Registerys flá fh≥u fõ' fuu TRISB
INTCON
equ 86h
equ 0Bh
fr‚iagrfha tla tla ìgqj,ska flfrk ldr®hhka rEm igyk wxl
Ndú; lrk whqre 3ka ≤lafõ' DIsplay number 0 hk igykg miqj we;s Wmfoia
CounterL
CounterH
equ
equ
0Dh
0Eh
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dkafg%da,rhg msg;ska w;=reì∫ula ,nd folska flfrkqfha wdrïNfha ° u ima; LKav m%or®Ylfha ìx≥j Count equ 0Fh
°u yd Bg wkqrEm j l%uf,aLkh ilia lr.; hq;= wdldrh fuu m%or®Ykh ùug ie,eiaùuhs' bkamiqj we;s Loop1 goto Loop1
,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' 6'2 ,smsfha m< jQ m˙m:hg fndfyda ≥rg Wmfoig wkqj tu Wmfoig u fkdkj;ajd †.g u ls%hd;aul ;*****Reset vector*****
iudk m˙m:hla fuys ° o fhd∞f.k we;s w;r rEmigyk wxl lrhs' Org 0
fï w;r SW1 fnd;a;u tnqj fyd;a ta uÛska ndysr goto main ;1st instruction
1ka w∞< m˙m: igyk olajd we;' ta wkqj SW1 fnd;a;u
;at 0th location
jrla tnQ úg ima; LKav m%or®Ylfha †ia jk w.h 1lska jeä w;=reì∫ula ckkh lrhs' túg Loop1 goto Loop1 Wmfoi
úh hq;= h' Bg w∞< l%uf,aLkh rEmigyk wxl 2ka ≤lafõ' †.g u ls%hd;aul ls¯u kj;d l%uf,aLkfha .nvd lr we;s ;*****Interrupt vector*****
l%uf,aLkh wdrïNfha ° u w∞< fr‚iagrh yd tajdfha msysgqï u;lfha 4 jeks msysgqug .uka lrhs' org 4g miqj ,shd we;af;a org 4
wxl olajd we;s w;r bka miqj we;s orgo uÛska MPLAB túg ls%hd;aul l< hq;= Wmfoia fõ' fuu Wmfoia f.dkqfõ uq,ska btfss INTCON,1;RB0 interrupt?
uD≥ldx.hg gotto main Wmfoi ,súh hq;= ia:dkh olajhs' u we;s 6tfss INTCON,1 hkq bit test f Skip if set hkakhs' goto INTend ;If no return
Reset vector hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha fuys ° f hkq INTCON fr‚iagrh jk w;r ikaikaokh l<
hq;= ìgqj jkqfha 1 jk ìgqjhs' RBO w.%fhka ndysr w;=reì∫ula incf Count,1 ;If yes count up
l%uf,aLkh .nvd lrk fldgfia (Program memory) we;s uq,a movlw D’10' ;load w with ten
u msysgquhs' tys msysgqï wxlh 0 jk w;r ú≥,sh iemhQ ú.i ckkh jQ ú.i fuu ìgqj 1 njg m;a fõ' tfia ù we;akï"
xorwf Count,0 ;compare Count & 10
fuu ia:dkfha ,shd we;s goto main Wmfoi ls%hd;aul lrhs' ta jeks msgj
q g
wkqj l%uf,aLkfha main keue;s ia:dkhg .uka lr bkamiqj fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha btfsc STATUS,2;if equal result 0
we;s Wmfoia tlska tl ls%hd;aul lrhs' tu Wmfoia w;=˙ka clrf Count ;Then clear Count
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh movf Count,0 ;Else continue
call Table ;Look Up Table
movwf PORTB ;Writ the number

Loop decfsz CounterL,1

goto Loop
decfsz CounterH,1
goto Loop

bcf INTCON,1;Clear the interrupt flag

INTend retfie ;Return from interrupt

;*****Main Program start from here*****

org D’25' ;start writing from
;25th location

;*****Set up the Ports*****

main bsf STATUS,5;Switch to Bank 1
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output
bsf TRISB,0 ;RB0 input
bcf STATUS,5;Switch to Bank 0
movlw b’10010000' ;Enable RB0 and
movwf INTCON ;external interrupt
clrf Count ;Interrupt count=0

;****Display number 0****

movlw b’01111111'
movwf PORTB ;Writ the number 0

;*****Loop forever*****
Loop1 goto Loop1 ;If no then wait

;****Look Up Table for bit patterns****

Table addwf PC,1
retlw b’01111111' ;Number 0
retlw b’00001101' ;Number 1
retlw b’10110111' ;Number 2
retlw b’10011111' ;Number 3
retlw b’11001101' ;Number 4
retlw b’11011011' ;Number 5
retlw b’11111011' ;Number 6
retlw b’00001111' ;Number 7
retlw b’11111111' ;Number 8
retlw b’11001111' ;Number 9

end

rEmigyk wxl 3 rEmigyk wxl 2

msgj
q 18

ú≥y,
2006 udr®;= ui 8 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
uD≥ldx.h uÛska ;srh u; or®Ykh lrkq ,efí' Æyqj;a ls¯u
bj;a l< úg ;srh u; Tnk wl=re †ia ùu kj;S' fuys °
jkqfha h;=re mqjrej u; Tnk wl=rg w∞< o;a; ìgq 0
fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<a f;jk w.%fhka bj;g f.dia Æyqj;a ls˙u
yryd fojk w.hg meñK kej;;a m˙.Klh ;=<g msúiSuhs'
Æyqj;a ls¯u fjkqjg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh uÛska msg lrk
o;a; ìgq fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<a fojk w.%hg ,nd ≥k fyd;a tu
o;a; ;srh u; †ia fõ' Bg w∞< j m˙m:h yd l%uf,aLkh
f.dvk.d.kakd wdldrh ó<Û fldgiska b†˙m;a flfr®'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
MICROCONTROLLERS
i;ajk ,smsh

CIqø md,k tall

m˙.Kl iuÛ fï wkqj idudkH wjia:dfõ ° tkï o;a; yqjudrejla ke;s
úgl ° wxl 3 w.%fha (Tx) fjda,aàh;dj -12V jk w;r
iïnkaO ls¯u hïlsis o;a;hla ^ìgq wgla& .ekSug wjYH jQ úg uq,ska u
o;a;hka f.a wdrïNh ≤laùu i|yd +12V olajd hk fjda,aàh;d
CIqø md,l Ndú; lr m˙m: ksr®udKh ls¯fï ° ,efnk
úfYaI jdishla jkqfha myiqfjka m˙.Klhla yd iïnkaO ls¯ug iamkaohla fyj;a ìgqjla ,nd foa'th STRT BIT f,i ye¢kafõ'
we;s yelshdjhs' fndfyda wjia:dj, ° wm úiska ksr®udKh flfrk bka miq heùug we;s ìgq wg tlla msgqmi tlla f,i iudk
m˙m: m˙.Kl yd iïnkaO ls¯u w;HjYH fõ' tu ksid wm ld,dka;rj, ° heúh hq;= h' fuys ° ;dr®lsl §1¶ ≤laùug
f.a ó<Û m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu f,i PIC 16F628(A) -12V o ;dr®lsl §0¶ ≤laùug +12V o Ndú; fõ' o;a; ìgq
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla m˙.Klhla iuÛ iïnkaO flfrk wg .uka lr wjika nj ≤laùug ;j;a ìgqjla Ndú; lr we;'
ksr®udKhla f;dardf.k we;' fuu ,smsfha fojeks fldgiska th Stop Bit f,i ye¢kafõ' bka miqj kej;;a idudkH
iúia;rd;aul m˙m:hla yd l%uf,aLkhla b†˙m;a flfrk w;r ;;a;ajhg m;a ù -12V uÜgfï mj;S' kej;;a o;a; heùug
Bg w∞< uQ,sl lreKq lsysmhla fuys ° úia;r flfr®' wjYH jQ úg STRIBIT fyj;a wdrïNh yÛjk ìgqj hjd
ndysr m˙m:hlg fyda WmlrKhlg m˙.Klhla iuÛ o;a; bkamiqj o;a; ìgq o wjidkh yeÛùug STOP BIT hkak o
yqjudre lr.ekSug uQ,sl jYfhka l%u folla mj;S' fh†h hq;= h'
1' iudka;r.; l%uh (Parallel Communication) fuys ° o;a; ìgqjl m<, fyj;a ld, mrdih wkqj o;a;
a .; l%uh (Serial Communication)
2' fY%◊ yqjudre ùfï fõ.h ;SrKh fõ' fuu fõ.h Band rate f,i
iudka;r.; l%ufha ° o;a; ìgq (Data bits) lsysmhla ye¢kafõ' tys idudkH w.h 9600 f,i Ndú; fõ' o;a;
^idudkHfhka 8la& tljr .uka lrhs' m<,a mdrl jdyk tl yqjudrejg w∞< m˙.Klh yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r m˙m:h tl u
fm<g .uka ls¯u óg wkqrEm fõ' fï i|yd fjk fjk u fõ.hlg ilia lr ;sîu wksjdr®h fõ' tfia fkdjqj fyd;a
iïnkaOl (wires) lïì wjYH fõ' ta fya;=fjka fuh úhoï je/† o;a;hka ,eîu fyda lsisjla fkd ,eîu is≥ úh yels h'
wêl l%uhla jk w;r o;a; f.k hd yels ≥r m%udKh o wju m˙.Klh ;=< fuu fõ.h ilia ls¯ug w∞< j
fõ' tfy;a fï l%uh fY%a◊.; l%uhg jvd ir, fõ' m˙.Klhl Hyperteriminal uD≥ldx.h ,nd fok uqyqK; rEm igyk wxl
msgqmi we;s Printer port fyj;a uqøK hka;% iú lrk fldgi 3ka ≤lafõ'
uÛska o;a; iudka;r.; f,i yqjudre lr.; yels h'
fY%a◊.; l%ufha ° o;a; ìgq (Data bits) tlla miqmi tlla
.uka lrhs' mgq mdrl jdyk tlla miqmi tlla hdu óg wkqrEm
fõ' fuys ° wjYH lrk iïnkaOl lïì m%udKh b;d wju fõ'
ta wkqj fuu l%uh jvd;a ,dN∞hl jk w;r o;a; f.k hd
yels ≥r m%udKh o by< w.hl mj;S' tfy;a fuh ;rula
ixlSr®K l%uhla nj lsj hq;= h' fuu ixlSr®K;dj uÛyerùu
i|yd fndfyda uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, UART (Universal Asyn-
chronous Receiver transmitter) kue;s fldgila wka;r®.;
lr ;sfí' tfuka u m˙.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sj, o
Hyperterminal kï uD≥ldx.hla wka;r®.; fldg ;sfí' tuksid
wdOqkslhl=g jqj o myiqfjka m˙.Klhla yd
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla w;r myiqfjka o;a; yqjdudre lr.; yels
fõ' ta wkqj wm f.a ls%hdldrlu i|yd o fY%a◊.; l%uh Ndú;
ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq'
fY%a◊.; l%uhg o;a; yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd m˙.Klfha
msgqmi we;s fY%a◊.; f;dgqm< fyj;a Serial port keue;s fldgi
fhd∞.; yels h' iuyr wjia:dj, ° th Comm port f,i o
y∫kajhs' mer◊ m˙.Klj, kï fujeks fY%a◊.; f;dgqm<j,a
folla ;snqK;a jr®;udkfha ° th
tllg iSud ù we;' rEm igyk wxl 1
uÛska fujeks f;dgqm<la ≤lafõ' fuys °
o;a; yqjudre ls¯ug w∞< iïuq;sh
(Serial Communication Protocol)
RS232 f,i ye¢kafõ' fuf,i o;a; rEm igyk wxl 1
yqjudre ls¯ug w∞< fjda,aàh;d igykla wxl 2 rEmigykska
≤lafõ' rEm igyk wxl 3
Hyper terminal uD≥ldx.h újD; ls¯u i|yd Start→
Progams → Accessories → Communicatoin →
Hyperterminal hk udr®.h Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' fuu uD≥ldx.h
yqre ùu i|yd my; i|yka ls%hdldrlu is≥ l< yels h'
m˙.Klfha msgqmi we;s fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<a fojk w.%h tkï
m˙.Klh ;=<g o;a; ,nd.kakd RX w.%h yd m˙.Klfhka
msg;g o;a; ,nd fok TX fyj;a 3 jk w.%h Æyqj;a lrkak'
rEm igyk wxl 2 túg Tn h;=re mqjrej u; Tnk wl=re Hyperterminal
msgj
q 18

ú≥y,
2006 udr®;= ui 15 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
16F628(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fhd∞f.k we;' fuys ndysr m˙.Klfha isg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg;a tljr o;a; iïfm%aIKh
iajrEmh yd w.% msysàu PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg l< yels h' fuh ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° Full Duplex
fndfyda fihska iudk fõ' tfy;a fY%a◊.; wdldrhg o;a; Communication f,i ye¢kafõ' tfy;a tljr fo†idjg o;a;
yqjudrejg w∞< UART fldgi PIC 16F84(A) iïfm%aIKh ls¯u ;rula ixlSr®K neúka wdrïNhla f,i
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha fkdue;s ksid wmg ta fjkqjg PIC uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg m˙.Klhlg wl=rla ^A wl=r& heùug
16F628(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fhd∞ .ekSug is≥úh' fuh o w∞< l%uf,aLkh rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska b†˙m;a lr we;'
PIC 16F84(A)ys ñ,g wdikak ñ,lg ,nd.; yels h' tys ° iqmqre≥ m˙† fr‚iagr yd úp,Hhka ye¢kaùu uq,ska u
Bg wu;rj m˙m:fha we;s jeo.;a u Wmdx.h jkqfha is≥ lr we;' bkamiq Initialize hgf;a fYa%◊.; wdldrhg o;a;
MAX232 kue;s ix.Dys; m˙m:hhs (IC). uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yqjudrejg w∞< fr‚iagr ilia ls¯u is≥ lr we;' TXSTA
ls%hd;aul jk fjda,aàh;djka yd m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.; f;dgqm< fr‚iagrhg ,shd we;s w.hka uÛska fY%a◊.; wdldrhg o;a;
ls%hd;aul jk fjda,aàh;djka tlsfklg fjkia ksid tu iïfm%aIKh i|yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha UART fldgi ilia lr
MICROCONTROLLERS fjda,aàh;djka iïnkaO lrk fyj;a m˙jr®;kh lrk
w;rue†hl= f,i fuh ls%hd lrhs' fjf<|mf<a re' 100lg
we;' SPBRG fr‚iagrhg ,shd we;s w.fhka o;a; yqjudre jk
fõ.h fyj;a Baud rate 9600 f,i
i;ajk ,smh
s - fojk fldgi ilia lr we;' PIC 16F628(A)ys
o;a; m;s%ldfõ úúO fõ.hkag w∞<j
SPBRG fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;=
CIqø md,k tall m˙.Kl w.hka ≤lafjk j.=jla fõ' Tng
fjkia fõ.hlska o;a; iïfm%aIKh
iuÛ iïnkaO ls¯u -2 ls¯ug wjYH kï tu j.=j n,d Bg
wkqrEm w.h SPBRG fr‚iagrhg
m˙.Klhla yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla w;r fY%a◊.; ,súh hq;= h' fuys ° úfYaI lreKla
wdldrhg o;a; yqjudre lr.ekSug w∞< uQ,sl lreKq lsysmhla jkqfha m˙.Klh o tu fõ.hg u
fuu ,smsfha m<uqjeks fldgiska b†˙m;a flreKq w;r Bg w∞< ilia lr ;sîu w;HjYH njhs'
m˙m:h iy l%uf,aLkh fuu ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' rEm igyk wxl 3
Transmit letter A hk
úia;rhg miqj we;s movlw 'A' yd
movw TXREG fyj;a Tranamit
Register hk Wmfoia folg wkqj
A wl=rg wod< ìgq ieleiau
TXREG fr‚iagrhg ,shkq ,nhs'
túg tu ìgq ieleiau
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha 8 jk w.%fhka
MAX 232 yryd m˙.Klhg hefõ'
bkamiq Call Delay uÛska ;;amrhl
muK mudjla f.k gotomain hk
Wmfoig wkqj 'A' wl=r iïfm%aIKh
ls¯ug w∞< movlw 'A' hk
Wmfoig meñfKa' fï wkqj iEu
;;amrhlg jrla u
rEm igyk wxl 1 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg m˙.Klhg
A wl=re hefõ' m˙.Klfha we;s Hyperterminal uD≥ldx.h
;*****Define Registers*****
uÛska tu wl=re ;srh u; †iaùug ie,eiaúh yels h'
STATUS equ 03h wdikak uqo,lg fuu ix.Dys; m˙m:h ñ, ° .; yels h'
RCSTA equ 18h ó<Û ,smsfhka m˙.Klfha isg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg o;a;
TXREG equ 19h rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.; f;dgqm<
ls%hd;aul jk fjda,à
a h;djkag w∞< igykla ≤lafjk w;r hjk wdldrh b†˙m;a flfr®'
RCREG equ 1Ah
TXSTA equ 98h
SPBRG equ 99h

CounterL equ 0Dh

CounterH equ 0Eh

;*****Initialize*****
bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
movlw b’00100110' fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd
movwf TXSTA ;Transmit Enable ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha .dñ”
movlw D’25' chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
movwf SPBRG ; Baud rate 9600
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 rEm igyk wxl 4

bsf RCSTA,7 ;Enable Serial com

uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg w∞< fjda,aàh;djka rEm igyk wxl 4ka
≤lafõ'
;****Transmit letter A **** uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha 8 jk w.%fhka (RB2/Tx) fY%a◊.;
Main wdldrhg o;a; ìgq msg l< úg MAX 232 ix.Dys; m˙m:fha
movlw “A” ;Letter A
11 jk w.%h (T1 IN) uÛska tajd ,nd.kS' fuys ° ls%hd;aul jk
movwf TXREG ;Transmit to PC
call Delay ;Wait a little fjda,aàh;djka jkqfha 0V yd 5V fõ' ^rEm igyk wxl 4
goto Main n,kak& tu fjd,aaàh;djka ms<sfj<ska +12V yd -12V njg m;a
ls¯u MAX uÛska is≥ lr tys 14 jk w.%h (T1 OUT) yryd
Delay decfsz CounterL,1 m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<a fojk w.%hg ,nd foa'
goto Delay
decfsz CounterH,1 fï wdldrhg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha 8 jk w.%fhka fY%a◊.;
goto Delay wdldrhg msg lrkq ,nk o;a; ìgq MAX 232 yryd
return m˙.Klhg ,efí' tfukau m˙.Klfha isg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg
o;a; heùug wjYH jQ úg o;a; ìgq fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<a 3 jk
end w.%h yryd MAX 232ys 13 jk w.%hg ,nd †h hq;= h' túg
rEm igyk wxl 2 MAX 232 uÛska -12V +12V fjda,aàh;djka ^rEm igyk
wxl 3 n,kak& 5V yd 0V njg m˙jr®;kh lr 12 jk w.%h
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska ≤lafjkqfha w∞< m˙m: igyk jk uÛska msg lrkq ,nhs' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha 7 jk w.%h (RB1/
w;r l%uf,aLkh rEm igyk wxl 2ka b†˙m;a lr we;' fuu RX) uÛska tu o;a; ,nd .kS'
ksr®udKfha ° PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fjkqjg P IC fï wdldrhg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg m˙.Klhg;a
msgj
q 18

ú≥y,
2006 udr®;= ui 22 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
;*****Define Registers***** jk w.%fhka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RB1/RX fyj;a 7 jk
w.%hg ,efí' túg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh tu o;a; ìgq ,ndf.k
STATUS equ 03h
RCREG fyj;a Receive Register kue;s fr‚iagrfha .nvd
PIR1 equ 0Ch lr.kS'
RCSTA equ 18h o;a; ìgq 8 u ,enqKq miq m˙.Klfhka ksl=;a l< wl=r
TXREG equ 19h uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,eîu iïmQr®K ù we;s neúka th ≤laùug
RCREG equ 1Ah PIR1 fr‚iagrfha 5 jk ìgqj ;dr®lsl njg m;a lrhs'
TXSTA equ 98h l%uf,aLkfha Main f,an,hg miqj we;s btfss PIR1,5 hk
SPBRG equ 99h Wmfofika flfrkqfha tu îgqj m¯CId ls¯uhs'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fj; wl=rla fyda o;a; ìgq 8la ,enqKq úg
CounterL equ 0Dh fuu ìgqj 1 jk ksid th o;a; ,eîu iïmQr®K ù o keoao
MICROCONTROLLERS CounterH equ 0Eh hkak ms<sn| or®Ylhla f,i fhd∞f.k .; yels h' ta wkqj tu
ìgqj ;dr®lsl §0¶ kï ;ju;a o;a; ,eîu iïmQr®K ù ke;s
neúka goto main Wmfoig f.dia kej; btfss PIR1,5
i;ajk ,smsh - f;jk fldgi ;*****Initialize*****
Wmfoig u meñfKa' o;a; ìgq 8 u ,efnk f;la fuu pl%Sh
bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 ls%hdj,sh †.g u is≥ fõ'
movlw b’00100110' hï úfgl o;a; ìgq 8 u ,eî PTR,5 ìgqj §1¶ jQ úg goto
CIqø md,k tall m˙.Kl yd movwf TXSTA ;Transmit Enable main Wmfoi uÛyer B<Ûg we;s movf RCREG, 0 Wmfoig
movlw D’25' hhs' túg RCREGys ;sfnk m˙.Klfhka tjQ wl=r W
iïnkaO ls¯u - 3 movwf SPBRG ;Baud rate 9600 fr‚iagrhg ,nd foa' bkamiq we;s movwf TXREG Wmfoig
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhl isg m˙.Klhlg o;a; heùu ms<sn|j bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 wkqj W fr‚iagrfha we;s tu wl=r TXREG fyj;a Transmit
miq.sh ,smsfhka wms úia;r lf<uq' ó<Û mshjr f,i m˙.Klfha Register kue;s fr‚iagrhg ,nd foa' túg tu wl=rg w∞<
isg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg o;a; heùu;a Bg m%;spdr f,i bsf RCSTA,7 ;Enable Serial com o;a; ìgq fY%a◊.; wdldrhg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha 8 jk
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg m˙.Klhg tu o;a;hka u wdmiq tjk bsf RCSTA,4 ;Enable Continuous receive w.%fhka msg ù MAX 232 yryd m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.;
wdldrfha ksr®udKhla fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®' f;dgqmf<a fojk w.%hg msúfia' bkamiq m˙.Klh uÛska tu wl=r
,ndf.k Hyperterminal uD≥ldx.h m˙.Kl ;srh u; †iaùug
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞< m˙m: igyk o rEm igyk ;****Receive and transmit back****
i,iajhs'
wxl 2 uÛska l%uf,aLkh o ≤lafõ' fuu m˙m: igyk yd Main btfss PIR1,5 Call Delay uÛska ;;amrhl muK mudjla f.k goto
l%uf,aLkh miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< m˙m: igykg yd goto Main
l%uf,aLkhg fndfyda fihska iudk fõ' tneúka ta ms<sn| jeä≥r main Wmfoig wkqj kej;;a btfss PIR1, 5 Wmfoig meñK
movf RCREG,0 ;Received letter wÆ;a wl=rla ,eî we;a ≤ hs n,hs' wl=rla ,eî ke;akï kej;
úia;r ls¯ula fuys ° wjYh fkd fõ' tfy;a m˙.Klfha isg movwf TXREG ;Transmit to PC
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg o;a; heùu iy tu o;a; ,enqKq úg kej;;a PIR1, 5 ìgqj m¯CId lrñka isák w;r wl=rla ^fyda
call Delay ;Wait a little o;a; ìgq 8la& ,enqKq miq movf RCREG,0 uÛska tu wl=r
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn|j úia;rhla
my; ≤lafõ' goto Main lshjd movwf TXREG uÛska m˙.Klh fj;g hjhs'
Start>programs>Accessories>Communication>Hyperterminal RCREG fr‚iagrh movf RCREG, 0 Wmfoi uÛska lshjQ
wkqms<sfj<g f.dia m˙.Klfha Hyperterminal uD≥ldx.h ;****Delay Loop**** miq PIR1, 5 ìgqj ;dr®lsl §0¶ njg m;a fõ'
újD; lr bkamiq COMX properties uqyqK; ,enqKq miq Delaydecfsz CounterL,1 fï wdldrhg m˙.Klfha isg wl=rla msg l< úg th
Band rate fyj;a o;a; hjk fõ.h 9600 f,i ilia l< hq;= goto Delay uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,eîu PIR1, 5 ìgqj m¯CId lr ≤k.;
h' fï i|yd tu uqyqKf;a Restrore Defaults hk fnd;a;u yels w;r tu wl=r lshjd Bg w∞< ldr®hh l< miq kej;
decfsz CounterH,1
;j;a wl=rla ,efnk f;la n,d isàu idudkH l%uhhs' ta w;r;=r
tîu o l< yels h' bkamiqj h;=re mqjrej u; Tnk wl=rg goto Delay uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg fjk;a ldr®hhl fh†h fkdyels neúka fuu
w∞< o;a; ìgq m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<a 3 jk w.%fhka return
MAX 232 ix.Dys; m˙m:fha 13 jk w.%hg f.dia +12V yd l%uh ;rula wldr®hCIu fõ' th je<elaùu i|yd w;=re ì∫ï
-12V fjda,aàh;djka 0V yd +5V njg m˙jr®;kh ù tys 12 Ndú; l< yels h' tu ksid ó<Û ,smsfhka fY%a◊.; l%uhg o;a;
end 2 rEm igyk yqjudre ls¯u yd iïnkaO w;=re ì∫ïj, fh°ï úia;r flfr®'

1 rEm igyk
 ú≥y,
2006 udr®;= ui 29 - n∞∞ msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
;*****Define Registers*****
STATUS equ 03h
INTCON equ 0Bh
PIR1 equ 0Ch
PIE1 equ 8Ch
RCSTA equ 18h
TXREG equ 19h
RCREG equ 1Ah
TXSTA equ 98h
SPBRG equ 99h
MICROCONTROLLERS CounterL equ 0Dh
i;ajk ,smsh - isõjk fldgi CounterH equ 0Eh

;****Reset vector****
org 0
CIqø md,k goto Init
m˙.Kl yd iïnkaO ls¯u - 4 ;****Interrupt vector****
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhl isg m˙.Klhlg;a m˙.Klhl isg org 4
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg;a hk fo†Ydjg u fY%a◊.; wdldrhg
movlw “A” ;Load letter A into W
o;a; yqjudre ls¯u ms<sn|j w;HjYH lreKq fndfyduhla u
miq.sh ,sms ;=fkka b†˙m;a lr we;' fY%a◊.; l%uhg o;a; xorwf RCREG,0 ;Compare Received letter with A
yqjudre ls¯u yd iïnkaO w;=reì∫ï Ndú;h;a" btfss STATUS,2 ;This bit becomes 1 if match
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg m˙.Klfhka ,efnk o;a; f;dard fírdf.k retfie ;Else return from interrupt
w∞< o;a;hkag muKla m%;spdr ≤laùu;a úia;r ls¯u fuu movlw “B” ;Letter B
,smsfha wruqKhs' movwf TXREG ;Transmit to PC
rEm igyk wxl 1ka b†˙m;a lr we;s l%uf,aLkhg wkqj call Delay ;Wait a little
m˙.Klfhka wl=rla ,efnk ;=re Loop goto loop hk Wmfoi retfie ;Return from interrupt
†.g u ls%hd;aul fõ' m˙.Klfhka wl=rla ,enqKq ú.i
w;=reì∫ula ckkh ù org 4 kue;s ia:dkhg (Interrupt ;*****Initialize*****
Vector) f.dia tys we;s Wmfoia tlska tl ls%hd;aul lrhs' org 15
tys ° uq,ska u we;s movlw 'A' Wmfoig 'A' wl=r W
fr‚iagrhg f.k B<Ûg we;s xorwf RCREG, 0 hk Wmfoig
wkqj m˙.Klfhka ,eî we;s wl=r yd ikaikaokh lrkq ,nhs' Init bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
m˙.Klfhka ,enqfKa 'A' wl=r kï ikaikaokh idr®:l neúka movlw b’00100110'
Status fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj 1 jk neúka btfss STATUS, movwf TXSTA ;Transmit Enable
2 Wmfoig wkqj bkamiqj w;s retfie fyj;a return from movlw D’25'
interrupt Wmfoi uÛy¯' m˙.Klfhka ,enqKq wl=r 'A' fkd fõ movwf SPBRG ;Baud rate 9600
kï ikaikaokh fkd.e,fmk neúka STATUS fr‚iagrfha fojk bsf PIE1,5 ;Enable receive interrupt
ìgqj 0 fõ' tuksid btfss STATUS, 2g miqj we;s retfie bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
Wmfoi ls%hd;aul lr w;=reì∫ug w∞< Wmfoia ud,dfjka bj;a bsf INTCON,6 ;Enable peripheral interrupt
j Loop goto Loop hk Wmfoig kej;;a .uka lrhs' bsf INTCON,7 ;Enable global interrupt
ta wkqj m˙.Klfhka ,enqKq wl=r A kï retfie Wmfoi bsf RCSTA,7 ;Enable Serial communication
uÛyer movlw 'B' Wmfoig meñfKa' tys ° B wl=r W
bsf RCSTA,4 ;Enable Continuous receive
fr‚iagrhg f.k bkamiqj movwf TXREG Wmfoig wkqj th
m˙.Klh fj;g iïfm%aIKh lrhs' bkamiq ;;amrhl muK
mudjlaa Call Delay uÛska f.k w;=reì∫ï i|yd jk Wmfoia ;****Wait for a letter from PC****
ud,dfjka (Interrupt Service Routine) bj;a j kej;;a Loop Loop goto Loop
goto Loop Wmfoig f.dia ksrka;rfhka tu Wmfoi u
ls%hd;aul lrhs' kej;;a wl=rla ,enqKq úg w;=reì∫ula ckkh ;****Delay Loop****
ù org 4 kue;s ia:dkhg f.dia w∞< Wmfoia ud,dj ls%hd;aul Delay decfsz CounterL,1
lr ,enqKq wl=r A kï Bg m%;spdr f,i B wl=r m˙.Klh goto Delay
fj; hjk w;r ,enqKq wl=r A fkd fõ kï lsis u wl=rla decfsz CounterH,1
m˙.Klhg fkd hjd w;=reì∫fuka bj;a fõ' goto Delay
fuu l%ufha we;s úfYaI jdish jkqfha m˙.Klfhka wl=rla return
,eî we;a ≤ hs ksrka;rfhka fidhd ne,Su wjYH fkdùuhs' ta
wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh jvd;a ldr®HCIu f,i ;j;a ldr®hhla
i|yd Ndú; ls¯ug fï uÛska bv i,id foa' end
l%uf,aLkfha Initialize hgf;a we;s Wmfoia ud,dfjka fY%a◊.;
wdldrhg o;a; yqjudre ls¯ug yd Bg w∞< w;=reì∫ï ckkhg ls¯ug w∞< uQ,sl lreKq fuu ,sms lsysmfhka b†˙m;a lr we;s
wjYH uQ,sl ilials¯ï is≥ lr we;' fuys ° INTCOM yd PIE w;r ;j≥rg;a lreKq b†˙m;a ls¯u i|yd m%dfhda.sl ksoiqkla
fr‚iagr uÛska w;=reì∫ïj,g w∞< ilia ls¯ï o TXSTA, fhd∞ .ekSu iq≥iq nj wmg yeÛs .sh neúka ó<Û ksr®udKh f,i
SPBRG, RCSTA uÛska fY%a◊.; wdldrhg o;a; heùug m˙ir WIaK;ajh uek tu w.hka m˙.Klhg hjd jdr®;djla
Ndú; lrk UART tallhg w∞< ilia ls¯ï o is≥ lr we;' ;nd.kakd wdldrh úia;r flfr®'
PIC 16F628A uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha o;a; m;%sldj m˙YS,kh
ls¯fuka ;j≥rg;a úia;r ,nd.; yels h' fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
m˙.Kl;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r;a fY%a◊.; l%uhg iïnkaO .dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh

2006 wfm%a,a ui 5 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
wgjk ,smsh - m<uqjk fldgi
m%;i
s u ix« ixLHdxl ix«
njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u
Analog to Digital
convertion
fuu ,smsfm< ;=<ska fuf;la b†˙m;a l< ksr®udK ish,a, leá
fldg.;a ;rula ixlSr®K tfuka u jvd;a m%dfhda.sl ksr®udKhla
b†˙m;a ls¯u fï ,smsfha wruqKhs'
fï i|yd wm úiska f;dard .kq ,enqfõ m˙ir WIaK;ajh uek
tu w.h 0.50Cl ksrjoH;djla iys; j m%or®Ykh lrk w;r
tu o;a; m˙.Klhg hjd tys jdr®;djla ;nd.kakd wdldrfha
ksr®udKhls' fuh u|la †hqKq fldg WIaK;ajh fjkqjg fjk;a
rdYSka uekSug jqj o ilia lr .; yels h' tfia ls¯u i|yd
uekSug w∞< rdYshg .e,fmk ixfõol (Sensors) f;dard.; hq;=
h'
wm b†˙m;a lrk ksr®udKfha ° WIaK;ajh uekSu i|yd LM
35 kue;s ixfõolh Ndú; flfr®' w.% 3lska hq;a ix.Dys;
m˙m:hla f,i fuh ,nd.; yels h' tys m%;s∞k w.%fhka m˙ir
WIaK;ajhg m%;siu (Analogous) úoHq;a ix«jla fyj;a
fjda,aàh;djla ,nd foa' m˙ir WIaK;ajh ikak;slj úp,kh jk
rdYshls' tu ksid fuu fjda,aàh;dj o ika;ksl j úp,kh fõ'
ika;;slj úp,kh ùu hkq ´kE u w.hka folla w;r ;j;a
w.hla mej;sh yels wdldrhg fjkia ùu h'
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
wms fuh W∞yrKhlska f;areï .ekSug W;aidy lruq' 25" 26"
27" 28" 29" 30 hk ixLHd fm< i,lkak' tu ixLHd fm< 25
isg 30 olajd tlska tl jeä ù we;'
tjeks ixLHd fm<la ie,l+ úg tys w;rueo w.hka ≤laúh
fkdyels h' Bg fya;=j tys we;s ixLHd tlska tl jeä ù ;sîuhs'
wm m˙ir WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 25" 26" 27" 28" 29" 30
''''' wd° jYfhka mQr®K ixLHdj,ska ≤lajqj fyd;a tys
ika;;slNdjhla fkdue;' tfy;a m˙ir WIaK;ajh iEu úg u
mQr®K w.hka f.ka fkdmj;S' thg mQr®K w.hka folla w;r
we;s ´kE u w.hla .; yels h'
ta wkqj ika;;sl rdYshlg hïlsis mrdihla ;=< ´kE u
w.hla ,nd.; yels nj meye†,s fõ' tjeks ika;;sl rdYSka Bg
wkqrEm úoHq;a ix« njg m˙jr®;kh l< úg ,efnk ix«j o
ika;;slNdjhla Wiq,hs' tajd m%;siu ix« fyj;a Analog
Signals f,i ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° ye¢kafõ'
wm Ndú; lrk LM 35 WIaK;aj ixfõolh o WIaK;ajh
kï jQ ika;;sl rdYshg m%;siu úoHq;a ix«jla ksl=;a lrhs'
tfy;a wm WIaK;ajh m%ldY ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha
fi,aishia wxYl 0'5l ksrjoH;djlska hqla; j h' W∞yrKhla
f,i m˙ir WIaK;ajh 27.30C jqj o wms th 27.5 f,i
wdikak ls¯ul fhfouq' fuys ° kshu w.h fkd,enqK;a iuyr
wjYH;d i|yd th m%udKj;a fõ' fuys ° is≥ j we;af;a
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
ú≥r cjksld''''
21 jeks msgfq jka
jvjk úúO inka jr®. ms<sn| wOHhkh ls¯uhs' fuu
jHdmD;sh i|yd úúO m%Njj,ska o;a;hka tl;= lrñka YHdu,S
miqjkakS h' úoHd;aul l%uh ;†ka úYajdi lrk YHdu,S úúO
inka jr®. ms<sn|j rEmjdyskSj,ska m%pdrKh jk ≤kaùï ms<sn|
o ; a ; h k
/ia lr.;a;d h'
jfrl weh fjf<|fmd<ska ,nd.;a tl u cd;sfha inka
jr®.hla ;u uj" ;u ke.◊h iy ;u ñ;a;◊h w;r fn≥jd
h' tfia u md,l m¯CIKh jYfhka ;u f.or isák kekaokshg
fjk;a inka jr®.hla Ndú; lrk f,i b,aÆjd h' YHdu,S f.a
woyi udi .Kkla tu inka Ndú; ls¯fuka miq ;u ;uka f.a
rEm,djKHhka m¯CId ls¯u h' fï i|yd wE wdrïNfha ishÆ
fokd f.a u PdhdrEm .;a;d h' tfy;a jdikdjlg YHdu,S f.a
msgj
q 17
ika;;sl úp,Hhla jk WIaK;ajh ixLHd - wxl njg
m˙jr®;kfha ° f∞aIhla u;= ùuhs' th lafjdkaàlrK f∞aIh
fyj;a Quanitzation error f,i ye¢kafõ' fuf,i ´kE u
ika;;sl úp,Hhla ixLHd - wxl uÛska ≤laùug hdfï ° tu
f∞aIh we;s fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 1ys fr®Ldj uÛska ika;;sl úp,Hhlg
fjkiaùu ≤lafõ' ta wkqj thg ´kE u w.hka .; yels nj
meye†,s jk w;r ixLHd wxl uÛska ≤laùug hdfï ° 0'5l
Wm˙u f∞aIhla we;súh yels h'
WIaK;ajh kue;s ika;;sl rdYsh wm f.a myiqj ;ld ixLHd-
wxlj,ska ≤laùfï ° by; wdldrfha f∞aI we;sùu iajdNdúl h'
ta wkqj ´kE u ika;;sl rdYshla fyda Bg wkqrEm m%;siu ix«j
ixLHd - wxl njg m;a ls¯fï ° fuu f∞aIh we;s fõ' tfy;a
fhd∞.kakd ixLHd-wxl w;r mr;rh wvq l< úg fuu f∞aIh
wju lr.; yels h'
fuf,i m%;siu ix« ixLHd-wxl njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u
§m%;siu ix« ixLHdxl ix« njg m˙jr®;kh¶ ls¯u (Analog
to digital convertion) f,i ye¢kafõ' fuf,i m˙jr®;kh
ls¯fï ° by; i|yka l< f∞aIh we;s jqj;a Bg jvd úYd, jdis
m%udKhla ,nd.; yels h'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
y
5 ika;;sl úp,Hh
4
3
ixLHdxl f,i ≤laùu
2
1
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5
ñ;a;◊h W.;a ldka;djla jQjd h'
§Th orejg msiaiq o@ ,iaik lshkafka .=Kd;aul idOlhla
ñila m%udKd;aaul idOlhla fkd fjhs'¶
ñ;a;◊h f.a t Wmfoiska YHdu,S tu lr®;jHh w;aye˙hd h'
idudkHfhka YHdu,S jevla mgka .;af;d;a tys Wm˙uh olajd
hkakS h' fldfydu fldfydu y˙ wh wefÛa .dk inka jHdmD;sfha
jevlghq;= i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ w.%.KHh ks<shl o yuqjqKd h'
§wfka wlafla Thd y˙ ,iaikhs''''
a Thd we;a;g u Th lshk inka .dkj o@¶ YHdu,S ;u ms%h;u
ks<shf.ka weiqjd h'
§wehs kx.s Thd tfyu wykafka@ fï uf.a Wmka ,iaik' kx.s
fïjd .Eju ,iaik fjkjd kï wyj,;a ,iaik fjkak tmdhe'¶
^fufia lshk úg weh úlg kΩfjl= f.a kula o i|yka l<d h&
YHdu,S tu jHdmD;sh ls¯ug f.dia thg jvd fyd|
jHdmD;shlg uq, msrejd h' tys f;audj jQfha rEmjdysksfha fjf<|
≤kaùïj,g hï hï m◊úv wvx.= jqj;a tajd ta f,iska u i;H
fkd jk njhs'
 ú≥y,
2006 wm%fs h,a ui 12 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
ixLHdxl
m%;is u$ ixLHdxl ix« ima; LKav
LM35 m%;i
s u ix« m˙jr®;kh m%or®Yl
WIaK;aj is≥ ls¯u yd seven
ixfõokh ix«j wksl; = a .Kkh segment
ls¯ï Displays
ima; LKav m%or®Yl uÛska ≤lafjk w.h ks;r hdj;ald,Sk
l< hq;= h' W∞yrKhla f,i ;;amrfhka ;;amrh tu w.h
hdj;ald,Sk ls¯u m%udKj;a úh yels h' tfia ls¯ug kï iEu
;;amrhlg jrla u RA0 w.%fha we;s m%;siu ix«j ixLHdxl
MICROCONTROLLERS njg yrjd ima; LKav m%or®Ylh fj; heúh hq;= h'
wgjk ,smsh - fojk fldgi
RA0ys fjda,aáh;dj (mV)
30
m%dfhda.sl „ú;fha ° wmg yuqjk fndfyduhla ix« m%;siu
(Analog) ix{d fõ' W∞yrKhka f,i Yíohg wkqrEmj 25
uhsfl%df*dakhlska ckkh jk úoHq;a ix«" n, jr®Olhlska
iamSlrh fj; ,efnk ix« wd†h ≤laúh yels h' tfy;a CIqø
md,l" CIqø ilik wd° ixLHdxl WmlrK (Digital devices)
i|yd fujeks m%;siu ix« fl<ska u ,nd †h fkdyels h'
tuksid uq,ska u m%;siu ix«" ixLHdxl ix« njg m˙jr®;kh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ls¯u is≥ l< hq;= fõ' fï i|yd úfYaI ix.Dys; m˙m: (IC)
fjf<ofmdf<a mj;S' tajd A/D converters f,i ye¢kafõ' rEm igyk wxl 3
iuyr uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, fujeks tallhla wka;r®.; lr rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska RA0 u; fjda,aàh;dj ld,h;a
;sfí' PIC 16F877 hkq fujeks uhsfl%dkafg%da,rhls' tys RA0 iuÛ fjkiajk wdldrh;a ;;amrfhka ;;aamrh tu fjda,àh;dj
w.%hg LM35 WIaK;aj ixfõolfhka ,efnk m%;siu ix«j ,nd ixLHdxl njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u;a olajd we;' fuu rEm igyk
≥ka miq th ixLHdxl njg m;a lr ,efnk w.h ima; LKav uÛska úfYaI lreKq 2la meye†,s l< yels h'
m%or®Yl uÛska b,lalula f,i m%or®Ykh l< yels h' fuu 1' lafjdkaàlrK f∞aIh ( fi,aishia wxYl 0'5l Wm˙u
ls%hdj,shg w∞< leá igyk my; ≤lafõ' f∞aIhla fuys ° ,efí' 25;a 30;a w;r we;s uÜgï m%udKh 10
msgj
q 17
isg 100 olajd jeä l< fyd;a fuu f∞aIh 0.50C isg 0.050C
olajd oy .=Khlska my; jefÜ' ta wkqj jvd;a ksrjoH w.hla
,eîug kï Ndú; lrk ixLHdxl folla w;r mr;rh (Step
size) wvq l< hq;= h'
2' WIaK;ajfha CI◊l fjkiaùï () ;;amrhg jrla ima;
LKav m%or®Ylfha w.h hdj;ald,Sk ls¯fï ° WIaK;ajfha CI◊l
fjkiaùï uÛye¯ hd yels h' th wju ls¯u i|yd hdj;ald,Sk
ls¯u i|yd A/D m˙jr®;kh lrk jdr .KK jeä l< hq;= h'
;;amrhl ° is≥ lrk A/D m˙jr®;k m%udKh ;dCI◊l
jHjydrfha ° Sampling rate fyj;a idïm, .ekSfï fõ.h
f,i ye¢kafõ'
jvd;a fyd| ls%hdld˙;ajhla i|yd tu fõ.h by< ≤óu
w;HjYH fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i ixhqla; ;eáhl ixLHdxl f,i
.nvd lr we;s Yío ix« ;;amrhlg jdr 44000la fyda Bg
jeä m%udKhlska A/D m˙jr®;kh lr we;'
by; úia;r l< m˙† uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ° A/D
m˙jr®;kh is≥ ls¯fï ° ìgq 10la Ndú; fõ' ìgq 10lska
tlsfklg fjkia wxl 1024la ≤laúh yels h' tu ksid
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg m%;siu ix« ,nd †h yels 0V-5V mrdih
fldgia 1024lg fnfoa' ta wkqj l=vd u fldgil w.h 4'8mV
fõ' ;j;a wdldrhlska lshf;d;a RA0 w.%hg ,efnk
fjda,aàh;dfõ is≥jk 4'8mV m%udKhl fjda,aàh;d fjkila
y∫kd.; yels h'
ìgq 10la fjkqjg 8la Ndú; l< fyd;a ≤laúh yelafla fjkia
w.hka 256la muKla neúka y∫kd.; yels l=vd u
fjda,àh;d fjki 19.6mv fõ' ta wkqj A/D
ld,h (s) m˙jr®;kh jvd;a idr®:l ùug kï
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ta i|yd we;s ìgq .Kk
fuka u m˙jr®;kh is≥ lrk jdr .Kk o
(Sampling rate) jeä l< hq;= fõ'
A/D m˙jr®;khg w∞< uQ,sl lreKq fndfyduhla fï jk úg
b†˙m;a lr we;s neúka w∞< m˙m:h yd l%uf,aLkh ó<Û
,smsfhka úia;r flfr®'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy$flda,s; Or®um%sh
 ú≥y,
msgj
q 20 2006 wm%fs h,a ui 19 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
m˙jr®;kh is≥ ù wjika jQ jyd u
tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl 0 njg m;a fõ' tu
ksid fuu ìgqj m¯CId ls¯fuka A/D
m˙jr®;kh ;ju;a is≥ jkafka o
ke;akï is≥ ù wjika o hkak ≤k.;
yels fõ' rEm igyk wxl 3ka olajd
we;s ADCON1 fr‚iagrfha ìgq
ieleiau yd tajdfha ldr®hhka wkqj 0"
1" 2 iy 3 (PCFG0-PCFG3)
ìgqj,g ,shk w.hka uÛska NA0-
AN7 w.% fjka fjka jYfhka m%;siu
MICROCONTROLLERS fyda ixLHdxl ix« i|yd ilia
lr.; yels h' fuu ilia ls¯ï A/D
m˙jr®;kh wdrïN ls¯ug fmr is≥
wgjk ,smsh - fojk fldgi l< hq;= w;r A/D m˙jr®;kh is≥
lr wjika jQ miq kej; fjkia ls¯ï
PIC 16F877A uhsfl%dfldkafg%d,
a rh o is≥ l< yels h'
fhd∞f.k m%;i
s u ix« PIC 16F877A
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha we;s ADRESH
ixLHdxl ix« njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u yd ADRESL (Analog to Digital
convertion Result low and high
m%;siu ix« ixLHdxl ix« njg m˙jr®;kh ls˙u (Ana- bytes) fr‚iagr uÛska ìgq 10lska hq;a
log to digital convertion) ms<sn|j ≤k isáh hq;= uQ,sl w.hka A/D m˙jr®;kj, m%;sM, f,i
lreKq lsysmhla miq.sh ,smsfhka wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' ta wkqj wm ,nd foa' fuu ìgq 10 ADRESL
f;dard.;a PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh m%;siu- fr‚iagrfhka ìgq 8la o ADRESH
ixLHdxl ix« m˙jr®;kh (A/D convertion) i|yd ilia fr‚iagrfhka ìgq 2la o f,i ,efí'
lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn|j úia;rhla my; ≤lafõ' rem igyk wxl 4 n,kak'
PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh Tng ;rula wÆ;a úh fufia ,efnk ìgq 10ka tlsfklg
yels neúka tys w.% msysgk wdldrh rEm igyk wxl 1ka rEm igyk wxl 2 fjkia uÜgï 1024la (=210) fmkaúh yels ksid tl uÜgul
b†˙m;a ls˙ug wms woyia lf<uq'
ix« m˙jr®;kh is≥ lrkqfha
l=uk w.%hg ,nd ° we;s bit 7 bit 0 bit 7 bit 0
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
ix«jg o hkak ;SrKh fõ' 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
ADCON0 fr‚iagrfha ìgq 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234

igyk wxl 2ka olajd we;'

rEm igyk wxl 1
ta wkqj PIC 16F877(A) hkq wm l,ska Ndú; l< PIC
16F84(A) fyda PIC 16F628 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj,g jvd
;rula úYd, w.% 40lska hq;a ix.Dys; m˙m:hka nj Tng fmkS
hkq we;' fjf<|fmdf<a re' 700$}lg muK fuh ñ, ° .; yels
w;r l,ska b†˙m;a l< uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj,g jvd jeä jev
m%udKhka fuhg is≥ l< yels h'
AN0, AN1.....AN7 f,i kï lr we;s w.% ;=<g m%;siu
ix« ,nd †h yels kuq;a wfkl=;a w.% i|yd (PORTB,
PORTC yd PORTC yd PORTDys w.%& fuf,i m%;siu ix«
,nd ° w∞< m%;siu-ixLHdxl m˙jr®;kh is≥ lr .; fkdyels
h' tu ksid tu w.% ixLHdxl ix« yd iïnkaO fjkia ldr®hhka
i|yd fhd∞ .efka' W∞yrKhla f,i RC7/RX yd RC6/TX hk
w.% m˙.Klhka iuÛ fY%a◊.; j o;a; yqjudre lr.ekSu i|yd
fhd∞.; yels w;r PORTB yd PORTDys w.% ima; LKav
m%or®Yl (Seven segment displays) Odjkh ls¯u i|yd Ndú;
l< yels h' wmg wjYH kï AN0, AN1...AN7 hk w.% wg
u fyda bka lsysmhla ixLHdxl ix« m%∞kh fyda m%;s∞kh ls¯u
i|yd ilia lr .; yels h' tfia ls¯ug kï ADCON1 kue;s
fr‚iagrhg iq≥iq w.hka ,súh hq;= h' ADCON1 yd
ADNCON0 fr‚iagr ms<sn|j úia;rhla miqj i|yka fõ'
l,ska i|yka l< AN0-AN7 w.% wgg u m%;siu ix« ,nd
†h yels jqj;a tajdhska m%;siu-ixLHdxl ix« m˙jr®;kh i|yd
jrlg .efkkqfha tlla mu◊' ta wkqj m%;siu ix« 8la w.%
wgg ,nd ° we;akï tajdfha m%;siu - ixLHdxl ix« m˙jr®;kh
jdr wglg is≥ l< hq;= fõ' PIC 16F877(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< we;s ADCON0 fr‚iagrfha 3" 4" 5
(CHS0-CHS2) ìgqj,g ,shk w.h wkqj m%;siu-ixLHdxl
0 0 0 0 0 0
ieleiau yd tajdfha ldr®hhka rEm
ADCON0 fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j
jeks ìgqj fyj;a Bit0
(ADON)ys w.h wkqj A/D ADRESH
m˙jr®;kh is≥ ls¯u fyda fkd
ls˙u ;SrKh fõ' tu ìgqj
;dr®lsl 1 f,i ilia l< úg
A/D m˙jr®;kh is≥ l< yels w;r tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl 0 f,i
we;akï A/D m˙jr®;kh l< fkdyels h'
ADON ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 f,i ieliQ miq A/D m˙jr®;kh
wdrïN ls¯u i|yd GO/DONE fyj;a ADCON0 fr‚iagrfha
fojk ìgqjg ;dr®lsl 1 ,súh hq;= h' A/D m˙jr®;kh is≥ lrk
fõ.h ;SrKh flfrkqfha ADCON0 fr‚iagrfha 6" 7 ìgq iy
ADCON1 fr‚igrfha 2 hk ìgqj,g ,shk w.hka wkqj h'
rEm igyk wxl 2ys we;s j.=jg wkqj w∞< fõ.hka ilia
lr.; yels h' by; ° úia;r l< m˙† GO/DONE ìgqjg
;dr®lsl 1 ,shd A/D m˙jr®;kh wdrïN l< miq tu m˙jr®;kh
is≥ ù wjika jk ;=re tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 f,i u mj;S' tu
rEm igyk wxl 3
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234
ADRESL
rem igyk wxl 4
w.h 5V/1024 fyj;a wdikak jYfhka 4'8mV muK fõ'
W∞yrKhla f,i A/D m˙jr®;kfhka miq ,enqKq m%;sM,h
0000000000000001 kï tu wjia:dfõ ° w∞< w.%h u; ;snQ
fjda,aàh;dj 4.8mV muK fõ' ,enqKq w.h 0000 0000 0000
0010 kï w∞< w.%fha ;snQ fjda,aàh;dj 4.8×2 fyj;a 9.6mV
muK úh yels h' fï wkqj ADRESH yd ADRESL uÛska
,nd fok w.h wkqj A/D m˙jr®;kh wdrïN lrk fudfydf;a
w∞< w.%fha ;snQ fjda,aàh;djg wkqrEm w.hla ,nd.; yels h'
bkamiqj we;af;a tu w.h ima; LKav m%or®Yk uÛska ≤laùuhs'
Bg w∞< m˙m:h yd l%uf,aLk ó<Û ,ssmsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkak'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha
úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

2006 wm%fs h,a ui 26 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
wgjk ,smsh - fojk fldgi
PIC 16F877A uhsfl%dfldkafg%d,
a rh
fhd∞f.k m%;i
s u ix«
ixLHdxl ix« njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u
m%;siu-ixLHdxl ix« m˙jr®;kh i|yd PIC 16F877A
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ilid .kakd wdldrh ms<sn|j úia;rhla
miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a lr we;s w;r Bg w∞< m˙m:h
f.dvk.d .kakd wdldrh fuu ,smsfhka ≤lafõ'
wm ksr®udKh ls¯ug hk ixLHdxl WIaK;ajudkfha (Digital
Thermometer) ixfõolh f,i LM35 ix.Dys; m˙m:h (IC)
fhdod .efka' th w.% 3lska hq;a ir, Wmdx.hla jk w;r iqΩ
uqo,lg bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx. fjf<|i,aj,ska ,nd.; yels h'
Tng uq, ° u fuu ixfõolh (Sensor) fidhd .ekSu wmyiq
kï ta fjkqjg 10k úp,H m%;sfrdaOlhla fhd∞f.k m˙m:fha
ksje/† ls%hdld¯;ajh ;yjqre lr.; yels h' tkï úp,H
m%;sfrdaOlh lrljk úg ima; LKav m%or®Ylj,ska ≤lafjk w.h
wvq jeä ùu h' tfia m˙m:fha ksis ls%hdld˙;ajh ;yjqre lrf.k
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
miqj LM 35 Wmdx.h úp,H m%;sfrdaOlh fjkqjg fhd∞
WIaK;ajh ueksh yels h'
LM 35 Wmdx.hg +20C isg +1500C olajd jQ mrdihl
WIaK;ajh ueksh yels w;r iEu fi,aishia wxYlhlg u tys
m%;s∞k fjda,aàh;dj 10mV ne.ska fr®Çh j jeä fõ' wm f.a
ksr®udKhg wkqj PIC 16F877A uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha AD
m˙jr®;kh lrk fldgig y∫kd.; yels l=vd u fjda,aàh;d
fjki 5mV neúka 0.50C ksrjoH;djla we;s j WIaK;ajh
ueksh yels h' wm f.a l=vd u ñkqu 1mV jQfha kï 0.10C
m%udKhl ksrjoH;djla ,nd .ekSug yels fõ'
my; rEm igyk uÛska w∞< m˙m:h olajd we;' tys we;s
IN4007 †fhdavh uÛska n, iemhqfï w.% udre ùfuka m˙m:hg
is≥úh yels ydks wju lrk w;r 7805 fjda,aàh;d ia:dhSldrlh
(Voltage Regulator) uÛska fjda,aÜ 5l ksh; fjda,aàh;djla
m˙m:hg ,nd foa' iemhqï fjda,aàh;dfõ is≥jk úp,khka f.ka
m˙m:hg is≥jk ydks wju lr.ekSu i|yd 7805 jeks
fjda,aàh;d ia:dhSldrlhla fhd∞ .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' PIC
16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh m˙m:hg fl<ska u mEiaiSu
fkd l< hq;= w;r ta fjkqjg w.% 40lska hq;a ix.Dys; m˙m:
r|jkhla (40 pin IC base) fhd∞.; hq;= h'
fuu ksr®udKfha ° ima; LKav m%or®Yl (Seven segment
displays) ;=kla fhd∞f.k we;' bka tlla oYuia:dkh
≤laùug;a b;s˙ fol tfla iy oyfha ixLHd ≤laùug;a
fhd∞f.k we;' ta wkqj 0.00C isg 99.50C olajd WIaK;aj
≤laùug yelshdj ,efí' fuu ima; LKav m%or®Yl fmd≥ lef;dav
jr®.fha (Common cathode) tajd úh hq;=
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha PORTDys RD0 - RD6 w.% y; uÛska
ima; LKav m%or®Ylj, ≤,aúh hq;= LKavlj,g 5V o wfklajdg
0Vo f,i w∞< fjda,àhd;jka ,nd foa' PORTCys RC0, RC1
yd RC2 uÛska ≤,aúh hq;= ima; LKav m%or®Ylhg iïnkaO lr
we;s D400 g%dkaii s agrfha mdou w.%hg (Base) 5V ,nd foa'
fuys ° jrlg ≤,afjkqfha tla ima; LKav m%or®Ylhla mu◊'
th ≤,aù ;sfnk ld,h ñ,s ;;amr lsysmhls' bka miqj B<Û
m%or®Ylh o ta yd iudk ld,hla o,ajd wk;=rej f;jk
m%or®Ykh o tf,i u ≤,aùfuka miqj kej;;a m<uq m%or®Ylh
msgqj 19
≤,aùu wdrïN lrhs' fuf,i pl%Sh j jrlg tl ne.ska fõ.fhka
≤,aùfï ° m%or®Yl ;=k u ≤,aù we;s wdldrhla †ia fõ'
fuu l%uh ;rula ixlSr®K jqj;a ima; LKav m%or®Yl ≤,aùu
i|yd fjka l< hq;= w.% m%udKh wju ùu tys we;s jdish fõ'
tfia fkdue;s j tla ima; LKav m%or®Ylhlg w.% 7 ne.ska fjka
l< fyd;a w.% 21la u ta i|yd fhd∞.; hq;= fõ' tfuka u tla
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlska Odjkh l< yels m%or®Yl m%udKh o iSud
fõ' tu ksid uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r yd ima; LKav m%or®Yl fhfok
ksr®udKj, ° uq,ska i|yka l< l%uh nyq, j Ndú; fõ'
PIC 16F877A uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh w.% 40la we;s ;rula
úYd, tlla neúka wm 3'2 ,smsfha ° b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aLkh
ls¯fï WmlrKh fl<ska u Ndú; l< fkdyels h' tu
l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKh b†˙m;a lr we;af;a w.% 18lska hq;a
l=vd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r i|yd muKla ùu Bg fya;=jhs' fï i|yd
ir, úl,amhla f,i tu m˙m: mqjrefõ u w.% 40lska hq;a
ix.Dys; m˙m: r|jkhla (IC Base) iú lr l%uf,aLkh ls¯u
i|yd wjYH jk w.% muKla jhr® uÛska iïnkaO lr PIC
16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh l%uf,aLkh ls¯u i|yd
kùlrKh lr.; yels h'
wm 3'2 ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKfha
we;s 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh iú lrk IC base tflys
4" 5" 12" 13 iy 14 hk w.% ms<sfj<ska PIC 16F877(A)
uhsfl%dkafg%da,rh r|jk w.% 40lska hq;a IC base tflys 1" 12"
39" 40 iy 11 hk w.%j,g iïnkaO ls¯fuka fuu kùlrKh
h' is≥ lr.; yels h' fuys ° 11 jk w.%h 32 jk w.%hg;a 12
jk w.%h 31 jk w.%hg;a Æyqj;a ls¯u wksjdr®h fõ' fufia
ilia lr.;a miq Tng w.% 18lska hq;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r fukau
w.% 4lska hq;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r l%uf,aLkh lr.; yels h'
fufia m˙m:hla l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKhla ilid .;a
miq wm l< hq;af;a w∞< l%uf,aLkh f.dvkexùuhs' th is≥
lr.kakd wdldrh b†˙ ,smsj,ska úia;r flfr®'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 ú≥y,
msgj
q 18 2006 uehs ui 3 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
;*****Define Registers***** bcf PORTC,1 ;disable Digit2
PC equ 02h
STATUS equ 03h decfsz CounterH,1 ;Repeat digit sweep
PORTA equ 05h goto Loop ;255 times (1 second)
PORTC equ 07h
PORTD equ 08h ;**Start A/D convertion & update digits**
ADRESH equ 1Eh bsf ADCON0,2 ;Start A/D convertion
ADCON0 equ 1Fh ADloop btfsc ADCON0,2 ;If finished skip
TRISA equ 85h goto ADloop ;next else wait
TRISC equ 87h
TRISD equ 88h bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
ADRESL equ 9Eh movf ADRESL,0 ;Move the A/D result
ADCON1 equ 9Fh bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
MICROCONTROLLERS ;*****Define Variables*****
movwf temp ;low byte to temp

CounterL equ 20h ;Loop counher Low ;***Get the decimal point****
wgjk ,smsh - isõjk fldgi CounterH equ 21h ;Loop counher High movlw D’5' ;Move 5 to W
Decimal equ 22h ;Decimal point clrf Decimal ;Clear decimal point
Digit1 equ 23h ;One’s btfsc temp,0 ;if the 0th bit =1
m%;i
s u-ixLHdxl ix« Digit2
temp
equ
equ
24h
25h
;Ten’s
;Temporary variables
movwf Decimal ;move 5 to decimal

bcf STATUS,0 ;Clear carry flag

m˙jr®;khg w∞< l%uf,aLkh t1
w1
equ
equ
26h
27h
;for get tens and
;get ones loops rrf temp,1 ;Remove the 0th bit
movf temp,0 ;Move result to W
iy tys lsh
% dld˙;ajh ;*****initialization*****
bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 ;***Get tens out from 8 bit number****
PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dkafg%da,rfha A/D Converter fyj;a bsf TRISA,0 ;RA0 input movwf t1 ;Move W to t1
m%;siu ixLHdxl ix« m˙jr®;l fldgi Ndú; lr ixLHdxl clrf TRISC ;PORT C output clrf w1 ;Clear w1
WIaK;ajudkhla ksr®udKh ls¯ug w∞< m˙m: igyk miq.sh clrf TRISD ;PORT D output gettens_loop
bsf ADCON1,7 ;Set Result Format movlw D’10' ;Move 10 to W
,smsfhka b†˙m;a lr we;s w;r ta i|yd jk l%uf,aLkh yd tys
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 incf w1,f ;Increase w1
ls%hdld¯;ajh fuu ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' bsf ADCON0,0 ;ADON=1 subwf t1,f ;t1 = t1 - 10
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska tu l%uf,aLkh olajd we;' tys clrf PORTC ;Disable all digits btfsc STATUS,0 ;Check carry flag
uq,ska u we;af;a Def ine registers kue;s ye¢kaùuhs' ta hgf;a clrf Decimal ;initilize to zero goto gettens_loop;If set back to loop
wmg b†˙fha ° Ndú; ls¯ug is≥ jk fr‚iagrj, msysgqï wxl clrf Digit1 ;initilize to zero decf w1,w ;Else decrease W
(Addresses) olajd we;' tys ≤lafjk ADRESL, ADRESH, clrf Digit2 ;initilize to zero movwf Digit2 ;Update Digit2
ADCON0 iy ADCON1 hkq m%;siu ixLHdxl ix«
;**Display the Decimal point** ;***Get ones out from 8 bit number****
m˙jr®;khg w∞< fr‚iagr jk w;r tajd ms<sn| úia;rhla 8'2
Loop movf Decimal,0 ;get Decimal to W movf temp,0 ;Move temp to W
,smsfhka b†˙m;a lr we;' ;j o PORTA, PORTC, PORTD call Table ;Call Look Up Table movwf w1 ;Move it to w1
hkq RA0-RA5, RC0-RC7, RD0-RD7 w.%hkag w∞< o;a; movwf PORTD ;Writ number to PORTD movlw D’10' ;Move 10 to W
fr‚iagr jk w;r TRISA, TRISC iy TRISD hkq tajdfha bsf PORTC,0 ;Display Decimal point deltens_loop
†Yd m%∞k fyda m%;s∞k (Input/output) f,i ilia ls¯ug fhfok subwf w1,f ;w1 = w1 - 10
fr‚iagr fõ' PC yd STATUS hk fr‚iagr fol iEu ;**Small delay to display decimal point** btfsc STATUS,0 ;Check carry flag
l%uf,aLkhl ° u wksjdr®hfhka fh†h hq;= fr‚iagr folls' by; Delay1decfsz CounterL,1 goto deltens_loop ;If set back to loop
goto Delay1 addwf w1,w ;Else w1 = w1 + W
i|yka l< fr‚iagr ms<sn|j ;j≥rg;a úia;r ≤k .ekSug movwf Digit1 ;Update Digit1
wjYH kï PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha o;a; m;%sldj ;**Display the first digit**
m˙YS,kh lrk fuka wms Wola u b,a,d isáuq' Define bcf PORTC,0 ;disable Decimal point goto Loop ;Back to main Loop
variables hgf;a b†˙fha ° wmg wjYHh jk úp,Hhka yd movf Digit1,0 ;get Digit1 value
tajdfha mssysgqï wxl y∫kajd ° we;' call Table ;Call Look Up Table ;****Look Up Table for bit patterns****
B <Ûg we;af;a Initilization kue;s fldgihs' tuÛska movwf PORTD ;Writ number to PORTD Table addwf PC,1
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd ls¯u mgka .;a ú.i u ilia úh hq;= bsf PORTC,1 ;enable Digit1 retlw b’00111111' ;Number 0
retlw b’00000110' ;Number 1 m˙jr®;kfhka ,enqKq m%;sM,hg
wdldrh olajd we;' tys ° RA0 fyj;a fojk w.%h m%∞khla retlw b’01011011' ;Number 2
;**Small delay to display first digit** wkqj oYuia:dkh" tlia:dkh yd
f,i;a PORTC yd PORTDys w.% m%;s∞k f,i;a ilia lr Delay2decfsz CounterL,1 retlw b’01001111' ;Number 3 oiia:dkfha ≤laúh hq;= w.hka
we;' ADCON1 fr‚iagrfha 7 jk ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a goto Delay2 retlw b’01100110' ;Number 4 hdj;ald,Sk (update) ls¯u
ls¯fuka A/D m˙jr®;kfha m%;sM, ,efnk wdldrh ilia lr retlw b’01101101' ;Number 5
wdrïN lrhs'
we;' tkï ADRESL fr‚iagrh uÛska uq,a ìgq 8 o" ;**Display the second digit** retlw b’01111101' ;Number 6
bcf PORTC,1 ;disable Digit1 retlw b’00000111' ;Number 7 ta i|yd uq,ska u ADRESL
ADRESH uÛska b;s˙ jQ ìgq fol o ≤laùug ilia ls¯uhs'
movf Digit2,0 ;get Digit2 value retlw b’01111111' ;Number 8 fr‚iagrh uÛska ,efnk uq,a
bkamiq ADON fyj;a ADCON0ys ìx≥j jeks ìgqj ;dr®ll s
call Table ;Call Look Up Table retlw b’01100111' ;Number 9 ìgq wg temp kue;s úp,Hhg
1 njg m;a ls¯fuka A/D m˙jr®;kh ls%hd;aul ;;a;ajhg m;a movwf PORTD ;Writ number to PORTD retlw b’00111111' ;Number 0 fldms lr we;' fuys °
fldg we;' wdrïNfha ° oYuia:dkh tlia:dkh yd oiia:dkhg bsf PORTC,2 ;enable digit2 retlw b’00000110' ;Number 1 ADRESH fr‚iagrfha we;s
w∞< wxl ìx≥j f,i ilia ls¯ug clrf Decimal, clrf Digit retlw b’01011011' ;Number 2
b;s˙ ìgq fol fkdi,ld yer
yd clrf Digit 2 hk Wmfoia fhd∞f.k we;' ;**small delay to display second digit**
we;' wm uekSug hkafka 00C
ó<Ûg Display the Decimal point kue;s fldgiska olajd Delay3decfsz CounterL,1 end
goto Delay3 isg 99.50C olajd muKla
we;af;a o oYu ia:dkh ≤laùug w∞< ìgq ieleiau Lookup
rEm igyk wxl 1 neúka tu mrdifha ° w∞< ìgq
table kue;s j.=fjka f.k PORTDys w.%j,g fhduq lrk
wdldrhhs' fuys ° Decimal kue;s úp,Hfhys w.h wkqj w∞< ia:dkh ≤laùug w∞< m%or®Ylh mu◊' foflys w.hka 0 f,i ,efí' tu ksid tu ìgq fol fkdi,ld
b,lalu oYuia:dkh ≤laùug we;s ima; LKav m%or®Ylfha fï wdldrhg jrlg ≤,afjkqfha tla m%or®Ylhla mu◊' tfy;a ye¯fuka lsis≥ ydkshla is≥ fkd fõ'
(Seven Segment) m%or®Ykh lrkq ,efí' bkamiqj we;s Delay ish,a, ≤,aù we;s wdldrhka fmkaùug kï by; i|yka l< oYuia:dkh i|yd wmg fh†h yelafla 0 fyda 5 mu◊' tfia
1 uÛska hïlsis ld,hla tu oYu ia:dkh o,ajdf.k isà' ls%hdj,sh †.ska †.g u fkdlvjd lrf.k hd hq;= h' tu ksid jkafka wm f.a WIaK;ajh ixfõolh ,nd fok ixfõ°;dj 0.50C
bkamiqj we;s Display the first didgit hk igykg wh;a Digit 2 ≤,ajQ miq kej;;a oYuia:dkhg w∞< m%or®Ylh ≤,aùu neúks'
Wmfoia f.dkqj" Digit 1 úp,Hh uÛska fokq ,nk tl ia:dkfha wdrïN l< hq;= h' fuu jl%h 255 jdrhla ls¯ug .; jk ta wkqj A/D m˙jr®;kfhka ,enqKq m%;sM,fha ^fï jk úg
;sìh hq;= w.hg w∞< ìgq ieleiau my< we;s j.=fjka f.k ld,h wdikak jYfhka ;;amr 1la muK fõ' temp úp,Hhg fldms lr we;s& ìx≥j jeks ìgqj 1 kï
PORTDys w.% u;g fhduq lrhs' bkamiqj w;s Delay 2 uÛska fï jk úg RA0 w.%h u; we;s m%;siu ix«j ixLHdxl oYuia:dkfha 5 o ìx≥j kï 0 o m%or®Ykh l< hq;= h' Get
tu w.h Digit 1 fyj;a tlia:dkh ≤laùug w∞< ima; LKav njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯ug iq≥iq wjia:dj t<eö we;' ta wkqj the decimal point hk igykg miqj we;s Wmfoia lsysmh
m%or®Ylh u; hïlsis ld,hla m%or®Ykh ùug i,iajhs' fï Start A/D Convertion & update digits hk igykg miqj uÛska tu ldr®hh bgq lrkq ,nhs' bkamiq temp úp,Hfha we;s
wjia:dj jk úg l,ska o,ajd ;snQ oYuia:dkh olajk ima; we;s Wmfoia ls%hd;aul ls¯ug mgka .kS' tys ° uq,ska u we;s ìgq wfgka ìx≥j jeks ìgqj bj;a lr b;s˙ fldgig wkqj tl
LKav m%or®Ylh ksù we;s w;r ±,afjkqfha Digit 1g w∞< bsf ADCON0, 2 Wmfoig wkqj ADCON0 fr‚iagrfha 2 ia:dkhg yd oiia:dkhg w∞< w.hka ,nd.; hq;= ksid rrf
m%or®Ylh mu◊' Bg miqj we;s Display the second Digit hk jeks ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a l< ú.i u A/D m˙jr®;kh temp 1 uÛska tempys ìx≥j jeks ìgqj bj;a lr we;'
Wmfoia f.dkqj uÛska fmr f,i u Digit 2 úp,Hh uÛska fokq mgkaf.k th wjika jQ jydu tu ìgqj iajhxl%Shju ;dr®lsl 25 jeks msgj
q g
,nk oiia:dkfha ≤laúh hq;= w.hg wkqrEm ìgq ieleiau ìx≥j njg m;a fõ' ta wkqj btfc sc ADCON0, 2 iy goto fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
PORTDys w.% u;g fhduq lrhs' bkamiqj Delay 3 uÛska fmr ADloop Wmfoia fol uÛska tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl ìx≥j jk f;la .dñ” chisxy
f,i u hïlsis ld, mudjla ,nd.kS' túg ≤,afjkqfha oi n,d isà' tu ìgqj ìx≥j jQ jyd u thska bj;a ù AD flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 10 ú≥ir ú≥y,

wu;r mx;sh úoHdjyd;dlaIKfõoh 25

msgj
q
fY%◊
a h
2006 uehs ui 3 - n∞∞ • b†˙m;a lrkafka ckm%sh foaYl$f,aLl ( fla' wd˙hisxy
22 jeks msgfq jka 3' jia;=j id∞ ;sfnk øjH jr®.fha úYsIag ;dm Od˙;dj
28& <s|lska j;=r nd,a†hla 6m by<g tieùu i|yd 50N
^28& 4' jia;=j msysgk Wi
n,hla fh°u wjYH jQ w;r" tu ldr®hh i|yd 15s ld,hla ^40& 6mla la Wi fmd,a .il ;sfnk fmd,a f.ähl ialkaOh
.; jQfha kï ldr®hh ls¯fï YS>;% dj jkqfha" 3kgls
ls' fmd,a f.äfha úNj Yla;h s ≤lafjkafka my; ≤lafjk V = fλ
1.300Js-1ls' 2. 50Js-1 ls' 3. 20Js-1ls' 4. 750Js-1 ls' s f= rka o@ ^.=re;ajc ;ajrKh = 10ms-2&
ljr ms<; 300 = 150 × 2l
1. 180J 2. 18J 3. 60J 4. 30J ⇒ l = 1m
^29& §cjh¶ uekSfï wka;r®cd;sl tallh f,i ms<s.efkkqfha" ∴ k<fha †. = 1m
1' cQ,h hs' 2' fjdgh hs' 3' fjda,agh hs' 4' ksõgkh hs' ^41& jia;j
= l pd,l Yla;h
s rπ mj;skfa ka ljr idOl u;
^30& ú≥,s WjdrKhl CIu;dj 500Wla la fõ' fuhska o@ W∞ () 03
lshefjkafka" 1' jia;=fjys ialkaOh yd .=re;ajc ;ajrKh u; h' fofl<jr újD; k<hl uQ,sl ixLHd;h f0 fõ' tys wr®Ohla
1' ú≥,s WjdrKh Ndú; jk yeu ;;amrhla ;=< ° u úoHq;a 2' jia;=fjys ialkaOh yd m%fõ.h u; h' c,fha .s,a¨ úg b;s˙ fldgfia uQ,sl ixLHd;h l=ula o@
Yla;hs 500Jla jeh jk njhs' 3' jia;=fjys m%fõ.h yd .=re;ajc ;ajrKh u; h' f0 = ;rx. ixLHd;h
2' ú≥,s WjdrKfha m%;fs rdaOh 500Ω njhs' 4' jia;=fjys ialkaOh yd ;ajrKh u; h' λ0 = ;rx. wdhduh
3' ú≥,s WjdrKh 500Vg jvd jeä fjda,aàh;djhlg ^42& ialkaOh 3kglala jQ nÆ megfjla 4ms-1l m%fõ.hlska V = ;rx. m%fõ.h
Tfrd;a;= fkdfok tlla njhs' ≥jf.k hhs' nÆ megjd i;= pd,l Yla;h s ≤lafjkafka ljr
4' ú≥,s WjdrKfhka jeh jk uqΩ Yla;sh 500J njhs' l
ms<;
s f= rys o@
^31& ksjfia ú≥,s iemhqug iïnkaO l< ;dmk oÛrhla 1. 12J 2. 24J 3. 48J 4. 6J
ñks;;a = 2l ° 60,000Jl
l Yla;s m%udKhla jeh lrkafka kï ^43& kHIaál Yla;hs uÛska ú≥,sh ksmojd .ekSfï ° is≥ jk
;dmk oÛrfha cjh jkafka" Yla;s m˙Kdukh jkafka
1' kHIaál Yla;sh → pd,l Yla;sh → úoHq;a Yla;sh
2' kHIaál Yla;sh → ;dmh → pd,l Yla;sh → úoHq;a c,fha wr®Ohla .s,a¨ miq uQ,sl ;rx. rgdj my; olajd
Yla;hs we;'
^32& my; i|yka ljr ú≥,s n,anhla uÛska jeä u 3' kHIaál Yla;sh → pd,l Yla;sh → ;dmh → úoHq;a ;rx. wdhduh λ1 kï
YS>;
% djhlska Yla;h
s jeh lrkafka o@ Yla;h s
1. 15W 2. 20W 3. 40W 4. 100W 4' kHIaál Yla;sh → úoHq;a Yla;sh
^33& jia;j= lg iemfhk ;dm m%udKh fyda jia;j = lska bj;a
^44& ú≥,s n,anhlg Yla;s tall 60la iemhQ úg Yla;s tall l/2
jk ;dm m%udKh .Kkh ls¯fï ° ta i|yd m%fhdackj;a fkdjk
6la wdf,dalh njg m;afõ' wdf,dalh njg m;a fkdù wmf;a hk V = fλ
idOlh jkafka" Yla;s m%udKh m%;Y s ;hla f,i ≤lafjkafka my; ≤lafjk ljr
1' øjHfha ialkaOh 2' øjHfha úYsIaG ;dm Od˙;dj ;rx. ixLHd;h = f1
3' is≥ jk WIaK;aj fjki 4' øjHfha øjdxlh
ms<;
s f= rka o@ V = f1×2l → (2)
1' 25] 2' 54] 3' 90] 4' 36] ^1& } ^2&
^34& 2kgla nr ;U l=Üáhla 300C isg 800C olajd ^45& fudagrhlg 6000J/s l Yla;s m%udKhla imhk w;r" f0 × 2l = f1×2l
r;als¯ug jqjukd ;dm m%udKh ksje/† j ≤lafjkafka my; thska 3000Jl l Yla;s m%udKhla pd,l Yla;sh njg ye¯ fudagrh ⇒ f = f0
≤lafjk ljr ms<s;=frka o@ lrleùug fhd∞ .kS' 1500Jl l Yla;s m%udKhla ;dmh njg o"
^;Uj, úYsIaG ;dm Od˙;dj = 400Jkg-10c-1) W∞ () 04
1500Jl l Yla;s m%udKhla èjksh njg o m;a j wmf;a hhs kï"
1. 2×50J 2. 2×400×50J 3. 2×80×50J 4. 30×400×80J fofl<jr újD; k< foll †. ms<fs j<ska 50cm iy
fudagrfha ldr®hCIu;dj jkafka"
^35& f.dvìu úYsIg a ;dm Od˙;dj" uqy≥q c,fha úYsIg
a ;dm 1' 25] 2' 75] 3 '50] 4' 100] 50.5cm fõ' fofokd tljr kdo l< úg ;;amrhlg kq.eiqï
Od˙;djg jvd wvq neúka" oyj,a ld,fha ° uqyoq g jvd blaukska 3 ^;=kla& wefia' k<j, ixLHd; fidhkak'
^46& ^40&m%Yakfhys lshefjk fudagrh ls%hd ls¯fï ° ;dmh
f.dvìu r;aùfï m%;M s ,hla f,i f.dvìu yd .eà ;sfnk jd; f,i wmf;a hk Yla;fs ha m%;Y
s ;h jkafka"
;Ügq r;a ù by< hdfuka f.dvìug by<ska we;s jk jd; wvqj ms<;
s r= -
1' 50] 2' 25] 3' 75] 4' 60]
msrùug uqyqo foi isg f.dvìug jd; Odrdjla .,d ths' fuu
ixisoê
a h y∫kajkafka" ^48& ú≥,s n,an o,ajd ;sfnk ldur ;=< ≤ä WKqiu q la 50cm 50.5cm
1' f.dv iq<x kñka h' 2' ks˙;†. fudaiï iq<x kñka h' ≤fkkqfha"
3' uqyq≥ iq<x kñka h' 4' iq<s iq<x kñka h' 1' ú≥,s n,anhg iemhQ Yla;sfhka jeä fldgila wdf,dalh
njg m;aùu ksid ° we;s k< fofla †f.ys fjki l=vd fõ' tneúka k< fol
^36& fudagr® r: tka‚ï isis,a ls¯u i|yd tajdfha úlsrlj, 2' ú≥,s n,anhg iemhQ Yla;sfhka jeä fldgila ;dmh njg tljr lïmkh lrk úg k< foflau tlu ;rx. rgdj yg
^fr®äfhagrj,& c,h Ndú; lrkafka" ye¯u ksid .kS'
1' c,fha úYsIg a ;dm Od˙;dj jeä ksid c,h kgk 3' ú≥,s n,anhg iemhQ Yla;sfhka jeä fldgila pd,l Yla;sh tneúka wjia:d fofla ;rx. wdhduh my; wdldrhg b†˙m;a
WIaK;ajh f;la r;a ùug úYd, ;dm m%udKhla wjYH neúka njg ye¯u ksid l< yelsh'
tjeks úYd, ;dm m%udK ordf.k jdIam fkdù meje;Sfï yelshdj 4' ú≥,s n,anhg iemhQ Yla;sfhka jeä fldgila wmf;a hdu λ = kl
c,hg ;sfnk ksid h' ksid m<uq k<hg λ1 = K×0.5m
2' c,fha úYsIag ;dm Od˙;dj jeä ksid tjeks úYd, ;dm fojk k<hg λ2 = k×0.505m
^49& Yla;s iïfm%Ia Kh is≥ lrkq ,nk WmlrKhla f,i k< fol ;=<u ;rx. m%fõ. iudk jk w;r th V f,i
m%udKhla ord isàfï yelshdj c,hg fkdue;s neúka h'
Ndú; l< fkdyels jkafka my; i|yka ljr WmlrKh o@ i<luq'
3' c,fha úYsIag ;dm Od˙;dj wvq neúka h'
1' ù fuda, 2' uyk ueIsu 3' h;=re me†h 4' .srh m<uq k<fha ;rx. wdhduhg jvd fojk k<fha ;rx.
4' c,fha m˙ud m%idrK ix.=Klh by< w.hla .kakd ksid
h' ^50& r;a jQ wxY=jla hdno wxY=j,g wkqlu
% fhka ;dmh fn∞ wdhduh iqΩ jeähla ;sfnk fyhska tys ixLHd;h wvqh'
^37& Yla;hs úkdY ùula fyda ueùula is≥ fkdjk w;r" tla °fï l%uh y∫kajkafka" m<uq k<fha ixLHd;h =f
iajrEmhl isg fjk;a iajrEmhla njg m;aùu is≥ fõ' tneúka 1' ikakhkh kñka h' 2' úlsrKh kñka h' ∴ fojk k<fha ixLHd;h = (f-3)
m˙irh iuÛ m∞r®: yd Yla;h s yqjudre fkdjk moaO;shl 3' ixjykh kñka h' V = fλ
^tal,s; moaO;shl& iïmQrK ® Yla;s m%udKh fkdfjkia j mj;S' 4' fr®Çh m%idrKh kñka h' m<uq k<hg
fuu kshuh y∫kajkafka" V = f×K× 0.5→ (1)
1' ialkaO ixia:ß;s kshuh kñka h' fojk k<hg
m%;siu-ixLHdxl''' V = (f-3)×K×0.505 → (2)
2' Yla;s ixia:ß;s kshuh kñka h'
18 jeks msgfq jka (1) = (2)
3' wej.dâfrda kshuh kñka h' 4' ´ï kshuh kñka h'
fuys ° iEu ìgqjla u tl ia:dkhla ol=Kg udre fõ' rEm f × K × 0.5 = (f-3)×K×0.505
^38& TkaÑ,a,djla m†k úg is≥ jk Yla;s m˙Kduk ms<ns | igyk wxl 2 n,kak' 0.5f = 0.505f-3×0.505
m%ldY folla my; ≤lafõ' ∴ 0.005f = 3×0.505
A = TkaÑ,a,dj by< hdfï ° ( pd,l Yla;h s → úNj 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 fmr f = 303 Hz
Yla;h s ∴ m<uq k<fha ixLHd;h = 303Hz
B = TkaÑ,a,dj my< hdfï ° ( úNj Yla;h s → pd,l bj;a fõ fojk k<fha ixLHd;h = 300Hz
Yla;hs Status
fr‚iagrfha
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 miq
fuu m%ldY w;=˙ka"
1' A muKla i;H h' 2' B muKla i;H h' 0 jeks ìgqj ia:dkfha w.h yd oi ia:dkfha w.h ,nd.ekSug Get tens yd
3' A yd B m%ldY fol u i;H h' Temp fr‚iagrfha rrf temp, 1 Wmfoig fmr yd miq Get ones hk Wmfoia ud,djla fhd∞f.k we;' tajd ;rula
4' A yd B m%ldY fol u wi;H h' rEm igyk wxl 2 ixlSr®K neúka jeä≥r úia;r ls¯u miqjg l,a ;nuq' bkamiqj
^39& .=re;aj n,h ksid jia;j= l we;s jk úNj Yla;h s goto loop Wmfoi uÛska by; úia;r l< ish,a, kej; is≥
.Kkh ls¯u i|yd Woõ fkdjk o;a;h jkafka" B<Ûg temp úp,Hfha we;s fofla mdofha ixLHdj oyfha ls¯u mgka .kS' B<Û ,smsfhka A/D m˙jr®;kfhka ,efnk
1' jia;=jl ialkaOh 2' .=re;ajc ;ajrKh mdofha ixLHdjla njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u fyj;a wkqrEm tl w.hka m˙.Klhg fhduq lrk wdldrh úia;r flfr®'
 ú≥y,
msgj
q 18 2006 uehs ui 10 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
Wmfoi uÛyer bkamiqj fhfok movf
ADRESH 0 Wmfoi ls%hd;aul lrk w;r
tfia fkd fõ kï goto ADloop Wmfoi
ls%hd;aul lr kej;;a tu ìgqj ìx≥j fõ
≤hs m¯CId lrkq ,nhs'
tf,i m%;siu ixLHdxl ix« m˙jr®;kh
is≥ lr wjika jQ miq tys m%;sM, fyj;a
m%;siu ix«jg w∞< ixLHdxl w.h
ADRESH yd ADRESL fr‚iagrj,
;sfí' tu w.hka fY%a◊.; wdldrhg
m˙.Klh fj; heùu ó<Ûg is≥ l< hq;=
ldr®hhhs' tu fr‚iagr fofla we;s w.hka
jdr foll ° m˙.Kl fj; heùu idudkH
l%uhhs' ta wkqj uq,ska u movf ADRESH,
0 Wmfoi uÛska ADRESH fr‚iagrfha
we;s w.h W fr‚iagrhg f.k bkamiqj movwf TXREG
Wmfoi uÛska tu w.h TXREG kue;s fr‚iagrhg hjkq
,efí' tu fr‚iagrhg hïlsis w.hla ,shQ úg
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha we;s USART tallh tu o;a; ìgq
fY%a◊.; wdldrhg yrjd RC6/TX w.%h yryd MAX 232
ix.Dys; m˙m:hg;a t;ekska m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.; f;dgqm<g;a
fhduq lrhs' m˙.Klfha Hyperterminal uD≥ldx.h újD; lr
rEm igyk wxl 1 we;s úg ,efnk w.hka ;srh u; †iaùug ie,eiaúh yels h'
;*****Define Registers***** fï wjia:dj jk úg ADRESHys w.h m˙.Klhg hjd
we;s w;r ADRESLys w.h heùug kshñ; j ;sfí' ta fol
STATUS equ 03h
PORTA equ 05h
w;r l=vd ld, mr;rhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd Delay hgf;a we;s
PORTC equ 07h Wmfoia fol fhd∞f.k we;' bkamiqj ADRESL fr‚iagrh
TXREG equ 19h lshùu i|yd Bank 1 fj;g hd hq;= neúka bsf STATUS, 5
ADRESH equ 1Eh Wmfoi fhd∞ f.k we;' (Bank 1 yd Bank 0 ms<sn| j
ADCON0 equ 1Fh ;=kajk ,smsfha i|yka úh&
TRISA equ 85h B<Ûg we;s movf ADRESL, 0 uÛska w∞< w.h W
TRISC equ 87h
fr‚iagrhg f.k movwf TXREG uÛska th TXREG
TXSTA equ 98h
SPBRG equ 99h
fr‚iagrhg fhduq flfr®' túg tu w.h o m˙.Klh fj;
ADRESL equ 9Eh hefõ' fï jk úg w∞< w.hka fol u m˙.Klh fj; hjd
ADCON1 equ 9Fh wjika neúka B<Û jdrh meñfKk f;la ;;amrhl muK
MICROCONTROLLERS ;*****Define Variables*****
mudjla .ekSug goto LOOP Wmfoi uÛska wdmiq Main
LOOP fj; f.dia we;' ta wkqj fuu ls%hdj,sh †.ska †.g u
is≥ ù ;;amrfhka ;;amrhg m˙ir WIaK;ajfha fjkiaùu
wgjk ,smsh - miajk fldgi CounterL equ 20h ;Loop counter Low
m˙.Klhg jdr®;d lrkq ,efí'
CounterH equ 21h ;Loop counter High ó<Û ,smsfhka LCD yeisrùu ms<sn|j úia;r flfr®'
m%;i
s u ix« ixLHdxl njg ;*****Initialization*****
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
yrjd m˙.Klhg heùu bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
ir, ixLHdxl WIaK;ajudkhla ksr®udKh lr .kakd wdldrh movlw b’00100110'
miq.sh ,sms lsysmfhka wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' tys ° m˙ir movwf TXSTA ;Transmit Enable
WIaK;ajh uek ima; LKav m%or®Yl uÛska b,lalula f,i movlw D’25'
movwf SPBRG ;Baud rate 9600
m%or®Ykh ls¯u uQ,sl woyi úh' th ;j≥rg;a †hqKq lr bsf TRISA,0 ;RA0 input
m˙.Klhla yd iïnkaO lrk wdldrh úia;r ls¯u fuu ,smsfha bsf ADCON1,7 ;Set Result Format
wruqKhs' bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
m˙.Klhka yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla w;r fY%a◊.; bsf ADCON0,0 ;ADON=1
wdldrhg o;a; yqjudre lr.kakd wdldrh 7 jk ,smsfha úia;r
lr we;s neúka ta .ek jeä hula fuys ° b†˙m;a fkd fõ' ;**Main Loop**
tfy;a w;HjYH lreKq lsysmhla muKla my; ≤lafõ'
Loop decfsz CounterL,1
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;dr®lsl 1 yd 0 olajk fjda,aàh;djka goto Loop
5V yd 0V jk kuq;a m˙.Klfha fY%a◊.; f;dgqm<g w∞< j decfsz CounterH,1
tu w.hka -10V yd +10V fõ' tuksid w∞< fjda,aàh;d goto Loop ;255x255 (1 second)
m˙jr®;khkaa is≥ lrk w;rue†hl= f,i Max 232 kue;s
ix.Dys; m˙m:h uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd m˙.Klh w;rg fh†h ;*Start A/D convertion $ transmit to PC*
hq;= h' rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska Bg w∞< m˙m:h olajd we;'
bsf ADCON0,2 ;Start A/D convertion
miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< m˙m:fha ;snQ ima; LKav m%or®Yl
bj;a lr MAX 232 ix.Dys; m˙m:h yd Bg wjYH lrk ADloop btfsc ADCON0,2 ;If finished skip
Od˙;%l lsysmhla fuys ° wÆ;ska we;=<;a fldg we;' goto ADloop ;next else wait
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLkh olajd we;' tys °
iqmqre≥ m˙† wjYH jk fr‚iagr úp,Hhka yd tajdfha msysgqï movf ADRESH,0 ;Move the A/D result
wxl uq,ska u y∫kajd ° we;' ó<Ûg Initialization hgf;a we;s movwf TXREG ;Transmit to PC
Wmfoia uÛska uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd;aul ùu wdrïN lrk
Delay decfsz CounterL,1
wjia:dfõ ° is≥ lr.; hq;= ilia ls¯ï olajd we;' bka miqj
goto Delay ;Small Delay (mS)
Main Loop hk úia;rhg miqj we;s Wmfoia y;r uÛska
;;amrhl muK mudjla f.k B<Ûg ;sfnk bxf ADCON0, 2 bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
Wmfoi ls%hd;aul l< miq m%;siu ixLHdxl ix« m˙jr®;kh movf ADRESL,0 ;Move the A/D result
(Analog to Digital convertion) wdrïN fõ' tfia wdrïN l< bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
A/D m˙jr®;kh is≥ lr wjika nj ≤k.ekSu i|yd movwf TXREG ;Transmit to PC
A DCON0 fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj m¯laId lr ne,sh hq;= h'
goto Loop ;Back to main Loop
tu ìgqj 1 kï ;ju;a m˙jr®;kh is≥ flfrñka mj;sk w;r
0 kï m˙jr®;kh wjika ù we;' btfsc A DCON, 2 Wmfoi end
uÛska is≥ flfrkqfha tu m¯CId ls¯fï ldr®hhhs' tu Wmfoig
wkqj w∞< ìgqj ìx≥j fõ kï B<Ûg we;s goto ADloop rEm igyk wxl 2
 ú≥y,
2006 uehs ui 24 - n∞∞ msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
Transflective jr®.fha LCD
by; i|yka l< Reflective
jr®.fha LCDj, cj m˙fNdackh
wju jqj;a rd;S% ld,fha ° fyda
ndysr wdf,dalh fkdue;s wjia:dj,
° m%fhdackhg .; fkdyels h'
tfuka u Transmissive jr®.fha
LCD ndysr wdf,dalh fkdue;s j
ls%hd;aul jqj o tys cj m˙fNdackh
by< uÜgul mj;S' tu ksid by;
i|yka l< fojr®.fha u hï hï
MICROCONTROLLERS jdis iy wjdis mj;S' wjYH;dj
wkqj jvd;a u iq≥iq LCD jr®.h
f;dard .ekSu ksr®udKlrejd f.a
kj jk ,smsh - fojk fldgi j.lSu fõ'
iuyr fh°ïj, ° by; i|yka
l< LCD jr®. fofla u
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) iïñY%Khla jk Transflective
Liquid Crystal Displays fyj;a øj iaMál m%or®Yl jr®.fha LCD Ndú; ls¯ug is≥ fõ'
ms<sn|j uQ,sl ye¢kaùula miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a lr we;s w;r ndysr wdf,dal ;;a;ajh j˙ka jr
LCD ms<sn|j ;j;a jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhla fuu ,smsfhka fjkia jk kuq;a WmlrK †.g u
b†˙m;a flfr®' ls%hd;aul úh hq;= wjia:djka fï
wl=re b,lalï fyda ixfla; ;srh u; ilik wdldrh wkqj rEmigyk wxl 1 i|yd fyd| u W∞yrKh fõ' fuu
LCD m%Odk jYfhka jr®. ;=klg fjka l< yels h' LCD jr®.fha ;Sj%;dj wvq
1. Reflective wNHka;r wdf,dal m%Njhla mj;S'
2. Transmissive tfuka u ndys˙ka ,efnk wdf,dalh
3. Transflective kej; mrdjr®;kh ls¯ug ;rula
fï tla tla jr®.h ms<sn|j ir, ye¢kaùula my; ≤lafõ' mdroDYH ¯† wdf,amkhka o or®mKh
f,i fhd∞f.k we;' fïjdfha †iajk
Reflective jr®.fha LCD wl=re b,lalï fyda ixfla; ;rula
fuu jr®.fha LCD wdf,dalh ,nd .kafka ndysr m˙irfhks' ;Sj%;dfjka wvq úh yels h' tfia
tu ksid w∫fr® ° fuu jr®.h Ndú; l< fkdyels h' jkafka ,efnk wdf,dalfhka fldgila
rEmigyk wxl 1 uÛska fuu jr®.fha LCD tll w∫re yd msgqmi we;s or®mkh yryd bj;g
wdf,dalj;a ,CIH iEfok wdldrh olajd we;' hdfuks'
fuys ° w∫re úh hq;= ,CIHj,g (Pixels) w∞< úúO LCD jr®. yd tajdfha
bf,lafg%davj,g úNj wka;rhla ,nd foa' túg tu ,CIH ON wNHka;r ls%hdld¯;ajh ms<sn| o<
;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' tkï øj iaMál wKq ish,a, tl u †Ydjlg wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSug fuu lreKq
ye¯ mj;S' túg b†˙ O%eùlrKh jQ (Vertically polarized) m%udKj;a neúka ,nk i;sfha
wdf,dal lsrK tf,i u miqmi we;s ;sria O%eùldrlh fj;g uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg LCD tlla
meñfKa' tfy;a wdf,dal lsrK ;ju;a isria f,i O%eùlrKh ù iïnkaO lrk wdldrh idlÉcd
we;s ksid ta ;=<ska .uka fkd lrhs' lruq'
tfia u wdf,dalj;a ,CIHj,g w∞< bf,lafg%dav w;r úNj fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a
wka;rhka fkdue;s neúka øj iaMál wKq wxYl 0 isg wxYl yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
90 olajd l%ufhka ye¯ mj;S' túg isria O%eùldrlfhka tk
wdf,dalh øj iaMál yryd f.dia l%ufhka O%eùh;dj ;sria njg
.dñ” chisxy
yrjd .kS' ta wkqj tu lsrKj,g miqj yuq jk ;sria
O%eùldrlh yryd myiqfjka .uka l< yels h' tfia .uka lrk rEmigyk wxl 2 flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
wdf,dal lsrK bka miqj ;sfnk mrdjr®;lfha je° wdmiq yefr®' miq.sh i;sfha wxl 2 rEm igyk fjkqjg m< ù ;snqfKa
tfia yefrk wdf,dalh o ;sria f,i u O%eùlrKh ù mj;S' tu ,CIHfhka ks¯CIlhd fj;g wdf,dalh fkd meñfKa' tu ksid fjk;a rEmhls' th my; i|yka rEmh f,i
ksid tu wdf,dal lsrK ;sria O%eùldrlh (Horizontal tjeks ,CIH w∫re f,i fmfka' rEmigyk wxl 2ys by< fldgi ksje/† úh hq;= h'
Polarizer) yryd wdmiq meñfKa' tfia tk wdf,dal lsrK fyj;a ON wjia:dj n,kak'
kej;;a øj iaMál yryd hEfï ° ;sria ;;a;ajfha isg isria bf,lafg%dav fj; úNj wka;rhla iemhQ úg ishÆ u øj
;;a;ajhg O%eùlrKh fõ' isria f,i O%eùlrKh jQ wdf,dal iaMál wKq tl u †Ydjlg yefrk ksid miqmi we;s isria
lsrKj,g B<Ûg yuq jkqfha isria O%eùldrlhhs' fï jk úg O%eùldrlh yryd tk isria f,i O%eùlrKh jQ wdf,dal lsrK
wdf,dal lsrK isria f,i O%eùlrKh ù we;s neúka ta ;=<ska tf,i u b†˙mi we;s isria O%eùldrlh fj;g o <Ûd fõ'
myiqfjka .uka lr ks˙CIlhd f.a weig <Ûd fõ' ta wkqj w∞< wdf,dal lsrK ;j≥rg;a isria f,i u O%eùlrKh ù we;s ksid
,CIHh (Pixel) wdf,dalj;a ù we;s fihla fmfka' tu wjia:dj myiqfjka ta ;=<ska .uka lr ks˙CIlhd f.a wei lrd <Ûd fõ'
OFF wjia:dj f,i ye¢kafõ' rEm igyk wxl 1ys by< fldgi túg tjeks ,CIH wdf,dalj;a ù we;s fihla fmfka' ^rEmigyk
n,kak' wxl 2 my; fldgi&' fuys ° wmg wjYH wl=r" b,lalu fyda
tf,i u ON wjia:dfõ we;s ,CIH (Pixels) yryd ixfla;h iEfokafka wdf,dalj;a jQ ,CIHj,ska ksid ndysr
wdf,dalh weig fkd tk ksid tajd w∫re jQ f,i fmfka' fufia wdf,dalh fkdue;s úu .egÆjla fkd fõ' tfy;a fujeks LCDj,
w∫re yd wdf,dalj;a jQ ,CIH Ndú; lr wmg wjYH wl=re" cj m˙fNdackh ;rula jeä fõ'
b,lalï yd ixfla; m%or®Ykh lr.; yels h' fuys ° ls%hd;aul
ùug wjYH wdf,dalh ,nd.kafka ndysr m˙irfhka neúka cj
m˙fNdackh b;d wju uÜgul mj;S' tfy;a ndysr wdf,dalh
fkdue;s wjia:dj, ° ls%hd;aul fkd ùu fuu jr®.fha LCDj,
we;s m%Odk;u ≥r®j,;dj fõ'

Transmissive jr®.fha LCD

fuu jr®.fha LCD i|yd ndysr wdf,dal m%Njhla ;sîu
wjYH fkd fõ' Bg fya;=j jkqfha wjYH wdf,dalh ta ;=<ska u
ksmoùuhs' rEmigyk wxl 2 n,kak' tys Light Source fyj;a
n,anh LCD tflys we;=Ω me;af;a ;sfnk w;r tys isg
wdf,dalh O%eùldrl yd øj iaMál yryd .uka lr ks¯CIlhd
f.a weia fj;g meñfKa' fuys ° fhd∞f.k we;s O%eùldrl fol u
tl u jr®.fha tajd neúka idudkH wjia:dfõ ° miqmi we;s
isria O%eùldrlh (Rear Vertical Polarizer) ;=<ska tk isria
f,i O%eùlrKh jQ wdf,dalh øj iaMál yryd hEfï ° wxYl
90lska ye¯ ;sria f,i O%eùlrKh fõ' túg tu lsrKj,g
b†˙fhka we;s isria O%eùldrlh ;=<ska hd fkdyels ksid tu
 ú≥y,
msgj
q 18 2006 uehs ui 31 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
2ys 4 jk fma<sfha olajd we;'
fuf,i o;a; yd Wmfoia f,i
jr®. folla ;snQKd;a ta fol u hd
hq;af;a D0-D7 f,i kïlr we;s tl
u w.% wglsks' tu ksid o;a; yd
Wmfoia meye†,ss j fjka lr y∫kd
.ekSu i|yd ;j;a ix«jla ;sìh
hq;= h' RS fyj;a Register select
úiska tu ldr®hh bgq lrkq ,nhs'
RS w.%h ;dr®lsl ìx≥j kï D0-D7
w.% u; we;af;a Wmfoia wvx.= ìgq
jk w;r RS ;dr®lsl 1ys we;akï
MICROCONTROLLERS D0 - D7 w.% o;a; ìgq ord isà'
R/W fyj;a Read/Write
kj jk ,smsh - f;jk fldgi w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj ;dr®lsl 0ys
we;akï uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg
LCD tallhg o;a; fyda Wmfoia
PIC 16F84(A) heúh yels w;r th ;dr®lsl 1ys
we;akï LCD tallfhys isg
a rhlska LCD Odjkh
uhsfl%dfldkafg%d, uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg o;a; heúh
yels fõ'
ls¯u - 1 LCD tallfha 6 jeks w.%h
úúO jr®.fha LCD yd tajdfha wNHka;r ls%hdld˙;ah ms<sn|j fyj;a E - Enable w.%h fhdod
Tn ≤k isáh hq;= uQ,sl lreKq lsysmhla miq.sh ,sms fol ;=<ska .efkkqfha D0-D7 w.% u; we;s
b†˙m;a ls¯ug wms W;aidy lf<uq' ta wkqj LCD fyj;a øj o;a; ìgq we;=<g .ekSu fyda
iaMál m%or®Yl ms<sn|j o< wjfndaOhla fï jk úg mdGl Tng we;=f<ys we;s o;a; msg;g ≤óu is≥
,eî we;e hs wms úYajdi lruq' tu ksid fuu ,smsfhka iy B<Û ls¯ug h' Enable w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj 5V isg 0Vg udre jk
,smsfhka úia;r flfrkqfha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg LCD tlla rEmigyk wxl 1 wjia:dfõ ° (Falling edge) tu o;a; we;=<g .ekSu fyda
iïnkaO ls¯u yd msg;g ≤óu is≥ fõ' fuu ls%hdj,shg w∞< ld, igyk (Timing
th ls%hd;aul ls¯ug diagrm) rem igyk wxl 3 uÛska olajd we;'
wjYH jk th uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg LCD tallhg o;a; fyda
l%uf,aLkh f.dv Wmfoia heùug w∞< ld, igykhs' tys ° uq,ska u hjkafka o;a;
k.d .kakd o Wmfoia o hkak i|yka l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd RS w.%fha
wdldrhhs' fjd,aaàh;dj ;dr®lsl 1 fyda 0 f,i ilia l< hq;= h' ta iuÛ u
rem igyk wxl R/W w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj o 0V njg m;a l< hq;= h' B<Ûg
1 uÛska PIC E- Enable w.%h ;dr®lsl 9ys isg ;dr®lsl 1 fyj;a 5V
1 6 F 8 4 ( A ) ;;a;ajhg f.k wd hq;= h' bkamiq w∞< o;a; fyda Wmfoia ìgq
uhsfl%dfldkafg%d,
a rhlg RB0 ....RB7 w.% u;g uq∞ y< yels h' tu wjia:dj Valid
16×2 fyj;a wl=re Data f,i rEmigyka wxl 3ys i|yka lr we;'
16 ne.ska fma<s 2la bkamiq tu o;a; fyda Wmfoia LCD tallh ;=<g ,nd.kakd
we;s LCD tallhla f,i ≤kaùug E fyj;a Enable w.%h 5V ;;a;ajfha isg 0V
iïnkaO lrk ;;a;ajhg f.k wd hq;= h' túg tu o;a; fyda Wmfoia LCD
wdldrh olajd we;' tallh ;=<g f.k Bg w∞< ldr®hhka is≥ lrhs' bka miqj R/W
IN 4007 yd RS wjYH wdldrhg mj;ajd.; yels h' fï wdldrhg w∞<
vfhdavh fhd∞ md,k ix« o;a; yd Wmfoia ckkh ls¯ug w∞< l%uf,aLkh
we;af;a n, iemhqfï ó<Û ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
w.% udreùfuka rEmigyk wxl 2
m˙m:hg is≥ úh fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
yels ydks j<lajd .dñ” chisxy
.ekSug jk w;r 7805 fjda,aàh;d ia:dhSldrlh iqmqre≥ f,i uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fj; flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
fjda,aÜ 5l ia:dhS fjda,aàh;djla ,nd .ekSu i|yd fhd∞f.k we;' ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj o
220µF Od˙;%lfha ldr®hh jkqfha 7805ys m%;s∞kh iqug ls¯u mj;S' tajd ms<sfj<ska
jk w;r ta iuÛ 100nF(104) muK Od˙;djla we;s l=vd Read yd Write f,i
Od˙;%lhla iudka;r.; f,i fh°fuka m˙m:fha is≥úh yels ye¢kafõ'
CI◊l fjda,aàh;d fjkialï jvd;a fyd¢ka Tfrd;a;= fok LCD tallfha isg
;;a;ajhla we;s lr.; yels h' uhs f l% d fldka f g% d a , rhg
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha B f;dgqmf<ys fyj;a o;a; heùu wjYH
PORTBys w.% wg u (RB0-RB7& fhd∞f.k we;af;a jkafka fndfyda
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd LCD tallh w;r o;a; yqjudre lr l,d;=rlsks' tu ksid
.ekSu i|yd fõ' tfuka u A f;dgqmf<ys fyj;a PORTAys fuu ksr®udKfha ° ta
RA0, RA1 idy RA2 w.% ;=k LCD tallh ls%hd;aul ùug ms<sn|j úia;r fkdfldg
wjYH md,l ix« (Control signals) ,nd foa' tu md,l ix« uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg
RS, R/W iy E f,i olajd we;' LCD tallhg o;a;
fuys RS hkq Register select hkafkys flá fh≥uhs' tf,i hjk wdldrh idlÉcd
u R/W hkq Read/Writeys flá ls¯ula jk w;r E hkq ls¯u jvd;a fhda.H neõ
Enable hkafkys flá fh≥u fõ' fndfyda LCDj, w.% 14la wmg yefÛa'
;sfnk kuq;a iuyr LCDj, ndysr wdf,dalhla ,nd °ug yels uhs f l% d fldka f g% d a , rfha
jk m˙† ilia lr ;sfí kï 15 yd 16 jeks w.% o msysghs' ta isg LCD tallhg
flfia fj;;a uq,a w.% 14 fndfyda LCDj, fmd≥ iïu; hjkqfha wmg m%or®Ykh
ieleiaug wkqj ksr®udKh lr ;sfnk ksid úúO jr®.fha LCD ls¯ug wjYH o;a;
iuÛ lghq;= ls¯fï ° .egÆ we;s fkd fõ' fyj;a wl=re" b,lalï
rem igyk wxl 2 uÛska tu w.% kï lr we;s wdldrh yd fyda ixfla; muKla u
tajdfha ldr®hhka olajd we;' Tn fjf<|fmdf<ka LCD tallhka fkd fõ' tu o;a;
ñ, ° .kakd úg tys 1 jeks w.%h fyda wjika w.%h ^14 fyda m%or®Ykh ls¯u i|yd
16& meye†,ssj uqøKh lr ;sfí ≤hs n,kak' tfia fkdue;s kï LCD tallh ilia úh
Tn ñ, ° .;a LCD tlg w∞< o;a; m;%sldj wka;r®cd,hg hq;= wdldrh ≤lafjk
msúi fijqï hka;%hl wdOdrfhka fidhdf.k ta wkqj w.% msysgqu Wmfoi o fï w;r fõ'
ksr®Kh lr.; hq;= fõ' th ;rula wiSre ldr®hhla úh yels h' w∞< o;a; Data f,i;a
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg LCD tallhg o;a; heúh yelsjdla Wmfoia Instruction
fuka u LCD tallfha m%or®Ykh fjñka ;sfnk o;a; f,i;a rEm igyk wxl rEmigyk wxl 3

2006 cQks ui 7 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
kj jk ,smsh - isõjk fldgi
PIC 16F84(A)
a rhlska LCD
uhsfl%dfldkafg%d,
Odjkh ls¯u - 2
PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg wl=re 16 ne.ska fma<s
folla we;s 16×2, LCD tallhla iïnkaO lrk wdldrh" tys
w.% ye¢kaùu iy uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg LCD tallhg o;a;
heùug w∞< md,l ix« (RS, RW, E) ,nd †h hq;= wdldrh
ms<sn| úia;rhla miq.sh ,smsfhka wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' fuu
,smsfhka úia;r flfrkqfha LCD tallh ksis m˙† ls%hd;aul
ùug w∞< Wmfoia yd m%or®Ykh l< hq;= o;a; LCD tallhg
,nd †h hq;= wdldrh;a Bg wkqrEmj l%uf,aLkh f.dvkÛd .kakd
wdldrh;a fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska LCD tallfha uQ,sl ilia ls¯u
is≥ l< hq;= wdldrh ≤lafjk .e,Sï igykla b†˙m;a lr we;'
tu igykg wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd LCD tallh wvx.=
m˙m:hg ú≥,sh iemhQ wjia:dfõ isg ñ,s ;;aamr 30la muK hk
;=re LCD tallhg lsisjla fkd ,shd n,d isáh hq;= fõ' tu
ld,h wjYH jkafka LCD tallfha we;s wNHka;r m˙m:j,g
ksis f,i ú≥,sh ,eî ls%hdld¯ ;;a;ajhg m;a ùug h' bkamiqj
is≥ l< hq;af;a Function Set fyj;a wmg wjYH wl=rej,
rEm igyk wxl 1
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
rEm igyk wxl 2
m%udKh yd wl=re fma<s .Kk i|yka jk Wmfoi ,nd °uhs'
fuys ° wms LCD tallhg Wmfoila ,nd fok neúka RSys
w.h 0 úh hq;= w;r tu Wmfoi uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg
LCD tallhg hjk neúka R/Wys w.h o 0 úh hq;= h' tfia
ls¯u i|yd PIC
1 6 F 8 4 ( A )
uhs f l% d fldka f g% d a , rfha
RA2 iy RA1 hk
w.% ;dr®lsl 0 njg
(0V) m;a l< hq;=
fõ' ^miq.sh ,smsfhka
b†˙m;a l< m˙m:
igyk n,kak& tfuka rEm igyk wxl 3
u fï wjia:dfõ ° E
fyj;a Enable w.%h
o ;sìh hq;af;a
;dr®lsl 0ys neúka
RA0 w.%h o 0V
;;a;ajhg m;a lr
;sìh hq;= fõ'
Function Set rEm igyk wxl 4
hgf;a we;s DB0-
DB7 hkq uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg LCD tallhg o;a; fyda
Wmfoia ìgq /f.k hk iïnkaO;d w.% fõ' fuys ° DB6, DB7
;dr®lsl 0ys;a DB4, DB5 ;dr®lsl 1ys;a mej;sh hq;= w;r
DB0 yd DB1ys ´kE u w.hla ^0 fyda 1& ;sìh yels h' wmg
m%or®Ykh ls¯ug wjYH fma<s .Kk wkqj DB3g ,shk w.h
;SrKh l< hq;= fõ' wmg wjYH jkafka tla fma<shla muKla
kï tu ìgqjg ;dr®lsl 0 o" fma<s fol
u kï tu ìgqjg 1 o ,súh hq;= fõ'
tfukau DB2 ìgqjg ,shk w.h
wkqj m%or®Ykh jk wl=rl m%udKh o
;SrKh fõ' fufia Wmfoia ìgq ;SrKh
l< miq tu ìgq RB0-RB7 w.% u;g
,ssúh hq;= fõ' túg tu ìgq LCD
tallfhys DB0-DB7 E fyj;a En-
able w.%h 0V isg 5V ;;a;ajhg
f.k bkamiq kej;;a 0V ;;a;ajhg
f.k wd hq;= h' fuf,i 5V isg 0V
udre jk wjia:dfõ ° (Falling edge)
w∞< Wmfoia ìgq LCD tallh ;=<g
.kS' tfia .;a miq tu Wmfoia
f;areïf.k Bg w∞< ilia ls¯ï is≥
lr .ekSu i|yd hï ;rul ld,hla
wjYH fõ' Function Setg miqj we;s
Wait for more thean 39µs uÛska
olajd isákqfha tf,i ,nd †h hq;=
ld,hhs' tu ld,h úúO LCD i|yd
fjkia úh yels h' tfy;a idOdrK
jYfhka uhsfl%d ;;amr 50la n,d isàu
m%udKj;a fõ'
bkamiqj ,nd †h hq;= fojeks
Wmfoi Display On/Off Control
f,i olajd we;' fuys ° o RS, RW
yd E 0V ;;a;ajfha ;sìh hq;= fõ'
;j o DB 4-DB7 ìgq o ;dr®lsl 0
f,i ;sìh hq;= fõ' DB3 ìgqj ;dr®lsl
1 úh hq;= w;r DB 2g ,shk w.h
wkqj wl=re b,lalï fyda ixfla;
LCD tallh uÛska m%or®Ykh ls¯u
fyda fkd ls¯u ;SrKh fõ' DB1g
,shk w.h wkqj Odjlh (Cursor)
fyj;a B<Û wl=r ,shfjk ia:dkh
≤lafjk br m%or®Ykh ls¯u fyda fkd
ls¯u ;SrKh fõ' tfuka u DB0g
,shk w.h wkqj th †.g u ≤laùu
fyda läka lv ≤laùu (Blink) ;SrKh
fõ'
msgj
q 25
fuf,i fojk Wmfoig w∞< ìgq ieleiau o ;SrKh lr w∞<
ìgq RB0-RB7 w.% u;g uq∞yer E fyj;a Enable w.%h
(RA0) 5V ;;a;ajhg f.k kej; 0V ;;a;ajhg f.k tafï °
tu Wmfoi o LCD tallh ;=<g ,nd.kS' tu Wmfoi f;areï
f.k w∞< ilia ls¯ï is≥ lr .ekSu i|yd ;j;a ñ,s ;;amr
39la fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla ^o< jYfhka 50µs) ,nd †h hq;=
fõ'
bka miqj Display clear Wmfoi ,nd †h yels h' Bg w∞<
ìgq ieleiau o rEm igyk wxl 1ys olajd we;' LCD tallfhys
m%or®Ykh jk ± ish,a, u uld ≤óug wjYH jQ ´kE u úgl
fuu Wmfoi Ndú; l< yels h' tfy;a tfia ls¯ug ;rul
ld,hla wjYH fõ' tu ksid ta i|yd wvq u ;rñka ñ,s ;;amr
2l ld,hla j;a ,nd†h hq;= fõ'
wjidk Wmfoi f,i Entry mode Set ye¢kaúh yels h' tys
° RS, RW, E, DB3-DB7 ;dr®lsl 0ys ;sìh hq;= w;r DB2
;dr®lsl 1ys meje;sh hq;= fõ' túg DB1g ,shk w.h wkqj wm
B<Ûg ,shk wl=r ,shfjkqfha ol=Kg o jug o hkak ;SrKh
fõ' idudkHfhka wmg wjYH jkafka LCD tallhl jï me;af;a
isg ol=Kq me;a;g ,shdf.k hdug jk kuq;a wjidkhg ,shQ wl=r
uelSug wjYH jQ úgl fuu myiqlu jvd;a m%fhdackj;a fõ'
DB0g ,shk w.h wkqj hï lsis fma<shl we;s wl=re ish,a,
u tl ia:dkhla jug fyda ol=Kg mekakSu is≥ ls¯u fyda fkd
ls¯u ;SrKh fõ' tkï DB0 (SH) ìgqj 0 kï tfia mekakSu
is≥ fkd jk w;r tu ìgqj 1 kï tfia is≥ fõ' mekakSu is≥
jkqfha jug o ol=Kg o hkak DB1 fyj;a I/D ìgqj wkqj
;SrKh fõ' th 1 kï jug o" 0 kï ol=Kg o ;,aÆ fõ'
16×2 LCD tallhlska wmg ia:djr j isák m%or®Ykh l<
yelafla wl=re 32lg iSud jQ jpk lsysmhla muKla jqj;a fuf,i
jug fyda ol=Kg mekakSug yels ùu ksid wl=re Bg jvd jeä
m%udKhla jqj;a m%or®Ykh lr.; yels h' fuys ° w∞< wl=re
jfï isg ol=Kg fyda ol=fKa isg jug .uka lrk wdldrhg
ilia lr.; hq;= fõ'
fufia uQ,sl Wmfoia ,nd ≥ka miq wdrïNl ilia ls¯u wjika
jk w;r B<Ûg we;af;a wmg m%or®Ykh ls¯ug wjYH wl=re
b,lalï fyda ixfla; ,nd °uhs' tfia ,nd≥ka úg ;djld,slj
.nvd lr .ekSu i|yd LCD tallh ;=< u;l .nvdjla
(Memory) ;sfí' th Display Data Ram fj;a DDRAM
f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu u;lfhys msysgqï wxl (Addresses) yd
LCD tallfhys wl=re ,shefjk ia:dk w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;S'
tkï LCD tallfhys m<uqjeks fma<sfha m<uqjeks ia:dkfhys ^rEm
igyk wxl 2 n,kak& †ia jkqfha msysgqï wxlh 0 jk ;ek
.nvd lr we;s wl=r" b,lalu fyda ifla;h fõ'
ta wkqj m<uq fma<sfha fojk ia:dkhg .efkkqfha DDRAMys
msysgqï wxl 1 ork ia:dkfha we;s wl=r fõ' fï wkqj m<uqjeks
fma<sfha 16 jeks ia:dkhg ,sùug wjYH kï DDRAMys 15
jeks msysgqug w∞< wl=r ,súh hq;= h' fojk fma<shg w∞< msysgqï
wxl 64 isg wdrïN fõ'
fï wkqj wmg wjYH o;a; ,sùfï ° uq,ska u DDRMys
msysgqï wxlh ,nd ° bkamiqj w∞< o;a;h ,nd °u l< hq;= fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska w∞< msysgqï wxlh heúh hq;=
wdldrh;a rEm igyk wxl 4 uÛska o;a; ^wl=re b,lalï fyda
ixfla;& hjk wdldrhla ≤lafõ'
by; i|yka l< wkqms<sfj< wkq.ukh ls¯fuka wmg wjYH
wdldrhg LCD tallh yiqrejd.; yels h' fï wdldrhg
Wmfoia yd o;a; heùug PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
l%uf,aLkh lr.kakd wdldrh fuu ,smsfha ó<Û fldgiska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 ú≥y,
2006 cQks ui 14 - n∞∞ msgqj 17
;dlaIK wxYh
Display clear hgf;a we;s Wmfoia uÛska wod< ìgq ieleiau
;*****Define Registers*****
STATUS equ 03h
olajd we;' LCD tallhg tu Wmfoia ls%hd;aul ls¯ug hïlsis
PORTA equ 05h ld,hla wjYH jk neúka Delayms keue;s Wmfoia f.dkqjg
PORTB equ 06h f.dia w∞< ld, mudj ,ndf.k we;' ta i|yd Call Delayms
TRISA equ 85h Wmfoi fhd∞ f.k we;'
TRISB equ 86h bkamiqj Entrymode Set hgf;a Increment mode hkak
f;dardf.k we;' tkï LCD tallfhys ≤kg ,shù we;s wl=rg
;*****Define Variables*****
miqj ol=◊ka B<Û wl=r ,shfjk f,i ilia ls¯u h'
CounterL equ 20h ;Loop counter Low
CounterH equ 21h ;Loop counter High
fï jk úg LCD tallh ksis m˙† ls%hd;aul ùug w∞<
uQ,sl ilia ls¯ï ish,a, is≥ lr wjika fõ' tu ksid B<Ûg
;*****PORT Initialization***** l< hq;af;a m%or®Ykh ls¯ug wjYH o;a; LCD tallhg ,nd
MICROCONTROLLERS bsf
clrf
STATUS,5
TRISA
;Switch to Bank 1
;PORT A output
°u h' m%or®Ykh úh hq;= fma<sh yd ia:dkh ,nd °u i|yd Set
DRAM Address hgf;a we;s Wmfoia lsysmh fhd∞f.k we;'
clrf TRISB ;PORT B output fuys ° m<uqjk fma<shg w∞< msysgqï wxl 0 isg 15 olajd jk
kj jk ,smsh - miajk fldgi bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
w;r fojk fma<shg w∞< mssysgqï wxl 64 isg 79 olajd fõ'
call DelaymS
wdrïNl wl=r ,shfjk ia:dkh 0 f,i fuys ° ,nd ° we;'
PIC 16F84(A) ;*****Function set***** bkamiqj Write Data to the LCD hk igykg miqj we;s
clrf PORTA ;RS=0 R/W=0 E=0 Wmfoiaj,ska flfrkqfha Hello hk wl=re ms<sfj<ska LCD
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlska LCD movlw b 00111000’ ;2 line mode tallhg ,nd °u h' fuys ° wms ,nd fok fyda m%or®Ykh l<
movwf PORTB hq;= o;a; neúka RSys w.h ;dr®lsl 1 úh hq;= h' bsf
Odjkh ls¯u-3 call Pulse ;Enable pulse PORTA,2 uÛska th is≥ lr we;' movlw 'H' Wmfoi uÛska
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) ms<sn|j miq.sh ,sms H wl=r W fr‚iagrhg f.k miqj th movwf PORTB
;*****Display ON/OFF Control*****
lsysmfhka b†˙m;a l< lreKq mokï fldgf.k PIC 16F84 movlw b 00001111’ ;Display, cursor Wmfoi fhd∞f.k PORTB fj;g fhduq lr we;' bkamiqj Call
(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlska 16×2 LCD tallhla Odjkh movwf PORTB ;and Blink ON pulse uÛska tu o;a; ìgq LCD tallh ;=<g .ekSug w∞<
ls˙ug w∞< l%uf,aLh fuys ° úia;r flfr®' call Pulse ;Enable pulse fjda,aàh;d iamkaoh ckkh lr we;'
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLh b†˙m;a fldg we;' E, L, L iy 0 hk wl=re i|yd o by; úia;r l<
fuu l%uf,ah ilia fldg we;af;a LCD tallhg w∞< uQ,sl ;*****Display Clear***** ls%hdj,sh u is≥ lr we;s nj w∞< Wmfoia lsysmh ks¯CIKh
ilials¯ï is≥ fldg bkamiqj 'Hello' hk jpkh m%or®Ykh movlw b 00000001’ ;Display Clear ls¯fuka Tng meye†,s jkq we;' wjidk jYfhka we;s Loop
movwf PORTB
flfrk wdldrhg jk w;r Hello fjkqjg Tng leue;s fjk;a goto Loop hk Wmfoi ksrka;rfhka ls%hd;aul fõ' fï
call Pulse ;Enable pulse
´kE u jpkhla jqj o m%or®Ykh lr.; yels h' ta i|yd call DelaymS ;Time to clear wjia:dj jk úg LCD ;srh u; Hello hk jpkh †ia jkq
l%uf,aLfha iqΩ iqΩ fjkialï is≥ l< hq;= fõ' l%uf,aLh we;' LCD ms<sn|j f.k wd úia;rh ñka wjika fõ'
f.dvkxjd we;s wdldrh ≤lafjk my; úia;rh fyd¢ka wjfndaO ;*****Entry mode set***** fuu ,sms fm< ;=<ska wms úiska W;aidy .kq ,enqfõ
lr.;a úg tu fjkialï is≥ l< hq;= wdldrh Tng myiqfjka movlw b 00000110’ ;Increment mode uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j Wkka≥jla olajk mdGl Tng
u f;areï.; yels jkq we;' movwf PORTB uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn| uQ,sl ≤kqula ,nd °ug h' fï olajd
iqmqre≥ m˙† l%uf,aLfha uq,ska u we;af;a wmg wjYH jk call Pulse ;Enable pulse m< lr we;s ,sms ;=<ska wdOqkslhl=g ;ksj u uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r
fr‚iagr yd tajdfha msysgqï wxl y∫kajd°uls' bkamiqj ;*****Set thr DRAM address*****
ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;= ≤kqula ,nd.; yels fj;ehs wms úYajdi
CounterL yd CounterH f,i úp,Hhka folla y∫kajd ° movlw b 10000000’ ;Address=0 lruq' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j úia;r l< hq;= ;j;a lreKq
we;' fï ish,a, MPLAB uD≥ldx.hg ,nd fok Wmfoia movwf PORTB iEfyk m%udKhka ;snqK o tajd ;rula ixlSr®K neúka ,sms fm<
(Compiler Directives) fõ' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd;aul úh call Pulse ;Enable pulse b†˙hg f.k hdug fmr mdGl Tn f.a m%;spdr ms<sn|j
hq;= wdldrh ≤lafjk Wmfoia fyj;a Instructions ,nd we;af;a wjOdkh fhduq ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq'
bka miqj h' ;*****Write Data to the LCD***** wm úiska b†˙m;a lrk ,o yd b†˙m;a ls¯ug hk ;rula
ta hgf;a uq,ska u wmg wjYH jk A yd N f;dgqm<j,a bsf PORTA,2 ;For data RS=1 ixlSr®K lreKq mdGl Tng flfia .%yKh jkafka ≤ hs hkak
movlw H ;Letter H
(PORTA, PORTB) m%;s∞k f,i ilia lr we;' PORTBys movwf PORTB
≤k.ekSu fuys wruqK h' tu ksid fuu ,sms fm< ms<sn|j Tn
RB0-RB7 w.% fhd∞ .efkkqfha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg LCD call Pulse ;Enable pulse f.a woyia yd fhdackd my; ≤lafjk ,smskhg fhduq lrk fuka
tallhg o;a; yd Wmfoia ìgq ,nd °ug jk w;r PORTAys movlw E ;Letter E b,a,d isáuq'
RA0, RA1 yd RA2 w.% ms<sfj<ska E, R/W iy RS hk movwf PORTB fuf;la m< l< ,smsj, idrdxYhla ,nk i;sfha m< fõ'
md,l ix« ,nd°ug fhd∞f.k we;' 9'3 ,smsfha i|yka m˙m: call Pulse ;Enable pulse Gamini Jayasinghe
igyk n,kak' movlw L ;Letter L Bfï,a ,smskh ( gaminij@ent.mrt.ac.lk -
tf,i A yd B f;dgqm<j,a ilia ls¯fuka miqj is≥ l< movwf PORTB Kolitha Dharmapriya
call Pulse ;Enable pulse
hq;af;a LCD tallhg w∞< uQ,sl ilials˙ï is≥ ls¯uhs' ta wkqj movlw L ;Letter L
Bfï,a ,smskh ( dharmapriyatdk@yahoo .com
uq,ska u Function Set hgf;a 2 Line mode yd 5×8 dots movwf PORTB ;eme,a ,smskh (
f,i wl=re fma<s .Kk yd wl=rl m%udKh ilia lr we;' jeä call Pulse ;Enable pulse .dñ◊ chisxy"
úia;r i|yd 9'4 ,smsh n,kak' Clrf PORTA Wmfoig wkqj movlw O ;Letter O úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY fomdr®;fïka;=j"
RS, R/W yd Enable md,l ix« ;dr®lsl §0¶ f,i ilia movwf PORTB fudrgqj úYajúoHd,h'
fldg we;' bkamiq movlw b' 00111000' Wmfoi uÛska w∞< call Pulse ;Enable pulse
ìgq ieleiau W fr‚iagrhg f.k movwf PORTB Wmfoi flda,s; Or®ums%h"
;**Main Loop**
uÛska tu ìgq ieleiau PORTB f;dgqm<g fyj;a RB0-RB7 Loop goto Loop ;Loop forever
háhkaf;dr mdr" wúiaidfõ,a,'
w.% fj; ,nd ° we;' tfia l< miq tu Wmfoia ìgq LCD
tallfha D0-D7 w.% fj; ,efí' ;****Small Delay in micro seconds**** fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
LCD tallh ;=<g tu ìgq ,nd°u i|yd E fyj;a Enable DelayuS decfsz CounterL,1 .dñ” chisxy
md,l ix«j 0V isg 5Vg f.k bkamiq kej;;a 0V goto DelayuS flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
;;a;ajhg m;a l< hq;= h' fuh fjda,aàh;d iamkaohla f,i return
ie,lsh yels h' LCD tallh ;=<g o;a; fyda Wmfoia ìgq
;****Small Delay in milli seconds****
,nd.kakd iEuúg u fuu fjda,aáh;d iamkaoh ckkh l< hq;= DelaymS decfsz CounterL,1
ksid Bg w∞< Wmfoia lsysmh f.dkq fldg Pulse kue;s Wmfoia goto DelaymS
f.dkqjla ilia fldg we;' ta wkqj tu fjda,aàh;d iamkaoh decfsz CounterH,1
wjYH iEu úgl u Call pulse Wmfoi fhd∞f.k w∞< Wmfoia goto DelaymS ;Small Delay (mS)
f.dkqjg f.dia th ls%hd;aul ls¯fuka LCD tallh ;=<g o;a; return
,nd†h yels h' ks;r wjYH jk Wmfoia tf,i tl f.dkqjlg
;****Generate the Enable pulse****
ilia l< úg l%uf,aLfha m%udKh l=vd jk w;r f;areï .ekSug
Pulse bsf PORTA,0 ;E=1
o myiq fõ' call DelayuS
Function Setg miqj is≥ l< hq;= ilia ls¯u Display bcf PORTA,0 ;E=0
ON/OFF Control fõ' ta hgf;a Display ON Cursor ON call DelayuS
iy Blink ON f,i ilia ls¯ug w∞< ìgq ieleiau W return
fr‚iagrhg f.k bkamiqj PORTB fj; fhduqlr we;' bkamiqj
Call pulse hgf;a tu Wmfoia ìgq LCD tallh ;=<g end
,nd.ekSug w∞< fjdaàh;d iamkaoh ckkh lr we;' bkamiqj rEm igyk wxl 1
2006 wf.dia;= ui 9 - n∞∞ ú≥ir ú≥y, msgqj 17
2 w†hr m<uq ,smsh n,uq'
oyfha mdofha ixLHdj, ° m<uq b,lalfuka tfla tajd o tkï
100 ^oyfha ìx≥j jeks n,h& ia:dkSh w.h f,i o" fojk
b,lalfuka oyfha tajd ^101& o" f;jk b,lalu uÛska ishfha
fofla" oyfha iy oy ifha mdofha ^102 fyj;a 10×10&" isõjk b,lalu uÛska oi oyfia ^104
fyj;a 10×10×10×10& tajd o ≤lafõ' ≤ka wms fï wdldrhg u
ixLHd fofla mdofha ixLHdj, ° ia:dkSh w.hka ;SrKh lrk wdldrh
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fmf<a fojeks w†hr w†ka werfUk n,uq'
w;r ;rula ixlSr®K m%dfhda.sl fh°ï lsysmhla fï hgf;a rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska fofla
idlÉcd ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' mdofha ixLHdjla iy tys ia:dkSh
miq.sh ,sms fm< ms<sn|j mdGl Tn tjQ m%;spdr woyia yd 01101 w.hka olajd we;' ta wkqj m<uq
fhdackd fuys ° úfYaIfhka ie,ls,a,g f.k we;' mdGlhka b,lalu uÛsk 20 fyj;a tfla tajd
fndfyda fokl= f.a woyi jQfha kHdhd;aul lreKqj,g wu;rj o" fojk b,lalu uÛska 21 fyj;a
m%dfhda.sl ksr®udK jeä m%udKhla b†˙m;a ls¯u fhda.H njhs' fofla tajd o" f;jk b,lalu uÛska
22 (2×2) fyj;a y;fr® tajd o"

tajd
tfukau ir, ksr®udKj, isg frdfnda hka;% olajd jQ ixlSr®K

tajd
tajd
tajd
tajd
mrdihl úys≥Kq m%dfhda.sl ksr®udK fm<la b†˙m;a lrk f,i;a y;rjk b,lalu uÛska 23

(24) oy ifha
(2×2×2) fyj;a wfÜ tajd o"

(23) wfÜ
(22) y;fr®
(21) fofla
(20) tfla
iuyre b,a,d isáh y' fï wdldrhg woyia yd fhdackd
fndfyduhla ,enqKq w;r ta fjkqfjka wm f.a ia;+;sh m< lr miajk b,lalu uÛska 24
isáuq' (2×2×2×2) fyj;a oy ifha tajd
CIqø md,l fyda CIqø ilik i|yd l%uf,aLk f.dvkexùfï ° o ≤lafõ' fuf,i b,lalï .Kk
fofla" oyfha iy oy ifha mdofha ixLHd fuka u nq,shdkq ùc jeäjk úg Bg wkqrEm j ia:dkSh fidhd.; hq;= h'
.◊;h ms<sn|j ≤k isàu w;HjYH fõ' tu ksid fuu ,smsfhka rEm igyk wxl 2 w.h o fofla n,hla f,i jeä
wm W;aidy .kafka by; i|yka lreKq ms<sn|j m%udKj;a fõ' fuu W∞yrKfha olajd we;s oyfha mdofha fofla mdofha oyifha mdofha
≤kqula mdGl Tng ,nd °ug h' fofla mdofha ixLHdjg wkqrEm oyfha mdofha ixLHdj ,nd.ekSug ixLHd ixLHd ixLHd
wm t†fk∞ lghq;=j, ° Ndú; lrkqfha oyfha mdofha ixLHd my; i|yka l%uh Ndú; l< yels h' 0 0 0 0 0 0
neúka tajd wmg yqre mqre≥ jqj;a fofla iy oy ifha mdofha 20 tfla tajd 1→1 1 0 0 0 1 1
ixLHd tf,i Ndú; fkd jk fyhska kqyqre njla ≤kSug mqΩjk' 22 fofla tajd 0→0 2 0 0 1 0 2
tu ksid fofla iy oy ifha mdofha ixLHd .ek úia;r ls¯ug 22 y;fr® tajd 1→4 3 0 0 1 1 3
fmr wm fyd¢ka okakd oyfha mdofha ixLHd ms<sn|j flá 23 wfÜ tajd 1→8 4 0 1 0 0 4
úia;rhla fldg ta weiq˙ka fofla iy oy ifha mdofha ixLHd 24 oy ifha tajd 0 → 0 5 0 1 0 1 5
.ek f;areï .ekSug W;aidy .ksuq' 6 0 1 1 0 6
wm fyd¢ka okakd m˙† oyfha mdofha ixLHdj,g ìx≥fõ isg 7 0 1 1 1 7
kjh olajd jQ wxl 10la we;=<;a fõ' tuÛska ìx≥fõ isg kjh by; .Kkh ls˙ug wkqj 01101 uÛska ksrEmKh flfrkqfha 8 1 0 0 0 8
olajd jQ w.hla ≤laúh yels h' bkamiqjg fhfok w.hla oy ;=k ^13& keue;s w.hhs' fuf,iu 10110101 uÛska 9 1 0 0 1 9
≤laùug ;ks b,lalula m%udKjka fkd jk fyhska jï miska ≤lafjkqfha l=uk w.hka ≤hs n,uq' 10 1 0 1 0 A
;j;a b,lalula ,súh hq;= h' túg wmg b,lalï foll 20 tafla tajd 1→1 11 1 0 1 1 B
ixLHdjla ,efí' 21 fofla tajd 0→0 12 1 1 0 0 C
W∞yrKhla f,i 25 .; fyd;a tys tlia:dkfha w.h 5 fõ' 22 y;fr® tajd 1→4 13 1 1 0 1 D
tkï tafla tajd 5la f,i .; hq;h' tfuka u fojeks b,lalu 23 wfÜ tajd 0→0 14 1 1 1 0 E
oYia:dkh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r tuÛska oyfha tajd lShla ;sfí 24 oy ifha tajd 1 → 16 15 1 1 1 1 F
≤ hs úia;r flfr®' fuys ° fofla b,lalu uÛska oyfha tajd 2la 25 ;sia fofla tajd 1 → 32
;sfnk nj olajhs' ta wkqj oyfha tajd folla iy tfla tajd 5la 26 yeg y;fr® tajd 0→0 rEm igyk wxl 4
.;a úg w.h úis myla f,i ,efí' 27 tl ish úis wfÜ tajd 1 → 128
fuf,i b,lalï follska 0 isg 99 olajd jQ w.hka ksrEmKh by; j.=jg wkqj 1011 0101g w∞< oy ifha mdofha
181 ksrEmKh B5 fõ' idudkHfhka oy ifha mdofha ixLHdjka hehs
l< yels w;r bka tydg we;s w.hka ksrEmKh ls¯ug ;j;a
b,lalula wjYH fõ' tf,i fhdok f;jeks b,lalu uÛska ≤laùug b,lalfï w.hg H fyda b,lalug OX fhfoa' ta wkqj
by; .Kkh ls¯ug wkqj 10110101 uÛska ksremKh OXB5 fyda B5H uÛska lshfjkqfha th oy ifha mdofha
ishia:dkh olajk w;r tuÛska ishfha tajd lShla ;sfí ≤hs flfrkqfha 181 ^tl ish wiQ tl& fõ'
lshfõ' fï wdldrhg 999ka miqj we;s w.hka ksrEmKh ls¯ug ixLHdjla njhs'
≤ka wms oyfha mdofha ixLHdjka fofla mdohg yrjk wdldrh fndfyda wjia:dj, ° fofla mdofha ixLHd fjkqjg oy ifha
jïmiska y;rjeks b,lalula o ,súh hq;= w;r th oyiaia:dkh n,uq' W∞yrKhla f,i 19 .ksuq' th †.g u foflka fn∞f.k
f,i ye¢kafõ' tuÛska oyfia tajd lShla ;sfí ≤hs ≤lafõ' fuf,i mdofha ixLHd fhd∞ .efka' Bg m%Odk fya;=j lshùfï myiqjhs'
hd hq;= h' tfy;a oy ifha mdofha ixLHdjla ≥ka úg Bg w∞< fofla mdofha
oi oyiaia:dkh" ishla oyia ia:dkh f,i b,lalï .Kk tlska
tl jeä fõ' wxl 1 rEm igykska fuu lreK ;j≥rg;a meye†,s 2 19 b;s˙ 1 ixLHdj yd oyfha mdofha ixLHdj ,nd .ekSug Tn ≤k isáh
lr.; yels h' 2 9 b;s˙ 1 hq;= h' W∞yrKhla f,i A3H kue;s oy ifha mdofha ixLHdjla
≤ka wms fofla mdofha ixLHd foig 2 4 b;s˙ 0 i,luq' tys ° A hkq fofla mdofha m%ldY l< úg 1010 jk
w;r 3g w∞< fofla mdofha ksrEmKh 0011 fõ' ta wkqj w∞<
24356 yefruq' oyfha mdofha ixLHdj, ° 0" 2 2 b;s˙ 0 ixLHdj my; ≤lafjk wdldrhg ,súh hq;= h'
1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9 f,i fjkia
1 b;s˙ 1 A3 oyifha mdofhka
ixfla; oyhla ;snqK;a fofla mdofha
by; wdldrhg foflka fn∞f.k f.dia ol=Kqmiska my< isg 1010 0011 fofla mdofhka
ixLHdj, ° wmg Ndú; ls¯ug
is≥jkqfha 0 iy 1 hk ixfla; mu◊'
by<g we;s b;s˙ w.hka ms<sfj<ska jfï isg ol=Kg ,shQ úg 163 oyfha mdofhka
tajd
tajd
tajd
tajd

tajd

wkqrEm fofla mdofha ixLHdj ,efí' ta wkqj 19g w∞< fofla by; wdldrhg fofla" oyfha iy oy ifha mdofha ixLHd
tfy;a fuu ixfla; fol Ndú; lr
mdofha ksrEmKh 10011 fõ' tllska ;fjllg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u Tn m%.=K l< hq;= fõ' ó<Û
wmg wjYH ´kE u b,lalula
(102) ishfha
(104) oi oyfia

(101) oyfha
(103) oyfia

(100) tfla

fofla mdofha ixLHd iy oyfha mdofha ixLHd w;r iïnkaOh fldgiska nQ,shdkq ùc.◊;h iïnkaO lreKq lsysmhla úia;r
ksrEmKh l< yels h'
≤k Tng meye†,s ù we;e hs is;uq' flfr®'
fofla mdofha ixLHd nyq, j u
fofla mdofha ixLHd iy oyfha mdofha ixLHd ie,lSfï °
Ndú; jk wjia:d f,i ixLHdxl
fofla mdofha ixLHd †.ska jeä fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i 19 ≤laùug
(Digital) bf,lafg%dksl WmlrK iy
b,lalï 5la wjYH fõ' fuf,i †.ska jeä ùu lshùfï °
m˙.Kl y∫kajd †h yels h'
wmyiq;d we;s lrhs' tu ksid Bg ms<shula f,i fofla mdofha
W∞yrKhla f,i m˙.Kl jevigykla
rEm igyk wxl 1 b,lalï y;r ne.ska f.k f.dkq fldg ;ks b,lalula f,i
.; fyd;a tys wvx.= Wmfoia o;a;
,sùfï l%uhla f.dvkÛdf.k we;' th oy ifha mdofha ixLHd
yd wfkl=;a f;dr;=re ish,a, .nvd
ksrEmKh f,i ye¢kafõ' (Hexa Decimal Notation).
lr we;af;a §1¶ iy §0¶ f,i h' fuf,i ixLHdxl bf,lafg%dksl
tys ° uq,ska u l< hq;af;a oyfha mdofha ixLHdjg wkqrEm
WmlrKj, fofla mdofha ixLHd Ndú; ùug fya;=j f,i ir,j
fofla mdofha ixLHdj fidhd.ekSu h' bka miqj ol=fKa isg jug
≤laúh yelafla §1¶ iy §0¶ hk wjia:d fol fjda,aàh;d uÜgï
§1¶ iy §0¶ b,lalï y;r ne.ska fjka lr.; hq;= h' rEm
follska myiqfjka ksrEmKh l< yels ùu h' fuh iaúphla
igyk wxl 3 n,kak'
újD; j (Off) iy jeiS (On) we;s wjia:d f,i o f;areï.;
yels h' fndfyda ixLHdxl m˙m:j, ° §0¶ ≤laúu i|yd 0V ^fyda 181 → 1011 0101
0-0.8V mrdih& o §1¶ ≤laùu i|yd 5V ^3.2-5V mrdih& o fojeks f.dkqj m<uq f.dkqj
f,iska jQ fjda,aàh;d uÜgula 2la Ndú; flfr®'
§1¶ iy §0¶ hk ixfla; Ndú; lr ´kE u b,lalula rEm igyk wxl 3
ksremKh l< yels nj wms by; i|yka lf<uq' tfia ksrEmKh rEm igyk wxl ;=fkka ≤lafjk wdldrhg ol=fKa isg jug
lrk wdldrh úia;r ls¯ug fmr oyfha mdofha ixLHd yd fofla b,lalï y;fr® f.dkq ilid.;a miq ta ieu f.dkqjlg u w∞<
mdofha ixLHdj, ° ia:dkSh w.h ;SrKh flfrk wdldrh úuid ;ks b,lalu rEmigyk wxl 4ka ≤lafjk j.=j weiq˙ka
 ú≥y,
2006 wf.dai;
a = ui 16 - n∞∞ msgqj 19
;dlaIK wxYh
j.=j ≤lafõ' ;dr®lsl oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j ≤lafõ'
m%∞kh A A B Q A B Q
m%∞kh A Q m%;s∞kh A
Q m%;s∞kh 0 0 0 Q 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
m%∞kh B 1 0 1 m%∞kh A B 1 0 0
Q = A+B 1 1 1 1 1 1
rEmigyk wxl 2 OR oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j Q=A+B

fuys ° A fyda B fyda AB fol u ;dr®lsl 1 ^i;H& fõ kï rem igyk wxl 7 XNOR oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j
m%;s∞kh 1 ^i;H& fõ' idudkH .◊;fha ° 1 ¤ 1ys w.h 2 jqj;a
nQ,shdkq ùc .◊;fha ° tjekakla is≥ fkd fõ' tys ° Q = A+B fuys ° i|yka l< nQ,shdkq ùc .◊; lr®u iy w∞< uQ,sl
MICROCONTROLLERS wkqj A yd B fol u 1 jk úg;a Qys w.h 1 u fõ'
ó<Ûg OR ls%hdfjys úf,dauh f,i NOR ls%hdj y∫kajd †h
;dr®lsl oajdr Ndú; lr ´kE u ixlSr®K ls%hdjla is≥ lr.;
yels h' tu ksid fuu lreKq b†˙fha ° jvd;a m%fhdackj;a fjhs'
10 fldgi - 2 ,smsh yels h' A yd Bys úúO ixfhdackhkag OR ls%hdfõ ° ,enqKq fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
m%;s∞kh Qj, úf,dauh fuys ° ,efí' fuh OR oajdrhl .dñ” chisxy
;dr®ll
s oajdr iy nq,h
s dkq ùc .◊;h m%;s∞khg NOT oajdrhla iú ls˙ug iudk fõ' rEm igyk flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
wxl 3 n,kak'
oYl lsysmhlg fmr fpia lS%vd ls¯u" f,aLkhl jHdlrK fyda A B
wCIr f∞aI fiùu" .sKqul y˙ je/† ne,Su wd° lghq;= ñksidg 0 0 1
m%∞kh A Q m%;s∞kh A
muKla l< yels jqj;a jr®;udkfha ° ta ishÆ lghq;= m˙.Kl Q 0 1 0
uÛska bgq lr.; yels h' ñksia fud<h uÛska ;r®ldkql+, j is;d 1 0 0
m%∞kh B B
n,d bgq l< tjeks ldr®hhka is,slkaj,ska (Silicon) ksr®ñ; 1 1 0
ix.Dys; m˙m: (IC) tla fldg ;ekQ hka;%hla jk m˙.Klh Q = A+B
flfia bgq lrkafka o hkak Tng o .egÆjla úh yels h' rEm igyk wxl 3 NOT oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j
Bg ,efnk ms<s;=r f;areï .ekSug kï tys nQ,shdkq ùc fuys ° w∞< .◊; lr®uh Q = A + B f,i ksrEmKh lr
.◊;h ms<sn|j ≤k isáh hq;= fõ' 19 jk Y;jr®Ifha ueo
Nd.fha ° fcdar®– nQ,a (George Boole) úiska f.dvkxjk ,o we;' A +Bg by<ska ;sfnk br uÛska Q i|yd A+Bys úf,dauh
neúka fuu .◊; l%uh nQ,shdkq ùc .◊;h (Boolean alge- ,eìh hq;= nj olajhs' tfuka u OR yd NOT oajdr foll
bra) f,i kï lr we;' tl;=jla fjkqjg OR oajdrfha m%;s∞k ,nd fok me;a;g ìx≥jla
m˙.Klhla ;=< is≥ jk ishÆ u ;r®ldkql+, ls%hdjka fuu §0¶ we°fuka NOR oajdrh i|yd ixfla;hla ;kdf.k we;'
nQ,shdkq ùc .◊;h u; mokï ù we;' m˙.Klj, fuka u ó<Ûg wms AND ls%hdj .ek n,uq' fuys ° o m%∞k folla
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r l< o hïlsis ;r®ldkql, ls%hdjka is≥ lr we;s w;r m%;s∞k we;af;a tlla mu◊' tajd ms<sfj<ska A, B iy
.ekSug wjYH jQ úgl fuu .◊; l%ufha iydh ,nd .; hq;= Q f,i kï fldg we;' fuys ° m%;s∞kh f,i 1 ,efnkqfha A
fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i b,lalï folla iudk ≤ hs ne,Su" w.fhka iy B hk m%;s∞k fol u 1 ^i;H& jQ wjia:dfõ ° mu◊' wka
jeä b,lalu f;dard .ekSu wd° lghq;= ≤laúh yels h' tu ksid is h Æ wjia : djka ys ° u m%;s∞kh §0¶ ^wi;H& fõ' rEm igyk
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r Ndú; lrñka ;rula ixlSr®K ksr®udK ls¯ug wxl 4 uÛs k a NOT oajdrhl ixfla;h yd w∞< i;H;d j.=j
hdfï ° nq,shdkq ùc .◊;h ms<sn|j ≤k isàu w;HjYH fõ' ≤la f õ'
fuu ,smsh ;=<ska wm idlÉcd ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka A B Q
m%∞kh A Q m% ; s ∞ kh 0 0 0
nQ,shdkq ùc .◊;fha uQ,sl ls%hdjka jk NOT, OR, NOR,
AND, NAND, XOR iy XNOR ms<sn|jhs' tu ls%hdjka bgq 0 1 0
m%∞kh B 1 0 0
ls¯ug fhd∞ .kakd ;dr®lsl oajdr (Logic gates) yd Bg w∞< Q=A×B
i;H;d j.= (Truth tables) o ta iuÛ u b†˙m;a lr we;' 1 1 1
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j Wkka≥jla olajk Tng fuka u Wiia rEm igyk wxl 4 AND oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j
fm< fN!;sl úoHdj y∞rk isiqkag o fuu lreKq jeo.;a úh
yels h' fuys ° A iy B fol u tl u jQ úg muKla m%;s∞kh Q
wm idudkHfhka Ndú; lrk 0 isg 9 olajd jQ b,lalïj,ska tl fõ' tfy;a NAND ls%hdfõ ° tys úf,dauh is≥ fõ' tkï A
ìx≥j iy tl ^0 iy 1& muKla nQ,shdkq ùc .◊;fha ° Ndú; iy B fol u 1 jQ úg muKla m%;s∞kh ìx≥j jk w;r wka
fõ' tajd ms<sfj<ska i;H fkd fõ" i;H fõ f,i o ye¢kafõ' iEu úg u m%;s∞kh Q tl f,i mj;S' fuys ° o AND oajdrhg
m˙m:hl ° kï §0¶ yeÛùug 0V fjda,aàh;djla o §1¶ yeÛùug NOT oajdrhla iïnkaO lr NAND oajrhla id∞.; yels h'
5V fjda,à a h;djla o Ndú; l< yels h' tfy;a ta fjkqjg AND oajdrfha m%;s∞kh ≤lafjk me;a;g 0la
nQ,shdkq ùc .◊;fha m%∞k (Inputs) yd m%;s∞k (Outputs) tl;= lr ;ks ixfla;hla f.dvkxjd we;' rEm igyk wxl 5
f,i fldgia folla we;' wm m%∞khka f,i fokafka o tfuka u uÛska w∞< ixfla;h iy i;H;d j.=j ≤lafõ'
m%;s∞k f,i wmg ,efnkafka o tl yd ìx≥j fõ' nQ,shdkq ùc A B Q
.◊;fha tk .◊; lr®u is≥ ls¯u i|yd ;dr®lsl oajdr (Logic m%∞kh A Q m%;s∞kh A Q 0 0 1
gates) fhd∞.kS' tla tla .◊; lr®uhkag w∞< j ;dr®lsl oajdr 0 1 1
tlla fyda lsysmhl tlla j;a ≤lsh yels h' tuÛska w∞< .◊; m%∞kh B B 1 0 1
lr®uhg wkqj m%∞khkag wkqrEm m%;s∞k ,nd foa' 1 1 0
fï hgf;a úia;r l< yels ir, u .◊; lr®uh NOT fõ' Q = A+B
th Inverter f,i o ye¢kafõ' fuys ° m%∞khka tlla muKla
olakg ,efnk w;r m%;s∞k o we;af;a tlls' tajd ms<sfj<ska A rEmigyk wxl 5 NAND oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j
yd Q f,i kï fldg we;' m%∞kh jk A i|yd 0 fyda 1 hk
wjia:d foflka ´kE u tlla ;sìh yels h' m%;s∞kh f,i ó<Ûg XOR fyj;a Exclusive OR ls%hdj i,luq' fuys °
,efnkqfha m%∞kfha úf,dauhhs' tkï m%∞kh f,i 0 we;s úgl o m% ∞ khka folla we;s w;r m%;s∞k we;af;a tlla mu◊' tajd
m%;s∞kh f,i 1 ,efnk w;r m%∞kh 1 jQ úgl m%;s∞kh 0 fõ' ms <f
s j<s ka A, B yd Q f,i kï fldg we;' A yd B m%∞khkays
w.hka wiudk jQ úg muKla m%;s∞kh 1 fõ' A yd B iudk jQ
fuh Q = A f,i iólrKhlska ≤laúh yels h' rEmigyk
úg m%;s∞kh Qys w.h §0¶ fõ' fuu .◊; lr®uh is≥ ls¯ug
wxl 1 uÛska w∞< ;dr®lsl oajdrh jk NOT oajdrh ixfla;j;a fhd∞ .kakd XOR oajdrfha ixfla;h;a tu .◊; lr®uhg w∞<
lrk wdldrh iy m%∞khkag wkqrEm m%;s∞k olajk i;H;d j.=j i;H;d j.=j;a rEm igyk wxl 6ka ≤lafõ'
(Truth table) b†˙m;a fldg we;' A B Q
m%∞kh A Q m%;s∞kh A Q m%∞kh A 0 0 0
0 1 Q m%;s∞kh
0 1 1
1 0 m%∞kh A 1 0 1
Q=A+B
Q = A 1 1 0
rEm igyk wxl 1 NOT oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j
OR kue;s .◊; lr®ufha ° m%∞khka folla ;sfnk w;r rem igyk wxl 6 XOR oajdrh iy i;H;d j.=j
tla m%;s∞khla mj;S' tajd ms<sfj<ska AB iy Q f,i kï fldg fuys ° w∞< iólrKh Q =A + B f,i ksrEmKh fldg
we;' fuys ° tu .◊; lr®uh Q = A+B f,i ksrEmKh flfr®' we;' A yd B iudk jQ úg m%;s∞kh 0 o wiudk jq úg 1 o
tkï A yd B m%∞khka foflka tlla fyda i;H kï ^§1¶ kï& fõ' tfy;a XNOR (Exclusive NOR) ls%hdfõ ° tys úf,dauh
m%;s∞kh i;H fõ' tfia fkdue;s kï m%;s∞kh wi;H fõ' ^§0¶ m%;s∞kh f,i ,efí' rEm igyk wxl 7 uÛska Bg wkqrEm
fõ& rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska w∞< ;dr®lsl oajdrh iy i;H;d

2006 wf.dai;
a = ui 30 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
fr‚iagr yd iïnkaO nQ,shdkq .◊;
miq.sh ,sms fol ;=<ska fofla mdofha ixLHd iy nQ,shdkq ùc
.◊;fha tk uQ,sl .◊; lr®uhka ms<sn|j úia;rhla wms
b†˙m;a lf<uq' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j jeä≥r bf.kSfï °
fï lreKq w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' ta wkqj fuu ,smsh o fjka
fldg we;af;a Tn wksjdr®hfhka u ≤k isáh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla
f.k taug h'
l,ska úia;r l< NOT, OR, NOR, AND, NAND, XOR
iy XNOR nQ,shdkq .◊; lr®u ìgq 8lska hq;a fr‚iagr i|yd
Ndú; lrk whqre fuys ° m%Odk fõ'
Bit 7
0 1 1 1 0 0
1
rEm igyk wxl 1 ìgq 8lska hq;a fr‚iaagrhla
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska ìgq 8lska hq;a fr‚iagrhla ≤lafõ'
tu ìgq Bit 0, Bit 1 ....Bit 7 f,i kï lr we;' fï iEu
ìgqjl u 1 fyda 0 ;sìh yels h' l%uf,aLk ls¯fï ° myiqj
i|yd fuu fr‚iagrj,g leue;s wdldrhl kula †h yels h'
idudkHfhka fr‚iagrfhka flfrk ldr®hhg wkqrEm kula °u
fndfyda úg is≥ fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i w.%hlg ,efnk iamkao
.Kkh ls˙ug fhd∞.kakd úp,Hhla Counter f,i kï l<
yels h' fuys ° Counter f,i ksrEmKh flfrkqfha fr‚iagrhls'
fuu fr‚iagrh i|yd by; ° úia;r l< .◊; ls¯u is≥ lrk
wdldrh my; ≤lafõ'
NOT
fuys ° w∞< fr‚iagrfha we;s ìgq ish,a, u tajdfha úf,dauh
(Complement) njg m;a fõ' tkï §1¶ ;snqfKa kï th §0¶
njg;a §0¶ ;snqfKa kï th §1¶ njg;a m;a fõ' fuu ls%hdj is≥
jk wdldrh rEm igyk wxl 2ka olajd we;'
fmr 1 0 1 1 1 0
miq 1 0 1 1 1 0
rEm igyk wxl 2 - NOT ls%hdjg fmr iy miq Counter
frcsiagrhla ìgq ieleiau
COMF Counter 1 kue;s Wmfoi Ndú; fldg PIC
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,hrla ;=< ° fuu ldr®hh bgq lrjd .; yels h'
fuys COMF hkafkka Complement hkak o Counter uÛska
fr‚iagrh o ksrEmKh flfr®' bkamiqj we;s tfla b,lalu uÛska
úf,dauh .ekSfuka miqj ,efnk kj ìgq ieleiau Counter
fr‚iagrhg u wdmiq ,shk f,i okajd isá' hï fyhlska tl
fjkqjg ìx≥j ,sheù ;snqK fyd;a úf,dauh .ekSfuka miqj ,efnk
ngq ieleiau Counter fr‚iagrhg fkd j W fr‚iagrhg
,shfõ' túg Counter fr‚iagrfha l,ska ;snQ ìgq ieleiau tf,i
u mj;S' ^W fyj;a Working fr‚iagrh ms<sn|j miq.sh ,smsj,
° i|yka lr we;&
wm l,ska ,smsfha ° i|yka l< m˙† OR ls%hdj i|yd m%∞k
folla ;sìh hq;= w;r tla m%;s∞khla ,efí' ta wkqj fr‚iagr
iïnkaO fldg OR ls%hdj is≥ ls¯u hdfï ° wmg m%∞k f,i
fr‚iagr follska tlsfklg wkqrEm ìgq ,nd.; hq;= fõ' tu
ksid Counter fr‚iagrh wu;rj W fr‚iagrh o fï i|yd
fhd∞ .; hq;= fõ' túg Counter yd W hk fr‚iagr fofla
wkqrEm ìgq OR oajdr 8lg m%∞k f,i ,nd ° bka miqj ,efnk
m%;sM, kej;;a Counter fr‚iagrhg fyda W fr‚iagrhg ,súh
yels h' fï i|yd ms<sfj<ska IORWF Counter 1 fyda IORWF
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
Counter 0 hk Wmfoia folska tlla Ndú; l< yels h' m<uq
Wmfoig wkqj m%;sM,h C ounter fr‚iagrhg ,shk w;r wfkla
Wmfoig wkqj m%;sM,h W fr‚iagrhg ,shefõ' Wmfoia w.g
;sfnk 1 fyda 0 wkqj th ;SrKh fõ' rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska
OR ls%hdjg fmr yd miqj Countor iy W fr‚iagrj, ìgq
ieleiau ≤lafõ'
Bit 7
Bit 0
Counter 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 tfy;a PIC uhsfl%dfldkfg%da,rj, ° NAND ls%hdj i|yd ;ks
W 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
} fmr
OR oajdrh
Counter 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 miq
rEm igyk wxl 3 - IORWF Counter 1 Wmfoig fmr
yd miq C ounter W fr‚iagrj, ìgq ieleiau
tys ° Counter fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj yd W
fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj OR oajdrhlg ,nd foa' tf,i u
fr‚iagr fofla m<uqjeks ìgq fol o ;j;a foa OR oajdrhlg
m%∞k f,i ,nd foa' fuf,i fr‚iagr fofla u wkqrEm ìgq OR
oajdr wglg m%∞k f,i ,nd ° bkamiqj ,efnk m%;sM, kej;
Counter fr‚iagrhg ,shefõ' túg l,ska ;snQ w.hka uelS wÆ;a
w.hkaf.ka fr‚iagrh msfr®'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï ° OR ls%hdj b;d
Bit 0 jeo.;a fõ'
1 W∞yrKhla f,i fr‚iagrhl we;s tl ìgqjla ;dr®lsl 1
f,ig ilid.; hq;= j we;e hs is;kak' fuys ° wfkl=;a
ìgqj,g lsis≥ n,mEula fkd úh hq;= h' tjeks wjia:djl ° fhd∞
.; yels tla .◊; lr®uhla f,i OR ls%hdj ye¢kaúh yels h'
wm by; ° Ndú; l< Counter fr‚iagrh ìx≥j jeks ìgqj 1
lr .ekSug wjYH he hs is;kak' túg W fr‚iagrhg
00000001 f.k W yd Counter fr‚iagr w;r OR ls%hdj
.;a úg Counter fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj 1 njg m;a fõ'
ta ukao h;a ìgq folska tlla fyda 1 kï m%;sM,h 1 ùuhs'
tfukau Wys b;s˙ ìgq ish,a, ìx≥j ksid OR ls%hdj uÛska
Counter fr‚iagrfha b;s˙ ìgqj,g lsis≥ n,mEula we;s fkd
lrhs' ^OR oajdrhg w∞< i;H;d j.=j n,kak&
fï i|yd MOVLW b00000001
IORWF Counter 1 hk Wmfoia fol Ndú; l< yels h'
NOR
NOR ls%hdj o by; úia;r l< m˙† u fõ' fjkilg
we;af;a tys m%;sM,h ,nd .ekSug IORWF Counter 1 Wmfoig
miqj COMF Counter 1 Wmfoi o ,sùu w;HjYH ùuhs' túg
OR ls%hdfjka m%;s∞kh NOT oajdrhl ° miqj ,efnk m%;sM,h
NOR f,i f.k fkd jk Counter fr‚iagrhg ,shefõ'
0 1
AND
fuys ° m%Odk 2la we;s neúka fr‚iagr foll wjYH;dj mek
k.S' ta wkqj by; úia;r l< m˙† Counter yd W hk
fr‚iagr ta i|yd fhd∞f.; yels h' rEm igyk wxl 4 uÛska
0 1 tu fr‚iagr fofla wkqrEm ìgq AND oajdr 8lg fhduq fldg
,efnk m%;s∞k kej; W fr‚iagrhg ,shk wjia:djla ≤lafõ'
Bit 7 Bit 0
Counter 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
W 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
} fmr
AND oajdrh
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
W miq
rEm igyk wxl 4 - XORWF Counter, 0 Wmfoia fmr
yd miq fr‚iagrh j, ìgq ieleiau
ANDWF Counter 0 Wmfoig fmr yd miq ìgq ieleiau
ANDWF Counter 0 Wmfoi fï i|yd fhd∞.; yels h'
AND ls%hdjg wkqj m%;sM,h 1 jkafka ìgq fol u 1 jQ úg
mu◊' tla ìgqjla fyda §0¶ fõ kï m%;sM,h §0¶ fõ' fuu
,CIKh fndfyda wjia:dj, ° m%fhdackj;a fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i
ìgq 8lska hq;a fr‚iagrhl by< ìgq 4 (Most significant bits)
tf,i u iy wfkla ìgq 4 bj;a lr W fr‚iagrhg .; hq;=
wjia:djla i,luq' túg 11110000 iuÛ w∞< fr‚iagr AND
ls%hdjg Ndckh ls¯u ir, u l%uhhs' fuys ° uq,a ìgq 4 (Least
Significant bits) ìx≥j neúka w∞< fr‚iagrfha uq,a ìgq 4
msgj
q 17
fuys ° uq,a ìgq 4 (Least Significant bits) ìx≥j neúka w∞<
fr‚iagrfha uq,a ìgq 4 l=ula jqj;a m%;sM,h §0¶ u fõ' tfy;a
by< ìgq 4 u 1 ksid w∞< fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j ;sfnk úg
m%;sM,h 0 f,i o 1 ;sfnk úg m%;sM,h 1 f,i o ,efí' rEm
igyk wxl 4 n,kak'
NAND
NAND ls%hdj o AND ls%hdjg fndfyda fihska iudk fõ'
Wmfoila fjkqjg AND yd NOT ls%hd fol fhd∞.; hq;= fõ'
XOR
XOR ls%hdjg o m%∞k folla wjYH neúka Counter yd W
hk fr‚iagr fol u fuys ° o fhd∞.; yels h' XORg w∞<
ixLHd; j.=j wOHhkh l< úg meye†,s jk lreKla jkafka
m%Odk ìgq fol u iudk jk úg m%;s∞kh §0¶ jk w;r ìgq
fol wiudk jk iEu úg u m%;s∞kh tl f,i ,efí' tu ksid
ìgq folla iudk ≤ hs ne,Sug fuu l%uh fhd∞.; yels h' ìgq
follg wu;r j fr‚iagr foll ;sfnk ìgq ieleiauj,a iudk
≤ hs ne,Sug o fuu l%uh fhd∞.; yels h' W∞yrKhla f,i
Counter fr‚iagrfha ;sfnk w.h 8 ≤ hs ne,Sug W
fr‚iagrhg wfÜ b,lalug w∞< ìgq ieleiau f.k bkamiq
Counter fr‚iagrh iuÛ XOR ls%hdjg fhduq l< yels h'
túg iudk kï m%;sM,h f,i ìx≥ wgla ,efí' tfia ke; fyd;a
tfla b,lalï tlsska fyda lsysmhla ;sfí' ´kE u .◊;uh fyda
;dr®lsl ls%hdjlg miq m%;sM,h ìx≥j ù ≤ hs ≤k .ekSug
STATUS fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj fyj;a (Zero flag) foi
ne,sh hq;= h' m%;sM,h ìx≥j fõ kï tu ìgqj 1 f,i o tfia
fkd fõ kï 0 f,i o ilia fõ' rEm igyk wxl 5 ks XOR
ls%hdjla ir, j úia;r flfr®' fuys ° Counter yd W hk
fr‚iagrj, ;sfnk w.hka iudk fkd jk ksid m%;sM,h ìx≥j
fkd fõ' tfy;a tu w.hka iudk ù kï m%;sM,h f,i ìx≥ 8la
,efí'
Bit 7 Bit 0
Counter 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
}
fmr
W 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
XOR oajdrh
W 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 miq
rem igyk wxl 5 - XORWF Counter 0 Wmfoig fmr
yd miq fr‚iagrj, ìgq ieleiau
PIC uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, ° CORWF Counter 0 Wmfoi
fï i|yd fhd∞.; yels h' túg Counter yd W fr‚iagrj,
we;s ìgq w;r XOR ls%hdj is≥lr m%;sM,h W fr‚iagrhg
kej; ,shkq ,nhs' tys ° Counter fr‚iagrfha ;snqKq w.hg
lsis≥ n,mEula is≥ fkd fõ' ;j o m%;sM,h 0 kï Status
fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj (Zero flog) 1 jk w;r tfia fkd fõ
kï th 0 fõ' m%;sM,h Counter fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= kï
XORWF Counter 1 Wmfoi Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'
XNOR
XNOR ls%hdj fuf,i u is≥ fõ' tys ° m%∞k ìgq fol
iudk jk úg m%;sM,h §1¶ o wiudk jk úg §0¶ o fõ' fï
i|yd kS;s Wmfoila fkdue;s neúka XORWF Counterg miqj
COMF Counter 1 Wmfoi o fh†h hq;= fõ' fuys ° is≥
jkafka XNOR fjkqjg XOR yd NOT ls%hd fol tla ls¯uls'
by; úia;r l< .◊; lr®u wfÜ fr‚iagrj,g muKla iSud
fkd fõ' Bg jvd jeä ìgq .Kkla iys; fr‚iagrj,g o j,x.=
fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i m˙.Klj, ° ìgq 1032 yd 64 fr‚iagr
olakg ,efí' tajdg o fuu .Kk lr®u tk f,i fhd∞ .; yels
h' tfyhska m˙.Kl l%uf,aLk ilia ls¯ug fyda
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r iïnkaO ksr®udK ls¯ug woyia lrk Tng
fuu lreKq w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' ó<Û ,smsfhka wm woyia
lrkqfha fofla mdofha ixLHd fhd∞f.k wl=re ksrEmKh lrk
wdldrh fyj;a ASCII ms<sn|j lreKq iaj,amhla f.k taug h'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

msgj
q 22
MICROCONTROLLERS
10 fldgi 4 ,smh
s return iy New line i|yka l< yels h' Carriage return
fofla mdofha ixLHd Ndú; fldg
wl=re" b,lalï iy ixfla;
ksrEmKh ls¯u
m˙.Kl" CIqø md,k tall jeks ixLHdxl bf,lafg%dksl
WmlrKj, ishÆ u ls%hdldrlï fofla mdofha ixLHd ^tkï §1¶
iy §0¶& fhd∞f.k is≥ flfrk nj wms l,ska i|yka lf<uq'
fujeks WmlrKj, m%∞k yd m%;s∞k f,i wl=re" b,lalï iy
ixfla; ks;r Ndú; fõ' tys ° wl=re b,lalï iy ixfla;
ksrEmKh ls¯u i|yd 1 yd 0ys úúO ixfhdack fhd∞ .efka' tl
u wl=r" b,lalu fyda ixfla;h i|yd ksIamdolhka fjkia
ixfhdack Ndú; l< fyd;a fndfyda .egÆ we;s úh yels neúka
hïlsis iïuq;shl wjYH;dj mek keÛs◊'
tu wjYH;dj i,ld n,d 1967 ° ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange) wl=re f.dkqj
iïu; lr.kakd ,°' 1986 ° th kej; jrla ixfYdaOkh fldg
jr®;udkfha Ndú; jk ;;a;ajhg f.k tk ,°'
rEm igyk wxl 1
ú≥y,
2006 iema;eïnr® ui 6 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
ta wkqj f,dj mqrd we;s ´kE u m˙.Klhla tl u wl=r"
b,lalu" fyda ixfla;h i|yd Ndú; lrkqfha tl u ìgq
ieleiauls' W∞yrKhla f,i "A" wl=r ksrEmKh ls¯u i|yd
§010000001¶ hk ìgq ieleiau Ndú; fõ' tu ìgq ieleiaug
w∞< oyfha mdofha ixLHdj 65 jk w;r oy ifha mdofhka ,shQ
úg 41 fõ' m˙.Kl fuka u ixLHdxl bf,lafg%dksl WmlrK o
fuu iïu;hg wkqj ls%hd lrhs'
W∞yrKhla f,i uqøK hka;%hla i,luq' uqøKh l< hq;=
wl=re b,lalï fyda ixfla; m˙.Klfha isg uqøK hka;%hg
hefjkqfha fï iïu;hg wkqrEm ìgq wfÜ f.dkq f,i h' uqøKh
flfrk wl=re b,lalï fyda ixfla; Printable characters f,i
ye¢kafõ' Bg wu;rj ;j;a úfYaI f;dr;=re o m˙.Klfha isg
uqøK hka;%h fj; heúh hq;= fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i Carriage
hkq uqøK ysi jïmi fl<jrg f.k tk f,i fok úOdkhla
jk w;r New line hkq wÆ;a fma<shlska uqøKh mgka.kakd
f,i flfrk úOdkhls' tjeks úfYaI f;dr;=re i|yd jk ìgq
ieleiauj,a Non printable characters f,i ye¢kafõ' ASCII
iïu;hg wkqj Printable characters 95la iy Non printable
charactors fyj;a Control codes 33la ;sfí' ish,af,ys tl;=j
128ls'
ta wkqj fjkia ixfhdack 128la ,nd.ekSug wvq u jYfhka
ìgq 7la wjYH fõ' (27=128) tfy;a idudkHfhka ìgq wfÜ
f.dkq Ndú; flfrk neúka wjika ìgqj 0 f,i f.k b;s˙ ìgq
7ka by; i|yka l< Printable iy Non printable charac-
ters ksrEmKh flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 1ka tla tla wl=rg b,lalug ixfla;hg
ìgq ieleiau olajd we;'
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska Non printable characters fyj;a
Control codesj,g w∞< ìgq ieleiauj,a iy tajdfha úia;r
olajd we;'
m˙.Kl h;=re mqjrefõ h;=rla tnQ úg tu h;=rg w∞< ìgq
ieleiau m˙.Klhg hefjk w;r m˙.Klh tu ìgq ieleiau
rEm igyk wxl 2
f;areï f.k w∞< ldr®hh is≥ lrhs' W∞yrKhla f,i "A" wl=r
tnQ úg §01000001¶ h;=re mqjrefõ isg m˙.Klhg hefõ' túg
tu ìgq ieleiau m˙.Klh uÛska f;areï f.k ;srh u; "A"
wl=re †ia ùug i,iajhs' h;=re mqjrej fjkqjg Tn
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r m˙m:hla uÛska tu ìgq ieleiaug ,nd ≥kafka
kï tu "A" wl=r tf,i u ;srfha †ia fõ' tfuka u wfkl=;a
wl=re b,lalï yd ixfla; o ,nd †h yels h'
rEmigyk wxl 1 fyd¢ka ks¯CIKh l< fyd;a 0 isg 9
olajd jQ b,lalï ksrEmKhg fhd∞f.k we;s ìgq ixfhdackj, uq,a
ìgq y;r muKla .;a úg tys w.h b,lalug iudk jk nj
Tng fmfkaú' tfukau Capital yd S imple wl=re i|yd we;s
ìgq ieleiauj, fjkilg we;af;a miajk ìgqj 0 yd 1 úg
muKls' W∞yrKhla f,i "A" i|yd 01000001 o "a" i|yd
§01100001¶ o fhfoa' tys fjkilg we;af;a miajk ìgqj 1 ùu
mu◊' tf,i fhd∞f.k we;af;a Capital yd Simple w;r
yqjudrej myiq ls¯u i|yd fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjk Non printable characters
f.dkqfõ wdrïNl wl=r Null character f,i ye¢kafõ'
m˙.Kl fyda uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r i|yd l%uf,aLk f.dvkexùfï
° fuh fndfyda úg fhd∞ .efka' h;=re mqjrefõ we;s Control
fyj;a Ctrl. h;=r yd @ h;=r tljr tîfuka fuh ckkh
lr.; yels h' tfukau l%uf,aLkj, ° §\0§ fï i|yd fhd∞
.efka'
B<Ûg ;sfnkafka Start of header fyj;a SOH hkakhs'
Ctrl. fnd;a;u iy A wl=r tljr tîfuka th ckkh lr.;
yels h' fï wdldrhg tla tla ìgq ixfhdackhkag w∞< úúO
fh°ï ;sfí' miqjg fhfok ls%hdldrlïj, ° ;j≥r úia;r f.k
taug wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
ASCIIj, ° ìgq wfÜ f.dkq Ndú; flfrk nj wms l,ska
i|yka lf<uq' tfy;a fuys ° uq,a ìgq y; muKla Ndú; fõ'
tkï 0 isg 127 olajd w.hka Ndú; fõ' tfy;a ìgq 8la
fhd∞f.k 0 isg 255 olajd w.hka fyj;a fjkia ixfhdackhka
,nd.; yels ksid 128 isg 255 olajd ;sfnk ixfhdackhka
fjk;a wl=re fyda ixfla; i|yd fhd∞.; yels h' ta wkqj we;s
lr.;a iïuq;sh Ext ended ASCII code f,i ye¢kafõ' óg
w∞< rEmogyk ,nk i;sfha n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

2006 iema;eïnr® ui 13 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
ir, Odrd fudagrhl
N%uK fõ.h iy †Ydj
md,kh ls¯u
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j Wkka≥jla olajk mdGlhska /il
f.a b,a,Su m˙† ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h iy †Ydj
md,kh ls¯u i|yd md,l m˙m:hla ksr®udKh lr.kakd wdldrh
11 jk ,smshg l,ska wms úia;r ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
fujeks ksr®udKhla fndfyda wjia:dj, ° m%fhdackj;a fõ'
W∞yrKhla f,i l=vd fi,a,ï ldrhla i,luq' th b†˙hg fyda
miqmig fiñka fyda fõ.fhka Odjkh ls¯ug fujeks m˙m:hla
w;HjYH fõ' tjeks m˙m:hl uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla ;sîu
w;HjYH u fkd fõ' tfy;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla Ndú; fldg
by; i|yka md,l m˙m:h f.dvkeÛ=j fyd;a l%uf,aLfha hï hï
fjkialï is≥ fldg tl u m˙m:h úúO wjYH;d i|yd
kùlrKh lr.; yels h'
by; i|yka W∞yrKh u f.k fuu ldrKh ;j≥rg;a
meye†,s lr.ksuq' fi,a,ï ldrhl .uka †Ydj iy fõ.h md,kh
flfrkjdg wu;rj b†˙fhka hï ndOlhla wef;d;a th uÛyer
hdug o yels kï md,l m˙m:h hï ;dla ≥rlg nqoaêu;a njla
Wiq,hs' fuh is≥ lr .ekSu i|yd fi,a,ï ldrfha b†˙miska
ixfõol folla iïnkaO lr thska ,efnk ix«
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg ,nd †h yels h' tfia ,efnk ix«j
wkqj b†˙fhka ndOlhla ;sfí o keoao hkak ;SrKh fldg
ndOlhla wef;d;a fjk;a †Ydjlg ye¯ .uka lrk f,ig;a
ndOhla ke;skï b†˙hg u .uka lrk f,ig;a
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh l%uf,aLkh lr.; yels h'
by; i|yka l< wdldrhg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlska ir, Odrd
fudagrhla md,kh ls¯ug yels m˙m:hla wm i;= j wef;d;a th
;j;a fndfyda ksr®udK i|yd fhd∞.; yels h' ir, frdfnda
hka;%hla ksr®udKh lr .ekSug mjd th fhd∞ .ekSug mqΩjk'
fuu ,sms fm< ;=<ska tjeks ksr®udKhla b†˙fha ° Tn fj;g
f.k taug wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
wmf.a wjYH;dj wkqj fudagr®j, m%udKh" cj m˙fNdackh"
ls%hdld¯ fjda,aáh;dj wd†h fjkia úh yels kuq;a
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ls%hd;aul jkafka 5V muK l=vd
fjda,aàh;djlska jk w;r tuÛska md,kh l< yels fyda ,nd †h
yels Odrdj o ñ,s weïmshr® lsysmhlg iSud fõ' ta fya;=fjka
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg ;ks j fudagrhla md,kh ls¯u is≥ l<
fkdyels h' tajg is≥ l< yelafla ksje/† j w∞< md,l ix«j
,nd °u mu◊' tu ksid tu md,l ix«j,g wkqj fudagr®
ls%hd;aul lrùu i|yd ;j;a m˙m: fldgila wjYH fõ' fuu
fldgfia fjda,aàh;dj fudagrhg wjYH wdldrhg ilid .; yels
h' tfuka u fudagrhg wjYH lrk Odrdj ,nd °ug th iu;a
fõ' rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjk leá igyk wOHhkh ls¯fuka
fuu ldrKh ;j≥rg;a meye†,s lr.; yels h'
5V fudagrh i|yd
+VS fjda
,aàh;d
iemhqu
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r Odjl
ixfõok m˙m:h
m˙m:h
fudagrh g%dkaisiagr wl%sh fldg kj;d ≤uQ wjia:djls'
md,l
ix«
rEm igyk wxl 1
ú≥y,
msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
ixfõol uÛska ,efnk ix« wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh md,l ùug tfrys j ls%hd lrhs' tkï tys .nvd jQ Yla;sh úoHq;a.dul
ix« ksl=;a lrhs' tu ix« Odjl m˙m:hg ,enqKq úg fudagrh n,hla njg m;a fldg tuÛska l,ska Odrdj .uka l< †Ydjg
ls%hd;aul flfr®' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ls%hd;aul ùu i|yd 5V Odrdjla .e,Sug i,iajhs' fuu úoHq;a .dul n,h Back Elec-
iemhqula ;sìh hq;= fõ' tfy;a Odjl fldgig imhk tromotive Force fyj;a m%;s úoHq;a .dul n,h f,i ye¢kafõ'
fjda,aàh;djg (+Vs) fjkia w.hla ;sìh yels h' iuyr úg tfy;a fï jk úg Q1' Q2, Q3,Q4 hk g%dkaisiagr 4 u wl%sh ù
th 12V, 24V fyda 36V úh yels h' tfuka u thg úúO we;s neúka tfia ckkh jQ Odrdj .,d hdfï udr®.hla fkdue;s
m%udKfha Odrdjka o yeisrùug mqΩjk' ta wkqj tl u fõ' tfy;a D3 yd D4 vfhdav yryd tu Odrdjg .e,sh yels
m˙m:hlska úúO jr®.fha fudagr® yeisrùfï yelshdj fï m˙m:hg neúka tu vfhdav fol yd fjda,aàh;d iemhqu iïnkaO m˙m:h
;sfí' ;+<ska tu Odrdj .,d f.dia pqïnl fCIa;%fha .nvd jQ Yla;sh
uq∞ yefr®' tfia fkd jQfha kï g%dkaisiagr yryd wêl
≤ka wms fï Odjl m˙m:h .ek ;j≥rg;a idlÉcd lruq' fjda,aàh;djla we;s ù tajd ≤ù hdug o mqΩjk'
ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h yd †Ydj md,kh ls˙u i|yd
nyq, j fhd∞ .kakd m˙m: ieleiaula rEm igyk wxl 2ka
≤lafõ' tu ieleiau Full bridge f,i ye¢kafõ' iuyr
ckkh jk m%;súoHq;a .dul n,fha m%udKh ;SrKh jkqfha
fudagrh yryd Odrdj keje;aùfï YS>%;dj u; h' tfuka u
wjia:dj, ° th H Bridge f,i o ye¢kafõ' m%;súoHq;a .dul n,h uÛska ckkh jk Odrdj b;d l=vd ld,hl
° W∞iSk l< hq;= h' tu ksid D1, D2, D3, D4 vfhdav Fast
Recovery Diodes fyj;a CI◊l ls%hdld˙;ajhla iys; vfhdav
úh hq;= h'
by; i|yka Odjl m˙m:h g%dkaisiagrh yd vfhdav fjk fjk
u f.k f.dvkxjd.; yels h' tfuka u tu g%dkaisiagr ieleiau
ix.Dys; m˙m: (IC) f,iska o ,nd.; yels h' L 298 hkq
tjeks ix.Dys; m˙m:hls' rEm igyk wxl 3 n,kak' tys H
Bridge 2la ;sfnk w;r fudagr 2la fjk fjk u Odjkh l<
yels h' ir, frdfnda hka;% ksr®udKfha ° fuh nyq, j Ndú;
fõ'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg iú lrk wdldrh ,nk i;sfha
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
rEm igyk wxl 2
fuys ° +Vs hkq fudagrhg n,h ,nd fok fjda,aàh;d
iemhquhs' fudagrh ol=Kqg lrleùug wjYH jQ úg Q1 yd Q2
g%dkaisiagr ls%hd;aul lr Q3 yd Q4 g%dkaisiagr wl%sh l< hq;=
fõ' túg +Vs iemhqfï isg Q1 g%dkaisiagrh yryd R ,CIHhg;a
t;eka isg fudagrh yryd S fj;g;a bkamiqj Q2 g%dkaisiagrh
yryd (-) w.%hg;a Odrdj .uka lrhs' tf,i u fudagrh jug
lerleùug wjYH jQ úg Q3 yd Q4 g%dkaisiagr ls%hd;aul fldg
Q1 yd Q2 g%dkaisiagr wl%sh ;=< hq;= fõ' túg +Vs isg Q3
yryd Sg;a bkamiqj fudagrh yryd Rg;a Odrdj .,k w;r bka rEm igyk wxl 3
miqj Q4 yryd n, iemhqfï (-) w.%hg iïnkaO fõ' ls%hd;aul ù
;sfnk g%dkaisiagr fol wkqj fudagrh yryd R isg S isg fyda S
isg R Odrdj .,hs' Odrdj .,k †Ydj wkqj fudagrh jug fyda fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
ol=Kg lrlefõ'
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
g%dkaisiagr ls%hd;aul lrùu i|yd tajdfha mdoug w∞< md,l
ix« ,nd †h hq;= fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i Q1 yd Q2 g%dkaisiagr
ls%hd;aul lrùu i|yd tajdfha mdou w.% A yd Bg
fjda,aàh;djka ,nd †h hq;= fõ' tu fjda,aáh;djka
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla uÛska ,nd †h yels h' fuys ° wjOdrKh
l< hq;= úfYaI lreKla jkafka tl fl<ska my<g ;sfnk
g%dkaisiagr folla lsis úfgl;a tl jr ls%hd;aul fkdúh hq;= h
hkakhs' tkï Q1 yd Q4 g%dkaisiagr hq.,h fyda Q2 yd Q3
g%dkaisiagr hq.,h o tljr ls%hd;aul fkdúh hq;= h' tfia jqj
fyd;a n, iemhqfï + w.%fha isg meñfKk Odrdj fudagrh yryd
fkd f.dia tu my<ska we;s g%dkaisiagrh yryd (-) w.%hg hefõ'
fï udr®.fha m%;sfrdaOh b;d wvq neúka n, iemhqï Æyqj;a jQ
;;a;ajhka we;s ù wêl Odrdjla .e,Sug mgka .kS' fï ;;a;ajh
n, iemhqug fuka u g%dkaisiagrj,g o b;d u ydks∞hl fõ' tu
ksid fujeks Odjl m˙m: ilid we;af;a lsis úgl;a tl u
;Srefõ g%dkaisiagr folla l%shd;aul fkd jk f,i h'
by; i|yka Odjl m˙m:fha iEu g%dkaisiagrhl u ix.%dylh
yd úfudaplh w;rg vfhdavhla fhd∞ we;' tajd Free willing
diodes f,i ye¢kafõ' tu vfhdavj,ska jeo.;a ldr®hhla bgq
flfr®' th meye†,s lr .ekSu i|yd ol=Kg lerflñka ;snQ
fudagrhlg Odrdj iemhSu kej;+ wjia:djla i,luq' tkï Q1 yd
Q2 g%dkaisiagrhg ;=<ska R2 †Ydjg .,ñka ;snQ Odrdj tu
fudagrh ;=< ;sfnk lïì oÛrh yryd Odrdj .,k úg ta
wjg pqïnl fCI;%hla yg.kS' ;j;a wdldrhlska lshf;d;a hïlsis
Yla;s m%udKhla pqïnl fCI;%hla wdldrfhka lïì oÛrh ;=<
.nvd ù ;sfí' fudagrh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj CI◊l j keje;ajqj
fyd;a lïì oÛrh wjg we;s jQ pqïnl fCIa;%h uÛska Odrdj wvq

2006 iema;eïnr® ui 27 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
11 ,smsh 2 fldgi
ir, Odrd fudagrhl
N%uK fõ.h iy †Ydj
md,kh ls¯u
ir, Odrd fudgrj, N%uK fõ.h iy †Ydj md,kh ls¯ug
nyq, j fhd∞ .kakd Odjl m˙m:hla jk H Bridge ieleiau
ms<sn|j úia;rhla miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flreKq w;r
ix.Dys; m˙m:hla (IC) wdldrfhka we;s tjeks ieleiaula
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg iïnkaO lr.kakd wdldrh iy tys
ls%hdld¯;ajh fuys ° úia;r flfr®'
L298 f,i kïlr we;s tu ix.Dys; m˙m:h fjf<|fmdf<ka
iqΩ uqo,lg ,nd.; yels h' w.% 15lska iukaú; tys H Bridge
2la wka;r®.; fõ' ta wkqj fudagr 2la fjk fjk u Odjkh
ls¯ug jqj o fuh fhd∞.; yels h' rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska
tys wNHka;r ieleiau leá fldg olajd we;'
Q1A, Q2A, Q3A iy Q4A uÛska tla H bridge m˙m:hla
idok w;r Q1B, Q2B, Q3B iy Q4B tla j ;j;a H Bridge
m˙m:hla ksr®udKh fldg we;' fuu H Bridge folg u +Vs
fmd≥ fjda,aáh;d iemhqula ;sfí' tys w.h fudagrj,g wjYH
m˙† fjkia l< yels h' tfy;a wfkl=;a fldgiaj, ls%hdld¯;ajh
i|yd fjk u +5V iemhqula wjYH fõ' th +5V f,i kï
fldg we;'
EnA fyj;a 6 jk w.%hg ,nd fok fjda,aàh;dj 5V fyda
0V ^;dr®lsl 1 fyda ;dr®lsl 0& wkqj H Bridge A ls%hd;aul
ùu fyda fkd ùu ;SrKh fõ' EnAys w.h ;dr®lsl 1 ùfuka
miqj In1ys fjd,aaáh;dj ^5V fyda 0V& wkqj U1A yd U4A
AND oajdrj, m%;s∞k ;dr®lsl 1 fyda 0 úh yels h' U4A
AND oajdrhg In1 m%∞kfha úf,dauh ,nd ° we;' In1 m%∞kh
U4A AND oajdrhg iïnkaO jk ;ek l=vd rjqula we£fuka th
ixfla;j;a fldg we;' fuf,i u In2, In3, In4 m%;s∞khka o
V2A, V4B, V2B AND oajdrj,g ,nd ° we;af;a tajdfha úf,dau
f,ihs' fufia is≥ fldg we;af;a tl u ;Srefõ we;s g%dkaisiagr
folla tljr ls%hd;aul fkd ùu ;yjqre ls˙ug fõ' ta wkqj
U1A yd V4A AND oajdr hq.,fha m%;s∞k iEuúg u 1, 0 fyda
0, 1 f,i mj;S' tf,i u U3A, U2A hq.,h o" U1B, U4B yd
V3B, U2B hk AND oajdr hq.,hka o 1" 0 fyda 0" 1 f,i
m%;s∞k ,nd foa' ta wkqj lsisúfgl;a g%dkaisiagr yryd fjda,aàh;d
rEm igyk wxl 1
ú≥y,
msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
iemhqu Æyqj;a fkd fõ' by; i|yka l< In1, In2 yd EnA md,l ix«
H Bridge hq.,fha m%;s∞k Out1, Out2, Out3 yd Ou t4 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla uÛska ,nd †h yels h' tfuka u fudagrh
f,i kï lr we;' Out1 yd Out2 w;rg fudagrhla iïnkaO yryd .,k Odrdj RsA m%;sfrdaOh yryd ckkh jk fjda,aàh;d
lrk whqre rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska olajd we;' fuys ° fjkig wkqj .Kkh lr.; yels h' RsA i|yd 0.5Ω 25W
Freewilling diodes D1, D2, D3 iy D4 ndys˙ka iïnkaO l< fr‚iagrhla fh†h yels h' RsA yryd ckkh jk fjda,aàh;dj
hq;= j we;' ta i|yd CI◊l ls%hdld¯;ajhla iys; Fast m%;siu (Analog) rdYshla neúka th uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh uÛska
Recovery jr®.fha vfhdav fhd∞.; hq;= h' IN 4148 vfhdav ixLHdxl njg yrjd .,k Odrdj wêl kï EnA ix«j 0
fï i|yd fhd∞.; yels h' njg m;a fldg fudagrh Odjkh ls¯u kj;d ≤óug mqΩjk'
fudagrh ol=Kg lrleùug wjYH kï R isg S olajd Odrdj fï wkqj PIC 16F877A uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh Ndú; ls¯ug
.e,sh hq;= fõ' ta i|yd Q1A yd Q2A g%dkaisiagr l%shd;aul l< wms woyia lf<uq' fuu ldr®hh PIC 16F84A jeks ir,
hq;= fõ' tfuka u Q3A yd Q4A g%dkaisiagr wl%sh ;;aa;ajfha uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,hlska jqj o is≥ lr .ekSug mqΩjk' tfy;a
;nd .ekSu o w;HjYH fõ' fï i|yd In1 m%∞kh ;dr®lsl 1 b†˙fha ° ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ksr®udK .ek i,ld PIC
fyj;a 5V uÜgfï o In2 m%∞kh ;dr®lsl 0 fyj;a 0V uÜgfï
° ;nd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' H Bri dge A ls%hd;aul ùug EnA
16F877A fhd∞ .ekSu iq≥iq fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska PIC 16F877A
m%∞kh iEu úg u 5V fyj;a ;dr®lsl 1 f,i ;nd.; hq;= h' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg L298 ix.Dys; m˙m:h iïnkaO l< hq;=
fudagrh keje;aùug wjYH kï In1 yd In2 m%∞k fol u 0V wdldrh olajd we;' fuys fjda,aàh;d iemhqu f,i 7V isg 30V
;;a;ajhg f.k wd hq;= h' fudagrh jug lrleùug wjYH jQ olajd ´kE u w.hla .; yels h' +Vs hkq fudagrhg wjYH
úg In1 m%∞kh 0 f,i o In2 m%∞kh 1 f,i o ;ndf.k EnA jk fjda,aáh;djhs' tu ksid tu fjda,aàh;dj iys; iemhquhla
1 njg m;a l< hq;= h' fhd∞ .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RA0 fyj;a 2
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska fuu wjia:d leá fldg olajd we;' jk w.%hg RsA yryd ckkh jk fjd,aàh;dj iïnkaO fldg
we;' tu fjda,aàh;dj (Digital) ixLHdxl njg m;a fldg
fudagrfha l%shdld¯;ajh fudagrh yryd .,k Odrdj ksr®Kh l< yels h' tfuka u RC1,
RC2 fyj;a 16 yd 17 w.%j,g In2 yd In1 m%∞k iïnkaO fldg
EnA = 1 In1 = 1 In2 = 0 ol=Kg lerleùu we;' EnA iïnkaO fldg we;af;a RD0 fyj;a 19 jk w.%hghs'
In1 = 0 In2 = 1 jug lerlùu fï w.% 3 u m%∞k f,i ilia lr.; hq;= w;r tajdhska ,nd
fok md,k ix« wkqj fudagrh jug fyda ol=Kg Odjkh ùu
In1 = In2 blau◊ka N%uKh keje;a o Odjkh fkd ù ksYap, j mej;S u o ;SrKh fõ' óg w∞<
ùu l%uf,aLh f.dvkÛd.kakd wdldrh ó<Û ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®'
EnA = 0 In1 = 1 fyda 0 fudagrh ksoyfia
In2 = 1 fyda 0 N%uKh fõ' ke;fyd;a fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
ksYap,j ;sfí' .dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
rEm igyk wxl 2
rEm igyk wxl 3
 ú≥y,
2006 Tlaf;danr® ui 11 - n∞∞ msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
RC1 iy RC2 w.% fhd∞f.k we;af;a fudagrfha N%uK †Ydj
;*****Define Registers***** md,kh ls¯ug we;s In2 yd In1 md,l ix« i|yd jk w;r
RD0 w.%h f;dard f.k we;af;a fudagrh yryd Odrdj .e,Su fyda
STATUS equ 03h fkd .e,Su ;SrKh lrk md,l ix«j EnA ,nd°ug fõ'
PORTA equ 05h
^miq.sh ,smsfha i|yka m˙m: igyk n,kak& L298 ix.Dys;
m˙m:hg ,nd fok In1 yd In2 m%∞kj,g wkqj N%uKh jk
TRISA equ 85h
†Ydj ;SrKh fõ' fudagrh ol=Kg lerleùu i|yd In1 m%∞kh
PORTC equ 07h
;dr®lsl 1 f,ig;a In2 m%∞kh ;dr®lsl 0 f,ig;a ilia l< hq;=
TRISC equ 87h
fõ' movlw b '00000100' Wmfoig wkqj RC1 yd RC2 w.%
PORTD equ 08h
0 yd 1 ,nd foa' RC1 w.%h L298ys In2 w.%hg;a RC2 w.%h
TRISD equ 88h L298ys In1 w.%hg;a iïnkaO lr we;s neúka In1 = 1 yd
In2 = 0 njg m;a fõ' ta wkqj fudagrh ol=Kg lrleùug w∞<
MICROCONTROLLERS ;*****Port Settings*****
main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
ilia ls¯ï is≥ fldg wjika fõ' tfy;a L298ys Enable fyj;a
EnA w.%hg 5V ^;dr®lsl 1& ,nd fok f;la fudagrh ls%hd;aul
bsf TRISA,0 ;RA0 input fkd fõ' bsf PORTD, 0 Wmfoig wkqj RD0 w.%h ;dr®lsl 1
11 ,smsh 3 fldgi
clrf TRISC ;PORT C output njg m;a fõ' ta wkqj Bg iïnkaO fldg we;s EnA w.%h o
clrf TRISD ;PORT D output ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fõ' bka miqj fudagrh ls%hd;aul ùug mgka
ir, Odrd fudagrhl movlw b’00000111'
bcf STATUS,5
;Set Timer0
;Switch to Bank 0
.kS'
fuf,i u jug lerleùug wjYH kï movlw
N%uK fõ.h iy †Ydj b '00000100' fjkqjg movlw b '00000010' Wmfoi Ndú;
;*****Set the direction***** l< hq;= fõ' túg In1 = 0 yd In2 = 1 f,i ilia ù fudagrh
md,kh ls¯u movlw b’00000100' ;Turn clockwise jug lerlefõ' fufia jug fyda ol=Kg lerleùu wdrïN l<
PC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla iy L 298 ix.Dys; ;movlw b’00000010' ;Turn anticlockwise miq fudagrh fkdkej;S †.g u ls%hd;aul fõ' Loop goto Loop
m˙m:hla Ndú; fldg ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h iy movwf PORTC ;Write to the port Wmfoig wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fjk lsis;a fkd lr tu
†Ydj md,kh ls˙ug w∞< m˙m: igyk miq.sh ,smsfhys m< úh' Wmfofiys u /f|aa' ta wkqj fudagrh †.g u ls%hd;aul fõ'
tu ldr®hhg w∞< l%uf,aLh f.dvkÛd .kakd wdldrh fuu bsf PORTD,0 ;Enable = 1 fudagrh m%;súreoaO †Ydjg lerleùug wjYH kï l%uf,aLh by;
,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' Bg wu;rj PIC 16F877(A) úia;r l< m˙† fjkia fldg kej; uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=<g
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh l%uf,aLkh (Program) lr .ekSug w∞< ;*****Loop forever***** we;=<;a l< yels h' tfia fkd fldg fnd;a;ula tîfuka †Ydj
m˙m:h o fuys ° úia;r flfr®' Loop goto Loop ;If no then wait udre ls¯ug yels jk f,i m˙m:h yd l%uf,aLkh ilia
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLh b†˙m;a lr we;' lr.kakd wdldrh ó<Û ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®'
tys ° iqmqre≥ m˙† wmg wjYH jk fr‚iagr y∫kajd ° ;sfí' end mdGlhska fndfyda fokl= f.a b,a,Su m˙† PIC 16F877(A)
bkamiqj A, C yd D hk f;dgqm<j,a m%∞k yd m%;s∞k f,i kï uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh l%uf,aLkh lr.ekSug w∞< m˙m:h kej;
lr we;' bsf TRISA,0 Wmfoig wkqj A f;dgqmf<ys RA0 rEm igyk wxl 1 jrla b†˙m;a ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq' rEm igyk wxl 2
w.%h m%∞khla f,i ilia fõ' fudagrh yryd .,k Odrdjg uÛska tu m˙m:h ≤lafõ' fuys ° i|yka l< hq;= úfYaI
wkqrEm fjda,aàh;djla fuu w.%hg ,nd fok ksid th m%∞khla lreKla jkqfha PIC uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r l%uf,aLkh ls¯u i|yd
w.% o m%;s∞k f,i ilia fõ' C yd D f;dgqm<j,g iïnkaO uQ,sl jYfhka w.% 5la fhd∞ .efkk njhs' tajd VDD fyj;a
f,i ilia ls¯u wksjdr®h fõ'
b;s˙ w.% fjk;a ldr®hhlg fhd∞ fkd .kakd neúka th Ok fjda,aàh;d iemhqu" VSS fyj;a iDK fjda,aàh;d iemhqu
clrt TRISC yd Clrf TRISD Wmfoi uÛska TRISC yd
.egÆjla fkd fõ' tfy;a tu w.% fjk;a ldr®hhka i|yd fhd∞ MCLR, PGC iy PGD fõ' PIC 16F87(A)ys VDD w.%
TRISD fr‚iagrj, ìgq ìx≥j njg m;a lrhs' tfia l< úg C
.kafka kï clrf TRISC yd Clrf TRISD Wmfoia fjkqjg bcf 2la ^11 iy 32& iy VSS w.% 2la ^12 iy 31& ;sfí' MCLR
yd D f;dgqm<j,g iïnkaO ishÆ w.% RC0- RC7 iy RD0-
TRISC, 1 bcf TRISC, 2 iy bcf TRISD, 0 Wmfoia ;=k hkq 1 jk w.%h o PGC (Programming clock) 39 jk w.%h
RD7) m%;s∞k f,i ilia fõ' wmf.a m˙m:hg wjYH jkafka
fï i|yd fhd∞.; yels h' o PGD (Programming data) 40 jk w.h o fõ' fjk;a
RC1, RC2 iy RD0 hk w.% ;=k muKla jqj;a fuys ° b;s˙
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhl fuu w.% ieleiau
fjkia úh yels h' tjeks wjiA:djl °
w∞< w.% fidhd tajdg w∞< ix« ,nd
°fuka l%uf,aLkh lr.; yels h'

fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd

ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 ú≥y,
2006 Tlaf;danr® ui 25 - n∞∞ msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
l%uf,aLfha fndfyda fldgia miqj tys ;sfnk w.hka
miq.sh ,smsfha i|yka 00011100 hk ìgq
;*****Define Registers*****
l%uf,aLhg iudk fõ' fuys ° ieleiau iuÛ XOR
o l%uf,aLh wdrïNfha ° u ls%hdjlg Ndckh flfr®'
STATUS equ 03h
wmg wjYH jk fr‚iagrh tys ° 2" 3 iy 4 hk
PORTA equ 05h
yd tajdfha msysgqï wxl ìgq ;dr®lsl 1 f,i ;sfí
TRISA equ 85h
y∫kajd ° we;' bkamiqj A kï XOR ls%hdfõ
PORTC equ 07h
f;dgqmf<ys RA0 - RA5 w.% m%;sM,h ìx≥j fõ' ^jeä
TRISC equ 87h
m%∞k (Inputs) f,i;a D yd úia;r i|yd 10 jk
PORTD equ 08h ,smsh n,kak& túg Sta-
C f;dgqm<j, w.% m%;s∞k
TRISD equ 88h tus fr‚iagrfha fojk
(Outputs) f,i;a ilia lr
Temp equ 21h ìgqj fyj;a Zero flag
we;' bkamiqj Initialize mo-
MICROCONTROLLERS tor driving part hgf;a
fudagr Odjk m˙m:h ;*****Port Settings*****
ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg
m;a fõ' Btfsc STA-
11 ,smsh 4 fldgi ls%hd;aul lrùug EN fyj;a main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 TUS, 2 Wmfoia fhd∞
Enable ix«j ;dr®lsl 1 movlw b’00011111' ;1=input 0= output we;af;a tfia ù kï
njg m;a fldg wdrïNfha ° movwf TRISA ;RA0-RA4 input B<Ûg we;s goto loop
clrf TRISC ;PORT C output
ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fudagrh ksYap, j ;sfnk
wdldrhg ilid we;' clrf TRISD ;PORT D output
Wmfoia ls%hd;aul lr
kej; kej;;a tu
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
fõ.h iy †Ydj md,kh ls¯u Loop forev er hgf;a Wmfoia lsysmh
ksrka;rfhka ls%hd;aul ù
u
ir, Odrd fudagrhla N%uKh jk †Ydj fjkia ls¯ug w∞< we;s Wmfoia f.dkqj ,shd
we;af;a FW RV iy ST ;***Initialize motor driving part**** ;sîug fõ'
ksr®udKhla fuu ,smsh ;=<ska b†˙m;a flfr®' miq.sh ,smsfha i|yka movlw b’00000000' ;Stop the motor
jQ l%uf,aLh iy Bg w∞< m˙m:h u|la jeä †hqKq fldg fuu hk fnd;a;ï ;=fkka tlla hïlsis fudfyd;l
tî we;s ≤hs n,d Bg movwf PORTC ;Write to the port FW, RV fyda ST hk
ksr®udKh ilia lr we;' fuys ° ol=Kg lrleùu jug
lrleùu iy kej;Su hk ldr®hhka ;=k i|yd FW, RV iy wkqrEm ldr®hh is≥ ls¯ug fnd;a;ï ;=fkka tlla
fõ' ta wkqj uq,ska u A bsf PORTD,0 ;Enable = 1 tnQ úg 2" 3 fyda 4 hk
ST f,i fjk;a kï ;=kla (Push button switches) fhd∞ we;'
Fw hkq Forward fyj;a b†˙hg lrleùu is≥ lr .ekSu f;dgqmf<a we;s RA0 - RA5 ìgq ;=fkka tlla ìx≥j
w.%j, ;dr®lsl w.%hka ;*****Loop forever***** njg m;a fõ' túg
i|yd tìh hq;= fnd;a;u fõ' tfukau RV hkq Reverse fyj;a
m%;súreoaO †Ydjg fudagrh N%uKh lrùu i|yd tìh hq;= Temp kue;s úp,Hh ;=<g XOR ls%hdfõ m%;sM,h
f.k bka miqj tys 2" 3 iy Loop ìx≥j fkd jk ksid
fnd;a;u fõ' ST fnd;a;u tîu uÛska Stop fyj;a fudagrh movf PORTA,0
ksYap, j ;sîu hk ldr®hh bgq lr .; yels h' 4 ìgq yer b;s˙ ìgq Wmfoi STATUS fr‚iagrfha
Ndú; fldg we;' túg RAz, movwf Temp fojk ìgqj o 1 njg
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞< m˙m:h o rEm igyk wxl 2 movlw b’00011100' ;Check for button
uÛska l%uf,aLkh o olajd we;' m˙m: igyk ;=<ska b†˙m;a RA3 iy RA4 w.%j,g w∞< m;a fkd fõ' túg goto
;dr®lsl w.hka tf,i u andwf Temp,1 Loop Wmfoi uÛyer
m˙m:hg fnfyúka iudk jk w;r fjkilg ;sfnkqfha A movlw b’00011100' ;Check for button
f;dgqm<g FW, RV iy ST f,i iaúphka ;=kla fhd∞ ;sîuhs' ;sfnk w;r wfkl=;a ishÆ u btfss PORTA, 2
ìgq ìx≥j njg m;a fõ' bka xorwf Temp,0 ;press. If pressed Wmfoig meñfKa' fuys °
btfsc STATUS,2 ;zero flag becomes 0 FW fnd;a;u Tnd ;sfí
goto Loop ;then skip this ≤ hs m¯CId flfr®' tu
fnd;a;u Tnd ;sfí kï
btfss PORTA,2 ;Is FW button pressed RA2 w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj
movlw b’00000100' ;then Turn clockwise 0 jk ksid w∞< ;dr®lsl
w.h o ìx≥j ùu
btfss PORTA,3 ;Is RV button pressed fya;=fjka B<Ûg we;s
movlw b’00000010' ;then Turn anti clockwise Wmfoig fhduq fõ' tys
° fudagrh b†˙hg
btfss PORTA,4 ;Is ST button pressed Odjkh ls¯ug w∞< ìgq
movlw b’00000000' ;then Turn OFF the motor ieleiau W fr‚iagrhg
,nd foa' tf,i u 3 iy
movwf PORTC ;Write to the PORT C 4 hk ìgq o m¯CId lr
goto Loop n,d fnd;a;u tî
we;akï w∞< ìgq
end ieleiau re - W
fr‚iagrhg ,nd foa'
rEm igyk wxl 2 bkamiqj movwf PORTC Wmfoig
wkqj tfia ,nd.;a w∞< ìgq ieleiau
C f;dgqmf<ys w.%j,g ,shkq ,efí'
tfia l< úg fudagrh jug fyda
ol=Kg Odjkh ùu tfia ke; fyd;a
ksYap, ùu is≥ fõ' bkamiq goto
loop Wmfoig wkqj kej;;a
fnd;a;ï tî we;a ≤hs n,d Wmfoia
f.dkqfõ uq,g u .uka lrhs' fuu
pl%Sh ls%hdj,sh †.g u is≥ fõ' ta
wkqj wdrïNfha ° lsis≥ fnd;a;ula
Tnd ke;s úg fudagrh ksYap,;dfõ u
mj;S' FW fyda RV fnd;a;ï folska
tlla tnQ ú.i u fudagrh ol=Kg
fyda jug N%uKh ùu wdrïN flfr®'
bka miqj fnd;a;u w;ye˙h o ta
†Ydjg †.g u N%uKh fõ' kej;Sug
wjYH jQ úg ST fnd;a;u tìh hq;=
fõ'
ir, Odrd fudagrhla N%uK fõ.h
fjkia lr .ekSug w∞< lreKq
lsysmhla ó<Û ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd
ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
rEm igyk wxl 1 flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

2006 fkdjeïnr® ui 29 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
11 ,smsh 5 fldgi
ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h
md,kh ls¯u
ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h md,kh ls¯ug Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM) l%uh fhd∞.; yels wdldrh fuu
,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' PWM ;dCIKh" fudagrj, fõ. md,kh
i|yd nyq, j fhd∞ .efka' fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj, m<, fjkia
ls¯u fuys ° uQ,sl jYfhka is≥ flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjk fjda,aàh;d iamkao rgd ;=k
i,luq' tys m<uq ;rx. rgdjg wkqj ;rx.fha iïmQr®K ld,fhka
y˙ wvla 12V f,i o b;s˙ wr®Oh 0V f,i o fõ' fï wkqj
12V yd 0V ;sfnk ld, w;r mr;rh 1 ( 1 fõ' th Mark
Space Ratio f,i ye¢kafõ' ;rx.fha iïmqr®K ld,fhka y˙
wvla 0V jk ksid fuys ° ,efnk fjda,aàh;dfõ idudkH w.h
6V fõ' m<uq ;rx. rgdfõ lv b˙j,ska th olajd we;'
fofjks ;rx. rgdfõ ° 12V f,i mj;sk ld,h jeä lr
we;s w;r 0V f,i mj;sk ld,h 5 ( 1 wkqmd;hg wvq lr
we;' ta wkqj fjda,aàh;dfõ idudkH w.h 9V olajd by< f.dia
we;' f;jk igykg wkqj 12V f,i mj;sk ld,h wvq ù 0V
f,i mj;sk ld,h jeä l< úg ,efnk idudkH fjda,aàh;dj
my< hhs' fuys ° 12V yd 0V mj;sk ld, w;r wkqmd;h
1 ( 3 jk w;r idudkH w.h 3V fõ'
by; ≤lajQ ;rx. rgdjkag wkqj 12V yd 0V mj;sk ld,
w;r wkqmd;h fjkia l< úg ,efnk idudkH fjda,aàh;dj
fjkia fõ' fujeks iamkao rgdjla ir, Odrd fudagrhlg ,nd °
12V yd 0V mj;sk ld, w;r wkqmd;h (Mark Space
Ratio) fjkia l< úg fudagrhg ,efnk idudkH fjda,aàh;dj
fjkia ù fudagrfha N%uK fõ.h fjkia fõ'
fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj, Wi iq≥iq m˙† f;dard.; hq;= fõ' th
ú≥y,
msgj
q 17
;dlaIK wxYh
fudagrhg ≤˙h yels idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a fjda,aàh;djla úh
hq;= w;r tuÛska fudagrhg wjYH lrk Odrdjka ,nd °ug o
yels úh hq;=hs' iamkaoj, ixLHd;h b;d l=vd fkd úh hq;= w;r
b;d úYd, o fkd úh hq;=hs' ixLHd;h b;d l=vd jQ úg fudagrh
fjda,aàh;dj ,efnk úg (Mark) lrleù fjda,aàh;dj fkd
,efnk úg (Space) kj;S' túg fudagrh .eiaiSulg ,la fõ'
fuh iq≥iq ;;a;ajhla fkd fõ' tfuka u iamkaoj, ixLHd;h b;d
by< w.hlg jeä l< úg fudagrfhka Odrdj .e,Sug we;s jk
ndOdj (Impedence) jeä ù fudagrh Odjkh lr .ekSug
wmyiq ;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ' tuksid iamkao ixLHd;h iq≥iq m˙†
f;dard.; hq;= fõ'
wms fï ldrKd ish,a, ir, W∞yrKhlska f;areï .ekSug
W;aidy lruq' Tn mdme†hka .uka lrk úg mev,h u; fhdok
n,h ksid th b†˙hg .uka lrhs' md me†h b†˙hg .uka
ls¯ug †.ska †.g u wkjr; f,i n,h fh°u wjYH fkd fõ'
hï fõ.hla ,enqKq miq n,h fh°u w;yer ál ≥rla hd yels h'
fõ.h wvq jQ miq kej; n,h fhd∞ ;j ál ≥rla hd yels h'
fuf,i j˙ka jr n,h fh°u ksid mdme†fha idudkH fõ.h wvq rEmigyk wxl 2
fõ' tfuka u n,h fhdok ld,h jeä l< úg fõ.h jeä fõ'
md me†fha yd meo hkakd f.a .uH;dj fuys ° b;d jeo.;a fõ' úikaê ls¯u kej; kej; is≥ ls¯fuka N%uK fõ.h md,kh
.uH;djh jeä kï jeä ≥rla n,h fkd fhd∞ .uka l< yels h' lr.; yels h' ú≥,sh imhd we;s úg fudagrh lrleù hïlsis
fudagr i|yd o by; W∞yrKfha m˙† ú≥,sh ,nd °u yd .uH;djla w;a lr .kS' bkamiq ú≥,sh úikaê l< úg ,nd.;a
.uH;dj fya;=fjka fudagrh ;j≥rg;a N%uKh fõ' l%ufhka tys
fõ.h o my< jefÜ' kej;;a ú≥,sh iemhQ úg fõ.h by< hhs'
fuf,i fõ.h by< my< hdu fya;=fjka idudkH fõ.h w;rueo
w.hl mj;S' ú≥,sh imhd ;sfnk ld,h yd úikaê lr ;sfnk
ld,h fjkia ls¯fuka idudkH fõ.h fjkia lr.; yels h'
tfuka u ú≥,sh iemhSu yd úikaê ls˙u is≥ lrk ixLHd;h o
w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' idudkH fudagrhla i|yd 10kHz m%udKfha
ixLHd;hka m%udKj;a úh yels h' fuf,i ú≥,sh ikaê ls¯u yd
úikaê ls¯u i|yd hdka;%sl iaúp Ndú; ls¯u m%dfhda.sl fkd fõ'
tuksid ta i|yd g%dkaisiagr fhd∞ .ekSu idudkHh l%uhhs'
rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjk g%dkaisiagr m˙m:h fï i|yd
nyq,j u fhfok ieleiauhs' Q4 yd Q3 g%dkaisiagr †.g u wl%Sh
lr Q1 yd Q2 g%dkaisiagr ls%hd;aul ls¯u yd wl%sh ls¯u uÛska
fudagrhg ú≥,sh iemhSu yd úikaê ls¯u is≥ l< yels h'
g%dkaisiagr ls%hd;aul ls¯ug yd wl%Sh ls¯ug wjYH md,l ix«
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlska ,nd †h yels h' PIC 16F877
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha fjk u PWM tallhka mj;S' ta ms<sn|j
úia;rhla ó<Û ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
rEmigyk wxl 1
2006 foieïnr® ui 13 - n∞∞ ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17
fjda,aàh;d iamkao fkd kj;ajd ,efí' túg ta iamkaoj,g wkqj
fudagrhg ú≥,sh läka lv ,eî hïlsis fõ.hlg meñfKa' fuf,i ;*****Define Registers*****
,efnk fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj, m<, yd ixLHd;h fjkia ls¯u STATUS equ 03h
i|yd CCPR1L yd PR2 hk fr‚iagrj,g iq≥iq w.hka ,súh PORTC equ 07h
hq;= h' w∞< w.hka .Kkh lr .kakd wdldrh miq.sh ,smsfhka TRISC equ 87h
úia;r fl¯ we;' PORTD equ 08h
rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLh olajd we;' tys ° TRISD equ 88h
iqmqre≥ m˙† wmg wjYH flfrk fr‚iagr yd tajdfha msysgqï
wxl y∫kajd ° we;' bkamiqj C yd D hk f;dgqm<j, CCP1CON equ 17h
(PORTC, PORTD) m%;s∞k f,i ilia ls¯u i|yd TRISC yd TMR2 equ 11h
TRISD fr‚iagr ìx≥j njg m;a fldg we;' bsf PORTD, 0 PR2 equ 92h
Wmfoig wkqj In1 =1 fõ' túg Q1A yd Q2A hk g%dkaisiagr
MICROCONTROLLERS fol muKla ls%hd;aul ls¯ug yelshdj ,efí' tfy;a ;ju;a
EnA=0 neúka fudagrh ksYap, j mj;S'
CCPR1L
T2CON
equ
equ
15h
12h

11 ,smh
s 6 fldgi ≤ka PWM tallh ksis f,i ilia lr.; hq;= wjia:djhs' ta ;*****Port Settings*****
i|yd uq,ska u CCPICON yd TMR2 fr‚iagr fol ìx≥j main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h njg m;a fldg we;' TMR2 hk Timer 2 ld, .Klh yd clrf TRISC ;PORT C output
md,kh ls¯u iïnkaO fr‚iagrhla jk w;r CCPICON uÛska PWM clrf TRISD ;PORT D output
tallhg w∞< ilia ls¯u is≥ lr.; yels h' PWM Period bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
PWM ;dCIKh Ndú; fldg ir, Odrd fudagrhl fõ.h Register fyj;a PR2g 996 yd PWM Duty Cycle register
md,kh ls¯u iy ta i|yd PIC 16F877(A) fyj;a CCPR1L yd CCP1CON 5, 4 i|yd 249 o ,nd ° ;***Initialize motor driving part****
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ;sfnk úfYaI tallh ms<sn|j úia;rhla we;' ta wkqj PWM ixLHd;h 1KHz o ú≥,sh ,efnk ld,h clrf PORTC ;Enable = 1
miq.sh ,smsj,ska wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' fuu l%uh m%dfhda.slj w;ay∞ iïmqr®K wdjr®; ld,fhka ^25]& f,i o ilia fõ' fuys ° bcf PORTD,1 ;In2 = 0 Q3,Q4 OFF
ne,Su i|yd PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla iy L298 bsf PORTD,0 ;In1 = 1 Q1,Q2 ON
fudagr Odjl ix.Dys; m˙m:hla we;=<;a m˙m: igykla rEm CCP1CON fr‚iagrfha fojk yd f;jk ìgq fol ilia l<
igyk wxl 1 iy 2ka ≤lafõ' rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjkafka miq PWM tallh ls%hdld¯ ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' bkamiq bsf
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd Bg iïnkaO wfkl=;a Wmdx. jk w;r T2CON, 2 Wmfoi uÛska Timer 2 .Kkh ls%hd;aul lrhs' ta ;*****PWM Initialization*****
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska L298ys wNHka;r ieleiau;a thg wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha m%Odk f∞a,lfha f∞a,k 16lg jrla clrf CCP1CON ;CCP Module is off
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd fudagrh iïnkaO l< hq;= wdldrhka TMR2 fr‚iagrfha w.h tllska jeä fõ' fufia w.h jeä clrf TMR2 ;Clear Timer2
≤lafõ' L298ys wNHka;rfha we;af;a H Bridge movlw b’11111001'
^H wl=fr® yevhg g%dkaisiagr wEπ we;s m˙m:& bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
hq.,hla jk w;r tajdg fjk fjk u fudagr 2la movwf PR2 ;PWM period PR2=996
iú l< yels h' fuys ° fhd∞f.k we;af;a bka bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
m<uqjekak jk w;r Q1A Q2A Q3A yd Q4A bsf T2CON,0 ;Timer2 presale =4
g%dkaisiagr y;r uÛska fuu m˙m:h ilia ù we;' movlw b’00111110'
OUT1 yd OUT2 w.% w;rg fudagrhla iïnkaO movwf CCPR1L ;Duty Cycle register = 249
lr Q1A Q2A fyda Q3A, Q4A g%dkaisiagr hq.,hka movlw b’00011100' ;Duty Cycle=25% of PWM Period
f.ka tlla ls%hd;aul lr fudagrh jug fyda movwf CCP1CON ;enable PWM mode
ol=Kg lrleùug ie,eiaúh yels h' tfy;a fuys ° bsf T2CON,2 ;Timer2 starts to increment
EnA w.%h ;dr®lsl 1ys (5V) mj;ajd .; hq;=
fõ' g%dkaisiagr hq.,hla ls%hd;aul ls¯u i|yd IN1 ;*****loop forever*****
fyda IN2 w.%j,g ;dr®lsl 1 ,nd ≥kak o th Loop goto Loop ;loop forever
g%dkaaisiagr fj; <Ûd ùu i|yd EnA w.%h end
;dr®lsl 1ys ;sîu wksjdr®h fõ'
ta wkqj fuu m˙m:fha ° uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha rEm igyk wxl 3
RD0 yd RD1 (19, 20) w.% uÛska N%uKh jk
†Ydj ;SrKh lrk w;r fudagrh N%uKh ls¯u w.%h ;dr®lsl ìx≥j njg m;a fldg TMR2ys w.h ;j≥rg;a
fyda fkd ls¯u is≥ lrkq ,nkafka RC2 17 jk by< hhs' tfia f.dia PR2g iudk jQ úg u TMR2 ìx≥j
w.%hg iïnkaO lr we;s EnA md,l ix«j uÛsk's njg m;a fldg kej; tlska tl jeäùug i,iajhs' ta w;r u
fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj, m<, fjkia fldg EnA RC2 w.%h ;dr®lsl ìx≥fjys isg 1 njg m;a flfr®' túg
fj; ,nd °fuka fudagrh fj; ú≥,sh ,efnk yd kej;;a fudagrhg ú≥,sh ,efí'
rEm igyk wxl 1 fï wdldrhg CCPR1L yd PR2g ,shk w.hka u.ska
fkd ,efnk ld,h fjkia lr.; yels h' miq.sh
,smsfhka úia;r l< uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ;sfnk PWM fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj, ixLHd;h yd m<, fjkia fldg fudagrfha
fjñka f.dia CCPR1Hys w.hg iudk jk f;la RC2 w.%h N%uK fõ.h fjkia lr.; yels h' fuu ksr®udKhg wkqj
tallh ndysrg iïnkaO jkafka fuu
;dr®lsl 1ys mj;ajd .efka' túg tu ld,h ;=< fudagrhg ú≥,sh CCPR1L yd PR2g fjkia w.hka ,shd kej;
RC2 w.%h yryd fõ' tu ksid tu
,efí' TMR2ys w.h CCPR1Hys w.hg iudk jQ úg RC2 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh w∞< l%uf,aLkh ,nd †h hq;= fõ' tfy;a
w.%h L298 ix.Dys; m˙m:fha EnA
tfia lrkq fjkqjg fudagrfha fõ.h wvq jeä ls¯u i|yd
w.%hg iïnkaO fldg we;'
fnd;a;ï folla jqj o fh†h yels h' tjeks ksr®udKhla ó<Û
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha PWM tallh
ls%hd;aul jQjdg miq fuu w.%hg ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkak'

fudrgqj úYaj
úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd
ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ◊
chisxy
flda,; s
Or®um%hs

rEm igyk wxl 2

 2006 foieïnr® ui 27 - n∞∞ ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 15
ls¯fuks' Up fnd;a;u Tnk jdrhla mdid CCPRILys w.h ;*****Define Registers*****
tllska jeä fõ' túg Duty Cycle fyj;a fudagrhg ú≥,sh ,eî STATUS equ 03h
;sfnk ld,h jeä fõ' túg fudagrfha fõ.h by< hhs' tfuka u PORTA equ 05h
Down fnd;a;u tnQ úg CCPRILys w.h wvq ù fudagrhg TRISA equ 85h
ú≥,sh ,efnk ld,h wvq fõ' tys m%;sM,hla f,i fudagrfha PORTC equ 07h
fõ.h my< niS' rEm igyk wxl 03 uÛska fuu ksr®udKhg TRISC equ 87h
w∞< l%uf,aLh ≤lafõ' fuh o miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< PORTD equ 08h
l%uf,aLhg iudk neúka ta ms<sn|j jeä úia;rhka fuys ° TRISD equ 88h
b†˙m;a fkd fõ' tfy;a miq.sh ,smsfha i|yka l%uf,aLhg idfmaCI
j is≥ lr we;s fjkiaalï .ek muKla úia;rhla my; ≤lafõ' CCP1CON equ 17h
Up yd Down fnd;a;ï A f;dgqm<g fyj;a PORTAg iú TMR2 equ 11h
MICROCONTROLLERS lr we;' fuu fnd;a;ï uÛska uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ix« ,nd
fok neúka tu f;dgqm< m%∞k (Input) f,i ilia l< hq;= j
PR2
CCPR1L
equ
equ
92h
15h
we;' tu ksid fr‚iagr y∫kajd °fï ° PORTA yd TRISA
11 ,smh
s 7 fldgi T2CON equ 12h
fr‚iagr y∫kajd ° Bg w∞< msysgqï wxl o olajd we;' bkamiq
Temp equ 21h
movlw off yd movwf TRISA Wmfoia uÛska TRISA
ir, Odrd fudagrhl N%uK fõ.h fr‚iagrfha ìgq ;dr®lsl njg m;a lrhs' túg PORTAys w.%
md,kh ls¯u m%∞k ( Inputs) f,i ielfia' ;*****Port Settings*****
l%uf,aLfha my<g u jkakg Check for button press f,i Main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
igykla we;' bka miqj ;sfnk Wmfoia yh uÛska fnd;a;ula tî movlw 0xFF
ir, Odrd fudagrj, fõ.h md,kh ls¯u i|yd nyq, j we;a ≤ hs n,d tfia ù kï w∞< ldr®hh bgq lrhs' tys ° uq,ska movwf TRISA ;PORT A input
fhd∞ .efkk PWM ;dCIKh ms<sn|j ir, ye¢kaúulska u yuq jk btfss PORTA, 2 Wmfoiska lshfjkqfha A clrf TRISC ;PORT C output
clrf TRISD ;PORT D output
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0

;***Initialize motor driving part****

clrf PORTC ;Enable = 1
bcf PORTD,1 ;In2 = 0 Q3,Q4 OFF
bsf PORTD,0 ;In1 = 1 Q1,Q2 ON

;*****PWM Initialization*****
clrf CCP1CON ;CCP Module is off
clrf TMR2 ;Clear Timer2
movlw b’11111001'
bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
movwf PR2 ;PWM period PR2=996
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
bsf T2CON,0 ;Timer2 prescaler=4
movlw b’00111110'
movwf CCPR1L ;Duty Cycle register = 249
movlw b’00011100' ;Duty Cycle=25% of PWM
Period
movwf CCP1CON ;enable PWM mode
bsf T2CON,2 ;Timer2 starts to increment

;*****Check for button press*****

Loop
btfss PORTA,2 ;Is up button pressed?
incf CCPR1L,1 ;if yes Speed up
rEm igyk wxl 1
btfss PORTA,3 ;Is down button pressed?
wk;=rej PIC 16877(A) decf CCPR1L,1 ;then Slow down
f;dgqmf<ys RA2 fyj;a 4
uhsfl%d fldkafg%da,rhla jk w.%h ;dr®lsl 1 o §0¶
Ndú;fhka th m%dfhda.sl j o ne,Suhs' fnd;a;u Tnd Delay decfsz Temp,1
w;ay∞ ne,Su i|yd m˙m:hla ke;s úg th ;dr®lsl 1ys goto Delay ;Small delay
miq.sh ,sms lsysmfhka b†˙m;a mej;sh hq;= w;r fnd;a;u
lf<uq' th u ;j≥rg;a Tnd we;s úfgl th goto Loop ;loop forever
kùlrKh fldg fnd;a;ï ;dr®lsl ìx≥fjys mej;sh end
folla tîfuka fõ.h wvq hq;= h' tu ksid fuu
fyda jeä ls¯ug yels jk rEm igyk wxl 3
Wmfoig wkqj fnd;a;u
f,i ilia lr.kakd wdldrh tî ke;akï B<Û Wmfoi
fuu ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' lr CCPRIL fr‚iagrfha w.h tllska wvq lrhs' fuúg Duty
uÛy˙k w;r fnd;a;u cycle fyj;a fudagrhg ú≥,sh ,efnk ld,h wvq ù fõ.h my<
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska tî we;akï B<Û Wmfoi
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd Bg niS' bka miqj Delay keue;s f,an,h hgf;a we;s Wmfoia fol
jk incf CCPRIL uÛska l=vd ld, mudjla ,nd ° we;' fnd;a;ula tîfï °
iïnkaO úh hq;= wfkl=;a ls%hd;aul lrhs' ta wkqj
Wmdx.hka remigyk wxl 2 we;sjk iamkao u. ye¯ug (Debouncing) fuh w;HjYH fõ'
CCPRIL fr‚iagrfha tfia fkdue;s kï fnd;a;u jrla tnQ úg CCPRIL fr‚iagrfha
uÛska L298 fudagr Odjk w.h tllska jeä fõ'
ix.Dys; m˙m:h yd Bg w.hka lsysmhla by< fyda my< hd yels h' wjidkfha ° goto
túg by; ° úia;r l< Loop Wmfoig meñ◊ miq kej;;a Loop keue;s f,an,fhka
fudagrh iïnkaO úh hq;= m˙† fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj,
wdldrhka ≤lafõ' fuh miq.sh i|yka ia:dkhg .uka lr fnd;a;ï tî ;sfí ≤ hs m¯CId lrhs'
m<, jeä ù fudagrhg fuu ls%hdj,sh fkd kj;ajd †.ska †.g u is≥ fõ' ta w;r
i;sfha b†˙m;a l< m˙m: ú≥,sh ,efnk ld,h jeä
igykg fnfyúka iudk jk fudagrh o Odjkh fõ' Up, Down fnd;a;ï túg uÛska tys
fõ' tys m%;sM,hla f,i fõ.h wvq jeä l< yels h'
w;r fjkilg we;af;a Up fudagrfha fõ.h by< hhs'
iy Down f,i kï l< fï olajd wm b†˙m;a l< lreKqj,ska PWM ;dCIKh
bka miqj we;s btfss ms<sn| j;a th Ndú;fhka ir, Odrd fudagrj, fõ.h md,kh
fnd;a;ï foll=;a ta yd PORTA, 3 Wmfoi uÛska
iïnkaO fr‚iagr foll=;a lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j;a Tng hïlsis wjfndaOhla ,efnkakg
Down fnd;a;u tî we;s we;s hehs wms is;uq' tneúka PWM ;dCIK Ndú; fldg ir,
;sîuhs' fuu fnd;a;ï fol ≤ hs m¯CId lr n,hs'
tîfuka fudagrfha fõ.h wvq Odrd fudagrj, fõ. md,kh ls¯u yd iïnkaO ,sms fm< u|lg
fnd;a;u tî ke;akï tys kj;d ta fjkqjg wfOdarla; lsrK fhd∞ .efkk ≥ria:md,l yd
fyda jeä l< yels h' fuys ° ;dr®lsl w.h 1 neúka
Up fnd;a;u tnQ úg iïnkaO ksr®udKhka ó<Û ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®'
B<Û Wmfoi uÛy¯'
fudagrfha fõ.h jeä fõ' th tfy;a fnd;a;u tî fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
is≥ lr we;af;a CCPRIL we;akï B<Û Wmfoi jk
fr‚iagrfha w.h jeä .dñ◊ chisxy
rEm igyk wxl 2 decf CCPRIL ls%hd;aul
flda,;s Or®um%h s
msgj
q 20
MICROCONTROLLERS
12 ,smsh - 1 fldgi
≥ria: md,l
(Remote Controllers)
≥ria: md,l fyj;a Remote Controllers hkak weiQ mu◊ka
fndfyda fokl=g isyshg kef.kafka rEmdjyskS hka;% ls%hd;aul
ls¯ug fhd∞.kakd ≥ria: md,lhls' rEmjdyskS hka;% muKla fkd
j ;j;a fndfyda ú≥,s Wmdx. ≥r isg ls%hd;aul ls¯fï yelshdj
iys; j ksmoùug fndfyda ksIamdolfhda fm,ö isá;s' tuÛska
md˙fNda.slhdg myiqfjka WmlrKh Ndú; ls¯fï yelshdj ,efí'
W∞yrKhla f,i ú≥,s mxldfõ fõ.h jeä ls¯u i|yd iaúph
we;s ;ekg hkjdg jvd ≥ria: md,lhlska th lr .; yels kï
th jvd;a myiq fõ' .Dy úoHq;a WmlrK ls%hd;aul ls¯ug
≥ria: md,l fhd∞ .ekSu fl;rï ≥rg jHdma; j we;a≤ hs
lshf;d;a iuyr WmlrK ls%hd;aul ls¯ug tys ≥ria: md,kh
wjYH u fõ' kùk jdhq iuk hka;% Bg l†u W∞yrKhls'
≥ria: md,k fhd∞ .efkkqfha .Dy úoHq;a WmlrK md,kh
ls¯ug muKla u fkd fõ' lr®udka; fCIa;%fha ° ≥ria: md,l
nyq, j fhfoa' tajdfha Ndú; yd ls%hdld¯;ajhka tlska tlg
fjkia jk kuq;a .Dy úoHq;a WmlrK ls%hd;aul ls¯ug fhd∞
.kakd ≥ria: md,lj, ls%hdld¯;ajhka fndfyda úg iudk fõ' tu
ksid f∞f<diajk ,smsh ;=<ska wm Tn fj; f.k taug woyia
lrkqfha .Dy úoHq;a WmlrK ls%hd;aul ls¯ug fhd∞ .kakd
≥ria: md,lj, ls%hdld¯;ajh iy ta weiq˙ka f.dvk.d .; yels
kj ksr®udK lsysmhka ms<sn| úia;r fõ'
W∞yrKhla f,i rEmjdyskS hka;%h ls%hd;aul ls¯ug fhd∞
.kakd ≥ria: md,lh u Ndú; fldg n,anhla ≥r isg ≤,aùu fyda
ksùu tfia;a ke; fyd;a ú≥,s mxldjl fõ.h wvq jeä ls¯u
≤laúh yels h'
rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjk wdlD;sh fndfyda ≥ria:
ú≥ir ú≥y,
ixfõolj,g ,efí' ixfõol fol u tu úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.
rgdjg w∞< úoHq;a ix« ckkh fldg md,l moaO;s fj; ,nd
foa' tys ° uq,ska ≥ria: md,khg w∞< wxlh m¯CId lr nef,a'
tys ° .=jkaú≥,s hka;%h tu ix«j fkd i,ld y˙k w;r
rEmjdyskS hka;%h muKla Bg w∞< j ls%hd;aul fõ' fï
wdldrhg u .=jka ú≥,s hka;%hg w∞< ≥ria: md,lh uÛska
ksl=;a lrk úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. WmlrK folg u ,enqK o
ls%hd;aul jkqfha .=jka ú≥,s hka;%h mu◊'
rem igyk wxl 2 uÛska úoHq;a pqïnl jr®Kdj,sh ≤lafõ'
tys jï miska ;rx. wdhduh ≤lafõ' †.= ;rx. wdhduhka
f.ka hq;a úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. fr®äfhda ;rx. f,i ye¢kafõ'
(1m olajd). .=jka ú≥,s yd rEmjdyskS ix« iïfm%aIKh i|yd
fuu fldgi nyq, j fhd∞ .efka' 1m isg 1mm olajd mrdihg
wh;a laIQø ;rx.j,g (Microwave) tajd wh;a fõ' laIqø
;rx. ikaksfõok lghq;= i|yd nyq, j fhd∞ .ekSug fya;=jla
f,i jeä o;a; m%udKhla tljr heùug yels ùu ≤laúh yels
h'
;rx. wdhduh 1mm isg 1µm olajd jQ mrdihg wh;a
úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. wfOdarla; lsrK fyj;a Infrared Rays
f,i ye¢kafõ' r;a jQ jia;+kaf.ka ksl=;a jk ;dm úlsrK o
fuu mrdihg wh;a fõ' tajd Thermal IR f,i ye¢kafjk
w;r ;rx. wdhduh 100µm wjg w.hla .kS' rem igykg
wkqj th Far infrared f,i kï lr we;s fldgig .efka' fuu
fldgi ikaksfõok lghq;= i|yd Ndú; fkd jk ;rï h' tfy;a
100µm isg 1µm olajd we;s úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. Infrared
f,i ye¢kafõ' fndfyda ≥ria: md,lj,ska ksl=;a jkqfha fuu
mrdihg wh;a úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. fõ' ñksia weig ixfõ°
úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. mrdih 700nm isg 400nm olajd fõ'
r;= jr®Kfha isg oï jr®Kh olajd jQ jr®K mrdihka Bg wh;a
2007 ckjd˙ ui 10 - n∞∞
fõ' oDYH mrdihg fmr iy miqj ;sfnk úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.
wmg ixfõ° fkd fõ' ta wkqj ≥ria: md,lj,ska ksl=;a jk
wfOdarla; lsrK o (IR) wmg oDYH fkd fõ' tfy;a ä‚g,a
lerudjla fyda kùk cx.u ≥rl:kj, ;sfnk leurdjla uÛska
tu lsrK ≤l.; yels h'
oDYH mrdihg miqj we;s 100nm isg 10nm olajd jQ
mrdih mdrcïnq, fyj;a Ultraviolet f,i ye¢kafõ' iQr®hhd
f.ka ksl=;a jk úoHq;apqïnl ;rx. wdfOdarla;" oDYH iy
mdrcïnq, hk mrdi ;=kg u wh;a fõ' tu ksid ú≥,s
WmlrKj, ;sfnk ixfõolj,g iQr®hhd f.ka ksl=;a jk
wfOdarla; lsrK iy ysre t<sfhka ,efnk wdfOdarla; lsrK fjka
lr.ekSu w;HjYH fõ' fï i|yd Wml%u lsysmhla u Ndú; fõ'
tla l%uhla kï ≥ria: md,lfhka ksl=;a jk úoHq;a pqïnl
;rx.j,g w∞< ;rx. wdhduhg ^ixLHd;hg& muKla ixfõ° jk
fmrkhla (Filter) fh°u fõ' fndfyduhla ú≥,s WmlrKj,
ixfõolh w∫re lΩ meye;s wdjrKhlska jid ;sîug fya;=j fuh
h' ;j;a l%uhla kï ≥ria: md,lj,ska ksl=;a jk ;rx. 30kHz
isg 60kHz w;r we;s ixLHd;hla f;dardf.k ta iuÛ uqr®ckh
ls¯uhs' túg ixfõolh w∞< ixLHd;fhka uqr®ckh (modulate)
ù we;s úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. muKla ,ndf.k wfkla ish,a, fkd
i,ld y¯' iqr®hhd f.ka ksl=;a jk úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. fuf,i
uqr®ckh ù ke;s neúka ixfõolh uÛska myiqfjka u tajd bj;a
flfr®'
≥ria: md,lfha isg WmlrKhg ,efnk úoHq;a pqïnl
;rx.j, Tnk ,o fnd;a;ug w∞< f;dr;=re fuka u tu ≥ria:
md,lh l=uk WmlrKhg w∞< ≤hs hkak ≤lafjk f;dr;=re o
fõ' tu f;dr;=re olajk wdldrh iy Ndú; jk iïuq;Ska
(Protoclas) ms<sn| úia;rhla ó<Û ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkak'

fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha

md,l moaO;s i|yd .e,fma' idudkHfhka ≥ria: md,l
wf;a f.k hd yels wdldrhg l=vdjg yqrenqyqá yevhlska
;ekSug ksIamdolfhda Wkka≥ fj;s' l=vd neg˙ tllska
fyda follska wjYH n,h ,nd.kS' ≥ria: md,lhl
;sfnk fnd;a;ï m%udKh iy tajdfha Ndú; tlska
tlg fjkia úh yels h' tfy;a fnd;a;ula tnQ

s Or®um%h
.dñ” chisxy
s
iekska Bg w∞< úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. rgdjla
ksl=;a ls¯u iEu ≥ria: md,lhlg u fmd≥
fõ' ta wkqj ú≥,s WmlrK iy ≥ria:
md,lh w;r iïnkaO;dj mj;ajd.kq

flda,;
,nkafka úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. weiq˙ks'
≥ria: md,lfhka ksl=;a l< úoHq;a
pqïnl ;rx. WmlrKfha we;s ixfõol
ixfõolh uÛska .%yKh lr WmlrKh
th úoHq;a ix«jla njg m;a
lrhs' tu úoHq;a ix«j
;=< Tnk ,o fnd;a;ug úoHQ;a
w∞< wxlh iy tu pqïnl
≥ria: md,lh l=uk ;rx.
WmlrKhlg w∞<
≤ hs ≤lafjk rEmigyk wxl 1
wxlhka fõ' ta
wkqj tu ix«j
WmlrKhg w∞<
≥ria: ≥ria: md,lhlska
md,lh ksl=;a ù ≤ hs m¯CId
lr Tnk ,o fnd;a;ug
w∞< ls%hdj is≥ lrhs'
W∞yrKhla f,i remjdyskS
hka;%hka iy .=jka ú≥,s hka;%hla
i,lkak' fuu WmlrK fol u
≥ria: md,l iys; tajd he hs uolg
Wml,amkh lruq' Tn rEmjdyskS hka;%hg
w∞< ≥ria: md,lfha fnd;a;ula tnQ úg
thska ksl=;a jk úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. rEmjdyskS rEmigyk wxl 2
hka;%fha fuka u .=jka ú≥,s hka;%fha o we;s
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 ckjd˙ ui 24 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
q
u o;a; meleÜgqjl wdrïNh ≤laùug ñ,s ;;amr 2.4l ld,hla iamkao hjd B<Û 900µs ld,h kej;S isà' tfuka u ;dr®lsl §1¶
wfOdarla; lsrK iamko hjd bka ksrEmKh i|yd 900µs ld,hla n,d isg B<Û 900µs ld,fha °
miqj 0.6ms ld,hla kej;S isà' ta wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ksl=;a lrhs' fï wkqj wfOdarla; lsrK
wkqj tu 3ms ld,h wdrïNl iamkao ksl=;a lf<a uq,a 900µs ld,h ;=< o ke;skï fojk
ìgqj (Start Bit) i|yd fjka lr 900µs ld,h ;=< o hkak wkqj ;dr®lsl §0¶ fyda ¶1¶ ;SrKh
we;' bka miqj C0, C1.....C6 f,i fõ' fuys ° ;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ hk folg u ,efnkqfha 1.8ms
ìgq 7la ms<sfj<ska ksl=;a flfr®' iudk ld, wka;r fõ'
fuu ìgq 7ka úOdkh o bka miqj rEm igyk wxl 07 uÛska RC 5 l%ufha ° fhd∞ .kakd
we;s D0, D1, D2, D3, D4 ìgq my o;a; meleÜgqjl ieleiau ≤lafõ' SIRC l%ufha ° fuka fkd j
uÛska tu úOdkh w∞< jkafka fuys ° wdrïNl ìgq (Start Bits) folla ;sfnk w;r B<Û ìgq
rEm igyk wxl 04 l=uk WmlrKhlg hkak o ≤lafõ' 5ka w∞< WmlrKh ≤lafõ' wjika ìgq 6 uÛska úOdkh olajd
rEm igyk wxl 4 uÛska ≤lafjk isà' S1 S2 yd Address ìgq w;r ueo ;sfnk T kï ìgqj fuys
MICROCONTROLLERS j.=fjka tu úOdkj,g w∞< wxl" ú≥,s WmlrK tajd f;areï
.kakd wdldrh iy tla tla WmlrKj,g w∞< wxl ≤lafõ' fï
° úfYaI ldr®hhla bgq lrhs' tl u fnd;a;u kej; jrla tnqj
fyd;a fï ìgqj §1¶ys ;snqfKa kï §0¶g;a §0¶ys ;snq◊ kï §1¶g;a
wkqj Tn remjdysks hka;%hg w∞< ≥ria: md,lfha Volume f,i udre fõ' (Toggle). fnd;a;u †.g u tnqj fyd;a tfia is≥ fkd
12 ,smsh - 2 fldgi kï lr we;s fnd;a;u tnqfha kï wdrïNl ìgqjg miqj Bg fõ' fï wkqj fnd;a;ula †.g u Tndf.k isàu iy j˙ka jr
wkqrEm ìgq ieleiau ^19& iy tfla b,lalug w∞< ìgq ieleiau tîu myiqfjka fjka lr.; yels h' rEmigykg wkqj ;dr®lsl
wfOdarla; lsrK ≥ria: md,l ksl=;a flfr®' fuys ° 19 hkq úOdkh o 1 hkq w∞< WmlrKh §1¶ksl=;a lrk úg wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao fojeks 900µs ld,h
(Infrared Remote Controllers) olajk wxlh o fõ' rEm igyk wxl 5 uÛska fï wjia:dfõ ° ;=< o §0¶ ksl=;a lrk úg m<uq 900µs
≥ria: md,l ms<sn|j ir, ye¢kaùula iy úoHq;a pqïnl ;=< ° is≥ fõ' lΩ meye;s fldgia
jr®Kdj,sfha wfOdarla; lsrK mrdih ms<sn|j úia;rhla miq.sh wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ksl=;a ls¯u
,smsfhys ≤laú◊' tys ° i|yka l< m˙† úúO jr®.fha ≥ria: olajk w;r iq≥ meye;s fldgia tfia
md,l ;sìh yels w;r tajd úoHq;a pqïnl jr®Kdj,sfha fr®äfhda ksl=;a fkd ls¯u olajhs' SIRC l%ufha °
;rx. iy wfOdarla; lsrK mrdihkag w∞< úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. i|yka l< f,i u RC 5 l%ufha °;a
ksl=;a lrhs' tu úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. ;=< wjYH f;dr;=re .eí fjkia WmlrK i|yd fjkia wxl o
ù ;sfí' .Dy úoHq;a WmlrK ls%hd;aul ls¯ug .kakd ≥ria: fjkia úOdk i|yd fjkia wxl o Ndú;
md,l fndfyda úg ksl=;a lrkqfha wfOdarla; lsrK jk w;r tu fõ'
lsrK 38kHz fyda 40kHz ixLHd;hlg uqr®ckh lr ;sfí' rEm igyk wxl 05 RC 5 l%ufha ksr®udKlrejka w;r
tkï ≥ria: md,lfha ;sfnk wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdavfhka wkka; jvd;a ckm%sh ù we;' Bg fya;=j f,i ≤laúh yelafla tu l%uh
f,i wfOdarla; lsrK ksl=;a fkd fldg by; i|yka l< wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ksl=;a jk wdldrh ≤lafõ' ;o lΩ wkqj ;ekQ ≥ria: md,l ñf,ka wvq ùu iy myiqfjka ,nd.;
ixLHd;fhka hq;a wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ksl=;a lrhs' ysre mdáka olajd we;s ;ekaj, ° muKla wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao yels ùuhs' flfia fj;;a Philips iud.u RC5 l%uh u|la
t<sfhka fyda iq;%sld mykaj,ska ,efnk wfOdarla; lsrK yd ≥ria: ksl=;a fõ' †hqKq fldg RC 6 l%uhla o ìys fldg we;' ;j o Philips
md,lfhka ,efnk wfOdarla; lsrK fjka lr y∫kd .ekSu tjeks tla iamkao rgdjla uÛska tla o;a; meleÜgqjla iy SONY iud.ïj,g wu;rj NEC, NOKIA, SHARP
fuuÛska myiq fõ' ksrEmKh flfr®' ≥ria: md,lfha fnd;a;ula Tndf.k isákafka jeks iud.ï o Tjqkg wdfõ◊l l%u y∫kajd ° ;sfí' 12 jk
rEm igyk wxl 01 uÛska kï iEu ñ,s ;;amr 45lg u jrla tu iamkao rgdj ksl=;a ,smsfha ó<Û fldgiska wdfOdarla; lsrK ixfõol iy tajd
fuf,i uqr®ckh lrk ,o flfr®' by; i|yka l< SIRC l%uh SONY jr®.fha ú≥,s
wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ≤lafõ' WmlrKj, Ndú; fõ'
fufia 40kHz ^30kHz isg
60KHz mrdih ;=< w.hla& RC 5
rEm igyk wxl 01 ixLHd;hg uqr®ckh lrk ,o Philips iud.u
wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ;=<g y∫kajd ≥ka l%ufha °;a
f;dr;=re we;=Ω ls¯u i|yd úúO l%u mj;S' ≤kg nyq, j u wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao
Ndú; jk l%u fyj;a iïuq;Ska folla fuu ,smsh ;=<ska b†˙m;a (36kHz& fhd∞.kS' tfy;a
ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq' tajd kï SONY iud.u úiska y∫kajd fuys ° ;dr®lsl §1¶ iy
fok ,o SIRC (SONY Infrared Remote Control Codes) §0¶ ksrEmKh ls¯u i|yd
iy Philips iud.u úiska y∫kajd fok ,o RC 5 iïuq;Ska fhd∞ .kakd l%uh SIRCys
(Protocols) fõ' fhd∞.;a l%uhg jvd rEm igyk wxl 06
SIRC fjkia fõ' rEm igyk
rEmigyk wxl 02 uÛska ;dr®lsl 1 yd 0 ksrEmKh lrk wxl 6g wkqj ;dr®lsl §0¶ ≤laùu i|yd 900µs ld,hla uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg iú lr.kakd wdldrh úia;r flfr®'
wfOdarla; lsrK

fudrgqj
úYajúoHd,hfha
úoHq;a yd ú≥,s
ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ”
chisxy
flda,s;
rEm igyk wxl 02 rEm igyk wxl 07 Or®um%h
s
wdldrh ≤lafõ' ta wkqj 40kHz wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao 1.2ms
ld,hla ksl=;a fldg 600µs ld,hla ksl=;a fkd lr isáfha kï
tuÛska ;dr®lsl 1 ksrEmKh jk w;r 600µs ld,hla
wdfOdarla; lsrK iamkao hjd ;j;a 600µs ld,hla fkd hjd
isáfha kï tuÛska 0 ksrEmKh flfr®' fï wkqj ;dr®lsl §1¶
i|yd 1.2ms ld,hla o ;dr®lsl §0¶ i|yd 1.2ms ld,hla o
fjka flfr®' fuh 11 jk ,smsfha i|yka l< wdldrfha u (PWM
P ulse Width Modulation) l%uhls'
by; úia;r we;s wdldrhg ≥ria: md,lfha isg w∞< ú≥,s
WmlrKh fj;g ;dr®lsl §1¶ fyda §0¶ heúh yels h' tf,i ;ks
ìgqjla muKla heùu idudkHfhka is≥ fkd fõ' ta fjkqjg ìgq
lsysmhlska hq;a o;a; meleÜgqjla heùu is≥ flfr®' rEm igyk
wxl 3
uÛska tjeks
meleÜgq j l
wka;r®.;h
rEm igyk wxl 03
≤lafõ' ta
wkqj uq,ska
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 fmnrjd˙ ui 7 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

MICROCONTROLLERS
12 ,smsh -3 fldgi
wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõol
(IR Sensors)
≥ria: md,l uÛska ksl=;a jk wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao iy
tuÛska o;a; ksrEmKh ls¯ug fhd∞.kakd iïuq;Ska lsysmhla
ms<sn|j wms miq.sh ,smsfhka úia;r lf<uq' wm f.a ksr®udKh
i|yd ≥ria: md,l ms<sn|j o; hq;= fndfyduhla lreKq tys
i|yka jqKq w;r wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõol ms<sn|j ≤k isáh
hq;= lreKq iaj,amhla fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®'
úúO jr®.fha wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõol fjf<|fmdf<a olakg
,efí' tajdhska fndfyduhl ls%hdld¯;ajh iudk fõ' tkï ≥ria:
md,lhlska ,efnk wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao rgd ,ndf.k Bg
wkqrEm úoHq;a ix« ksl=;a ls¯uhs' tfy;a tla tla ixfõol
ls%hd;aul jk ixLHd; fjkia úh yels h' tu ksid wfOdarla;
lsrK ixfõolhla f;dard .ekSfï ° ≥ria: md,lh uÛska ksl=;a
flfrk wfOdarla; lsrK iamkaoj, ixLHd;hg .e,fmk tlla
f;dard.; hq;= h' fï i|yd tu ixfõolj, o;a; m;%sld lshjd
ne,sh hq;= fõ' tfy;a fjf<|fmdf<a we;s iuyr ixfõolj,
o;a; m;%sld (Data sheet) fidhd.ekSu wmyiq fõ' tjka
wjia:djl ° ixfõol jr®. lsysmhla f.k tlska tl fhd∞ ne,Su
fyj;a ;;a jro l%uh (Trial and Error) l%uh Ndú; ls¯ug
is≥ fõ' tfuka u rEmjdyskS hka;% wÆ;ajeähd lrk m<mqre≥
ldr®ñlhl= f.a Wmfoia ,nd .ekSfuka ksje/† ixfõolh fidhd
.ekSfï ldr®hh myiq fõ'
rEmjdyskS hka;% i|yd
fhd∞ .kakd ≥ria: md,l
fuka u wfOdarla; lsrK
ixfõol fjf<|fmdf<a
nyq, j olakg ,eîu;a
tajdfha ñ, ;rula wvq
w.hl mej;Su;a ksid
tlsfklg .e,fmk
rem igyk wxl 1 ≥ria: md,lhla
ixfõolhla ñ, ° .ekSu
fhda.H fõ'
rem igyk wxl 1 uÛska fjf<|fmdf<a olakg ,efnk
wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõolhla ≤lafõ' tys ndysr wdjrKh w∫re
lΩ meyehlska hqla; fõ' ysre t<sfhka iy ú≥,s mykaj,ska
,efnk wfOdarla; lsrKj, n,mEu tu wdjrKh uÛska wju fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 3
rEm igyk wxl 4
uOH ixLHd;h 38kHz fyda 40kHz úh yels h' tu igykg
wkqj 0.93f0 yd 1.07f0 w;r ixLHd; muKla fmryka
m˙m:fhka bj;g .,hs' W∞yrKhla f,i uOH ixLHd;h
yd
40kHz kï 37.14khz ig 42.85kHz olajd jQ mrdihg wh;a
msgqj
ix{d muKla Demodulator m˙m:hg ,efí'
fï wkqj meye†,s jk lreKla kï ≥ria: md,lfhka ksl=;a
jk wfOdarla; lsrK iamkaoj, ixLHd;h 38kHz ù ixfõolfha
uOH ixLHd;h 40kHz jqj;a hï ;dla ≥rlg ls%hd;aul jk
njhs' tfy;a jvd;a fyd| m%;sM, i|yd ≥ria: md,lh yd
ixfõolh tl u ixLHd;hl ;sîu jeo.;a fõ'
≤ka wms kej;;a rEm igyk wxl 2 foig yefruq' Band
pass tallfhka ksl=;a jQ ix« Demodulator tallh fj;g
,eîfuka miq tajd ;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ njg m;a fldg m%;s∞k
g%dkaisiagrhg ,nd foa' tu g%dkaisiagrfha ix.%dylh (Collector)
uÛska m%;s∞kh ,nd foa' ixfõolfha 1 yd 2 w.% 5V ú≥,s
iemhqulg iïnkaO l< hq;= fõ' túg wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao
,efí kï f;jk w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj OUT ;dr®lsl §0¶ys mj;sk
w;r wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao fkdue;s kï tys fjda,aàh;dj
;dr®lsl §1¶ys mj;S' rEm igyk wxl 4 uÛska wfOdarla; lsrK
iamkao iy Bg wkqrEm j m%;s∞k fjda,aàh;d fjkia jk wdldrh
≤lafõ' fuf,i ,efnk m%;s∞kh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg fl<ska u
,nd †h yels h' tjeks m˙m:hla rEm igyk wxl 4 uÛska
≤lafõ' tys µC hkq uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh jk w;r R1 yd C1
m%;sfrdaO - Od˙;%l hq.,h n,iemhqï fjda,aàh;d WÉpdjpkhka
f.ka is≥ jk n,mEï wju ls¯ug fh¥ m˙m:
ieliquls' +Vs i|yd +5V iemhqula ,nd †h hq;=
w;r tys - w.%h GNDg iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,efnk fjda,aàh;d
iamkaoj, m<, fyj;a ld,h ksje/† j uek.;
hq;= fõ' bkamiqj tu iamkao rgd wkqj ;dr®lsl §1¶
yd §0¶ fjka lr.; hq;= fõ' PIC 16F877(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha ;sfnk Capture/Compare/
PWM tallfha Capture fldgi uÛska by;
i|yka iamkao m<, .Kkh ls¯u is≥ lr.; yels
h' Bg wkqrEm m˙m: igyk iy l%uf,aLh ó<Û
,smsfhka úia;r flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 5
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

rEm igyk wxl 2

tu ixfõolfha wNHka;r ieleiau rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska
≤lafõ' tys we;s vfhdavh uÛska Bg ,efnk wfOdarla; lsrKj,g
wkqrEm úoHq;a ix«jla ksmojhs' th ;rula jr®Okh fldg
AGC (Automatic Gain Control) tallh u.ska ksis m˙†
ilia fldg Band pass fyj;a w∞< ixLHd; mrdihg wh;a
ix« yer wfkl=;a ishÆ ix« lmd y˙k fmryka m˙m:hlg
,nd foa' bka bj;g ,efnkqfha ixfõolfha uOH ixLHd;h f0 yd
ta wjg ixLHd; mu◊' rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska tu fmryka
m˙m:h tla tla ixLHd;hkg ixfõ° jk wdldrh ≤lafõ' tys f0
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 fmnrjd˙ ui 14 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
q
rEm igyk wxl 02

†fhdavh (LED) ≤,aùu is≥ ls¯u i|yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh

MICROCONTROLLERS l%uf,aLkh lr.; hq;= fõ' tjeks l%uf,aLhla f.dvkÛd.kakd
wdldrh ó<Û ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska Philips RC5 l%ufha ° wfOdarla;
12 ,smsh -4 fldgi lsrK iamkao uÛska ;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ ksrEmKh flfr®' tfuka
u rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg tu ix«j
wfOdarla; lsrK ,efnk wdldrh ≤lafõ' fuys ° úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;af;a
wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ;sfnk úg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg 0Vg
ixfõol m˙m:h wdikak fjda,aàh;djl=;a wfkla wjia:dfõ ° 5V fjda,aàh;djl=;a 900µs 900µs 900µs 900µs
wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõol iy tajdfha ls%hdld˙;ajh ms<sn|j ,efnk njhs' ta wkqj ;dr®lsl §0¶ i|yd 0V isg 5V olajd
;dr®lsl §0¶ ;dr®lsl §1
rEm igyk wxl 03

;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ iuQyh ksje/† j f;dard fírd .ekSug kï

wm by; i|yka l< fjda,aàh;dj my< isg by<g fyda by<
isg my<g (Rising of falling) hdu m¯CId l< hq;= fõ' tfuka
u tu ix« j,x.= tajd ≤ hs ≤k .ekSu i|yd rEm igyk wxl
3g wkqj 0V j ;sfnk ld,h 900µs f,ig 5V j ;sfnk
ld,h 900µs f,ig o ;sfí ≤hs m¯CId l< hq;= fõ'
fï i|yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ;sfnk Capute/Com-
pare/PWM tallfhka Capture fldgi Ndú; l< yels h' rEm
igyk wxl 4 uÛska tu tallfha wNhka;r ieleiafuys leá
igykla ≤lafõ' ta wkqj RC2/CCP1 fyj;a 17 jk ìgqjg
,efnk ix«fõ 0V isg 5Vg by< hdula fyda 5V isg 0Vg
my< hdula is≥ jk ^tfia hEï 4lg fyda 16lg jrla f,i o
ielish yels h& f;la TIMER 1 fyj;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
;=< ;sfnk ld, .Kkh jeä fjñka hhs' by; i|yka l< m˙†
ix«fõ by< fyda my< hdula yuq jQ ú.i TIMER1ys w.h
CCPR1 fr‚iagrhg ,nd foa' fuu fr‚iagr fol u (TMR1
yd CCP1) ìgq 16lska hq;= jk w;r tajd TMR1H, TMR1L
yd CCP1H yd CCP1L f,i ìgq 8 fr‚iagrj,ska f.dv kxjd
we;'
Bg wu;rj PIR1 fr‚iagrfha fojeks ìgqj o ;dr®lsl 1
njg m;a ùu fuys ° is≥ flfr®' ta wkqj tu ìgq m¯CId
ls¯fuka ix«fõ by< hEula fyda my< hEula (Rising or
folling egde) is≥ ù o keoao hkak ≤k.; yels h'
fuu Capture tallh ls%hd;aul ;;a;ajhg f.k taug is≥
rEm igyk wxl 1 l< hq;= ieliqï yd tuÛska ;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ f;dard .ekSug
w∞< l%uf,aLh ó<Û ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkak'

wms miq.sh ,smsfha idlÉcd lf<uq' fujr b†˙m;a flfrkqfha PIC

16F877A uhsfl%dkafg%da,rhlg tjeks ixfõolhla iú ls¯u iy
thska ,efnk úoHq;a ix« ;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ njg m˙jr®;kh
ls¯u is≥ lr.kakd wdldrhhs'
rEm igyk wxl 1ka w∞< m˙m:h ≤lafõ' iqmqre≥ m˙† tys
n, iemhqug 7805 fjda,aàh;d hdulhla iy vfhdavhla iú lr
we;' fuuÛska n, iemhqfï fjda,aáh;dj iy O%eùh;dj fjkia
ùfuka m˙m:hg is≥ úh yels ydks wju flfr®' IR sensor f,i
kï lr we;s wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõolfha m<uq iy fojk w.%
ms<sfj<ska N+.; fldg iy 100W m%;sfrdaOlhla yryd Ok
fjda,aàh;d iemhqug iïnkaO fldg we;' tfuka u 1 iy 2 w.%
w;rg 47µF Od˙;%lhla o iïnkaO fldg we;' fuu Od˙;%l
m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu uÛska n, iemhqfï ;j≥rg;a ;sìh yels ishqï
WÉcdjpkhka lmd y¯' fuh ir, wvq ixLHd; fmrkhla fyj;a
Low pass Filter ieleiaula f,i o .; yels h' wfOdarla;
lsrK ixfõolfha m%;s∞kh f;jk w.%fhka PIC 16D877A
rEm igyk wxl 04

uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RC2/CCP1 fyj;a 17 jk w.%hg

iïnkaO fldg we;' fuys ° m%;s∞kh ,nd °u i|yd fuu w.%h
f;dard .ekSug úfYaI fya;=jla ;sfí' wfOdarla; lsrK ≥ria:
md,l iïnkaO ksr®udK lsysmhla b†˙fha ° úia;r ls¯ug wm
woyia lrk w;r wdrïNh f,i ≥ria: md,khlska wfOdarla;
lsrK iamkao ksl=;a l< ù ≤hs ne,Su i|yd rEm igyk wxl 1ka
≤lafjk m˙m:h fhd∞ .efka'
tys ° wdfOdarla; lsrK ixfõolhg ≥ria: md,khlska ix« by< hk wjia:djla o (Rising edge) ;dr®lsl §1¶ i|yd 5V
,enqfKa kï wdrïNl ìgq^j& iy wfkl=;a ìgq isg 0V olajd my< hk (Falling edge) wjia:djla o olakg fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg ,efí' tfia ,efnk ìgq kshñ; wdldrfhka ,efí' .dñ” chisxy
;sfí ≤hs m˙CId lr n,d tfia fõ kï wdf,dal úfudapl ta wkqj ≥ria:md,lfhka ksl=;a jQ ix«fõ .eí ù we;s flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 fmnrjd˙ ui 21 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
q
uÛyer B<Û Wmfoig .uka lrhs' fï fudfyd; jk úg falling
;*****Define Registers***** edge fyj;a 5V isg 0Vg ixl%uKhla is≥ ù we;s w;r B<Ûg
STATUS equ 03h is≥ jk 0V isg 5Vg by< hdula fyj;a rising edge olajd
PORTA equ 05h ld,h uek.; hq;= fõ' tu ld,h 900µs wjg ;sfí kï th
TRISA equ 85h j,x.= ix«jla f,i .; yels h' tu ksid B<Ûg is≥ jk
rising edge fyj;a 0V isg 5V olajd ixl%uKh y∫kd .ekSug
PORTC equ 07h CCP1 tall ilia l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd bsf CCP1CON, 0
TRISC equ 87h Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' ^jeä úia;r i|yd P IC 16F877A
uhsfl%dfldakfg%da,rfha o;a; m;%sldj n,kak&
CCP1CON equ 17h kej;;a PIR1 fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj ;dr®lsl 0 njg m;a
TMR1L equ 0Eh fldg TIMER1 tallh wdrïN ls¯ug bcf PIR1, 2 yd bsf
TMR1H equ 0Fh T1CON, 0 Wmfoia fol fhd∞f.k we;' tfia is≥ l< úg
MICROCONTROLLERS T1CON
PIR1
equ
equ
10h
0Ch
falling dege fyj;a 5V isg 0Vg ixl%uKh is≥ jk wjia:dfõ
mgka t<efUk iEu uhsfl%d ;;amrhl ° u TMR1H yd
TMR1L fr‚iagrh uÛska ≤lafjk w.h tllska jeä fõ' fufia
12 ,smsh -5 fldgi CCPR1L equ 15h w.h jeä fjñka hoa° hïlsis fudfyd;l 0V isg 5V olajd hk
CCPR1H equ 16h ixl%uKhla fyj;a rising edge we;s jQ ú.i PIR1 fr‚iagrfha
fojk ìgqj ;dr®lsl §1¶ njg m;a fldg TMR1H yd
≥ria: md,l ix« Count1 equ 21h TMR1Lys w.hka CCPR1H yd CCPRIL fr‚iagj,g udre
Count2 equ 22h lrk w;r TMR1H yd TMR1Lys w.h ìx≥j njg m;a
y∫kd.ekSu lrhs'
PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldakfg%da,rhlg wfOdarla; lsrK l%uf,aLfha ≤lafjk Watt for a rising edge igykg miqj
;*****Port Settings***** ;sfnk btfss PIR1, 2 yd goto LOOP - rise Wmfoia uÛska
ixfõolhla iy wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdavhla (LED) iú lr main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
.kakd wdldrh miq.sh ,smsfhka wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' tfuka u fuu wjia:dj t<eU ;sfí ≤ hs ksrka;rfhka m¯CId lrhs' tfia
ixfõolfhka ,efnk fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj, m<, uekSu i|yd clrf TRISA ;PORT A output is≥ jQ úg CCPR1Hys w.h W fr‚iagrhg f.k th 768g
fhd∞.; yels Capture Compare/PWM tallfha Capu ture bsf TRISC,2 ;RC2 input jeä ≤hs n,hs' ta i|yd 768ka Wys w.h wvq lrkq ,efí' th
fldgi ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh ≤lafjk leá igykla thg bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 is≥ ls¯u i|yd Swbwl B'00000011' Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;'
we;=<;a úh' clrf PORTA ;LED OFF fuys olajd we;af;a ìgq 16lska hq;a b,lalula 9 jeks ìgqfõ isg
tu tallh uÛska fjda,aàh;d iamkaoj, m<, uek ksis 16 jeks ìgqj olajd jQ fldgi mu◊' tys w.h 768 (29+28)
m%udKhg ;sfí kï wdf,dal úfudapl †fhdavh (LED) ≤,aùug fõ' CCPR1Hys w.h 768g jvd jeä kï (CCPR1Lys ìgq
;*****Main loop***** 8;a we;=Ω ìgq 16ys w.h& wvq ls˙fï Wmfoi ls%hd;aul jq miq
w∞< l%uf,aLh fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®' Loop clrf CCP1CON ;CCP Module is off
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLh ≤lafõ' tys ° SITTUS fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fõ'
iqmqre≥ m˙† wjYH flfrk fr‚iagr uq,ska u y∫kajd ° we;' clrf TMR1L ;Clear TMR1L tfia fkdue;s úg tkï w.h 768g jvd wvq jQ úg th j,x.=
bka miqj Port Settings igykg miqj clrf TRISA Wmfoia clrf TMR1H ;Clear TMR1H ix«jla fkd jk ksid kej;;a uq,a ia:dkhg .uka lrùu i|yd
uÛska TRISA fr‚iagrfha ishÆ u ìgq ;dr®lsl §0¶ njg m;a goto LOOP Wmfoi fhd∞ we;'
fldg we;' tfia ls¯fuka A f;dgqmf<ys (PORTA) ishÆ u w.% bsf CCP1CON,2 ;Capture falling edge tfia fkdue;s j w.h 768g jeä kï kej;;a th 1792g
m%;s∞k njg m;a fõ' wmg wjYH jkafka PORTA ys §0¶ jk bcf PIR1,2 ;Clear capture flag jvd wvq ≤hs ne,Su i|yd movlw b'0000011' yd subwf
w.%h RA0 muKla neúka" bcf TRISA, 0 Wmfoi o fï i|yd CCPR1H Wmfoia fol fhd∞f.k we;' fuys ° o l,ska i|yka
bsf T1CON,0 ;Start Timer 1 l< m˙† STATUS fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj m¯CId lr
.e,fma' túg RAO w.%h muKla m%;s∞k njg m;a fõ' ta wkqj
bcf TRISC, 2 Wmfoi uÛska RC2 fyj;a 17 jk w.%h n,d ;dr®lsl 1 fõ kï w.h 1792 jvd wvq nj ;yjqre lr.;
m%∞khla (Input) f,i ilia fldg we;' tfia ls¯ug wjYH ;*****Wait for a falling edge***** yels h' fuf,i 768 yd 1792 w;r w.hka ,eî we;akï n,anh
jkafka wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõolfhka ,efnk fjda,aàh;d iamkao Loop_fall ≤,aùu i|yd bsf PORTA, 0 Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' bka miqj
fuu w.%h ;=<ska uhsfl%dfldakfg%da,rh ;=<g .; hq;= neúks' bsf btfss PIR1,2 ;Is Capture occurred? ;;amrhl muK ld, mudjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd Delay keue;s
STATUS, 5 iy bcf STATUS 5 Wmfoia fol fhd∞ f.k goto Loop_fall ;if No wait Wmfoia f.dkqj Ndú; fldg we;' wjidkfha ° n,anh
we;af;a B ank 0 isg Bank 1g f.dia TRISA yd TRISC ;;amrhlg muK ksjd oud kej; wdrïNl ia:dkhg .uka lr
fr‚iagrj,g w.hka ,shd kej; Bank 0 fj;g meñ”u i|yd wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao ,efí ≤ hs m¯CId lrhs' fuf,i j,x.=
bsf CCP1CON,0 ;Capture rising edge ix« ,efnk iEu úgl u n,anh ;;amrhla ≤,aù ;sfí' ≥ria:
h' (Bank 0 yd Bank 1 yd TRIS fr‚iagr ms<sn|j bcf PIR1,2 ;Clear capture flag
úia;rhla l,ska ,smshl i|yka úh& wdrïNfha ° u n,anh ksùu md,lfha ´kE u fnd;a;ula tnQ úg fuh is≥ fõ' lsishï
i|yd clrf PORT A Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' bsf T1CON,0 ;Start Timer 1 úfYaIs; fnd;a;ula muKla ls%hd;aul jk ksr®udKhla ó<Û
bkamiqj Main loop kue;s igykska wdrïN jk fldgi ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
kej; kej; Ndú; fõ' tys ° uq,ska u clrf CCPICON ;*****Wait for a rising edge*****
Wmfoi uÛska Capture/Compare/PWM tallh wl%Sh Loop_rise fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
;;a;ajfha u ;sîug i,iajhs' idudkHfhka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla btfss PIR1,2 ;Is Capture occurred? .dñ” chisxy
ls%hdld˙;ajh wdrïN ls˙fï ° fuu tallh wl%Sh ù ;sfí' bka goto Loop_rise ;if No wait flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
miqj clrf TMR1L yd clrf TMR1H Wmfoia fol uÛska
TIMER 1 w.hka ≤lafjk fr‚iagr fol ìx≥fjka wdrïN
lrk f,ig ilihs' bkamiqj ;sfnk bsf CCPICON, 2 Wfmoi ;*****Check for 900uS*****
uÛska falling edge fyj;a wfOdarla; lsrK ixfõolfhka ,efnk movf CCPR1H,0 ;Move high byte to W
ix«fõ 5V isg 0Vg ixl%uKh ùula y∫kd .ekSug yels jk sublw b’00000011' ;check for 900uS
f,i CCP1 (Capture compare PWM unit 1) tallh btfsc STATUS,0 ;If less than 768uS
ilihs' tfia ilia fldg PIR1 fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj o goto Loop ;back to main loop
;dr®lsl§ 0¶ njg m;a lrhs' fuu ìgqj b;d jeo.;a ldr®hhla
bgq lrhs' tkï falling edge fyj;a 5V isg 0Vg my< hdula movlw b’00000111' ;load 1792 to W
is≥ jQ ú.i tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl §1¶ njg m;a fõ' tu ksid tjeks
ixl%uKhla is≥ ù o keoao hkak fuu ìgqj m¯CId ls¯fuka subwf CCPR1H,0 ;check for 900uS
≤k.; yels h' bsf T1COM, 0 Wmfoi uÛska TIMER 1 btfsc STATUS,0 ;If greater than 1792uS
tallh ls%hd;aul lrhs' fu;eka mgka iEu uhsfl%d ;;amr 1lg u goto Loop ;back to main loop
jrla (1µs) TMR1H yd TMRIL fr‚iagr hq.,fhka ≤lafjk
w.h tllska jeä fõ' hïlsis fudfyd;l fjda,aáh;d ixl%uKhla bsf PORTA,0 ;else LED ON
is≥ jqj fyd;a tu fr‚iagr fofla w.hka CCPR1H yd
CCPRIL fr‚iagrhg udre lr kej; ìx≥fõ isg jeä ùug Delaydecfsz Count1,1 ;Small delay
mgka .kS'
L oop - fall f,an,h hgf;a ;sfnk btfss PIR1, 2 Wmfoi goto Delay
uÛska PIR fr‚iagrfha fojk ìgqj m¯CId lr n,hs' fjda,aàh;d decfsz Count2,1
ixl%uKhla is≥ ù ke;akï tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl ìx≥fõ u mj;S' goto Delay
túg B<Û Wmfoi uk goto LOOP fall uÛska tu ia:dkhg u
meñfKa' ta wkqj †.ska †.g u tu ìgqj m¯CId lrñka isà' bcf PORTA,0 ;LED OFF
hïlsis fudfyd;l fjda,aàh;d ixl%uKhla is≥ jqj fyd;a tu goto Loop ;back to main loop
ìgqj ;dr®lsl §1¶ njg m;a jk ksid goto LOOP- fall Wmfoi end
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 udr®;= ui 14 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
q
ìgqjla fõ' tuÛska jeo.;a ldr®hhla bgq lrhs' ≥ria: md,lhl
hïlsis fnd;a;ula †.ska †.g u Tndf.k isàfï ° iEu ñ,s wdrïNh
;;amr 114lgu jrla ìgq 14lska hq;= meleÜgqjla ksl=;a lrk
nj l,ska i|yka úh' tfia tl u meleÜgqj kej; kej; ksl=;a
ls¯fï ° T ìgqj §1¶ fyda §0¶ f,i †.g u ksl=;a flfr®' tl u
fnd;a;u j˙ka jr tîfï ° tu ìgqj 1ka 0g;a 0ka 1g;a udre m%∞k" m%;s∞k w.% ilia ls¯u iy CCP tallh
fõ' fuf,i is≥ ls¯fï úfYaI;u jdish jkqfha tl u fnd;a;u lsh
% d;aul ls¯u
j˙ka jr tîu iy †.g u Tnd f.k isàu meye†,s j fjka
lr.; yels ùuhs' iuyr WmlrKj, tl u fnd;a;u j˙ka jr
tîfï ° tla ls%hdjl=;a tu fnd;a;u †.= ld,hla Tndf.k isáfï
° fjk;a ls%hdjl=;a is≥ jk nj iuyr úg Tn w;a≤l ;sîug m<uq wdrïNl ìgqj
mqΩjk' tjeks ldr®hhka i|yd fuu ìgqj uÛska is≥ jk fufyh ,efnk f;la n,d isàu

MICROCONTROLLERS b;d jeo.;a fõ'

T ìgqjg miqj ;sfnk ìgq 5ka ≥ria: md,lh l=uk
WmlrKhg w∞< ≤hs okajd isà' wm f.a ir, ksr®udK i|yd tu
12 ,smsh -6
12 fldgi
- 6 fldgi ìgq my fyj;a Address f,i i|yka fldg we;s ìgq jeo.;a je/†
fkd fõ' tu ksid tu ìgq my m¯CId fkd lr isàug jqj o ;dr®lsl 1
mqΩjk' tfy;a ixlSr®K jvd;a m%dfhda.sl ksr®udKhl ° kï th
≥ria: md,l ix« y∫kd .ekSu m¯CId ls¯u w;HjYH fõ'
≥ria: md,lhlska ksl=;a flfrk ix{ y∫kd .ekSfï uQ,sl bka miqj bit 9 isg bit 14 olajd jQ ìgq yh wmg b;d
mshjrla f,i wdrïNl ìgqj fyj;a (Start bit) m¯CId ls¯ug jeo.;a fõ' tuÛska Tnk ,o fnd;a;ug w∞< b,lalula olajd
w∞< l%uf,aLhla miq.sh ,smsfhka wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' tys ° uQ,sl isà' W∞yrKhla f,i wxl 5 fnd;a;u tnQ úg tu ìgq yh fojeks wdrïNl ìgqj
jYfhka is≥ jQfha RC5 l%uhg w∞< j wdrïNl ìgqj olajk uÛska §5¶ b,lalu ksrEmKh lrhs' tu ksid tu ìgq yh m¯CId ,efnk f;la n,d isàu
;dr®lsl 1 y∫kd .ekSuhs' rem igyk wxl 1 uÛska RC5 l%ufha ls¯u uÛska ≥ria: md,lfha l=uk fnd;a;u Tnd we;a≤hs ≤k.;
° ;dr®lsl 0 iy 1 ksrEmKh lrk whqre ≤lafõ' yels h' W∞yrKhla f,i ≥ria: md,lfha wxl 1 fnd;a;u tnQ
úg muKla
n,anhla ≤,aùug y˙
wjYH hehs is;kak' ;dr®lsl 1
fuys ° bit 9 isg
bit 14 olajd jQ y˙
ìgq 6 m¯CId lr
n,d tuÛska
≤lafjk w.h 1 Toggle ìgqj lshùu
kï muKla n,anh
≤,aúh hq;= fõ'
wm f.a ó<Û Address ìgq my lshùu
rEm igyk wxl 01
ls%hdldrlu f,i
tjeks ksr®udKhla
b†˙m;a ls¯ug Command ìgq yh bit 9-bit 14 lshùu
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
fï i|yd l,ska
b†˙m;a lrk ,o Command ìgq 6ys w.h fidhd.ekSu
m˙m: igyk u
fhd∞.; yels neúka
m˙m: igyk jer†
b†˙m;a fkd fldg tu w.h
1 ≤hs
l%uf,aLh f.dvkÛd ne,Su
.ekSu iy tys °
rEm igyk wxl 02 ie,ls ,su;a úh hq;= y˙
lreKq ms<sn|j
tys isria b˙ j,ska ≤lafjkqfha 40kHz ixLHd;hlska hq;a úia;rhla f.k tau m%udKj;a hehs wms is;uq' n,anh ≤,aùu
wfOdarla; lsrK iamkao fõ' ta wkqj ;dr®lsl 0 ≤laùug 900µs óg w∞< l%uf,aLh ;rula ixlSr®K úh yels neúka jvd;a
ld,hla mqrd wfOdarla; lsrK ksl=;a fldg b;s˙ 900µs ld,h ir, j f;areï .ekSu i|yd th .e,Sï igykl wdOdrfhka
tfia ksl=;a fkd lr isáh hq;= fjhs' tfuka u ;dr®lsl 1 f.dvkxjk wdldrh n,uq' rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska ta i|yd jQ ;;amr lsym
s hl
ksrEmKh ls¯u i|yd 900µs ld,hla wdfOdarla; lsrK iamkao .e,Sï igykla ≤lafõ' mudjla ,nd °u
ksl=;a fkd fldg B<Û 900µs ld,h ;=< wfOdarla; lsrK
iamkao heúh hq;= h' fï wdldrhg uq,ska fyda miqj 900µs tu .e,Sï igykg wkqj Command fyj;a Wmfoia ìgq yh
m¯CId lr n,d tys w.h 1 kï tkï wxl 1 fnd;a;u Tnd rEm igyk wxl 03
ld,hla wdfOdarla; lsrK iamkao heùu uÛska ;dr®lsl 0 yd 1
ksrEmKh flfr®' we;akï muKla n,anh ≤,aùu is≥ lrhs' fï i|yd jk l%uf,aLh
ó<Û ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak' ;j o tu l%uf,aLhu uola
≥ria: md,lhlska ix« ksl=;a lrkqfha ìgq lsysmhl tl;=jla jeä †hqKq fldg wxl 1g tla n,anhl=;a wxl 2g ;j;a fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
f,ihs' RC5 l%ufha ° jrlg ìgq 14lska hq;a meleÜgqjla uq∞ y¯' n,anhl=;a wd° jYfhka n,an fyda WmlrK lsysmhla ls%hd;aul .dñ” chisxy
tjeks o;a; meleÜgqjla uq∞ ye¯ug ñ,s ;;amr 25l muK l< yels h' tjeks ksr®udKhla b†˙fha ° Tn fj; f.k taug flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
ld,hla .; fõ' tfuka u wm hïlsis fnd;a;ula †.g u ;o wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
lrf.k isáh fyd;a ieu ñ,s ;;amr 114lg u jrla fujeks
melÜgqj ne.ska ksl=;a flfr®' rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska RC5
l%ufha ° Ndú; jk ìgq oy y;fr® meleÜgqjl ieleiau ≤lafõ'
tys ° uq,ska u Start bit 1 yd Start bit 2 f,i wdrïN ìgq 2la
ksl=;a flfr®' tu ìgq fol u ;dr®lsl 1 f,iska wfOdarla; lsrK
ixfõolhg ,eìh hq;= h' tfia fkd ,enqK fyd;a th ksje/†
wdrïNhla f,i fkd .efka'
tu ksid b;s˙ ìgq ,nd .ekSug m%:u wdrïNl ìgq fol
m¯CId ls˙u w;HjYH fõ' wdrïNl ìgq 2la fjkqjg 1la jqj o
Ndú; ls¯fï yelshdj ;snqK o fuys ° wdrïNl ìgq 2la
fhd∞f.k we;af;a úh yels f∞aIhka wju ls¯ug h' miq.sh ,smsfha
i|yka jQ l%uf,aLh ;=<ska W;aidy .kq ,enqfha fuu wdrïNl
ìgqj y∫kd .ekSug h' tys ° tla wdrïNl ìgqjla muKla
m¯CId lrk ,°' tfy;a ñka b†˙hg is≥ lrk ksr®udKj, °
wdrïNl ìgq fol u m¯CId ls¯u w;HjYH fõ'
wdrïNl ìgq folg miqj T fyj;a Toggle f,i i|yka l<
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 udr®;= ui 21 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
q
;*****Define Registers***** ;***** 2nd Command bit*****
MICROCONTROLLERS STATUS
PORTA
equ
equ
03h
05h
btfsc
bsf
PORTC,2
Temp,2
;If it is 1 set
;2nd bit of Temp
12 ,smsh - 7 fldgi TRISA equ 85h call Loop_1800 ;Wait for the next bit
PORTC equ 07h ;*****1st Command bit*****
TRISC equ 87h btfsc PORTC,2 ;If it is 1 set
bsf Temp,1 ;1st bit of Temp
CCP1CON equ 17h call Loop_1800 ;Wait for the next bit
CCP2CON equ 1Dh ;*****0th Command bit*****
TMR1L equ 0Eh btfsc PORTC,2 ;If it is 1 set
TMR1H equ 0Fh bsf Temp,0 ;0th bit of Temp
T1CON equ 10h call Loop_1800 ;Wait for the next bit
PIR1 equ 0Ch
PIR2 equ 0Dh movlw 0x01 ;Load W with
CCPR2L equ 1Bh xorwf Temp,0 ;IR command
CCPR2H equ 1Ch btfsc STATUS,2 ;If IR command = 1
bsf PORTA,0 ;LED ON
Count1 equ 21h clrf CCP2CON ;CCP2 Module is off
rEm igyk wxl 03 Count2 equ 22h
≥ria: md,l ix« y∫kd Temp equ 23h ;*****Delay few seconds*****
Delay decfsz Count1,1 ;Small delay
.ekSu ^l%u f,aLh& ;*****Port Settings***** goto Delay
≥ria: md,lhl hïlsis fnd;a;ula tnQ úg muKla ls%hd;aul iqmqre≥ m˙† uq,ska u wjYH main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 decfsz Count2,1
ùu i|yd PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,hrla l%uf,aLkh jk fr‚iagrh yd tajdfha clrf TRISA ;PORT A output goto Delay
lr.kakd wdldrh fuu ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' óg w∞< msysgqï wxl olajd we;' bsf TRISC,2 ;RC2 input
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 bcf PORTA,0 ;LED OFF
l%uf,aLh ;rula ixlSr®K úh yels neúka miq.sh i;sfha m< jQ bkamiqj wjYH lrk
clrf PORTA ;LED OFF goto Loop ;back to main loop
.e,Sï igyk o Wmfhda.S fldg f.k th f;areï .ekSug W;aidy f;dgqm<j,a (Ports) iy clrf Temp ;clear Temp variable
.ekSu jvd;a iq≥iq fõ' rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞, l%uf,aLh úp,Hhka ilia lr we;'
≤lafõ' Main Loopg my<ska ;*****Main loop*****
RC5 l%uhg wkqj wdrïNl ìgq 2;a Toggle ìgqj;a Ad- ;sfnk ishÆ Wmfoia kej; Loop clrf TMR1L ;Clear TMR1L ;*****Wait for 2700uS*****
dress ìgq 5;a Wmfoia ìgq 6;a wfOdarla; lsrK kej; ls%hd;aul fõ' tys clrf TMR1H ;Clear TMR1H Loop_1800
ixfõolfhka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RC2 fyj;a 17 jk i|yka jk fndfyduhla bsf CCP1CON,2 ;Capture falling edge btfss PIR1,2 ;1800uS elapsed?
w.%hg ,efí' fuys ° wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha ≥ria: Wmfoia óg fmr jdr clrf CCP2CON ;CCP2 Module is off goto Loop_1800 ;if No wait
bcf PIR1,2 ;Clear capture flag return
md,lfha wxl 1 fnd;a;u tnQ úg muKla LED n,anh lsysmhl ° u úia;r lr
≤,aùuhs' Bg wkqrEm j uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,eìh hq;= we;s neúka tajd tlska tl
;*****Wait for a falling edge*****
iamkao rgdj rEmigyk wxl 2ka ≤lafõ' Loop_fall end
rem igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjkafka wfOdarla; lsrK btfss PIR1,2 ;is edge occurred?
ixfõolfhka uhsfl%dfldkafg%d,arhg ,efnk ix«j jk goto Loop_fall ;if No wait
rEm igyk wxl 01
w.h n,k

w;r th miq.sh i;sfha b†˙m;a l< iamkao igyfka bsf T1CON,4 ;Timer1 prescale = 2
wjia:dj

úf,dauh fõ' (Inverted Signal). tfia jkafka wfOdarla; bsf T1CON,0 ;Start Timer 1 f.k meye†,s ls¯u wkjYH fõ' tfy;a tu Wmfoia
lsrK iamkao ,efnk úg ixfõolfha m%;s∞kh 0V jk clrf CCP1CON ;CCP1 Module is off f.dkq lr we;af;a l=uk ldr®hhka i|yd ≤ hs hkak
w;r tfia fkd ,efnk úg m%;∞s kh 5V neúks' ms<sn|j úia;rhla my; ≤lafõ'
1

;*****CCP2 set to Compare operation *****

fï wkqj m<uq wdrïNl ìgqj y∫kd .ekSu i|yd 5V movlw 0x46 ;CCPR2 module is used
wdrïNl ìgqj yÛjk 5V isg 0Vg is≥ jk
isg 0Vg is≥ jk ixl%uKh (Falling Edge) fhd∞.; movwf CCPR2L ;to detect intervals ixl%uKh ≤k.ekSu i|yd uq,ska u CCP1 tallh
yels h' bkamiqj fojk wdrïNl ìgqj y∫kd.ekSu i|yd movlw 0x05 ;Here interval set to Capture wdldrhg ilia lr we;' tu wjia:dj
0

t;eka isg 1350µs (0.75 X iamkao m<,& ld,hla .sh movwf CCPR2H ;1350uS 0.75*pulse time ,nd.;a miq CCP1 tallh wl%Sh lr we;' B<Ûg
;ek 17 jk w.%fha we;s fjda,aàh;dj uekSfuka is≥ lr.; 1350µs ld,dka;rh ,nd.ekSug CCP2 tallh
yels h' tu fjda,aàh;dj 5V ^;dr®lsl 1& kï fojk Compare f,i ilia fldg we;' 1350µs ld,hla
0

movlw 0x0B ;CCP2 Compare is ON

wdrïNl ìgqj o ksis m˙† ,eî ;sfí' bkamiqj ,efnkqfha movwf CCP2CON .sh miq uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RC 2 fyj;a 17 jk
Toggle ìgqj fõ' tys w.h ,nd.ekSug ;j;a 1800µs bcf PIR2,0 ;Clear Compare flag w.%h u; fjd,aàh;dj fyj;a fojk wdrïNl ìgqfõ
0

ld,hla .shmiq 17 jk w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj m¯CId l< hq;= w.h m¯CId lr n,d tys w.h 1 kï b;s˙ Wmfoia
fõ' tfuka u B<Ûg ,efnk Address ìgq 5 y∫kd.ekSu ;*****Wait for 1350uS*****
ìgq lshùu i|yd ;j;a 10800µs ld,hla n,d isà'
i|yd;a iEu 1800µsla wjidkfha ° u 17 jk w.%h u; tfia ke;skï fojk wdrïNl ìgqj j,x.= tlla fkd
0

Loop_1350
fjda,aàh;dj m¯CId l< hq;= fõ' btfss PIR2,2 ;1350uS elapsed? jk neúka b;s˙ ìgq lshùu w;yer ouhs' Wmfoia
tfy;a tu Address ìgq my iy Toggle ìgqj m¯CId goto Loop_1350 ;if No wait ìgq lshùfï ° 10800µs ld,hlg miqj RC2 w.%h
rEm igyk wxl 02

ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk neúka fojk wdrïNl u; fjda,aàh;dj f.k tuÛska ;dr®lsl 1 ksrEmKh
0

ìgqfõ isg 1800×6 = 10800µs ld,hlg miq ,efnk ;*****Check second start bit***** flfr® kï Temp úp,Hfha 5 jeks ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1
Command fyj;a Wmfoia ìgq yh lshùu m%udKj;a fõ' btfss PORTC,2 ;Is it = 1? njg m;a l< hq;= h' bkamiqj B<Û ìgqj ,nd
1

ta ukao h;a Tnk ,o fnd;a;u olajkqfha tu ìgq 6 uÛska goto Loop ;If no go back .ekSu i|yd ;j;a 1800µs ld,hla n,d isg RC2
muKla neúks' w.%h u; fjda,aáh;dj m¯CId l< hq;= h' tuÛskq;a
movlw 0x3A ;Else continue
fuu 1350µs idy 1800µs ld,dka;r ,nd.ekSu i|yd ;dr®lsl 1 ksrEmKh lrhs kï Tem úp,fha 4 jk
0

movwf CCPR2L ;compare set to 10800uS

Capture Compare PWM2 (CCP2) tallfha Compare movlw 0x2A ;to pass toggle ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a l< hq;= h'
kue;s ls%hdld˙;ajh fhd∞f.k we;' rEm igyk wxl 3 movwf CCPR2H ;& address bits fuf,i iEu 1800µs ld,hlg u miqj RC2
0

uÛska tu tallfha ieleiau olajd we;' w.%h u; fjda,aáh;dj uek Tempys w∞< ìgq ilia
tys TMRIH yd TMRIL hkq Timer 1 ld,.Klhg Loop_10800 l< hq;= h' fuf,i wjika ìgqj;a lshjQ miqj
w∞< ìgq wfÜ fr‚iagr fol jk w;r CCPRIH yd btfss PIR1,2 ;10800uS elapsed? Temp úp,H u; Tnk ,o fnd;a;ug wkqrEm
0

CCPRIH hkq CCP1 tallhg w∞< ìgq wfÜ fr‚iagr goto Loop_10800 ;if No wait w.h igyka fõ' tu w.h wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
fol fõ' tfy;a fuys ° wm Ndú; lrkqfha CCP1 tallh w.h iuÛ ikaikaokh lr .e,fma kï LED
1800
µs

;***** 5th Command bit*****

fjkqjg CCP2 tallh neúka tu fr‚iagr fol o n,anh ≤,aùu;a tfia fkd fõ kï fkd o,ajd isàu;a
0

btfsc PORTC,2 ;If it is 1 set

CCPR2H yd CCPR2L f,i fhfoa' bsf Temp,5 ;5th bit of Temp is≥ l< yels h' Temp úp,Hh iu. ixikaokh
1800

tu fr‚iagr folg wmg wjYH w.hka ,súh yels h' ls¯ug fhdok w.hka wkqj fjkia b,lalï i|yd
µs

call Loop_1800 ;Wait for the next bit

T

Timer 1 tallh tlska tl w.h jeä lrf.k hdfï ° ;*****4th Command bit***** fjkia n,an ≤,aùug fuu l%uf,aLh jeä †hqKq l<
hï lsis wjia:djl CCPR2H yd CCPR2L uÛska okjk btfsc PORTC,2 ;If it is 1 set yels h' wms th mdGl Tng wNHdihla f,i ;nd
1800
µs

w.hg iudk fõ' túg Compare wjia:dj iïmQr®K jQ bsf Temp,4 ;4th bit of Temp SPI Serial Peripheral Interfacing tallh .ek
S2

nj ≤kaùug PIR 2 fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj call Loop_1800 ;Wait for the next bit úia;rhla ó<Û ,smsfhka f.k tkafkuq'
;***** 3rd Command bit*****
1350

(CCP2IF ìgqj& ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fõ' ta wkqj tu

µs

ìgqj m¯CId lrñka isáh hq;= fõ' túg 1800µs fyda btfsc PORTC,2 ;If it is 1 set
S1

bsf Temp,3 ;3rd bit of Temp

1350µs ld, wka;r myiqfjka y∫kd.; yels h' óg call Loop_1800 ;Wait for the next bit fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
wu;r j CCP1 tallh wdrïNl ìgqj y∫kd.ekSug
fhd∞.kakd 5V isg 0V olajd jk ixl%uK Falling edge .dñ” chisxy
5V

0V

wjia:dj ≤k .ekSug muKla fhd∞f.k we;' l%uf,aLfha ° flda,;

s Or®um%h
s
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 wm%fs h,a ui 4 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
q
Interface fyj;a w;=re uqyqK; fyj;a iïnkaO ls˙fï moaO;sh ;;a;ajfha ;nd.ekSu i|yd Slave Select fyj;a SS ;dr®lsl
hk wre; f.fka' ta wkqj SPI hkq WmlrK fyda m˙m: ìx≥fjys ;nd.; hq;= h' (Active low hkafkys f;areu ;dr®lsl
ixLHdxl lsysmhla w;r fY%a◊.; wdldrhg o;a; iïfm%aIKh ls¯fï o° ls%hd;aul jk njhs&' SS ;dr®lsl 1ys mj;sk úg fojekshd
wl%sh fõ' fojeks WmlrK tllg
m˙m: jeä .Kkla iïnkaO ls¯fï °
fuu ls%hdld¯;ajh w;sYhska jeo.;a
w;r fõ' rEm igyk wxl 2 n,kak'
tys ° tla m%Odksfhla (Master)
MICROCONTROLLERS o;a; isák w;r fojekshka (Slave
13 ,smsh - 1 fldgi yqjudrej units) 3la mj;S' tajd tlska tl
fjk fjk u l%shd;aul yd wl%sh
ls¯ug SS1, SS2 yd SS3 f,i
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j jeä≥r ye±¯fï ° Tn ≤k isáh fjk u iïnkaO ;ekla mj;S' SS1
hq;= jeo.;a u lreKla jk ixLHdxl m˙m: w;r o;a; ;dr®lsl ìx≥fjys ;nd SS2 yd
yqjudrej iïnkaO úia;rhla fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®' ir, SS3 ;dr®lsl 1ys ;enQ úg m<uq
ldr®hhka i|yd ksr®udKh lrk m˙m: fndfyda úg ;ks j rEm igyk wxl 01
moaO;sfhka o SS2 muKla ;dr®lsl
ls%hd;aul fõ' tfy;a m˙m:h fyda m˙m: lsysmhl tl;=j uÛska ìx≥j njg m;a l< úg fojeks
bgq lr .ekSu n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ldr®hh ixlSr®K jk úg ;ks tallh SS3 muKla ;dr®lsl ìx≥j
j ls%hd;aul ùfï yelshdj o my< niS' tkï ;j;a m˙m:hl ù ;sfnk úg f;jeks tallh o
fyda lsysmhl iydh Bg wjYH fõ' ls%hd;aul fõ'
W∞yrKhla f,i kùk fudagr® r:hl bf,lafg%daksl moaO;sj, fuf,i fojeks WmlrK (Slave
ls%hdld¯;ajh i,luq' bkaOk oykh md,kh ls¯u" frdaOl fh°u" units) lsysmhla iïnkaO ls¯u
jdhq nokh ls%hd;aul ls¯u" jdhq iuk moaO;sh ls%hd;aul ls¯u iuyr ksr®udKj, ° w;HjYH fõ'
wd° ls%hdjka i|yd fjk fjk u bf,lafg%daksl m˙m: ;sfnk wm f.a uQ,sl ls%hdldrlu f,i tla
w;r tajd w;r tajd tlsfklg iïnkaO ù o;a; yqjudre lr.kS' fojeks WmlrKhla muKla iïnkaO
fndfyda úg tu m˙m:j, uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r olakg ,efí' ls¯ug wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
tfia is≥ ls¯fï ° úfYaI jdis lsysmhla u w;a fõ' tla SSPI ls%hdld¯;ajh ,nd °u i|yd
fldgila wls%h jQ úg tu fldgi muKla udre lr moaO;sh h:d PIC 16F 877(A)
;;a;ajhg f.k taug yels ùu tys we;s úfYaI jdishls' ;j o uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< wka;r®.;
moaO;shg wÆ;ska hula tla ls¯u fuka u ;sfnk ls%hdld¯;ajhka lr we;s tall iy fr‚iagr ms<sn|
wfklajdg ndOd ùulska f;dr j bj;a ls¯ug yels ùu o tys úia;rhla ó<Û ,smsfhka
we;s ;j;a jdishls' n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
tu ksid jvd;a ixlSr®K WmlrK ksmoùfï ° i''''''' ;ks
m˙m:hla fjkqjg m˙m: fldgia lsysmhl tl;=jla f,i
ksr®udKh ls¯u ckm%sh l%uhls'
;j;a W∞yrKhla f,i m˙.Klhla i,luq' tys we;s m%Odk u fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a
tallh CIqø ilikh (Microprocessor) jk w;r tys yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
ls%hdld¯;ajhg wjYH jk iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh (RAM) m%∞k .dñ” chisxy
m%;s∞k yeisrùfï m˙m: wd° fkdfhl=;a m˙m: fldgia fjk fjk flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
u f.k iïnkaO l< yels h'
fufia m˙m: lsysmhla tla ls¯fï ° tu m˙m: w;r o;a;
yqjudre lr .ekSu w;HjYH lreKls' fufia m˙m: w;r o;a;
yqjudre lr .ekSu uq,sl jYfhka wdldr follg is≥ l< yels
h' rEm igyk wxl 02
1' iudka;r.; wdldrhg o;a; heùu yd ,nd.ekSu
(Parallel Communication) moaO;shla fyj;a ieleiaula f,i wr®: ≤laúh yels h'
2' fY%a◊.; wdldrhg o;a; heùu yd ,nd.ekSu rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska fï wdldrhg WmlrK folla
(Serial Communication) iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh ≤lafõ' fuys ° tla WmlrKhla
fuu l%u fol u m˙m:j, ° nyq, j fhd∞ .efka' m%Odkshd f,i (SPI Master) ilia lr we;s w;r wfkl
iudka;r.; l%ufha ° heùug we;s ishÆ u ìgq ^W∞yrKhla f,i fojekshd f,i (SPI Slave) f,i kï lr we;' m%Odkshd f,i
ìgq 8la i,luq& tljr iïfm%aIKh flfr®' fuys ° iEu ìgqjla uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,hrhl=;a fojekshd f,i ;j;a
i|yd u fjk fjk u jhr® fyda iïnkaOl ;sìh hq;= fõ' tfy;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla fyda fjk;a WmlrKhla fh†h yels h'
fY%a◊.; l%ufha ° ìgq ish,a, tljr iïfm%aIKh lrkjd fjkqjg flfia fj;;a o;a; yqjudrej iïmqr®Kfhka u md,kh lrkq
ìgqfjka ìgqj tlla miq tlla isák fia iïfm%aIKh flfr®' tu ,nkafka m%Odkshd (Master) uÛsks' o;a; iïfm%aIKh ksis m˙†
ksid fuys ° iudka;r.; l%ufha ° fuka ìgq .Kkg iudk jhr is≥ ls˙u i|yd iïnkaO;d y;rla wjYH nj rEm igyk neÆ
fyda iïnkaOl m%udKhka wjYH fkd fõ' fndfyda úg jhr folla úg Tng meye†,s fjhs' tajd my; ≤lafjk wdldrhg kïlr
fyda ;=kla ;sîu m%udKj;a fõ' we;'
tu ksid ix.Dys; m˙m: w;r o;a; yqjudre lr .ekSfï ° SCLK - Seiral Clock
fY%a◊.; l%uh nyq, j fhfoa' ta i|yd f.dvkÛd we;s iïuq;Ska MOSI - Master Output Slare Input
lsysmhla my; ≤lafõ' MISO - Master Input Slave Output
1' IIC (Inter Integrated Circuites) I2C f,i o y∫kajhs' SS - Slave Select (active low)
2' 1 Wire iuyr wjia:dj, ° my; ≤lafjk wdlrhg o kï lr ;sìh
3. CAN (Controler Area Network) yels h'
4. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) SCLK- Serial Clock
5. RS 232, RS 422, RS 485 Serial Communication SDI - Serial Data In
6. USB Firewire SDO - Serial Data Out
wjYH;dj wkqj fïjdhska iq≥iq l%uh f;dard.; hq;= fõ' PIC CS- Chip Select (active low)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r I2C, RS 232 yd SPI hk l%uj,ska tlla SCLK uÛska ld, iamkao" m%Odkshd f.a isg fojekshd fj;g
fyda lsysmhla iys; j ksmojd ;sfí' thska RS 232 l%uh Ndú; f.k hk w;r o;a; ìgq MOSI yryd m%Odkshd f.a isg
fldg m˙.Klhg o;a; hjk wdldrh 9 jk ,smsfha ° idlÉcd fojekshd fj;g f.k hkq ,nhs' tf,i u MISO yryd
lf<uq' I2C l%uh ;rula ixlSr®K neúka ta .ek idlÉPd ls¯u fojekshd f.a isg m%Odkshdg o;a; iïfm%aIKh flfr®' m%Odkshd
miqjg l,a ;nd SPI l%uh .ek úia;rhla iy th Ndú; ìgqjla MOSI u;g ≤uQ úg th ,nd.kakd f,i fojekshdg
flfrk ksr®udKhka b†˙ ,sms lsysmh ;=<ska f.k taug wms woyia ≤kaùu i|yd CLK yryd iamkaohka ksl=;a lrhs' tfuka u ta
lf<uq' wjia:dfõ ° fofjkshd i;= j hïlsis ìgqjla m%Odkshdg heùug
uq,ska u SPI hkafkys f;areu l=ula ≤hs n,uq' S uÛska ;sfí kï th o MISO u;g oukq ,efí' ta wkqj MOSI yd
Serial fyj;a fY%a◊.; hkak ≤lafõ' tkï fuu l%ufha ° o;a; MISO yryd o;a; ìgq iïfm%aIKh jk w;r tajd ,nd.kakd
iïfm%aIKh jkafka fY%A◊.; wdldrhg hkakhs' P uÛska Periph- f,i ≤kaùug SCLK yryd ld, iamkao ksl=;a lrk nj ≤ka
eral fyj;a iïnkaO jk WmlrKh woyia flfr®' I uÛska Tng meye†,s úh hq;= h' Bg wu;r j fojekshd ls%hdld¯
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 wm%fs h,a ui 11 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

PIC
uhsfl%dkafg%da,r ie,l+ úg m%Odk uhsfl%dfldkafg%darfha ;snQ ìgqjla fojeks
w;r SPI
l%uhg
MICROCONTROLLERS o;a ;
yqjudre
13 ,smsh - 2 fldgi
ls¯u
ixLHdxl m˙m: w;r o;a; yqjudre lr.ekSï wjYH jkafka
wehs o hkak;a tfia l< yels l%u fudkjd o hkak;a wms miq.sh
,smsfhka idlÉcd lf<uq' ta w;=˙ka SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interfacing) l%uh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r w;r o;a; yqjudre ls¯u
i|yd nyq, j fhd∞.kakd nj o i|yka úh' ta wkqj fuu ,smsh
;=<ska wm úia;r ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka PIC 16F877(A)
uhsfl%dfldkaafg%da,rh ;=< ;sfnk SPI tallh ms<sn|jhs'
SPI l%uh fhd∞f.k uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r folla fyda Bg jeä
.Kkla w;fr® o;a; yqjudre lr.; yels nj wms l,ska i|yka
lf<uq' tys ° tla uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla m%Odkshd (Master) f,i
ls%hd;aul jk w;r wfkl ^fyda wfklajd& fojekshd (Slave)
^fyda fojekshka (slaves) f,i ls%hd;aul fõ' f;areï .ekSfï
myqij Wfoid tla fojekshl= muKla isák wjia:djla i,luq'
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska tjeks wjia:djla ≤lafõ'
bkamiqj th m%Odkshd f.a SSPSR fr‚iagrfha LSB ia:dkhg
iïnkaO fõ' fï jk úg tu ia:dkh ysi aj ;sfí' tu ksid
fojekshd f.ka ksl=;a jQ ìgqj m%Odkshd f.a SSPSR fr‚iagrfha
LSB msysgqfuys ;eìh yels h' fï isoaê ∞uh u ixCIsma; j
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg;a fojekshd f.a ìgqjla m%Odkshdg;a ,eî
;sfí' fï i|yd .; jk ld,h tla ld, iamkaohla (SCKys tl
iamkaohla& fõ' fï wdldrhg ld, iamkao 8la f.jqKq ;ek
m%Odkshd f.a SSPSR fr‚iagrfha ;snQ ìgq wg fojekshd f.a
SSPSR fr‚iagrhg f.dia we;s w;r fojekshd f.a SSPSR
fr‚iagrh ;=< ;snq ìgq 8g m%Odkshd f.a SSPSR fr‚iagrhg
,eî we;' ta wkqj fuh tljr fo†idjg u o;a; iïfm%aIKh
lrk l%uhla (Full Duplex) fuka u iuuqyqr®;kh jQ l%uhla
f,i o i|yka l< yels h'
fuys ° o;a; yqjudrej iïmQr®Kfhka u md,kh lrkq ,nkafka
m%Odkshd úisks' ta wkqj m%Odkshdg wjYH úg fojekshdg o;a;
,nd †h yels w;r fojekshd f.ka o;a; ,nd.ekSu o is≥ flfr®'
SCK ld, iamkaaoh ckkh lrkq ,nkafka o m%Odkshd úisks' fuu
l%ufha ° m%Odk jYfhka wjia:d ;=kla ≤lsh yels h'
1' m%Odkshd f.ka fojekshdg o;a; heùug wjYH jQj;a
fojeks hdg tfia wjYH fkd fõ'
2' m%Odkshdg fukau fojekshdg o yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd
o;a; ;sfí'
3' m%Odkshd f.ka fojekshdg heùug o;a; ke;;a fojekshd
f.ka m%Odkshdg heùu i|yd o;a; ;sfí'
≤ka wms tla tla wjia:dj fjk fjk u f.k n,uq' m%Odkshd
msgj
q
;sfnk w.hka fjkia ls¯u w;HjYH fkd fõ' tfy;a
SSPCON1 fr‚iagrfha ìgq lsysmhla ilia l< hq;= fõ' tu
fr‚iagrfha miajeks ìgqj SSPEN (Synchronous Serial Port
Enable) f,i kï lr we;' tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a l<
hq;= h' túg SPI tallh ls%hdld¯ ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' tys 0" 1"
2 iy 3 hk ìgq y;rg ,shk w.hka wkqj m%Odkshd o fojekshd
o tfukau SCK ld, iamkaoj, fõ.h o ;SrKh fõ' fuf,i
ilia lr.kakd wdldrh W∞yrKhla weiq˙ka úia;r ls¯ug
b†˙fha ° wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
SPI l%uh Ndú; fldg o;a; yqjudre lr.; yelafla
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r w;r muKla u fkd fõ' tkï m%Odkshd f,i
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla f.k fojekshd f,i EEPROM Ñmhla"
AID Converter Ñmhla tfia;a ke;skï LCD tallhla fyda
fjk;a m˙m:hla iïnkaO l< yels h'
ó<Ûg wm b†˙m;a lrk ksr®udKh ;+<ska cx.u ≥rl:k
LCD ;srhl wmg wjYH wl=re" rEm m%or®Ykh lr.kakd
wdldrh úia;r flfr®'
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

SPI Master SPI Slave

SDC SDI

Serial Input Buffer Serial Input Buffer

(SSPSR) (SSPBVF)

SDI SDO
Shift register Shift register
(SSPSR) (SSPSR)

MSB LSB SCK SCK MSB LSB

m%Odk uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh fojeks uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh

rEm igyk wxl 1

SPI wdldrhg o;a; yqjudre lr.ekSfï ° Sh ift register
(SSPSR) f,i olajd we;s fldgi m%Odk ;ekla .kS' th
fr‚iagrhla jk w;r tys wvx.= ìgq tlska tl jï mig ;,aÆ
l< yels h' tfia is≥ ls¯fï ° l,ska MSB (Most Significant
Bit) fyj;a jïmiska u ;snQ ìgqj fr‚iagrfhka bj;a ù t;ekg
ol=Kq miska ;snQ ìgqj we;=Ω fõ' fufia ìgq tlska tl jïmig
;,aÆ ls¯fï ° ol=Kq miska u msysá ia:dkfha LSB (Least
Significant Bit) ysia ;ekla we;s fõ'
wms fï ixisoaêh ir, W∞yrKhlska f;areï .ekSug W;aidy
lruq' tl fm<g ;nd ;sfnk mqgq 8l jdä ù isák mqoa.,hka
f.ka ;udg jïmiska we;s mqgqjg udre jk f,i b,a,d isáh
fyd;a tfia is≥ ls¯u i|yd jï fl<jfr® isák mqoa.,hdg bka
bj;a ù hdug is≥ fõ' tfia u ol=Kq miska u ;sfnk mqgqj ysia
fõ' fï wdldrhg SSPSR fr‚iagrfha we;s ìgq o tlska tl
jïmig ;,aÆ ls˙fï ° tla ìgqjla bj;a jk w;r tla
ia:dkhla ysia fõ'
SPI l%uh o;a; yqjudrefõ ° tfia bj;a jk ìgqj wfkla
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha SSPSR fr‚iagrfhys ysia jk ia:dkhg
LSB iïnkaO flfr®' rEm igyk wxl 1g wkqj m%Odk
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha SSPSR fr‚iagrfhka ksl=;a jk ìgqj
SDO (Serial Data Output) w.%h yryd fojeks
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha SDI (Serial Data Input) w.%hg ,efí'
bka miqj th tu uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha SSPSR fr‚iagrhg
iïnkaO fõ' SPI l%ufha we;s ;j;a iqúfYaI;ajhla kï m%Odkshd
fuka u fojekshd o tl u fj,djg ;u ;uka f.a SSPSR
fr‚iagrj, we;s ìgq tlska tl jïmig ;,aÆ ls¯u h' tf,i
iu uqyqr®;kh (Synchronize) ùu ksid l,ska i|yka l<
m%Odkshd f.ka ksl=;a jQ ìgqj fojekshd f.a SSPSR fr‚iagrhg
<Ûd jk úg ta i|yd ysia ;ekla ksr®udKh ù ;sfí'
tf,i u fojekshd MSB ia:dkfha ;snQ ìgqj SDO w.%h
yryd f.dia m%Odk uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha SDI w.%hg ,efí'
i;= j fojekshdg heùug o;a; ;sfí kï tajd m%Odkshd f.a
SSPBVF fr‚iagrhg ,shkq ,efí' túg tu o;a; SSPSR
fr‚iagrhg o ,efí' fï w;r fojekshd i;= j o;a; fkdue;s
ksid tys SSPBVF fr‚iagrhg lsis;a fkd ,shfõ' bkamiqj
m%Odkshd SCK ld, iamkao ckkh ls¯ug mgka .kS' túg
m%Odkshd f.a ìgq fojekshdg o;a; ìgq tlska tl .uka lrhs' fï
w;r fojekshd f.a SSPSR fr‚iagrfha ;sfnk ìgq o tlska tl
m%Odkshd fj;g ,efí' fuf,i m%Odkshd f.a o;a; fojekshdg;a
fojekshd f.a SSPSRys ;snQ ìgq m%Odkshdg;a ,enqKq miq tajd
SSPBVF fr‚iagrj,g udre fõ' fuys ° m%Odkshd fojekshdg
j,x.= o;a; tjQ neúka SSPBVF fr‚iagrh lshjd Bg w∞< j
fojekshd ls%hd;aul fõ' tfy;a fojekshd f.ka m%Odkshdg o;a;
heùug wjYH;djla fkd ;snQ ksid m%Odkshdg ,enqKq ìgq fkd
i,ld y¯'
tfy;a fojeks wjia:dj ie,l+ úg m%Odkshdg fuka u
fojekshdg o yqjudre ls¯u i|yd o;a; ;sfnk neúka fofokd u
tajd ;uka f.a SSPBVF fr‚iagrj,g ,shhs' bkamiq SCK
fyj;a ld, iamkao 8la ckkh l< úg fofokd w;r tu o;a;
yqjudre ù wjika fõ' bkamiq SSPBV F fr‚iagr fofokd úiska
u lshjkq ,efí'
f;jeks wjia:dj ie,l+ úg fojekshd f.ka m%Odkshdg ,efnk
o;a; lshjk w;r m%Odkshd f.ka fojekshdg ,enqKq ìgq fkd
i,ld y˙' fï wdldrhg hjk fuka u ,efnk o;a; j,x.= ≤hs
≤kaùu i|yd úfYaI Wml%u Ndú; ls¯ug is≥ fõ' wm m%Odkshdg
fuka u fojekshd i|yd o f.dvkxjkq ,nk l%uf,aLj,g Bg
w∞< Wml%u we;+<;a l< hq;= h' SPI l%uh Ndú; fldg o;a;
yqjudrej lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn|j o< wjfndaOhla fï jk úg
Tng ,efnkakg we;ehs wms Wml,amkh lruq'
ó<Ûg l< hq;af;a SPI l%uhg o;a; heùu i|yd
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ilia lr.kakd wdldrh idlÉcd ls¯uhs' tfia
ilia lr.ekSu i|yd SSPSTAT yd SSPCON1 fr‚iagrj,g
iq≥iq w.hka ,súh hq;= fõ' SSPSTAT fr‚iagrfha idudkHfhka
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 wm%fs h,a ui 25 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
q
MICROCONTROLLERS rEm igyk wxl 01
13 ,smsh - 2 fldgi

SPI l%uh Ndú; fldg

cx.u ≥rl:k LCD
;srhlg ,sùu
ixLHdxl m˙m: w;r o;a; yqjdure ls¯u
i|yd fhd∞ .kakd SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interfacing) l%uh ms<sn| uQ,sl ye¢kaùula iy
PIC 16F877 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ;sfnk
SPI tallh .ek flá úia;rhla miq.sh ,sms fol
;=<ska wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' tys ° wm i|yka l<
m˙† SPI l%uh Ndú;fhka fo†idjg u o;a; heúh yels h' wmg
wjYH kï tla †Ydjlg muKla o;a; heùu o is≥ l< yels h' rEm igyk wxl 02 rEm igyk wxl 03
SPI l%ufha m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ir, j f;areï lr °u ms◊i
by; i|yka l< m˙† tla †Ydjlg muKla o;a; heùug wjYH isg my<g hkd° jYfhka wjika fma<sfha
jk fh°ula wm f.a ó<Û ls%hdldrlu f,i f;dard .;af;uq' wjika f.dkqjg ,shQ miq kej;;a
tkï cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl wmg wjYH wl=re b,lalu wdrïNl ia:dkhg meñfKa'
fyda rEm m%or®Ykh lrjd .ekSug yels ksr®udKhls' rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska wfkla
fuys ° uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha isg LCD ;srhg o;a; yd l%uh ≤lafõ' tys ° jfï isg ol=Kg
Wmfoia SPI l%uh weiq˙ka ,nd foa' tu Wmfoia yd o;a;j,g f.dia kej; B<Û ;Srefõ jfï isg
wkqj LCD tallh ls%hd;aul fõ' fuh ;rula ixlSr®K ol=Kg ,shefõ' nyq, j fhfok l%uh
lghq;a;la hehs Tng isf;kakg mqΩjk' tfy;a LCD tallh yd fuh fõ' fuf,i jfï isg ol=Kg
SPI l%uh ms<sn|j meye†,s wjfndaOhla ,enQ miq th t;rï u ,shdf.k hdfï ° ;srfha wl=rla †ia jk
ixlSr®K fkd fõ' fuu ,smsh yd b†˙ ,sms lsysmh ;=<ska wm wdldrh rEm igyk wxl 4 uÛska
W;aidy lrkqfha tu lreKq iïnkaO ie,lsh hq;= ≤kqula Tng ≤lafõ' tys ° P iy I hk wl=re fol
,nd °ug h' ta wkqj uq,ska u wms cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl ,sùug .;a W;aidyhla ≤lafõ' ;dr®lsl
ls%hdld¯;ajh úia;r lr bka miqj PIC 16F877 1g wkqrEm fldgq lΩ meye .ekaù we;'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg iïnkaO lrk wdldrh úia;r ls¯ug wjYH wl=re b,lalu fyda rEmh ;srfha
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafkuq' †ia fõ' tfia ,sùug fhd∞ .kakd Wmfoia
cx.u ≥rl:k Ndú;h by< hdu;a iuÛ u tajdfha ñ, iy ix« ms<sn| úia;rhla ó<Û ,smsfhka
.Kka o ie,lsh hq;= whq˙ka my; jeà we;' ta wkqj cx.u n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
≥rl:k muKla fkd j tajdfha wu;r fldgiaj, o ñ, my;
jeà we;' cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;ssrhla remshs,a 300lg wdikak
uqo,lg ,nd.; yels h' tksid tjeks LCD ;srhl wmg wjYH
wl=re b,lalï fyda rEm m%or®Ykh lrjd .; yels kï th fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd
fndfyda ksr®udKj, ° fhd∞.; yels ,dN∞hS fuj,ula jkq we;' ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
wm f.a ls%hdldrlu i|yd NOKIA 3310 cx.u ≥rl:k .dñ” chisxy
jr®.fha ;sfnk LCD ;srh fhd∞ .ekSug woyia lf<uq' th flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
f;dard.ekSug fya;= jQfha ñ, wvq ùu;a fjf<|fmdf<a nyq, j
Ndú; ùu;a h' tfy;a fjk;a jr®.j, LCD ;sr o Ndú; l<
yels h' tfia lrkafka kï Bg w∞< j m˙m:fha iy l%uf,aLfha
iqΩ iqΩ fjkialï is≥ ls¯ug wjYH úh yels h' iqcdks,f.'''
wm 9 jk ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< LCD iïnkaO ksr®udKfha ° 25 jeks msgfq jka
fhd∞ .ekqfKa Character display fyj;a wl=re yd b,lalï
muKla m%or®Ykh l< yels LCD tallhls' tfy;a cx.u
≥rl:k LCD ;srj, wl=re b,lalï fuka u rEm o m%or®Ykh Hard words and phrases
l< yels h' tfuka u úúO m%udKfha iy úúO yevfha wl=re o rEm igyk wxl 04 Recycle - m%;p
s l%l
S rKh
m%or®Ykh l< yels h' tys we;s ;j;a úfYaI;ajhla kï p,k Blast furnace - Odrd WIaulh
Ñ;% (Animation) mjd m%or®Ykh ls¯ug yels ùu h' Tn cx.u we;' fujeks ;Sre 8 ne.ska f.k f.dkq 6la ilia lr we;' ta Go through it - tafl úia;r n,uq ^wOHhkh lruq&
≥rl:khla Ndú; lrkafka kï fï ish,a, w;a≤l ;sfnkjdg iEu f.dkqjlg u l=vd fldgq 8la ;sfí' by< u ;sfnk fldgqj Got it - jegyqKd
iel ke;' tfuka u tfia is≥ lrkafka flfia o hkak ≤k LCB f,i;a my< u ;sfnk fldgqj MSB f,i;a kï lr we;' Molten compounds - WKq l< >k ixfhda.hla ^ú,Sk&
.ekSug leue;af;ka isákjd jkakg o mqΩjk' cx.u ≥rl:k wm LCD ;srhg ,shk úg tla jrl ° fuu fldgq 8g u ,súh Extract - ksiaidrKh
LCD ;srj,g fujeks ± is≥ ls¯ug yels ù ;sfnkafka tajd hq;= fõ' tkï iïmQr®K LCD ;srhg u ,sùug jrl ° f.dkq Isn't too good - fyd| u†
Graphic Display jr®.fha LCD ùu ksid h' ≤ka wms ta tl ne.ska f.dkq 504gu jdr 504l ° ,súh hq;= fõ' tfia ,súh Decompose - úfhdackh lrkjd
jr®.fha LCD ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh úuid n,uq' yels l%u 2la mj;S' rem igyk wxl 2 uÛska tla l%uhla ≤lafõ' Sludge - f,da fndr
wms by; i|yka l< NOKIA 3310 LCD ;srfha l=vd fuys ° uq,ska u m<uq fma<sfha m<uq f.dkqjg ^tys we;s fldgq Essential - w;HjYH
fldgq (Pixels) 48×84la ;sfí' tkï fma<s 84la iy ;Sre 48la 8g& ,súh hq;= fõ' bkamiqj ,shk w.h m<uq fma<sfha u fojeks That's it than and amma is here just in time. So Bye
;sfí' rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska tys ieleiau ≤lafõ' f.dkqjg ,shefõ' bkamiqj f;jeks f.dkqjg ,shefõ' fufia 6 jk Seni akki, and Bye Sujani akki.
tys fma<s 84la ^0 isg 83 olajd& ;sfí' ta yd iEu fma<shlg f.dkqjg o ,shQ miq fojeks fma<sfha m<uq f.dkqfjka ,sùu mgka Bye dear see you soon.
u wxlhla (X address) ;sfí' tfuka u ;Sre 48la ;sfí' ta iEu .efka' fï wdldrhg by< isg my<g kej;;a B<Û fma<sfha by< Bye form me too Dilini nangi
;srejla i|ydu;a wxlhla ;sfí' th Y Address f,i kï lr

2007 uehs ui 2 - n∞∞
MICROCONTROLLERS
13 ,smsh - 4 fldgi
cx.u ≥rl:k
LCD ;srhlg ,sùu
SPI l%uh Ndú; fldg ixLHdxl m˙m: w;r o;a; yqjudre
ls¯u m%dfhda.sl j w;ay∞ne,Su i|yd fhd∞.; yels ksr®udKhla
jk cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhlg ,sùu wms miq.sh ,smsfhka
wdrïN lf<uq' fuu ,smsh ;=<ska úia;r ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkqfha Nokia 3310 cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhla yeisrùu
i|yd PIC uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlska ,nd †h hq;= Wmfoia yd
o;a; ms<n
s |jhs'
rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjk j.=j n,kak'
tys m<uq ;Srej Instructions fyj;a Wmfoia
f,i kï lr we;' ta hgf;a LCD tallh
f;aareï .kakd m%Odk Wmfoia 6la ≤lafõ' fojk
;Srefõ D/C f,iska ≤lafjkafka
Data / Comand hka f kys flá fh≥uhs ' LCD
tallfhys ;sfnk w.% 8ka 4 jeks w.%h fï
kñka y∫kajhs' tu w.%h u; fjd,aàh;dj
;dr®lsl §1¶ ksrEmKh lrhs kï
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh uÛska ,nd fok ìgq LCD
;srfha m%or®Ykh l< hq;= o;a; (DATA) f,i
.efkk w;r ;dr®lsl §0¶ kï LCD tallh
ls%hd;aul úh hq;= wdldrh ≤lafjk Wmfoia
fyj;a Commands f,i .efka' f;jk ;Srefõ
DB7 - DB0 uÛska Wmfoia fyda o;a; ìgq
i|yka jk w;r tu ìgqj, úúO ixfhdackhka f.ka flfrk
ldr®hhka ms<sn| úia;rhka Description f,i kï lr we;s 4
jk ;Srefjka ≤lafõ'
≤ka wms fï Wmfoia tlska tl f.k idlÉcd lruq' uq,a
Wmfoia ;=kg m%:u fojk fma<sfha (h-00r1) f,i ,shd we;s
fldgiska woyia lrkqfha tu Wmfoia ;=k H=0 fyda H=1 hk
ixfhdackhka f.ka ´kE u tllg fmd≥ njhs' H=0 uÛska uQ,sl
Wmfoia tkï disp play control, set x address, set y ad-
dress hk Wmfoia (Basic instructions) olajk w;r H=1
uÛska úfYaIs; ldr®hhka i|yd fhd∞ .efkk Wmfoia f.dkqj
ú≥y,
ú≥ir
;dlaIK wxYh 17
msgj
q
rEm igyk wxl 02
(Extended Instructions) ≤lafõ'
f;jk fma<sfha ;sfnk NPOP fyj;a No operation Wmfoi
miajk fma<sfha we;s Write data Wmfoi uÛska LCD ;srhg
wjYH o;a; ,shk wdldrfha ≤lafõ' tys ° D / C ìgqj ;dr®lsl
uÛska lsisjla fkd lrhs' fujeks Wmfoila ;sîu wkjYH hehs §1¶ys mj;ajd.; hq;= w;r DB7-DB0 uÛska o;a; ìgq ≤lafõ'
Tng yeÛS hdug mqΩjk' tfy;a iuyr wjia:dj, ° fuh o fufia ,shk o;a; ìgq LCD tallh ;=< ;sfnk iiïNdù m%fõY
wjYH fõ' PIC uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, o N OP Wmfoi olakg u;lfhys ;ekam;a fõ' ta iuÛ u tu ìgqj,g w∞< LCD
,efí' CIqø ilikj, (Miocroprocessors) mjd fuu Wmfoi ;srfha we;s l=vd fldgq (Pixels) o w∫re ùu fyda fkd ùu is≥
olakg ,eîfuka tjeks Wmfoil we;s wjYH;dj jvd;a ;yjqre
fõ'
fõ'
ihjeks fma<sfha we;s H=0g miqj tk Wmfoia lsysmh Basic
isõjk fma<sfha ;sfnk Function Set Wmfoi uÛska úfYaI instruction .Khg jefÜ' tu Wmfoi uÛska LCD tallh
ldr®hhka lsysmhla is≥ flfr®' Bg w∞< ìgq ieleiau iy D / C
ls%hd;aul ùug w∞< uQ,sl ieliqï ilia flfr®' Reserved f,i
w.%fha ;sìh hq;= ;dr®lsl w.h ta iuÛ u olajd we;' ta wkqj i|yka lr we;s ìgq ieleiqï Ndú;hg fkd .efka' tajd b†˙
D / C = 0 úh hq;= w;r DB5 ìgqj §1¶ úh hq;= h' DB2 uÛska wjYH;d i|yd ksIamdolhd úiska fjka lr ;nd we;'
PD fyj;a Power Down wjia:dj yÛjk ìgqj ≤lafõ' tu wg jk fma<sfha Display control Wmfoi uÛska LCD ;srh
ìgqj §0¶ kï LCD tallh ls%hd;aul jk w;r 1 kï Power - u; m%or®Ykh is≥ lrk wdldrh ilia flfr®' tys DB2 yd DB0
ìgq uÛska D yd E f,i kï lrk
,o ìgq ≤lafõ' tu ìgq foflys
úúO ixfhdackhkag w∞< wjia:d
4la ;sfí' rEm igyk wxl 2
uÛska tu wjia:djka úia;r flfr®'
D iy E ìgq fol u ìx≥j kï
LCD ;srh u; lsisjla fkd
,shjk w;r th iïmqr®Kfhka ysia
fyj;a clear ;;a;ajhg m;a flfr®'
D=1 yd E=0 fhd∞ .efkkqfha
LCD ;srhg ,shk tys wl=re rEm
b,lalï m%or®Ykh flfrk idudkH
wjia:dj ≤laùughs'
E=1 yd D=0 uÛska LCD
;srfha iEu fldgqjla u w∫re jk
f,i ilia flfr®' D=1 yd F=1 jQ
úg lΩ ù ;sfnk fldgq meye†,s
(clear) jk w;r meye†,s fldgq
lΩ fõ' rEm igyk wxl 3 uÛska
fï wjia:dj ≤lafõ' tys uq,ska P
yd H hk wl=re fol lΩ mdákq;a
wfkl=;a ta wjg we;s l=vd fldgq
iq≥ meyefhkq;a ;sî we;s w;r
D=1 yd E=1 f,i Display
control Wmfoi ,nd ≥ka úg P
yd H wl=re iq≥ meye .ekaù wjg
m%foaY lΩ ù we;' fuh Inverse
rEm igyk wxl 01
Video Mode f,i ye¢kafõ'
oyh iy tfld<y hk fma<sj,
rEm igyk wxl 03
down fyj;a ú≥,sh wju jYfhka mdúÉÑ jk wjia:djg m;a we;s Wmfoi uÛska LCD ;srh u; ,súh hq;= ia:dkh ilia
fõ' DB1 ìgqj uÛska Vertical addressing fyda Horizontal flfr®' tfia ia:dkh kï l< miq B<Ûg ,shk o;a;h tu
addresing hkak ≤lafõ' tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl 0ys ;sfí kï ia:dkhg ,shefõ' LCD tallh yeisrùu i|yd w;HjYH jk
Horizontal addressing fyj;a fma<sfhka fma<shg jfï isg Wmfoia lsysmh by; úia;r flfrkq we;' tu Wmfoia ksis
ol=kg LCD ;srh u; ,shdf.k hd yels w;r §1¶ kï ;Srefjka ms<sfj<g uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh uÛska LCD tallhg ,nd †h hq;=
;Srejg by< isg my<g ,shdf.k hd yels h' Horizontal fõ' tfia ,nd °ug LCD tallh yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh
addressing l%uh nyq, j Ndú; fõ' DBO ìgqj H fyj;a iïnkaO lr.kakd wdldrh ≤lafjk m˙m:h ó<Û ,smsfhka
Basic Instruction Set iy Entended Instruction set hk b†˙m;afudrgq
j 'úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
flfr®
Wmfoia f.dkq foflka tlla f;dard.ekSu i|yd fhd∞.kakd ìgqj
.dñ” chisxy
fõ' flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

22 ;dlaIK wxYh
msgj
q
MICROCONTROLLERS
13 ,smsh - 5 fldgi
PIC 16F877 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg
cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhla
iïnkaO ls¯u
cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl wmg wjYH wl=re b,lalï fyda
rEm m%or®Yk lrjd .ekSu i|yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla uÛska ,nd
†h hq;= Wmfoia yd md,l ix« ms<sn|j wms miq.sh i;sfha
idlÉcd lf<uq' tjeks LCD ;srhla PIC 16F877(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg iïnkaO lr.kakd wdldrh fuu ,smsfhka
úia;r flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 01
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska m˙m: igyk olajd we;' m˙m:h
7V isg 30V olajd jQ mrdihl ls%hd;aul ùug ilid we;s
w;r 7805 fjda,aàh;d hdulh uÛska uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg iy
LCD tallhg wjYH 5V ia:dr fjda,aàh;djla ,nd foa' iemhqï
fjda,aàhd;fõ is≥úh yels WÉpdjpkhka f.ka m˙m:h wdrCId
lr.ekSu i|yd fujeks fjda,aàh;d hdulhla fh°u w;HjYH h'
tfuka u n, iemhqfï w.% udre ù is≥ úh yels ydks j<lajd
.ekSug 1N4007 vfhdavhla o fhd∞ we;' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha
m<uqjeks w.%h +5V iemhqug 1k m%;sfrdaOlhla yryd iïnkaO
lr we;' th Pull up Resistror f,i ye¢kafõ'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh idudkH wdldrhg ls%hd;aul ùug kï fuu
w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj 5Vg wdikak úh hq;= h' Pull up resistor
uÛska th is≥ lr.; yels h'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha fojk w.%hg 330Ω m%;sfrdaOhla yryd
LED n,anhla iïnkaO lr we;af;a LCD ;srhg ,sùfï úúO
wjia:dj,g wkqrEm j th fjkia wdldrjg, ≤,aùug h'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< is≥jk ± msg;g ≤kaùu i|yd fujeks
m%fhda.hla fh°u fndfyda úg m%fhdackj;a fõ' tuÛska wm úiska
f.dvkxjk ,o l%uf,aLh uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< ksis m˙†
ls%hd;aul fõ o tfia;a ke;akï l%uf,aLfha hï ia:dkhl jrola
f∞aIhla fyda wvqmdvqjla ;sfí o hkak ms<sn| j w∞< wjfndaOhka
,nd.; yels h' fujeks l%u Debugging methods f,i
y∫kajhs' LED n,an ≤,aùu fjkqjg fY%a◊.; f;dgqm< yryd
m˙.Klhg ,sùu jeks l%uhla jqj o fhd∞.; yels h' jvd;a
ixlSr®K ksr®udK ls˙fï ° fujeks f∞aI ksr®Kh ls¯fï l%uhla o
ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 uehs ui 9 - n∞∞
w.%h ku ldr®hh
we;=<;a ls¯ug wm j.n,d .; hq;= h'
1' VDD LCD tallh ls%hd;aul ùgu wjYH wm fuu ksr®udKh i|yd fhd∞.kq ,nkafka NOKIA 3310
ú≥,sh iemhqï w.%h jr®.fha cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhla jk w;r tys w.% msysgd
2' SCK LCD tallh ;=<g o;a; ,nd °u i|yd we;s wdldrh rEm igyk wxl 2ka okajd we;' LCD ;srfha
ckkh lrk ld, iamkao fuu w.%hg msgqmi by< fl<jrg jkakg iïnkaOl w.% 8la msysgd we;' tu
iïnkaO l< hq;= h' w.% kï lr we;s wdldrh iy tajdfha Ndú; my; j.=fõ olajd
3 SDIM fY%a◊.; wdldrhg uhsfl%dfldakafg%da,rfhka we;'
,nd fok o;a; fyda Wmfoia ìgq fuu fuu w.% wfgka 5la u uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg iïnkaO l<
w.%hg iïnkaO l< hq;= h' hq;= tajd jk w;r 2la ú≥,sh ,nd °ug;a tlla l=vd
fjda,aàh;djla msg;g ,nd °ug;a fhfoa' fuu ishÆ w.% ksishdldr
4 D/C Data/Command o;a; yd Wmfoia fjkaa
j rEm igyk wxl 1ys i|yka wdldrhg iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
lr ≤laùu i|yd 5V yd 0V fuu w.%hg
,nd †h hq;= h' md,l ix« jk RES , SCE iy D / C D f;dgqmf<a RD3,
RD4 iy RD6 w.% yryd ,nd ° we;' fuu w.% m%;s∞k f,i
5 SCE Chip Enable LCD tallh ls%hd;aul
ilia l< hq;= h' tfuka u fY%a◊.; wdldrhg o;a; yd Wmfoia
ùug" o;a; yd Wmfoia ,nd°ug fuu w.%h
ìgq ,nd °fï SDO fyj;a SPI tallfha o;a; msg;g ,nd fok
0Vys ;eìh hq;= h' wl%hs wjia:dfõ ;eîug
5V ,nd †h hq;= h' w.%h fhd∞.; yels h' ld, iamkao ,nd °ug RD3 fyj;a SCK
w.%h fhd∞f.k we;' fuu w.% fol u uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha SPI
6 GMD n, iemhqfï iDK ^-& w.%h óg iïnkaO
l< hq;= h'
tallhg iïnkaO tajd fõ'
LCD tallhg jhr® iïnkaO ls¯fï ° jvd;a ie,ls,su;a úh
7 Vout fuu w.%h yryd l=vd fjda,aàh;djla
msg;g ,nd foa' hq;= h' tfia fkd jqj fyd;a w.% Æyqj;aùu" w.% leã hdu fyda
8 RESET Reset w.%h lsh% dld¯ wjia:dfõ ° 0V tu w.% LCD ;srhg iïnkaO jk ia:dkh ^wNHka;r j& mΩ≥
ùug mqΩjk' Tng fujeks ishqï ldr®hhka ms<sn| w;a≤lSula
uÜgfï ;sì hq;= w;r fjda,aàh;d
fkdue;s kï ta i|yd mqyqKq mqoa.,hl= f.a iydh me;Su iq≥iq fõ'
iamkaohka ,nd ≥ka úg LCD ;srhg ,shQ
ish,a, uelS f.dia wNHka;r u;lh yd tfukau iïnkaO l< jhr tyd fuyd f.dia leã hdu je<elaùug
wfkl=;a fldgia o wdrïNl wjia:djg tu jhr wg LCD tallfha miq mi w.%j,g u|la my<ska
w,jd ;srhg we,ùu o jeo.;a fõ' fufia ilid.;a m˙m:h
meñfKa'
ls%hd;aul lrùug w∞< l%uf,aLh ó<Û ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 02
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
3x1 ad
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2007 uehs ui 16 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
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wjidk Wmfoi uÛska D iy E ìgq §0¶ yd §1¶ f,i ilia iqcdks,f.'''
lr we;' túg LCD ;srfha ishÆ u (Pixels) fldgq lΩ meye 25 jeks msgqfjka
.ekafõ' tkï All display segments on ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'
bkamiq tu ;;a;ajh †.g u mj;ajd .kS' LCD ;srh u; wl=re
m%or®Ykh lr .ekSug w∞< l%uf,aLhla ó<Û ,smsfhka Hard words and phrases
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkak' Combining - iïnkaO lrkav
Pliers - w~qj
;*****Define Registers***** Rough figure - rΩ igykla
STATUS equ 03h Load - Ndrh
PORTA equ 05h Fulcrum - Orh
Effort - wdhdih
TRISA equ 85h
MICROCONTROLLERS PORTC equ 07h
Mechanical Advantage - hdka;%sl jdish
Ratio - wkqmd;h
TRISC equ 87h
13 ,smsh - 6 fldgi PORTD equ 08h That's it and Bye to both my teachers.
TRISD equ 88h Bye dear student.
cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhlg SSPSTAT equ 94h And a good student too bye f rom me too nangi.
,sùfï l%uf,aLh SSPCON equ 14h
SSPBUF equ 13h
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlska SPI l%uhg o;a; heùu iy ta miq.sh i;sfha mdvfï fmr uqøK w†hfrys is≥ jQ f∞aIhla
wdldrhg o;a; ,nd.; yels WmlrKhla jk cx.u ≥rl:k fya;=fjka uelS f.dia ;snQ f√oh iy rEm igyfka úia;rh fuys
LCD ;srhl ls%hdld˙;ajh wms miq.sh ,sms lsysmh ;=<ska b†˙m;a Temp equ 21h kej; m< flfrhs'
lf<uq' PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg cx.u ≥rl:k
LCD ;srhla iïnkaO lr.kakd wdldrh ≤lafjk m˙m: igyk ;*****Initializing***** Sujani akki, the experiment and these measurements
13'5 ,smsfha m< úh' main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 show some nice patterns. The first is that the coins to
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd LCD ;srh ksje/† j iïnkaO lr clrf TRISA ;PORT A output the left of the knife edge tries to turn the ruler anti
ú≥,sh ,nd ≥ka mu◊ka u tajd ksis m˙† ls%hd;aul fkd fõ' clockwise while the coins to the right of the knife edge
clrf TRISC ;PORT C output tries to turn the ruler clockwise, The other is that the
LCD ;srh ksis m˙† ls%hd;aul ùug kï Bg wjYH Wmfoia yd clrf TRISD ;PORT D output
o;a; ksis ms<sfj<g ,nd †h hq;= h' tf,i Wmfoia yd o;a; ,nd product of the number of coins and their distance to the
†h hq;af;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh uÛsks' fjf<|fmdf<ka Tn clrf SSPSTAT ;Clear SPI Status register left of the knife edge is always equal to the relevant
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla ñ, ° .kakd úg tys lsis≥ l%uf,aLhla bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 product of the number of coins and its distance to the
wvx.= fkd fõ' tu ksid uq,ska u wm l< hq;af;a LCD ;srhg bsf SSPCON,1 ;Set SPI Clock frequency right of the knife edge. iqcdks wlals" m¯CIKhhs' fï ñkqï
wjYH lrk Wmfoia yd o;a; ksis m˙† ,nd °ug bsf SSPCON,4 ;Clock idle state is high álhs fyd| rgd lSmhla u;= lrkjd' m<uqjekak msys ∞rfhka jï
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh l%uf,aLkh (Program) lr.ekSuhs' fï bsf SSPCON,5 ;Enable SPI unit me;af;a ldis flda≥j jdudjr®; j N%uKh lrkav jehï lrk
i|yd uhsfl%dfldkfg%da,rhg ,nd †h hq;= Wmfoia wvx.= fldg" msys∞rfhka ol=Kqg we;s ldis uÛska flda≥j oCIsKdjr®; j
l%uf,aLhla wm úiska f.dvkexúh hq;= fõ' fuu ,smsh ;=<ska N%uKh lrkav jehï ls¯u" wfkl iEu wjia:dfõ u msys ∞rhg
tjeks l%uf,aLhla f.dvkxjd.kakd wdldrh mshjfrka mshjr jï mi ldis ixLHdfõ iy msys ∞rhg we;s ≥frys .=◊;h"
;***Reset LCD**** wkql+, ol=Kq mi ldis ixLHdj iy tys msys ∞rhg we;s ≥frys
úia;r flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLh ≤lafõ' miq.sh .=◊;hg iudk ùu'
,smsj, m< jQ l%uf,aL lshjd we;akï fuh f;areï .ekSu jvd;a bcf PORTD,3 ;RESET = 0, reset the lcd
call Delay1 ;Small delay Fig. 1 - How the force needed to move the gate
myiq jkq we;s' ta flfia fj;;a fuu l%uf,aLh f;areï .ekSug
bsf PORTD,3 ;RESET = 1, normal state varied with the perpendicular distance to pivot
13 jk ,smsfha uq,a fldgia my <Û ;nd.ekSu kï w;HjYH fõ'
l%uf,aLfha iqmqre≥ m˙† Define Registers hgf;a wmg wjYH ^óg wod< úia;rh miq.sh i;sfha m< úh&
lrk fr‚iagr yd tajdfha msysgqï wxl olajd we;' ta iuÛ u ;***give commands to the lcd***
Temp f,i úp,Hhla o y∫kajd ° we;' bkamiq we;af;a 2007 f,dal m˙ir †k cd;sl ls%hdldrlï
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha wmg wjYH w.% m%∞k m%;s∞k f,i ilia bcf PORTD,4 ;SCE=0 LCD enabled wh≥ï m;%h
lrkq ,nk Initializing fldgihs' wm f.a m˙m:hg wkqj
bcf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, command mode 01' iïmQr®K ku $ lKAvdhï idud‚slhka f.a kï (
RA0, RD3, RD4, RD6, RC3 iy RC5 hk fï w.%
ish,a,la u m%;s∞k f,i ls%hd l< hq;= h' fuys ° tla tla w.%h 02' ,smskh $lKavdhï idud‚lhjka f.a ,smskhka (
movlw b’00100001' ;Function set PD=0 V=0 03' ≥rl;k wxl $lKavdhï idud‚lhjka f.a ≥rl;k
fjk fjk u m%;s∞k f,i ilia lrkjd fjkqjg tu f;dgqm<j,a
movwf SSPBUF ;extended instructions H=1 wxl (
;=kg m%;s∞k f,i ilia lr we;' tu f;dgqm<j, wfkl=;a w.%
04' jhi (
fjk;a ldr®hhka i|yd fhd∞ fkd .kakd neúka fufia is≥ l< call Delay1 ;Small delay
05' Tn $lKavdhï idud‚lhkaa iïnkaO;d mj;ajk wdh;kh
yels h' Clrf TRISA, Clrf TRISD, Clrf TRISC hk Wmfoia (
;=k fï i|yd fhd∞f.k we;' movlw b’10010000' ;Set Vop 06' Tn $lKavdhï idud‚lhka is≥ lrk ,o ls%hdldrlï
Clrf SSPSTAT hkq SPI tallhg iïnkaO STATUS movwf SSPBUF ;normal instructions H=0 jr®.h (
fr‚iagrfha ishÆ u ìgq ìx≥j njg m;a lrk f,ig fokq ,nk
call Delay1 ;Small delay ^,smsfha i|yka ud;Dld w;=˙ka l=uk jr®.fha o hk
Wmfoils' SPI tallh o;a; iïfm%aIKh lrk wdldrh tuÛska nj&
;SrKh fõ' ^jeä úia;r i|yd o;a; m;%sldj n,kak& SSPCON 07' tu ls%hdldrlï f;dard .ekSug fya;=j (
hkq SPI Control fr‚iagrhhs' tys 1" 4 iy 5 hk ìgq ;=k movlw b’00100000' ;Function set PD=0 V=0
08' is≥ lrk ,o ls%hdldrlï ixúOdkh jQ yd ls%hd;aul
;dr®lsl njg m;a ls¯fuka o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h ld, iamkaofha movwf SSPBUF ;Vop=+16xb
jQ wdldrh
idudkH wjia:dj ^fuys ° ;dr®lsl 1& iy SPI tallfha call Delay1 ;Small delay ^†k fyda ld,jljdkqj i|yka lrkak&
ls%hdld¯;ajh wdrïN ls¯u ksis f,i ilid we;' 09' ls%hdldrlï i|yd ndys˙ka iïnkaO jQ$iyfhda.h ,nd≥ka
Reset LCD hgf;a we;s Wmfoia ;=fkka LCD tallh movlw b’00001001' ;Display control set mqoa.,hkaf.a kï $ ,smsk yd ≥rl;k wxl (
Reset wjia:djg m;a fldg kej; idudkH ;;a;ajhg f.k movwf SSPBUF ;D=0 E=1 all pixels ON 10' ls%hdldrï ys m%;sM, ( ^hym;a yd whym;a&
we;' tfia ls¯u w;HjYH fõ' LCD tallhg ú≥,sh ,nd ≥ka call Delay1 ;Small delay 11' widr®:l jQ wjia:d fyda we;s jQ wvq¨yq~qlï (
ú.i tys wNHka;r fr‚iagrj, wyUq w.hka igyka úh yels h' 12' lsa%hdldrlï i|yd uqo,a jeh jQ wjia:d yd tu uqo,a
Reset l< úg ishÆ w.hka ;dr®lsl ìx≥j njg m;a fõ' bcf m%udKh (
PORTD,4 Wmfoi uÛska LCD Chip Enable keue;s ix«j Loop goto Loop ;loop forever
13' is≥lrk ,o ls%hdldrlu ;j≥rg;a is≥l< hq;= jkafka
;dr®lsl ìx≥j njg m;a fõ' SPI wdldrhg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh o@ (
uÛska ,nd fok o;a; fyda Wmfoia LCD tallh ;=<g .efkkqfha Delay1 decfsz Temp,1 ta i|yd Tng fyda Tn lKAvdhug ,nd†h yels odhl;ajh
fuu ix«j ;dr®lsl ìx≥fjys we;s úg mu◊' bcf PORTD,6 goto Delay1 ljfr® o@
uÛska B<Ûg ,nd fokqfha o;a; fkd j Wmfoia nj okajd isà' return
tys ° D / C ix«j ;dr®lsl ìx≥j njg m;a fõ' fuu ix«j wxl 8 isg 12 olajd i|yka lreKq ms<sn| ikd: ls¯fï
;dr®lsl 1 kï ,nd fokqfha o;a; nj yÛjhs' end idOl wh≥ïm;%h iuÛ weuqKqï lr fhduq lrkak' ^.kqfokq
bkamiq we;s Wmfoia ;=fka f.dkqj,ska flfrkqfha LCD rEm igyk wxl 01
lrk ,o ,sms $ PdhdrEm$ùäfhda mqj;am;a jdr®;d$ì,am;a
tallfha ksis ls%hdld˙;ajh wdrïN ls¯u i|yd wjYH jk Wmfoia wd†h&
,nd °uhs' fuu Wmfoia ms<sn| úia;rhla 13'4 ,smsfha i|yka úh' fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha by; i|yka f;dr;=re i;H yd ksjer† njg iy;sl fjñ
iEu Wmfoilg u miq l=vd ld, mudjla ,nd °u i|yd Call .dñ” chisxy
delay1 kue;s Wmfoia f.dkqj fhd∞f.k we;' flda,;
s Or®um%h
s †kh ku iy w;aik
 ú≥y,
ú≥ir
2007 uehs ui 30 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
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;***Write data to the LCD***

;*****Define Registers***** bsf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, Data mode

PCL equ 02h incf Count
STATUS equ 03h
PORTA equ 05h WriteLoop
TRISA equ 85h movf Count,0 ;move read counter to W
PORTC equ 07h call Lookup ;Read from Lookup table
TRISC equ 87h movwf SSPBUF ;Sent to LCD via SPI
PORTD equ 08h call Delay1 ;Small delay
TRISD equ 88h incf Count,1 ;increase read counter
SSPSTAT equ 94h movlw D’27' ;load w with 27

MICROCONTROLLERS SSPCON
SSPBUF
equ
equ
14h
13h
xorwf
btfss
Count,0
STATUS,2
;compare with 27
;if equal result 0
goto WriteLoop ;else back to
13 ,smh
s - 7 fldgi Temp equ 21h WriteLoop
Count equ 22h
Loop goto Loop ;loop forever
≥rl:k LCD ;srhlg ,sùu ;*****Initializing*****
PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla uÛska cx.u ≥rl:k main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 Delay1 decfsz Temp,1
LCD ;srhlg SPI l%ufhka o;a; yd Wmfoia hjd th ls%hd;aul clrf TRISA ;PORT A output goto Delay1
clrf TRISC ;PORT C output return
lrjd .kakd wdldrh ≤lafjk ir, l%uf,aLhla wms miq.sh
,smsfhka b†˙m;a lf<uq' tys ° LCD ;srfha ishÆ u fldgq lΩ clrf TRISD ;PORT D output
clrf SSPSTAT ;Clear SPI Status register ;***Lookup Table***
meye.ekaùug l%uf,aLh ilia fldg we;' thg ;j≥rg;a jeä Lookup addwf PCL,1
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0
†hqKq fldg (Test) hk jok LCD ;srfha m%or®Ykh ls¯ug bsf SSPCON,1 ;Set SPI Clock frequency retlw b’00000000' ;Space between letters
w∞< l%uf,aLh fuu ,smsfhka úia;r flfr®' bsf SSPCON,4 ;Clock idle state is high retlw b’01000000' ;First byte of letter T
rEm igyk wxl 1ka w∞< l%uf,aLh olajd we;' tys uq,a bsf SSPCON,5 ;Enable SPI unit retlw b’01000000' ;Second byte of letter T
fldgi miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aLh u jk neúka ta clrf Count ;Clear the counter retlw b’01111111' ;third byte of letter T
ms<sn| fldgi fuys ° úia;r fkd flfr®' Write data to the retlw b’01111111' ;Forth byte of letter T
retlw b’01000000' ;Fifth byte of letter T
LCD hk igykg miqj fhfok Wmfoia wÆ;ska we;=<;a l<
;***Reset LCD**** retlw b’01000000' ;Sixth byte of letter T
tajd jk w;r tu fldgfia ls%hdld˙;ajh my; úia;r lr we;' retlw b’00000000' ;Space between letters
rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjkqfha 'Test' hk jokg w∞< j
bcf PORTD,3 ;RESET = 0, reset the lcd
lΩ meye .ekaúh hq;= Pixels fyj;a l=vd fldgq ms<sn|j call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’01111111' ;First byte of letter E
igykls' tys ° m<uq ;Srej .;a úg tl fldgqjla muKla lΩ bsf PORTD,3 ;RESET = 1, normal state retlw b’01111111' ;Second byte of letter E
meye .ekaù b;s˙ fldgq iq≥ meyefhka †ia úh hq;= h' ta i|yd ;***give commands to the LCD*** retlw b’01010001' ;third byte of letter E
tu fldgqjg w∞< ìgqj muKla 1 fldg wksl=;a ìgq ish,a, '0' retlw b’01010001' ;Forth byte of letter E
l< hq;= h' tkï '01000000' hk ìgq ieleiau ,nd †h hq;= fõ' bcf PORTD,4 ;SCE=0 LCD enabled retlw b’01000000' ;Fifth byte of letter E
ta wdldrhg 'T' wl=rg w∞< j ,nd †h hq;= ìgq ieleiau bcf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, command mode retlw b’00000000' ;Space between letters
Lookup Table hgf;a olajd we;' tfuka u E yd S wl=rej,g retlw b’00110001' ;First byte of letter S
w∞< ìgq ieleiauj,a o tys ° olajd we;' Count keue;s movlw b’00100001' ;Function set PD=0 V=0
movwf SSPBUF ;extended instructions H=1 retlw b’01111001' ;Second byte of letter S
úp,Hh 1ka mgkaf.k 27 olajd jeä fõ' tys w.h tlska tl retlw b’01001111' ;third byte of letter S
call Delay1 ;Small delay
jeä ùfï ° Lookup Table hgf;a we;s ìgq ieleiauj,a o retlw b’01000110' ;Forth byte of letter S
tlska tl f.k SPI wdldrhg LCD tallh fj; ,nd foa' movlw b’10010000' ;Set Vop retlw b’00000000' ;Space between letters
fuf,i tla tla ìgq ieleiauj,a ms<sfj<ska ,nd °fï ° LCD movwf SSPBUF ;normal instructions H=0
;srh u; w∞< wl=re igyka fõ' iEu wl=rla ueog u ysia;ekla call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’01000000' ;First byte of letter T
,nd °u i|yd ishÆ u fldgq iq≥ meye .ekafjk wdldrfha ìgq retlw b’01000000' ;Second byte of letter T
ieleiaula jk '00000000' fhd∞f.k we;' movlw b’00100000' ;Function set PD=0 V=0 retlw b’01111111' ;third byte of letter T
movwf SSPBUF ;Vop=+16xb retlw b’01111111' ;Forth byte of letter T
fujeks Lookup Table l%u wl=re b,lalï fyda rEm retlw b’01000000' ;Fifth byte of letter T
m%or®Ykh lr .ekSu i|yd fndfyda úg fhd∞ .efka' Tng Test call Delay1 ;Small delay
retlw b’01000000' ;Sixth byte of letter T
fjkqjg fjk;a jpkhla fh°ug wjYH kï w∞< ìgq ieleiauj,a retlw b’00000000' ;Space between letters
movlw b’00001001' ;Display control set
fuu Lookup Table fldgig we;=<;a l< hq;= fõ' bx.%sis wl=re movwf SSPBUF ;D=0 E=1 all pixels ON return
muKla fkd j isxy, wl=re mjd fï wdldrhg m%or®Ykh call Delay1 ;Small delay
lrjd.; yels h' wjYH jkafka w∞< ìgq ieleiauj,a ksr®udKh end
lr .ekSuhs' tfuka u wl=rej, m%udKh iy yevh jqj o fjkia movlw b’00001100' ;Display control set fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
lr.; yels h' LCD ;srfha isxy, wl=re lsysmhla m%or®Ykh movwf SSPBUF ;D=1 E=0 normal mode
lrjd .kakd wdldrh ó<Û ,smsfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak' call Delay1 ;Small delay .dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 ú≥y,
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2007 cQks ui 6 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh 17

msgj
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cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl bx.%sis wl=re fuka myiqfjka m%or®Ykh lrjd.; fkdyels h' tu
ksid Test hk jok ,sùug isria w;g l=vd fldgq 8la m%udKj;a
isxy, wl=re ,sùu jQj;a fuys ° l=vd fldgq 16la fhd∞f.k we;' fhd∞.kakd l=vd
fldgq m%udKh jeä j;a u wl=rej, kshu yevh o myiqfjka
cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl Test keue;s bx.%Sis wl=re y;r
,nd.; yels h' rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjkqfha w∞<
,sùug w∞< l%uf,aLh miq.sh ,smsfhka wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' mdGl
l%uf,aLfhka fldgils' iïmQr®K l%uf,aLh u b†˙m;a lS˙ug
Tn f.a ksr®udKYS,s yelshdjka Wmfhda.S fldgf.k Test fjkqjg
ie,lsh hq;= bvlvla wjYH jk neúka w;HjYH fldgi muKla
fjk;a ´kE u jpkhla fyda jpk lsysmhla ,sùug by; i|yka
we;=<;a ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq' miq.sh i;sfha b†˙m;a l<
l%uf,aLh kùlrKhl lr.; yels h' ta wdldrhg bx.%Sis wl=rla
l%uf,aLh Write data to the LCD hk igyk olajd ;sfnk
muKla fkd j isxy, wl=re jqj o wmg wjYH yevfhka yd
fldgi fuhg we;=<;a fldg ke;' Tn l< hq;af;a tu fldgi
m%udKfhka cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl m%or®Ykh lrjd.; yels
miq.sh ,smsfhka f.k tys w.g fuu l%uf,aLh tla lr .ekSuhs'
h' fuu ,smsh ;=<ska b†˙m;a lrkqfha Nokia 3310 cx.u
≥rl:k LCD ;srhl ú≥ir hkak m%or®Ykh lrjd .ekSug
w∞< l%uf,aLhhs' LCD ;srfha l=vd fldgq (Pixels) lΩ meye
wl=re ,sùug isria w;g l=vd fldgq 16la fhd∞f.k we;s ksid
LCD ;srfha uq,a fma<s folg u ,súh hq;= fõ' tkï m<uq MICROCONTROLLERS
fma<sfha jfï isg ol=Kg ,shdf.k f.dia kej; fojeks fma<sfhka
.ekaùfuka tu jpkh u;= lrjd .; yels wdldrh rEm igyk 13 ,smsh - 8 fldgi
mgka f.k jfï isg ol=Kg ,súh hq;= h' ú≥ir hk wl=re
wxl 1ka olajd we;'
y;fr® by< fldgia m<uq fma<sfhkq;a my< fldgia fojk
isxy, wl=re fndfyduhla úúO yevhka f.ka hqla; ksid
fma<sfhkq;a ksrEmKh flfr®' WriteLoop 1 uÛska m<uq fma<shg
,sùu fyj;a wjYH l=vd fldgq lΩ meye .ekaùu is≥
lrhs' Lookup tableys First line f,i kï lr we;s
;***Write data to the LCD*** retlw b’10101010' retlw b’11110000' fldgfia fuf,i lΩ úh hq;= fldgq ≤lafjk ìgq
ieleiauj,a fõ' tfuka u Second line hgf;a fojk
retlw b’10101110' fma<sfha lΩ úh hq;= fldgq ≤lafjk ìgq ieleiauj,a
bsf PORTD,6 ;D/C=1, Data mode retlw b’10011000' retlw b’11000000'
retlw b’00000000' fõ' WriteLoop 1 yd WriteLoop 2 uÛska fuu
incf Count retlw b’01011111' ìgq ieleiauj,a lshjd LCD ;srhg ,shhs' tfia ,shQ
retlw b’11110001'
miq wmg wjYH jok ;srfha m%or®Ykh fõ' rEmigyk
WriteLoop1 retlw b’00000111' retlw b’11110001' wxl 1 fyd¢ka ks¯CIKh ls¯fuka Lookup Tableys
movf Count,0 retlw b’00000000' retlw b’00011001' ìgq ieleiauj,a f.dvkxjd we;s wdldrh f;areï
call Lookup ;Read from Lookup table retlw b’00000001' retlw b’00001001' .ekSug W;aidy lrkak' fuf,i w∞< ìgq ieleiauj,a
movwf SSPBUF ;Sent to LCD via SPI retlw b’00001111' retlw b’00001001' ksr®udKh lr.;a úg wmg ta wjYH ´kE u wl=rla
call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’00011111' retlw b’00001001' fyda jpkhla ;srfha m%or®Ykh lrjd .; yels h' Tn
retlw b’00001001' f.a ksr®udKYS,s;ajh Wmfhda.S fldg f.k fuh
incf Count,1 ;increase read counter retlw b’00010010'
retlw b’00011111' ;j≥rg;a †hqKq lr.; yels h'
movlw D’44' ;load w with 44 retlw b’00010010' fuu ,sms fm< ;=<ska wm ,nd °ug woyia lrkqfha
xorwf Count,0 ;compare with 44 retlw b’00010010' wjYH lrk uQ,sl ≤kqu yd uÛfmkaùu mu◊' bka
btfss STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0 retlw b’00011110' retlw b’00011111' tydg hEu mdGl Tng Ndr fõ' ó<Û ,smsfhka ir,
goto WriteLoop1 ;else back to WriteLoop1 retlw b’00001110' retlw b’00000000' p,k Ñ;%hla (an animation) cx.u ≥rl:k LCD
retlw b’11110000' ;srhl m%or®Ykh lrjd .kakd wdldrh úia;r flfr®'
bcf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, command mode retlw b’00000000' retlw b’11111000'
movlw b’01000001' ;Set Y address Y=1 retlw b’00000000' retlw b’00001000'
movwf SSPBUF ;Write to the 2nd line retlw b’00000010' retlw b’00001000'
call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’00011111' retlw b’11111000'
retlw b’00011111' retlw b’11111000'
movlw b’10000000' ;Set X address X=0 retlw b’00010010' retlw b’00001000'
movwf SSPBUF ;Write from left retlw b’00011110' retlw b’00001000'
call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’00011110'
retlw b’00011110' retlw b’00011000'
bsf PORTD,6 ;D/C=1, Data mode retlw b’00010010' retlw b’11111000'
incf Count retlw b’11110000'
retlw b’00011111' retlw b’00000000'
WriteLoop2 retlw b’00011111' retlw b’11100000'
movf Count,0 retlw b’00000001' retlw b’11110000'
call Lookup ;Read from Lookup table retlw b’00000000' retlw b’00111000'
movwf SSPBUF ;Sent to LCD via SPI retlw b’00000011' retlw b’00011000'
call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’00001111' retlw b’00001000'
incf Count,1 ;increase read counter retlw b’00001100' retlw b’00001000'
movlw D’88' ;load w with 44 retlw b’00011000'
xorwf Count,0 ;compare with 44 retlw b’00010000' retlw b’00011000' fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY
btfss STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0 retlw b’00110000' retlw b’00111000' wxYfha
goto WriteLoop2 ;else back to WriteLoop1 retlw b’11110000' .dñ” chisxy
retlw b’01110000' retlw b’11000000' flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
Loop goto Loop ;loop forever retlw b’01011100'
retlw b’00001111'
Delay1 decfsz Temp,1 retlw b’00000111' return
goto Delay1
return ;********Second line******** end
retlw b’00000000'
;***Lookup Table*** retlw b’11100000'
Lookup addwf PCL,1 retlw b’11110000'
;********First line******** retlw b’00011000' bf,lafg%dksl f,dalhg
retlw b’00000000' ;Space between letters retlw b’00001000' pd˙ldjla ,sms fm< kej; ≤kqï
retlw b’01100011' retlw b’00001000' fok ;=re m< jkafka i;shla
retlw b’11101111' retlw b’00001000'
retlw b’10101110'
yer i;shla nj lreKdfjka
retlw b’00011000'
retlw b’10101010' retlw b’00110000'
ie,l=j uekeú
2007 cqks ui 20 - n∞∞ ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17
bsf SSPCON,1 ;Set SPI Clock frequency call Delay1 ;Small delay
bsf SSPCON,4 ;Clock idle state is high incf Count,1 ;increase read counter
bsf SSPCON,5 ;Enable SPI unit incf Count2 ;increase cycle counter
clrf Count ;Clear the counter movlw D’6' ;load w with 6
clrf Count2 ;Clear the counter2 xorwf Count,0 ;compare with 6
btfss STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0
goto AniLoop ;else back to WriteLoop1
;***Reset LCD****
bcf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, command mode
bcf PORTD,3 ;RESET = 0, reset the lcd movlw b’10000101' ;Set X address X=5
call Delay1 ;Small delay movwf SSPBUF ;Write from left
bsf PORTD,3 ;RESET = 1, normal state call Delay1 ;Small delay

MICROCONTROLLERS ;***give commands to the lcd*** movlw

movwf
b’01000001'
SSPBUF
;Set Y address Y=1
;Write to the 1st line
bcf PORTD,4 ;SCE=0 LCD enabled call Delay1 ;Small delay
13 ,smsh - 9 fldgi bsf PORTD,6 ;D/C=1, Data mode
bcf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, command mode

cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl movlw b’00100001' ;Function set PD=0 V=0 call
movwf
Lookup
SSPBUF
;Read from Lookup table
;Sent to LCD via SPI
movwf SSPBUF ;extended instructions H=1
p,k Ñ;%hla m%or®Ykh ls¯u call Delay1 ;Small delay call Delay1 ;Small delay

cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhl isxy, wl=re m%or®Ykh ls¯ug movlw b’10010000' ;Set Vop call Lookup ;Read from Lookup table
w∞< ksr®udKhla wms miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a lf<uq' fuu ,smsh movwf SSPBUF ;normal instructions H=0 movwf SSPBUF ;Sent to LCD via SPI
;=<ska úia;r ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ir, p,k Ñ;%hla call Delay1 ;Small delay call Delay1 ;Small delay
(Animation) m%or®Ykh lrjd .kakd wdldrhhs' rEm igyk
movlw b’00100000' ;Function set PD=0 V=0 clrf Count ;Clear the counter
wxl 1 uÛska ldgqka uqyqKq folla olajd we;' tu uqyqKq fol clrf Count2 ;Clear the counter2
movwf SSPBUF ;Vop=+16xb
udrefjka udrejg fõ.fhka m%or®Ykh ls¯fï ° th p,k Ñ;%hla call Delay1 ;Small delay
f,i †ia fõ' goto WriteLoop1 ;Animation loop forever
tf,i tu Ñ;% fol udrefjka udrejg m%or®Ykh ls˙ug kï movlw b’00001001' ;Display control set
uq,ska ;snQ Ñ;%h movwf SSPBUF ;D=0 E=1 all pixels ON Delay1decfsz Temp,1
call Delay1 ;Small delay goto Delay1
uld ta u; wfkla return
Ñ;%h we¢h hq;= h' movlw b’00001100' ;Display control set
bkamiqj th o movwf SSPBUF ;D=1 E=0 normal mode ;***Lookup Table***
bj;a lr uq,a Ñ;%h call Delay1 ;Small delay Lookup addwf PCL,1
we¢h hq;= h' ;********First line********
;***Write data to the LCD*** retlw b’00000000' ;Space
fuf,i tu Ñ;% retlw b’00001111'
fol udrefjka bsf PORTD,6 ;D/C=1, Data mode retlw b’00010000'
udrejg uelSu yd incf Count retlw b’00100000'
we£u uÛska p,k Ñ;%h uefõ' retlw b’01001000'
tfy;a tu Ñ;% fol foi l,amkdfjka neÆj fyd;a wmg fmkS WriteLoop1 retlw b’01000010'
movf Count,0 retlw b’01000010'
hk lreKla kï" l=vd lΩ fldgq Pixels lsysmhla muKla fjkia retlw b’01001000'
call Lookup ;Read from Lookup table
ù we;s njhs' tu ksid Ñ;% fol u udrefjka udrejg movwf SSPBUF ;Sent to LCD via SPI retlw b’00100000'
iïmqr®Kfhka u uelSSu yd we£u fjkqjg fjkia jk fldgq call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’00010000'
muKla uelSu yd we£u is≥ l< yels h' Bg w∞< l%uf,aLh rEm incf Count,1 ;increase read counter retlw b’00001111'
igyk wxl 2ka b†˙m;a lr we;' fuu rEmh m%or®Ykh ls¯ug movlw D’11' ;load w with 11
l=vd fldgq wfÜ fma<s folla wjYH fõ' tuksid Write loop 1 xorwf Count,0 ;compare with 11
btfss STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0
yd Write loop 2 f,i we;s Wmfoia f.dkq uÛska tu fma<s goto WriteLoop1 ;else back to WriteLoop1 ;********Second line********
folg ,shkq ,efí' tfuka u x yd yj, mssysgqï wxl o tla tla retlw b’00000000'
wjia:djkays ° wjYH m˙† fjkia lr we;' bcf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, command mode retlw b’10000000'
Aniloop hgf;a we;s Wmfoia f.dkqj uÛska fjkia úh hq;= movlw b’01000001' ;Set Y address Y=1 retlw b’01000000'
movwf SSPBUF ;Write to the 2nd line retlw b’00100000'
fldgqj,g muKla ,shkq ,efí' l%uf,aLfha wjidkhg ;sfnk retlw b’10010000'
call Delay1 ;Small delay
Lookup table fldgfiys w∞< ìgq ieleiauj,a olajd we;' tys retlw b’10010000'
First line yd Second line hgf;a we;s ìgq ieleiauj,a uÛska movlw b’10000000' ;Set X address X=0 retlw b’10010000'
rEm igyk wxl 1ka ≤lafjk uq,a rEmh ilia flfr®' Chang- movwf SSPBUF ;Write from left retlw b’10010000'
ing words, 1st line yd Changing words, 2nd line hgf;a call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’00100000'
retlw b’01000000'
we;s ìgq ieleiauj,a uÛska fjkia úh hq;= fldgq ≤lafõ' fuu retlw b’10000000'
bsf PORTD,6 ;D/C=1, Data mode
l%uf,aLh o miq.sh ,sms fofla m< jQ l%uf,aLj,g fnfyúka incf Count
iudk fõ' tu ksid jeä≥r úia;r ls¯ug wkjYH hehs yefÛa' ;********Changing words, 1st line********
WriteLoop2
movf Count,0 retlw b’00101000'
;*****Define Registers***** call Lookup ;Read from Lookup table retlw b’01001000'
PCL equ 02h movwf SSPBUF ;Sent to LCD via SPI retlw b’01000010'
STATUS equ 03h call Delay1 ;Small delay retlw b’01000010'
PORTA equ 05h incf Count,1 ;increase read counter retlw b’01001000'
TRISA equ 85h movlw D’22' ;load w with 22 retlw b’00101000'
PORTC equ 07h xorwf Count,0 ;compare with 22
TRISC equ 87h btfss STATUS,2 ;if equal result 0 ;********Changing words, 2nd line********
PORTD equ 08h goto WriteLoop2 ;else back to WriteLoop1 retlw b’10010000'
TRISD equ 88h retlw b’11010000'
SSPSTAT equ 94h ;***Instructions for animation ***
SSPCON equ 14h return
SSPBUF equ 13h bcf PORTD,6 ;D/C=0, command mode
movlw b’10000011' ;Set X address X=3 end
Temp equ 21h movwf SSPBUF ;Write from left
Count equ 22h call Delay1 ;Small delay fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
Count2 equ 23h
movlw b’01000000' ;Set Y address Y=0
.dñ” chisxy
;*****Initializing***** movwf SSPBUF ;Write to the 1st line
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
main bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 call Delay1 ;Small delay
clrf TRISA ;PORT A output bsf PORTD,6 ;D/C=1, Data mode
clrf TRISC ;PORT C output kej; ≤kqï fok ;=re §bf,lafg%dksl f,dalhg
clrf TRISD ;PORT D output AniLoop pd˙ldjla¶ ,sms fm< m< jkafka i;shla yer
clrf SSPSTAT ;Clear SPI Status register call Lookup ;Read from Lookup table i;shla nj lreKdfjka i,lkak
bcf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 0 movwf SSPBUF ;Sent to LCD via SPI
 2007 iema;eïnr® ui 19 - nodod
MICROCONTROLLERS
CIqø md,l l%uf,aLkfha ° by< uÜgfï
m˙.Kl NdIdj, Ndú;
flá úrduhlg miqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fm< kej;;a
wÆ;a uqqyqKqjrlska Tn fj; f.k taug wms woyia lf<uq' fï
olajd m< jQ ,smsj, wvx.= ksr®udKj, ° l%fu,aL f.dvkxjk
,oafoa Assembly Language keue;s m˙.Kl NdIdj fhd∞.ksñks'
fu;eka isg wms ;j;a mshjrla b†˙hg ;nñka tu ksr®udKhkag
w∞< l%uf,aL by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdIdjl wdOdrfhka ilid
.kakd wdldrh b†˙m;a lrkafkuq'
miq.sh ,sms 13 ;=<ska wms Tn fj; f.k wd ksr®udK ms<sn|j
jQ flá ye¢kaùula my; ≤lafõ' m<uq ,smsh ;=< wka;r®.; jQfha
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r yd tajdfha Ndú; ms<sn| flá úia;rhls'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, wNHka;r ieliqu ms<sn|j meye†,s ls¯ug
fojk ,smsh fjka jqKq w;r uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r l%uf,aLkh ls¯ug
wjYH oDVdx. yd uD≥ldx. ms<sn| f;dr;=re rdYshla f;jk
,smsfha wvx.= úh' tu ,sms ;=k m˙YS,kh ls¯fuka
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn| meye†,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ h
hkak wm f.a úYajdihhs'
i;r jk ,smsfha isg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj, we;s wNHka;r
tall tlska tl úia;r flfrk m˙† ir, ksr®udK b†˙m;a
ls¯ug wms W;aidy .;af;uq' ta wkqj uq,a u ksr®udKh f,i
wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdavhla ksùu yd ≤,aùu is≥ lr .ekSug
w∞< ir, m˙m:hla yd l%uf,aLhla i;r jk ,smsfha wvx.= úh'
Assembly Language keue;s m˙.Kl NdIdj fhd∞ .ksñka
w∞< l%uf,aLh f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrh;a MPLAB IDE
uD≥ldx.h uÛska tu l%uf,aLh hka;% NdIdjg yrjd.kakd
wdldrh;a tys ° úia;r fl˙◊' tu ksr®udKh ;j≥rg;a jeä
†hqKq ls¯fuka tla wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdavhla fjkqjg tjeks
vfhdav 8la fhd∞f.k úis;=re wdf,dal rgd f.dvkxjd .kakd
wdldrh miajk ,smsfha i|yka úh' fuu ,sms fol ;=<ska ir,
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r m˙m:hla f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrhka" ta i|yd
l%uf,aLh f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrh iy uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha w.%
yd iïnkaO f;dgqm<j,a ms<sn| wjfndaOhla mdGl Tng ,nd °u
wm f.a wruqK úh'
ima; LKav m%or®Yl fyj;a Seven Segment Displasy
b,lalï m%or®Ykh ls¯ug w∞< ksr®udKhla ihjk ,smsfha wvx.=
úh' Bg wu;rj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r iïnkaO ksr®udK ls¯fï °
≤k isáh hq;= w;HjYH u fohla jk w;=reì∫ï (Interrupts)
ms<sn| °r®> úia;rhla ihjk ,smsfha w. Nd.fha ° b†˙m;a
lf<uq' ndysr w;=reì∫ï ms<sn|j bf.kSu i|yd fnd;a;ula jrla
tnQ úg ima; LKav m%or®Ylj, †ia jk w.h tllska jeä jk
wdldrfha ksr®udKhla o Bg we;=<;a úh'
i;ajk ,smsh fjka jQfha ;j;a w;sYhska jeo.;a fldgila jk
VART fyj;a fY%a◊.; wdldrhg o;a; yqjudre lr .ekSu
iïnkaOj lreKq b†˙m;a ls¯ug h' tys ° uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla
m˙.Klhl fY%a◊.; f;dgqm<g iïnkaO lrk wdldrh iy o;a;
yqjudre lr.kakd wdldrh úia;r úh' bka miqj wg jk ,smsh
;=<ska m%;siu ix« ixLHdxl ix« njg m˙jr®;kh ls¯u
(Analog to Digital convertion) iy tajdfha ixLHdxl njg
yerjQ w.hka m˙.Klhg hjd ;srh u; †ia ùug i,iajk
wdldrh meye†,s lf<uq' ta i|yd jQ m%dfhda.sl ksr®udKhla f,i
WIaK;aj ixfõolhlska ,nd.kakd ix«j wkqj ksje/†
WIaK;ajh uek tu w.h m˙.Kl ;srh u; †ia ùug ie,eiaùu
fhd∞ .ekq◊' wl=re b,lalï iy ixfla; m%or®Ykh l< yels øj
iaMál m%or®Yl (Liquid Crystal Displays - LCD)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg iïnkaO lr.kakd wdldrh iy tajd
ls%hd;aul lrùug w∞< l%uf,aL f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrh kj
jk ,smsfha i|yka úh' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r iïnkaO ixlSr®K
ksr®udK ls¯fï ° ixLHdxl bf,lafg%daksl úoHdj ms<sn| ≤kqu
w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' tuksid oi jk ,smsh ;=<ska ta ms<sn| Tn
≤k isáh hq;= w;HjYH lreKq lsysmhla b†˙m;a lf<uq'
lr®udka; fCI;%fha ° ks;r wjYH jk ir, Odrd" fudagr®j,
N%uK fõ.h iy †Ydj md,kh ls¯ug w∞< ksr®udKhla
tfldf<dia jk ,smsfha i|yka úh' tu ksr®udK ;=<ska wms
W.ekaùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha fndfyduhla uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rj,
wvx.= jk tallhla jk PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
tallh yiqrejk wdldrhhs' tu PWM tallhg u iïnkaO
ú≥ir ú≥y,
Capture keue;s ls%hdld˙;ajh meye†,s ls¯ug f∞f<diajk ,smsfha
i|yka ≥ria: md,l iïnkaO ksr®udKh fhd∞ .;suq' tys ° f.or
f∞fr® ks;r Ndú; jk idudkH ≥ria: md,lhl fnd;a;ula tnQ
úg th y∫kdf.k Bg w∞< n,anhla ≤,aùu fyda ksùu is≥
fl˙◊'
oy;=ka jk ,smsh fjka flrefKa ixLHdxl m˙m: w;r o;a;
yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd nyq,j fhfok ;j;a l%uhla jk SPI
(Serial Peripheral Interfacing) l%uh .ek úia;r ls¯ug h'
fï lreKq m%dfhda.sl w;ay∞ne,Sï ;=<ska wjfndaO lr .ekSu
Wfoid Nokia 3310 jr®.fha cx.u ≥rl:k LCD ;srhlg
,sùu yd iïnkaO ksr®udKhla b†˙m;a lf<uq'
fï olajd m< jQ tu ksr®udKhka ;=<ska wm W;aidy f.k
we;af;a uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn|j ye±¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
iy tajd fhd∞ f.k kj ksr®udK ìys ls¯ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
whl= wksjdr®hfhka u ≤k isáh hq;= uQ,sl lreKq tall úia;r
lr°ug h' ta wkqj wms yels;dla ≥rg ir,j tu lreKq b†˙m;a
lf<uq' fuys ° i|yka l< hq;= jeo.;a lreKla jkqfha ta iEu
ksr®udKhl ° u l%uf,aL f.dvkxjd .ekSu i|yd Assembly
Language keue;s m˙.Kl NdIdj fhd∞f.k ;sîuhs' Bg úfYaI
fya;=jla ;sfí' tkï tu m˙.Kl NdIdj oDVdx.j,g fnfyúka
ióm ùuhs' uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ms<sn| meye†,s ksrjq,a .eUqre
≤kSula ,nd.ekSug kï wksjdr®hfhka u Assembly Language
fhd∞f.k l%uf,aL f.dvkexúh hq;= h' th ;j≥rg;a ≥Ialr nj
ienE kuq;a bka ,efnk ≤kqu yryd ´kE u ixlSr®K .egÆjla
úYaf,aIKh lr úi∫ï ,nd °ug yels ;;a;ajhlg <Ûd úh yels
h' tys jákdlu ñ, l< fkdyels h' by; ≤lajQ iEu
ksr®udKhl u w∞< l%uf,aL by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdIdjla
Ndú; lf<a kï b;d myiqfjka f.dvkxjd .; yels j ;snq◊'
tfy;a wm ≥Ialr jQ Assembly Language NdIdj f;dard.ekSug
fya;= jQfha by; i|yka l< m˙† uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ;=< jQ úúO
tall yeisrùu ms<sn| ksis wjfndaOhla bka ,efnk ksihs' by<
uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdIdjla Ndú; lf<a kï t;rï .eUqrlg hd
yels fkd fõ' w†ka werfUk ,sms fmf<a wvx.= jkq we;af;a tjeks
by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdIdjlska by; i|yka l< ksr®udKhkag
iqcdks,f.a''' 35 jeks msgqfjka
from the ring circuit, the blue wire will be con-
nected to the Neutral from the ring circuit and the thick
earthed terminal of the ring circuit will be connected to
the green-yellow wire which comes from the metal
case of the electric iron. ≤ka wms 2 rEmh (a) iy 2 rEmh
(b) 2 rEmfha (c) flfjksfha w.%j,g idfmaCIj neÆfjd;a" ;=ka
l+re fmakqj flfjksh ;=<g iÉ pqKyu ≥Uqre /yek j,h
m˙m:fha i„ú lïìhg;a" ks,a /yek j,h m˙m:fha W∞iSk
lïìhg;a bia;s˙lalfha f,day wdjrKhg iïnkaO ly-fld<
/yek j,h m˙m:fha N+.; l< >klu w.%hg;a iïnkaO jk
nj meye†,shs'
Yes Dilini nangi you have understood this electrical
connection well, and this is the pattern that should be
used in connecting any electrical appliance to the ring
circuits, using a three pin plug and a socket. Nangi did
you know that the switch in a three pin socket is
always connected to the right hand side terminal. This
arrangement is very important to make sure that the
Live supply is completely cut off when the socket is
switched off. Tõ †,sks kx.S ta ú≥,s iïnkaO;dj Thd fyd¢ka
f;areï wrka ;sfhkjd' flfjkshlska ;=ka l+re fmakqjla fhdo,
ú≥,s WjdrKhla" j,h m˙m:hlg iïnkaO l< hq;= rgdj fïl
;uhs' ;=ka l+re flfjkshl h;=r ks;r u i„j lïìh iïnkaO
jk ol=Kq me;af;a w.%hg iïnkaO nj kx.s ≤k.k ysáh o@
h;=r újr l<yu i„ú iemhqu iïmqr®Kfhka u k;r jk nj
;yjqre lrkav fïl y˙ jeo.;a'
No Seni akki but I know the purpose of connecting
the wire from the case of an electrical appliance to the
earth of the ring circuit. If there is a short circuit in the
appliance the current will leak in to the case and go
into the earthed terminal of the ring circuit. As this
earth has a link to the trip switch, the current in the
earthed wire will make the trip switch open and cut off
the supply, thus saving any damage to the equipment or
electrical fires in the circuit. kE fiaks wlals" ta;a ú≥,s
WjdrKhl f,day wdjrKhg iïnkaO jk /yek j,h m˙m:fha
N=.;hg iïnkaO fjkafka fudlo lsh, kï uu okakjd'
WjdrKfha m˙m:fha hï Æyqj;a ùula jqj fyd;a Odrdj ldka≥
jkafka f,day wdjrKhg" ta Odrdj j,h m˙m:fha N+.;hg .,d
hkjd' fï N+.;fha mekakqï iaúphg in|;djla ;shk ksid ta
Odrdj uÛska mekakqï iaúph ls%hd;aul lr m˙m:h újD;
ls¯fuka WjdrK ydks iy m˙m:h .sks .ekSï j<lajkjd'
That's good Dilini nangi but like the trip switch
cutting off the current the clock is going to cut off our
lesson, because it's past twelve thirty and I can see
your amma on the way over here, so hard words it'll
have to be.
msgj
q 17
w∞< l%uf,aL f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrhhs' tu l%uf,aL yd w∞<
Assembly Language fhd∞f.k f.dvkxjk ,o l%uf,aL
b†˙fha ° ixikaokh lr ne,Su Tng ndr lruq'
fï olajd wm meye†,s ls¯ug W;aidy .kq ,enQfõ hï
fCIa;%hl m%ùK;ajhla ,nd .ekSug wjYH kï wmyiqfjka jQj;a
tys .eUqre fldgia iamr®Y l< hq;= njhs' fuu lreKq ;yjqre
ls¯ug l†u ksoiqkla fn!oaO idys;Hfhka fidhd.; yels h'
ñ,skao rc;=ud iy kd.fiak yduq≥rejka w;r jQ ixjdoh ms<sn|j
Tn wdid we;ehs is;uq' tu isoaêh fláfhka fufia h' ñ,skao kï
jQ oCI rc flkl úiska jdo lr m%Yak wid ish,a,ka mrdchg
m;a lrk ,°' Tyq f.a m%Yakj,g W;a;r °ug fkdyels j fndfyda
wd.ñlhka ráka m,d .sh w;r fn!oaOd.ug o fuh nrm;,
m%Yakhla úh' Bg úi∫u f,i kd.fiak kï jQ l=udrhl= meú†
lr Tyqg Or®uh W.kajd rcq yd jdohg heùug ;SrKh fl˙◊'
tu l=urdg uq,ska u .=re yduq≥rejka úiska W.kajk ,oafoa
wNsOr®uhhs' iq;% yd úkh msgl W.ekaùu miqjg l,a ;nd w;sYh
.eUqre ixlSr®K Or®u fldgia wvx.= wNsOr®uh uq,ska u bf.k
.;a miq iQ;% úkh msgl bf.kSug lsis≥ wmyiqjla fkd ú◊'
fuys ° ,enqKq ≤kqu yd wjfndaOh yryd rcq yd jdo fldg
mrdch ls¯ug yels úh' tu W∞yrKh wkqj fmkS hkafka wm
by; i|yka l< m˙† hïlsis fCIa;%hl m%ùKhl= ùug kï tys
.eUqrg hd hq;= njhs'
miq.sh ,sms oy ;=k ;=<ska wms Assembly Language yryd
hïlsis .eUqre uÜgulg lreKq idlÉcd lf<uq' tfy;a jvd;a
ldr®hCIu f,i l%uf,aL f.dvkxjd .ekSug kï wm by< uÜgfï
m˙.Kl NdId olajd hd hq;= h' tys ° Assembly Language
ms<sn| ≤kqu o m%fhdackj;a fõ' tu ksid wm f.a wjjdoh kï
uq,ska Assembly Language Ndú; fldg l%uf,aL f.dvkxjk
whqre Wf.k bkamiq by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdId fj; hd hq;=
njhs'
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
Hard words and phrases
A blackout - mQr®K wkaOldrhlg jegqK ^fuys ° ú≥,s
iemhqu úikaê ùfuka&
Presto - CI◊lj ^ue‚la n,fhka fuka&
Recognise - y∫kd.kav
Flexible wire - kuH /yek
In excess - m%udKh blaujQ
Overloaded - wêyrkh ùu
Supersede - wNsnjd
Three core cable - ;=kayr ú≥,s flan,h
Element - uq,djhjh
A link - in|;djla
Well that's it and bye to both of you for now.
Bye dear and may be we can find some old electri-
cal appliances for the next day.
I think can locate an hot plate too but bye now.
i;sfha úuiqu'''
15 jeks msgqfjka
iudc rgdj
tl, hlv ksIamdokfha fh≥Kq wh úúO l=,j,g fn∞ fjka
lr ;snq◊' ta wkqj hmiaj,ska hlv ksiaidrKh l< ck fldgi
hukakkaa f,i;a tu hlvj,ska jdfka fyda hlv wdhqO iE°u l<
ckfldgi kjkaokakkaa fyj;a wdpd˙ l=,hg;a wh;a jQ y' ls%'mQ'
ishjia iuhg wh;a n%dyaó Ys,d ,smsj, úúO f,day Ys,amSka
ms<sn|j i|yka ù we;' ta wkqj lnr f,i hlv Ys,amSka o"
;Ulr f,i ;U Ys,amSka o jr®. lr we;' fuys lnr hk
jpkh md,s NdIdfõ tk lïudr hkafkka ì£ wdjla nj furg
mqrdúoHd fCI;%fha isxy, ,l=K jQ uydpdr®h fikr;a
mrKú;dkhka t;=uka f.a Inscription of Ceylon-II kï
lD;sfhka fmkajd fohs' mqrd;k Y%s ,xldfõ fndfyda uQ,dY%j, hlv
ksIamdokh yd ne∫Kq uhskyu" jdhqk<" ls◊ys˙h jeks wdhqO
ms<sn|j Resource Used in Antiquity, the Ulilization of
Minerals hk mr®fhaIK m;%sld ;=<ska tia fifkúr;ak kï
mr®fhaIlfhla fmkajd fohs'
mrmqqfrka mrmqrg Wreu ù we;s isxy, cklúj, o hukakkaa
iy wdpd˙ l=,j,g wh;a ldr®hhka ms<sn|j meye†,s lr we;'
bmer◊ iufha l=, l%uh /lshdj uq,a lr ìys jQjla nj
meye†,sj u fmfka'
fuys m%;sM,hla f,i ;dCIKh mrmqfrka mrmqrg /lf.k
fkd keiS mej;=fKa h' fuu l=, mer◊ iudc-wdr®:ßl rgdj
md,kh ls˙ug o iu;a úh' hg;aú‚;jd°ka rg md,kh ls¯u
weröu;a iuÛ tu iudc rgdj fjkia jQ w;r thska ,o
m%;sM,h jQfha idïm%∞hsl ;dI◊l ≤kqu úkdY ù hdu h' fuu
m˙ydkshg ;j;a fya;=jla jQfha wvq ñ,lg hlv NdKav
hqfrdamfhka furgg wdkhkh ls¯u h'
 2007 iema;eïnr® ui 26 - nodod ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17

MICROCONTROLLERS
14 ,smh
s - 2 fldgi

m˙.Kl NdIdj weiqfrka

Void main () tys Void main() hkq main keue;s m%Odk ls%hdj,sh
l%uf,aL f.dvkexùu PORTA = 0; y∫kajd ° we;s wdldrhhs' fuf,i jryka folla iu. y∫kajd
CIqø md,l iy CIqø ilik (Microcontrollers and TRIS A = 0; fok ls%hdj,s Functioins f,i kï lr we;' tys void
Microprocessors) i|yd l%uf,aL ieliSug fhd∞.kakd While (1) u.ska lshfjkqfha fuu ls%hdj,sh u.ska lsis u w.hla msg fkd
m˙.Kl NdId ms<n|j wms miq.sh i;sfha idlÉPd lf<uq' tys PORT A = ~PORT A; lrkjd jeks woyils' ta ms<sn| jeä úia;r b†˙fha °
° úfYaIfhka u i|yka l< lreKla jQfha my< uÜgfï Delay_ms(1000); idlÉPd lruq' bka miqj újD; lr ;sfnk iÛ, jryk yd
m˙.Kl NdIdjla ^W∞ ( Assembly language& fhd∞.; ta fl<ska u my<ska jid ;sfnk iÛ, jryk w;r we;s
fyd;a l%uf,aL ilikakdg oDVdx. flfrys jeä n,mEula is≥ Wmfoia ud,dj fufu main ls%hdj,shg wh;a fõ' tys ;sfnk
l< yels njhs' ;j;a f,ilska lsj fyd;a CIqø md,lfha fyda uq,a u Wmfoia fol jk PORT A = 0; hk TRIS A + 0;
CIQø ilikfha wNHka;rfha is≥jkafka l=ula≤hs hkak ms<sn| mikroc uD≥ldx.h Tfí m˙.Klh ;=< ia:dmkh lr tys u.ska A f;dgqmf<ys w.% m%;s∞khla f,i ilia lr tajdfha
meye†,s wjfndaOhla l%uf,aL ilikakdg ,efí' tu ksid jvd;a Project → New Project yryd f.dia kj jHdmD;shla fjda,aàh;djka 0 f,i ilia flfr®' yeu Wmfoila wjidkfha
ldr®hCIu jQ;a M,∞hS jQ;a l%uf,aLhla f.dvkexùug wjia:dj wrUkak' túg ,efnk uqyqKf;a wjYH lrk o;a; ,nd °fuka ° u ; i,l=K fh°u w;HjYH fõ' th C NdIdfõ ¯;shls'
,efí' tfy;a tajkaa m˙.Kl NdIdjla Wmfhda.S lrf.k miqj by; i|yka l< l%uf,aLh igyka ls¯ug wjYH bka miqj While(l) u.ska lshjkqfha Bg my<ska mqrjd we;s
l%uf,aL f.dvkexùu ;rula wiSre ldr®hhls' hï lsis ;ekl wjia:dj ,efí' tu l%uf,aLh ksjer†j igyka lr Project iy wjika lr we;s iÛ, jryka ;=< ;sfnk Wmfoia
.egÆjla u;= jqj fyd;a th ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug iEfyk → Build yryd f.dia tu l%uf,aLh hka;% NdIdjg ksrka;rfhka ls%hd;aul l< hq;= njhs' ta hgf;a tk m<uq
ld,hla .; fõ' tfukau l%uf,aL f.dvkexùug .; jk (Machine) yrjd .kak' th ^Compile ls¯u f,i ye¢kafõ'& Wmfoi PORT A = ~POTR A; hk A f;dgqmf<a w.%j,
ld,h o idfmaCIj by< uÜgul mj;S' ;j o wdOqkslhl=g túg .hex hk †.=j iys;j w∞< l%uf,aLfha ;sfnk ;dr®lsl w.h "1" fyda "O" ,ndf.k tys úf,dauh
tu úIh f;areï .ekSug o iEfyk ld,hla .; fõ' ta uhsfl%dfldkafgda,rhg f;areï .; yels Wmfoia f.dkqj ,efí' tkï "0" fyda "1" kej; tu w.%j,g u ,shk f,i fokq
fya;=fjka CIqø ilik i|yd l%uf,aL ^m˙.Kl l%uf,aL& bka miqj th l%uf,aLkh ls¯fï WmlrKhla Ndú;fhka ,nk Wmfoihs' tkï LED n,anh ≤,aù ;sfí kï ksjk
ieliSu i|yd fï jk úg my< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdId fhd∞ uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=<g we;=<;a lr .kak' bka miqj f,i;a ksù ;sfí kï o,ajk f,i;a fok Wmfoils' B<Ûg
.efkkqfha b;d u wvqfjks' ksjer†j m˙m:h ilia fldg ú≥,sh ,nd≥ka úg LED n,anh ;sfnk Delay_ms(1000); Wmfoi u.ska ;;amrhl fyj;a
tfy;a CIqømd,l (Microcontrollers) i|yd l%uf,aL ;;amrhla ≤,aù ;sî B<Û ;;amrfha ° ksfõ' fuh †.ska †.g ñ,s ;;amr 1000l ld, mudjla ,nd foa' fuu Wmfoia fol
f.dvkexùug my< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdId ;ju;a fhd∞.efka' u fkd kj;ajd is≥ fõ' †.ska †.g u ls%hd;aul fõ'
b†˙hg;a th tfia ùug mqΩjk' fï jk úg my< uÜgfï by; i|yka l< l%uf,aLhka ta i|yd f.dvkexjQ 4 jk fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
m˙.Kl NdIdjla jk Assembly language weiq˙ka PIC ,smsfha i|yka l%uf,aLhla ixikaokh lr n,kak' ta foflka
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r® i|yd l%uf,aL f.dvkxjk wdldrh wms u is≥ jkqfha tl u ldrKh jqj;a l%uf,aL foflys úYd, .dñ” chisxy
úia;r lr we;af;uq' tneúka wm f.a ó<Û W;aidyh jkqfha fjkialula mj;S' by; ≤lajQ l%uf,aLh b;d u ir, nj flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdIdjka fhd∞f.k PIC fmkS hkq we;'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r® i|yd l%uf,aL f.dvkxjk wdldrh ms<sn|j
meye†,s wjfndaOhla mdGl Tng ,nd °ug h'
jr®;udkfha ° CIqø ilik i|yd ^m˙.Kl i|yd& l%uf,aL
f.dvkexùug ilia lrk ,o by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdId
úYd, m%udKhla mj;S' C, C++, C#, Basic, Java, Delphi
bka iuyrls' C++ iy C# hkq C keue;s m˙.Kl NdIdfõ
u jeä†hqKq l< wjia:djka h' tfukau CIqømd,l
(Microcontrollers) i|yd;a tjeks by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl
NdId ksr®udKh fldg we;' W∞yrK f,i MikroC, CCSX,
PIC C, PICBASIC, Micro Pascal m˙.Kl NdId ≤laúh
yels h' bka Micro C, CCSX iy PIC C hkq C m˙.Kl
NdIdj u; mokïj tla tla iud.ï u.ska ksmojk ,o
uD≥ldx. (C Compilers) jk w;r PIC BASIC hkq
Basic keue;s m˙.Kl NdIdj u; mokï j ilia lrk
,oaols' Micro Pascal hkq o by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdIdjla
jk Pascal NdIdj u; mokï j ilia lrk ,oaols' fuf,i
by< uÜgfï NdId lsysmhla u olakg ,efnk neúka bka iq≥iq
tla NdIdjla f;dard.; hq;= j we;'
tneúka wm f.a b†˙ lghq;= i|yd C m˙.Kl NdIdj
f;dard.ekSug wms woyia lf<uq' th u; mokï j PIC
uhsfl%dkafg%da,r® i|yd ilia lrk ,o uD≥ldx. (Compiler)
lsysmhla u by; i|yka úh' thska Mikro C wms
f;dard.kafkuq' tu uD≥ldx.h
www;mikroe.com/en/compilers/microc/pic/
download.htm
kue;s fjí msgqjg msúiSfuka ,nd.; yels h' th fkdñ,fha
,nd .; yels h' tfy;a ,súh yels l%uf,aLfha m%udKh 2k
^wdikak jYfhka Wmfoia 2000la& olajd iSud fõ' wm úiska
,shkq ,nk fndfyda l%uf,aL tu iSudj blaujd fkd hk neúka
.egÆjla we;s fkd fõ' wm úiska uq,ska u b†˙m;a lrk ,o
ksr®udKh jk wdf,dal úfudapl †fhdavhla ;sîu yd ≤,aùug
fhd∞f.k Mikro C ms<sn|j ye±¯u wrUuq' rEm igyk wxl
1ka w∞< m˙m: igyk ≤lafõ'
;;amr 1lg jrla LED n,anh ≤,aùu yd ksùu i|yd
Mikro C uD≥ldx.h fhd∞f.k ilia lrk ,o l%uf,aLh
my; ≤lafõ'
 2007 Tlaf;danr® ui 3 - nodod ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17
8lg miqj jid ;sfnk iÛ, jryk w;r ;sfnk Wmfoia fuu ta wkqj PORTB fr‚iagrfha ìx≥j jeks ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1ys
MoveLeft keue;s Wmfoia f.dkqjg wh;a fõ' fujeks Wmfoia ;snq◊ kï (LED o ≤,aù ;sfnk wjia:d 2ka jeä l< úg
f.dkq Functions f,i jHjydr flfr®' ks;r ks;r ls%hd;aul RB1 w.%h ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fõ' (LED ≤,afõ&' fuf,i 2ka
ls¯ug wjYH jk Wmfoia lsysmhla ;sfí kï tjeks Wmfoia jeä lrk iEu jdrhla mdid u PORTBys ìgq ieleiau tla
l%uf,aLh mqrd kej; kej; ,sùu fjkqjg fufia tla f.dkqjla msysgqulska jï mig ;,aÆ fõ' ta wkqj PORBys w.%j,g
hg;g f.k wjYH jQ úg tu f.dkqjg meñK tu Wmfoia iïnkaO LED o LED 1 isg LED 8 olajd ms<sfj<ska ≤,afõ'
ls%hd;aul lrjd kej; kej; m%Odk ls%hdj,shg hd yels h' Delay-ms(500); uÛska ;;amr Nd.hl ld, mudjla
fuu.ska l%uf,aLfha m%udKh" ldr®hCIu;dj fukau lshjd f;areï ,ndf.k we;' th tla n,anhla ≤,aù ;sfnk ld, mrdihhs'
.ekSfï yelshdj by< hhs' MoveLeft Wmfoia f.dkqj hgf;a by; i|yka l< wdldrhg ìgq ieleiau jï mig tlska tl
While (PortB:F7 1=1) f,i fldgila iy bkamiqj ;j;a ;,aÆ ls¯fï ° PORTB fr‚iagrfha 7 jk ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1
iÛ, jryka ;=< jQ Wmfoia folla fõ' fuh While loop tlla njg m;a jk wjia:djla t<efò'
MICROCONTROLLERS f,i ye¢kafõ' Whilej,g miqj jryka ;=< ;sfnk PortB.
fo1=1 hkq B f;dgqmf<a RBO w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj 5V ≤hs
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PORTB
14 ,smh
s - 3 fldgi ne,Suls' tkï tys ;dr®lsl w.h §1¶ fkd jk ;dla fuu ;dr®lsl
m%ldYh i;Hh fõ' tys 1= hkq fkdiu fyj;a iudk fkd jk 7jk ìgqj 0 jk ìgqj
LED wdf,dal rgdjla hkakhs' ≤ka wms fï ishÆ lreKq tla fldg i,luq' túg While
(Port B:F7 1=1) hkq B f;dgqmf<a RBO w.%fha ;dr®lsl w.h túg by; i|yka l< m˙† fuu Wmfoia f.dkqfjka bj;a j
ksru
® dKh lruq 1g iudk fkdjk ;dla my; iÛ, jryka ;=< ;sfnk Wmfoia main keue;s my; i|yka m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqjg .uka lrhs'
CIqø md,l i|yd l%uf,aL f.dvkexùug by< uÜgfï ksrka;rfhka ls%hd;aul l< hq;= njhs' fuu ;dr®lsl m%ldYkfha Void MoveRight() hkq o tjeks u Wmfoia f.dkqjls' tys
m˙.Kl NdId fhd∞.ekSu ms<sn|j wms miq.sh ,sms fol ;=<ska w.h i;H fkd jQ úg tkï RBOys ;dr®lsl w.h 1 jQ úg tu PORTBys w.h 2ka jeä ls¯u fjkqjg 2ka fn°u is≥ lr we;'
idlÉPd lf<uq' 13 jk ,smsh olajd wm b†˙m;a l< ksr®udK Wmfoia ls%hd;aul ls¯u kj;d Wmfoia f.dkqfjka bj;a úh hq;= túg PORTB fr‚iagrfha ìgq ieleiau tla msysgqulska ol=Kg
tlska tl i|yd l%uf,aL C keue;s by< uÜgfï m˙.Kl NdIdj h' ;,aÆ fõ' ta wkqj ≤,afjk n,anh o udre fõ' fuu Wmfoia
weiq˙ka f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrh ó<Û ,sms lsysmh ;=<ska úia;r ≤ka wms While Loop tl hgf;a ;sfnk Wmfoia fol f.dkqfõ ls%hdld˙;ajh o by; i|yka l< MoveLeft Wmfoia
ls¯ug wms woyia lf<uq' ta wkqj uq,a u ksr®udKh jk LED i,luq' tys uq,ska u PORTB = PORTB × 2; hkakhs' tkï f.dkqfõ ls%hdld˙;ajhg iudk fõ'
n,anhla ksùu yd ≤,aùug w∞< C l%uf,aLh yd m˙m:h miq.sh PORTB fr‚iagrfha ≤ka ;sfnk w.h 2ka jeä lr kej; tu
PORTB
,smsfha i|yka úh' C m˙.Kl NdIdjg w∞< uQ,sl ¯;s lsysmhla ku ,súh hq;= njhs' 2ka jeä ls¯u hkq fr‚iagrhl ;sfnk ìgq 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fr‚iagrh
ieleiau tla jrla jï mig ;,aÆ ls¯uhs' my; igyk n,kak'
o tys i|yka úh' fuu ,smsh ;=<ska wm b†˙m;a lrkqfha tu RB7 2ka fn°fuka RB0
we;=Ω jQ
ksr®udKh u u|la jeä †hqKqfldg LED wdf,dal rgdjla PORTB ìgqj bj;a jk
ksr®udKh ls¯u iy Bg w∞< l%uf,Lh C NdIdj weiq˙ka fr‚iagrh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ìgqj
f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrhhs' Bg wu;rj C NdIdjg iïnkaO uq,a ìgq ieleiau wÆ;ska
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
;j;a lreKq lsysmhla o fï hgf;a úia;r flfr®' bj;a jQ
ìgqj we;=Ω jQ ìgqj 2ka fn°fuka miqj
rEm igyk wxl 1 u.ska w∞< m˙m: igyk ≤lafõ' fuys °
PIC 16F84A uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha B f;dgqm<g LED 8la 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 fuys ° While loop tl ;=< ;sfnk ;dr®lsl m%ldYkh
2ka jeä l< úg ,efnk ìgq ixLHdj PORTB FO1 = 1 wi;H jk fia PORTBys 0 jeks ìgqj
rEm igyk wxl 1
;dr®lsl jQ úghs' tkï LED 1
≤,ajqKq úghs' túg fuu Wmfoia
f.dkqfjka bj;a fõ'
bkamiqj ;sfnk Void main
hkq m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqjhs'
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ú≥,sh ,nd
≥ka ú.i ls%hd;aul jkqfha fuu
m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqjhs' wfkl=;a
ishÆ u Wmfoia f.dkq fuu
m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqj ;=< °
Ndú; flfr®' uq,ska u TRT ISB
= 0; uÛska PORTBys ishÆ u
iïnkaO lr we;' tu LED wg ms<sfj<ska LED 1 isg LED w.% m%;s∞k (Outputs) f,i
8 olajd;a kej; LED 8 isg LED 1 olajd;a ≤,aùu is≥jk ilia lr we;' bkamiq B
wdldrhg l%u rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjk C l%uf,aLh ilia f;dgqmf<a ishÆ u w.% ;dr®lsl 1
lr we;' njg m;a lr ishÆ LED o,ajd
by; i|yka m˙m:fha n, iemhqu f,i 5V ir, Odrd ñ,s ;;amr 500la n,d isà'
iemhqula wjYH fõ' ta i|yd 7805 fjda,aàh;d hdulhla Ndú; bkamiqj LED 1 yer ishÆ u
ls¯u iq≥iq jk w;r iemhqfï w.% udre ùfuka is≥ úh yels ydks LED ksjd ;j;a ñ,s ;;amr
je<elaùug Rcqldrl †fhdvhla o Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' miq.sh 50la n,d isá' wk;=rej ;sfnk
,smsfha i|yka m˙m:h fyd¢ka ks¯CIKh ls¯fuka fuu Wmdx. iú While (1) Loop tl ;=<
lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h' ksrka;rfhka ^8& ls%hd;aul fõ' ta
≤ka wms l%uf,aLh foig yefruq' l,ska i|yka l< m˙† tu hgf;a RB0 w.%h ;dr®lsl 1
l%uf,aLh C m˙.Kl NdIdj weiq˙ka ilia lr we;' Tn Micro kï LED n,an ≤,aùu jïmig
C uD≥ldx.h wka;r®cd,h yryd ,ndf.k Tfí m˙.Klh ;=< udre lrk MoveLeft Wmfoia
ia:dmkh lr ;sìh hq;= fõ' tu uD≥ldx.h ls%hd;aul lrjd f.dkqjla RB 7 w.%h ;dr®lsl 1
Project → New Project u.ska kj jHmD;shla wdrïN l< hq;= kï ol=Kg .uka lrjk Move
h' tys w∞< f;dr;=re tkï uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh" jHdmD;sfha ku Right Wmfoia f.dkqfjka
iy Configr uration bit Settings wd° f;dr;=re fõ' bka miqj udrefjka udrejg ls%hd;aul
,efnk uqyqKf;a rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjk l%uf,aLh igyka flfr®' fuys if hkq RB0 iy
rEm RB7 w.%j, ;dr®lsl w.hka
l< hq;= h' tfia igyka ls¯fï ° ta wdldrfhka u igyka ls¯u igyk
w;HjYH fõ' tala iÛ, jrykla fõ' ;s;a fldudjla wvq jqj m¯CId lr n,k Wmfoils'
wxl 2 fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a
fyd;a l%uf,aLh ksis m˙† ls%hd;aul fkd fõ'
l%uf,aLfha uq,ska u olakg ,efnkqfha $$function for mov- yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
ing left hk igykhs' ol=Kg we, jqKq b˙ folg miqj tu .dñ” chisxy
;sfnk ishÆ u wl=re b,lalï ixfla; igyka Comments f,i flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
.efka'
tkï ta lsisjla uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ,nd fok Wmfoia fkd
j l%uf,aL ilikakd f.a f;areï .ekSfï myiqj ms◊i fh¥ bf,lafg%dksl
igyka f,i .efka' fujeks igyka fh°u l%uf,aL ieliSfï °
w;HjYH fõ' l%uf,aLh miqj lshjd f;areï .ekSfï ° iy f∞aI f,dalhg
fiùfï ° fuu igyka w;sYh m%fhdackj;a fõ' pd˙ldjla ,nk
bka miqj ;sfnk Void Move Left ( ) fldgi u.ska
lshfjkqfha MoveLeft keue;s Wmfoia f.dkqj b†˙hg ;sfnk i;sfha m< fõ
njhs' Void ms<sn| úia;r ls¯u b†˙hg l,a ;efí' bka miqj
wdrïN lr ;sfnk iÛ, jryk iy ta fl<ska u my<ska fma<s
 2007 Tlaf;danr® ui 10 - nodod ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17
ìgq ieleiau ,sjQ úg RB0 w.%hg iïnkaO LED n,anj,g w.%h ;dr®lsl §1¶ ng m;a l< fyd;a fojk LED f.dkqjg
ú≥,sh ,efí' tkï D1, D9, D17, D25 iy D3 hk n,anj, iïnkaO g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aul ù D9 LED n,anh ≤,afõ' fï
wefkdav w.%j,g 5V iemfha' tfy;a ishÆ g%dkaisiagr wlS%h wdldrhg PORT A fr‚iagrhg ,shk w.h fyj;a ìgq ieleiau
;;a;ajfha ;sfí kï tu n,an yryd Odrdjla .e,Sug fkdyels wkqj ≤,afjk LED f.dkqj ;SrKh lrk w;r tu f.dkqfõ
neúka n,an fkd ≤,afõ' tu g%dkaisiagr wls%h ;;a;ajhg m;a l=uk n,anh ≤,afõ ≤hs hkak PORT B fr‚iagrhg ,shk ìgq
jkqfha A f;dgqmf<a w.% RA0 - RA4 0Vys fj;a ;dr®lsl §0¶ ieleiau wkqj ;SrKh fõ'
mj;sk njhs' ≤ka wms PORT A fr‚iagrhg 00000001 kue;s 20 jeks msgj
q g
ìgq ieleiau ,shqj fyd;a RA0 w.%h ;dr®lsl njg m;a fõ' túg
m<uq LED f.dkqj yd iïnkaO g%dkaisiagrfha mdoug ú≥,sh ,eî fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
th ls%hd;aul ùug mgka .kS' túg D1 LED n,anh yryd .dñ” chisxy
Odrdjla .,k neúka tu n,anh muKla ≤,afõ' tf,i u RA1 flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
MICROCONTROLLERS
14 ,smh
s - 3 fldgi

PIC 16F84(A)
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfhka
wdf,dal rgd ksr®udKh
wdf,dal úfudapl vfhdav wgla ms<sfj<ska jfï isg ol=Kg;a
ol=fKa isg jug;a tlska tl ≤,afjk wdldrfha ksr®udKhla wms
mi.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a lf<uq' thu ;j≥rg;a jeä †hqKq fldg
LED n,an 40la ms<sfj<ska o,ajk wdldrfha ksr®udKhla fuu
,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®' rEm igyk wxl 1 u.ska w∞< m˙m:
igyk ≤lafõ' tys D1 isg D40 olajd kï lrk ,o LED
40la olakg ,efí' tu LED 40" 8 ne.ska jq f.dkq 5lg fn∞
we;' ta iEu f.dkqjl u lef;dav w.% iïnkaO lr D 400
g%dkaisiagrhla yryd iemhqfï RK w.%hg iïnkaO fldg we;' ta
wkqj g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aul jk wjia:dfõ ° muKla w∞<
f.dkqfõ LED ≤,afõ' Bg wu;rj iEu f.dkqjl u wdrïNl
LED n,anfha wefkdav w.%h P uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha RB0
w.%hg iïnkaO lr we;' tf,i u fojeks n,anj, wefkdav w.%h
RB1 w.%fhka wd° jYfhka RB7 w.%h olajd ms<sfj<ska iïnkaO
lr we;' g%dkaisiagr ls%hd;aul ls¯u yd wls%h ls¯u A f;dgqmf<a
RA0 isg RA4 olajd jQ w.% yryd is≥ flfr®' rEm igyk wxl 1
// function for moving left
W∞yrKhla f,i PORTB fr‚iagrhg §00000001¶ kue;s void MoveLeft()
{
while(PORTB.F7 != 1) // Check the Right most LED
{ // If OFF move left until
PORTB = PORTB*2; // it gets turned on
Delay_ms(500);
}
Delay_ms(500);
PORTB = 1; // Light up the first LED
}

// Main function
void main()
{
TRISA = 0; // Configure PORTA as output
TRISB = 0; // Configure PORTB as output
PORTA = 0b00011111; // Enable all LED sets
PORTB = 0b11111111; // Light up all the LEDs
Delay_ms(500); // 500ms second delay
PORTA = 0b00000001; // Select first LED set
PORTB = 1; // Light up the first LED
Delay_ms(500); // 0.5 second delay
MoveLeft(); // move left the First LED set

while(1) // Loop forever

{
PORTA = PORTA * 2; // select the next LED set
MoveLeft(); // move left
if (PORTA.F4 == 1) // check for the last set
{
PORTA = 0b00000001; // if so start from the set 1
}
}
rEm igyk wxl 2
}
2007 Tlaf;danr® ui 10 - nodod ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17

≤ka wms rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafjk l%uf,aLh foig

yefruq' tys ° uq,ska u yuq jkqfha Move Left () keue;s l=vd
Wmfoia f.dkqjls' (Funcrtion). miq.sh i;sfha úia;r l< m˙†
hïlsis Wmfoia lsysmhla ks;r ks;r wjYH fõ kï tjeks Wmfoia
tla fldg Wmfoia f.dkqjla ^;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° kï
Function tlla& ilia ls¯u jvd;a fyd| l%uhls' fuu Wmfoia
f.dkqj ms<sn|j miq.sh ,smsfhka úia;r l< neúka fuys ° o th
úia;r ls¯u wkjYH hehs yefÛa' bka miqj Void main () f,i
m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqj we;' tys ° uq,ska u A yd B f;dgqm<j,
w.% m%;s∞k f,i ilia fldg we;' bka miqj PORTA =
0b00011111; Wmfoi u.ska A f;dgqm<g iïnkaO ishÆ w.%
(RA0 - RA4) ;dr®lsl njg m;a fldg we;' túg ishÆ u
g%dkaisiagr ls%hd;aul ù LED f.dkq mfya u n,an ≤,aúh yels
;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' fuys 0b hkq b†˙hg ;sfnk b,lalï fofla
mdofha ixLHd nj (Binary number) ≤lafjk ix«jls' bkamiqj
we;s PORTB = 0b11111111; u.ska B f;dgqmf<a ishÆ w.%
;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a ls¯u is≥ lrhs' fï wjia:dj jk úg ishÆ
n,an ≤,afõ' tf,i ishÆ n,an ñ,s;;amr 50la mqrd o,ajd ;eîu
i|yd Delay_ms (500); Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' bkamiq RA0
iy RB0 w.% muKla ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fldg D1 n,anh
o,ajd we;' bkamiqj MoveLeft(); u.ska tu ≤,afjk n,anh D1
isg D8 olajd ms<fs j<ska udre fldg we;'
ó<Ûg while(1) hgf;a uq,ska u ,efnk Wmfoi jkqfha
PORTA = PORTA*2; hkakhs' túg PORTAys l,ska ;snQ
w.h foflka jeä fõ' túg RA1 ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fõ' 2ka
jeä ls¯fï ° fr‚iagrfha ;sfnk ìgq ieleiau tla ia:dkhla jï
mig ;,aÆ fõ' jeä úia;r i|yd miq.sh ,smsh n,kak' tf,i
foflka jeä l< úg ≤,afjk LED f.dkqj tllska wfklg
udre fõ' bkamiqj Move Left(1); u.ska tu f.dkqfõ n,an
tlska tl ≤,aùu is≥ lrhs' W∞yrKhla f,i PORTAys
00000001 ìgq ieleiau ;sî D8 n,anh ≤,afjñka ;snq◊ kï
PORT Ays w.h foflka jeä lr RA1 w.h ;dr®lsl 1 njg
m;a ù fofjks LED f.dkqfõ n,an ≤,aúh yels ;;a;ajhg m;a
fõ' bkamiqj Move Left u.ska D9 isg D16 olajd jQ n,an
ms<sfj<ska o,ajhs' bka miqj ;sfnk if(PORTA.F4 = =1) hkq
RA4 w.%fha ;dr®lsl w.h m¯CId lr ne,Suls' tu w.h 1 kï
Bg my<ska ;sfnk iÛ, jryka hq.,h ;=< olakg ,efnk
Wmfoia ls%hd;aul flfr®' tfia fkdue;s kï tajd u.ye¯ ta wkqj
miajeks LED f.dkqj o ≤,aù wjidk kï kej; uq, isg mgka
.kakd f,i PORTA = 0b00000001; Wmfoi u.ska lshfõ'
fujeks if m%ldYk C NdIdfõ nyq,j fhfoa' tjeks tla tla fh°ï
m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï weiq˙ka b†˙fha ° úia;r ls¯ug wms
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq'
 2007 Tlaf;danr® ui 17 - nodod
MICROCONTROLLERS
14 ,smsh - 5 fldgi
ima; LKav m%or®Yl
yeisrùu
fuu ,smsh ;=<ska wm Tn fj; f.k taug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkqfha ima;LKav m%or®Yl (Seven Segment Display) iïnkaO
ksr®udKhls' ih jk ,smsfha m<uq fldgiska ≤lajQKq m˙m:h u
fuys ° o fhd∞ .efka' rEm igyk wxl 1 n,kak' tys PIC
16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha B f;dgqm<g ima;LKav
m%or®Ylh iú lr we;'
ima;LKav m%or®Ylh fmd≥
lef;dav jr®.fha tlla úh
hq;= h' tkï tla tla LKav
i|yd fhd∞ we;s LEDj,
lef;dav tlg iïnkaO lr
GND w.%h yryd msg;g
f.k we;' tu LKav úúO
ixfhdackhka f.ka ≤,aùu
u.ska b,lalï m%or®Ykh
lrjd .; yels h' tu
LKavl kï ls¯u i|yd
iïuq;shla ;sfí' ta wkqj rEm
igyk wxl 1ys ;sfnk ima;
LKav m%or®Ylfha LKavl a b
c d e f iy g f,i kï lr rEm igyk wxl 1
;sfí'
rEm igyk wxl 2ka
≤lafjk j.=j 0 isg 9 olajd jQ tla tla b,lalu m%or®Ykh
ls¯u i|yd ≤,aúh hq;= LKavl iy ta i|yd B f;dgqmMg ,súh
hq;= ;dr®lsl w.hka ksrEmKh flfr®' W∞yrKhla f,i "0"
m%or®Ykh l< hq;= kï ta i|yd a b c d e iy f hk LKavl
≤,aúh hq;= h' tkï B f;dgqmf<ys RB0, RB1, RB2, RB3,
RB4 iy RB5 w.% ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd
B f;dgqm<g fyj;a PORT B fr‚iagrhg ,súh hq;= ìgq
ieleiau 00111111 fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 3ka w∞< l%uf,aLh ≤lafõ' th C NdIdj
fhd∞f.k f.dvkxjd we;' ≤ka wms tu l%uf,aLfha tk tla tla
Wmfoi f;areï .ekSug W;aidy lruq' tu l%uf,aLfha uq,ska u
olakg ,efnk Void ssdecode (int i); u.ska ssdecode kue;s
Wmfoia f.dkqjla b†˙fha ° olakg ,efnk nj yÛjhs' tu
Wmfoia f.dkqj Ndú; lrk úg thg hïlsis w.hla o ,nd †h
hq;= h' tu w.h integer jr®.fha tlla nj;a th w∞< Wmfoia
f.dkqj u.ska i f,i kï lr.kakd nj;a yÛjhs' integer hkq
ìgq 16lska olajk b,laluls' tu.ska 0 isg 216 ^65536& olajd
mqr®K w.hka ksrEmKh l< yels fõ' fuu Wmfoia f.dkqj my<
olakg ,efí' tu Wmfoia f.dkqj u.ska tla tla b,lalug w∞<j
≤,aúh hq;= LKavl o,ajkq ,nhs' ta ms<sn| úia;rhla fuu ,smsfha
wjidkhg fhfoa'
int number; hkq number kue;s úp,Hh y∫kajd °uhs' wm
úiska hïlsis úp,Hhla Ndú; flfrkafka kï th uq,ska u y∫kajd
†h hq;= h' ta wkqj fuu number kue;s úp,Hh interger
jr®.fha tlls' bkamiqj main kue;s m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqj
olakg ,efí' tys ° uq,ska u TRISB fr‚iagrhg "0" ,shd B
f;dgqm< m%;s∞k f,i ilid we;' bkamiqj number úp,Hh "0"
njg m;a fldg we;'
tfia is≥ fldg we;af;a uq,ska u "0" m%or®Ykh ls˙u i|yd h'
bkamiqj while(1) fyj;a ksrka;rfhka Odjkh jk Wmfoia
f.dkqj olakg ,efí' ta ;=< ;sfnk ssdecode (number);
Wmfoi u.ska lshfjkqfha ssdecode kue;s Wmfoia f.dkqjg
f.dia number kue;s úp,Hfhka ≤lafjk w.h ^fï wjia:dfõ °
kï "0"& m%or®Ykh lrk f,ihs' tfia m%or®Ykh ls¯fuka miqj
kej; m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqfõ ;sfnk B<Û Wmfoi jk
number, mumber + 1; Wmfoi u.ska mumber úp,Hfha w.h
1lska jeä flfr®' tkï l,ska ;snQ w.h 0 kï ≤ka th 1 njg
m;a fõ' B<Û wjia:fõ ° m%or®Ykh flfrkqfha fuu kj w.hhs'
tf,i jdr lsysmhla hdfï ° tu úp,Hfha w.h 10 úh yels h'
tla ima;LKav m%or®Ylhla u.ska oyh ksrEmKh l< fkdyels
ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17
neúka kej; "0" isg mgka.ekSu i|yd
if(number>9) number=0; Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;' bka
miqj ;;amrhl ld, mudjla ,nd.ekSu i|yd Delay_ms
(1000); Wmfoi fhd∞f.k we;'
≤ka wms ssdecode kue;s Wmfoia f.dkqj ls%hd;aul jkafka
flfia ≤hs n,uq' fuu Wmfoia f.dkqj Ndú; ls˙fï ° thg
w.hla ,nd †h hq;= nj l,ska i|yka úh' tf,i u tu Wmfoia
f.dkqjg m%fõY ùu i|yd ssdecode(number); Wmfoi m%Odk
f.dkqfõ ° Ndú; úh'
tys number hkq wm úiska ssdeccde Wmfoia f.dkqjg
iemfhk w.hhs' tu w.h 0 isg 9 olajd fjkia úh yels h'
tf,i ,efnk w.h ssdecode Wmfoia f.dkqj ;=< ° i kue;s
úp,Hhlg udre flfr®' bka miqj tu w.h wkqj switch(i)
hgf;a ;sfnk Case wjia:dj,ska .e,fmk wjia:dj f;dard.ekSug
Ndú; fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i number úp,Hfha w.h 5 kï tu
w.h i úp,Hhg f.k switch(i) hgf;a tk Case 5 kue;s
ia:dkhg .uka flfr®' bka miqj Case 3 hgf;a tk PORT B
= ab01101101; Wmfoi u.ska mfya b,lalu m%or®Ykh ls¯ug
w∞< ìgq ieleiau PORTB fr‚iagrhg ,shkq ,nhs' bka miqj
;sfnk break; Wmfoig wkqj fuu switch fldgiska iy
ssdecode Wmfoia f.dkqfjka bj;a ù wdmiq m%Odk Wmfoia
f.dkqfõ .uka lrhs' fuf,i hï lsis Wmfoia f.dkqjlg w.hka
heùu Parameter passing for functions f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh
6'1 ,smsfha ° úia;r l< lookup table jeks u ls%hdjls'
rEm igyk wxl 2
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
void ssdecode(int i); .dñ” chisxy
int number; flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
void main()
{
TRISB = 0; //PORTB output
number = 0; //Start from 0
while (1)
{ ssdecode(number);
number = number +1;
if(number>9) number=0;
Delay_ms(1000);
}
}
void ssdecode(int i)
{
switch (i)
{
case 0: PORTB = 0b00111111; break;
case 1: PORTB = 0b00000110; break;
case 2: PORTB = 0b01011011; break;
case 3: PORTB = 0b01001111; break;
case 4: PORTB = 0b01100110; break;
case 5: PORTB = 0b01101101; break;
case 6: PORTB = 0b01111101; break;
case 7: PORTB = 0b00000111; break;
case 8: PORTB = 0b01111111; break;
case 9: PORTB = 0b01101111; break;
}
}
rEm igyk wxl 3
 2007 Tlaf;danr® ui 24 - nodod ú≥ir ú≥y,
neúka tf,i iïnkaO fkd l< fyd;a tys fjda,Aàh;dj 0V iy
5V w;r fjkia fjñka ;sìh yels h' fuu isoaêh ;dCI◊l
jHdjydrfha ° Floating Input wjia:djla f,i ye¢kafõ' túg
fnd;a;u Tnd ke;s wjia:djl °;a fnd;a;u tnQ f,i .ekSug
bv we;' tjeks .egÆ uÛyrjd .ekSu i|yd iemhqfï ^¤& w.%hg
m%;sfrdaOhla uÛska iïnkaO ls¯u w;HjYH fõ' ta i|yd fhd∞
.kakd frisiagrh Pullup Resistor f,i ye¢kafõ' túg RA0
w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj fnd;a;u Tnd ke;s wjia:dj, ° 5V jk
w;r fnd;a;u tnQ úg th 0V njg m;afõ' my; ≤lafjk
igykska tu wjia:djkag w∞< fjda,aàh;d ≤lafõ'
5V
MICROCONTROLLERS fnd;a;u Tnd fnd;a;u tnQ úg kej; fnd;a;u
ke;s úg ksoyia l< úg
14 ,smsh - 6 fldgi
ir, .Kl m˙m:hla 0V
f.dvk.uq RA0 w.%fha fjda,á
a h;dj fjkia jk wdldrh
rEm igyk wxl 2 uÛska w∞< l%uf,aLh ≤lafõ' th C
PIC 16F84A uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla weiq˙ka ima; Lkav
m%or®Ylhl b,lalï m%or®Ykh lr.kakd wdldrh ≤lafjk m˙.Kl NdIdj weiq˙ka f.dvkxjd we;' fuh miq.sh ,smsfhka
b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aLhg fnfyúka iudk fõ' uq,ska u ;sfnk
rEm igyk wxl 1
ksr®udKhla wms miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a lf<uq' th u Video ssdecode (nint i); uÛska ssdecode kue;s Wmfoia
;j≥rg;ajeä †hqKq fldg fnd;a;ula tîfï ° w.h tllska jeä f.dkqjla b†˙fha ° olakg ,efnk nj yÛjhs' tys jryka ;=<
jk wdldrfha ksr®udKhla fuys ≤lafõ' rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska ;sfnk inti i uÛska lshfjkqfha fuu Wmfoia f.dkqj Ndú;
w∞< m˙m: igyk olajd we;' th miq.sh ,smsfhys i|yka jQ lrkafka kï thg Integer jr®.fha w.hla ,nd †h hq;= nj;a
m˙m:hg fndfyda fihska iudk jk w;r fjkilg we;af;a Wmfoia f.dkqj ;=< ° tu w.h i kue;s úp,Hhla ;=<g .kakd
RA0 fyõ;a 17 jk w.%h 4.7k m%;sfrdaOhla yryd ^¤& nj;a h' Integer hkq ìgq 16lska olajk w.hls' tu ksid 0 isg
iemhqug;a iaúphla yryd ^-& w.%hg;a iïnkaO lr ;sîu h' 216 ^65536& olajd jk ´kE u w.hla thg ,nd †h yels h'
RA0 w.%h m%;sfrdaOhla yryd ^¤& w.%hg iïnkaO ls¯u bkamiqj ;sfnk int number; hkq number kue;s úp,Hh
w;HjYH fõ' RA0 w.%h m%∞khla (Input) f,i ilia lrk y∫kajd °uhs' th integer jr®.fha úp,Hhls' wm Ndú; ls¯ug
void ssdecode(int i);
int number;
void main()
{
TRISA = 0b00011111; //PORTA input
TRISB = 0; //PORTB output
number = 0; //Start from 0
msgj
q 25
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk iEu úp,hla u Ndú; ls¯ug fmr y∫kajd
†h hq;= h'
bkamiqj ;sfnk Void main () hkq m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqjhs'
ta hgf;a uq,ska u A f;dgqmf<a ishÆ w.% RA0-RA4 m%∞k
(input) f,i ilid we;' th is≥ lr we;af;a TRISA
fr‚iagrhg 00011111hk ìgq ieleiau ,sùfuks' tf,i u
TRISSB fr‚iagrhg TRISB=0; Wmfoi Ndú; fldg ,sùfï
° tys ishÆ u ìgq 0 ngj m;afõ' tkï B f;dgqmf<ys ishÆ u
w.% m%;s∞k (output) f,i ielfia' Number=0; Wmfoi uÛska
number kue;s úp,Hfha wdrïNl w.h 0 f,i ilihs'
bkamiqj ;sfnkqfha while hg;g .efkk Wmfoia f.dkqjhs'
while(1) hkq tu Wmfoia f.dkqj ksrka;rfhka ls%hd;aul úh
hq;= h hk úOdkhhs' ta wkqj while(1)g miqj ;sfnk iÛ,
jryka hq.,h ;=< we;s Wmfoia ksrka;rfhka ls%hd;aul fõ'
ta hgf;a uq,ska u A f;dgqmf<a RA0 w.%h u; fjda,aàh;dj
0V fõ o hkak m¯CId lrhs' tfia ù kï Number kue;s
úp,Hfha w.h tllska jeä flfr®'
if(PORTA.F0==0)number=number+1; Wmfoi tu
ldr®hh bgq lrhs' ;j o tfia w.h jeä lrf.k hdfï ° tla
ima; LKav m%or®Ylhlska ≤laúh yelafla 9 olajd muKla neúka
number úp,Hfha w.h 9g jeä kï kej; 0ka mgka.kakd
f,i mejiSug if(number>9)number=0; Wmfoi fhd∞f.k
we;' ssdecode(number); hkq number úp,Hfha w.h
^fnd;a;u tnQ jdr .Kk& m%or®Ykh ls¯u i|yd ima; Lkav
m%or®Ylhg w∞< ìgq ieleiauj,a ,shk Wmfoia f.dkqjhs' tu
Wmfoia f.dkqj my;ska olajd we;'
ssdecode (number) Wmfoig meñ◊ ú.i m%Odk Wmfoia
f.dkqfjka bj;a j ss decode Wmfoia f.dkqjg meñK tys
;sfnk Wmfoia ls%hd;aul ls˙ug mgka .kS' tu Wmfoia f.dkqjg
meñ”fï ° f.k wd number úp,Hfha w.h i kue;s
úp,Hhlg udre lr ssdecode Wmfoia f.dkqj ;=< ° number
fjkqjg tu i úp,Hh Ndú; flfr®' tys switch(i) hkq iys
w.h ^l,ska nj, ;snQ w.h& wkqj case 0 isg case 9 olajd jQ
wjia:djka f.ka tlla f;dard.kS' W∞yrKhla f,i iys w.h 4
kï case 4 keue;s wjia:dj f;dard.kS' bkamiqj ta hgf;a tk
PORTB = 0b01100110; Wfmoi ls%hd;aul lrhs' túg 4
b,lalu m%or®Ykh ls¯ug w∞< ìgq ieleiau B f;dgqm<g ,efí'
bkamiqj we;s break Wmfoi wkqj tu switch(i) Wmfoia
fldgiska bj;a fõ' ta iuÛ u ssdecode Wmfoia f.dkqfjka o
bj;a j m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqjg kej; meñfKa' fï jk úg
ima; LKav m%or®Ylfha 4 b,lalu †ia fõ' ñ,s ;;amr 500l
muK ld, mudjla ,nd.ekSug Delay-ms(500); Wmfoi
fhd∞f.k we;' th while f.dkqjg wh;a wjika Wmfoihs'
bkamiqj kej;;a while Wmfoia f.dkqfõ uq,g meñK RB0
w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj m¯CId lr n,d fnd;a;u Tnd we;akï w.h
1lska jeä lr tfia;a fkdue;s kï l,ska ;snQ w.hg m%or®Ykh
lrhs'
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s

while (1)
{
if(PORTA.F0 == 0) number = number +1;
if(number>9) number=0;
ssdecode(number);
Delay_ms(500);
}
}

void ssdecode(int i)
{
switch (i)
{
case 0: PORTB = 0b00111111; break;
case 1: PORTB = 0b00000110; break;
case 2: PORTB = 0b01011011; break;
case 3: PORTB = 0b01001111; break;
case 4: PORTB = 0b01100110; break;
case 5: PORTB = 0b01101101; break;
case 6: PORTB = 0b01111101; break;
case 7: PORTB = 0b00000111; break;
case 8: PORTB = 0b01111111; break;
case 9: PORTB = 0b01101111; break;
}
}

rEm igyk wxl 2

 2007 Tlaf;danr® ui 31 - nodod
MICROCONTROLLERS
14 ,smh
s - 7 fldgi
0 isg 99 olajd .s◊h yels
.Kl m˙m:hla
ksr®udKh lruq
miq.sh ,smsfhka wm úiska b†˙m;a lrkq ,enqfõ 0 isg 9
olajd .s◊h yels .Kl m˙m:hla ksr®udKh lr.kakd wdldrhhs'
th u u|la jeä †hqKq fldg 0 isg 99 olajd b,lalï m%or®Ykh
l< yels ksr®udKhla fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®'
0 isg 99 olajd jQ ixLHd m%or®Ykh ls¯u i|yd ima; LKav
m%or®Yl folla fhd∞.; hq;= h' tla ima; LKav m%or®Ylhla
ls%hd;aul lrùug uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfhka w.% 7la yryd ≤,aúh
hq;= LKavl ≤lafjk md,l ix« ,nd †h hq;= h' ta wkqj ima;
LKav m%or®Yl folla i|yd w.% 14la wjYH fõ' tfy;a PIC
16F84 uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha m%∞k m%;s∞k (Input/Output) w.%
we;af;a 13la mu◊' ;j o tfia tla tla ima; LKav m%or®Ylhg
w.% 7 ne.ska fjka ls¯u t;rï m%dfhda.sl fkd fõ'
fuu .egÆjg ms<shula f,i ima; LKavl udrefjka udrejg
≤,aùu fhd∞ .; yels h' túg uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha w.% 7lska
ima;LKav m%or®Yl tllg jvd jeä .Kkla ls%hd;aul l< yels
h' rEm igyk wxl 1ka tf,i ima; LKav m%or®Yl folla
udrefjka udrejg ≤,aùug w∞< m˙m: igyk ≤lafõ' tys ° B
f;dgqmf<a RB0 isg RB6 olajd jQ w.% 7 yryd ≤,aúh hq;=
LKavl ≤lafjk md,l ix« ,nd foa'
W∞yrKhla f,i wmg 52 m%or®Ykh ls¯ug wjYH kï
Digit1 u.ska §2¶ b,lalu o Digit 2 u.ska §5¶ b,lalu o
m%or®Ykh l< hq;= fõ' fuys ° jrlg ls%hd;aul jkqfha tla
m%or®Ylhla mu◊' tkï §2¶ b,lalu Digit 1 m%or®Ylh u.ska
≤laùug wjYH wjia:fõ ° th m%or®Ykh ls¯ug wjYH ìgq
ieleiau B f;dgqm<g ,súh hq;= h' bka miqj tu ima; LKav
m%or®Ylfha fmd≥ w.%h iïnkaO ù we;s Q1 g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aul
l< hq;= h' ta i|yd RA1 fyj;a 16 jk w.%h ;dr®lsl 1 njg
m;a l< hq;= h' túg Digit 1 yryd §2¶ b,lalu m%or®Ykh fõ'
fï w;r u Q2 g%dkaisiagrh wlS%h ;;a;ajfha ;sìh hq;= h' tfia
fkd jqj fyd;a Digit 2 u.ska o §2¶ b,lalu m%or®Ykh úh yels
h'
fuf,i §2¶ b,lalu Digit 1 yryd u| fõ,djla m%or®Ykh
fldg th ksjd ≤ñh hq;= h' ta i|yd RA1 w.%h ;dr®lsl §0¶g
f.k Q1 g%dkaisiagrh wls%h l< hq;= h' tfia l< miq Digit 2
yryd §5¶ b,lalu ≤,aùug Bg w∞< ìgq ieleiau B f;dgqm<g
ú≥ir ú≥y, msgj
q 17
,súh hq;= h' tfia ,sjQ miq RA2 w.%h ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a lShla ;sfí ≤hs n,d tu w.h Digit 2 fj; ,nd foa' bka miqj
fldg Q2 g%dkaisiagrh ls%hd;aul l< hq;= h' tfia l< úg Digit ;sfnk ssdecode Wmfoia f.dkqj ms<sn|j miq.sh ,smsfhka úia;r
2 ima; LKav m%or®Ylh yryd §5¶ b,lalu †ia fõ' th o u| fl¯ we;'
fõ,djla m%or®Ykh fldg ksjd oud kej; Digit 1 yryd §2¶
b,lalu m%or®Ykh l< hq;= h'
fuf,i Digit 1 yd Digit 2 yryd 2 iy 5 hk b,lalï // Introduce functions and variables
udrefjka udrejg ≤,aúh hq;= h' fuys ° jrlg ≤,afjkqfha tla void ssdecode(int i); //Function for 7 Segment decode
ima; LKav m%or®Ylhla muKla jQj;a fuu ls%hdj,sh fõ.fhka int number; // Variable to hold the number
lrf.k hdfï ° wmg m%or®Yl fol u ≤,aù ;sfnk wdldrhla int Digit1; // Variable for digit1
†ia fõ' tkï Digit 1 u.ska 2 b,lalu o Digit 2 u.ska 5 int Digit2; // Variable for digit2
b,lalu o tljr m%or®Ykh ù ;sfnk wdldrhla †ia fõ' ;j o int LoopCounter; // cycle counter
SW1 fnd;a;u Tnk jdrhla mdid m%or®Ykh flfrk w.h
tllska jeä fõ' tf,i 99 olajd .Kka l< miq kej; 0ka void main()
mgka.; hq;= h' fuu ls%hdj,sh †.ska †.g u is≥ fõ' {
Bg w∞< l%uf,aLh rEm igyk wxl 2ka ≤lafõ' tys iqmqre≥ TRISA = 0b00011001; //RA0 input
m˙† Ndú; lrk Wmfoia f.dkq iy úp,Hhka y∫kajd ° we;'
tys Digit 1, Digit 2 iy Loopcounter hkq ms<sfj<ska
TRISB = 0; //PORTB output
number = 0; //Start from 0
m%or®Ykh l< hq;= tfla tajd oyfha tajd iy m%or®Yl udrefjka
Digit1 = 0; //Start from 0
udrejg ≤,aùu md,kh ls¯u i|yd Ndú; jk úp,Hhka fõ' bka
miqj void main () hgf;a tk m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqfõ uq,ska u
Digit2 = 0; //Start from 0
LoopCounter=0;
wjYH lrk uQ,sl ieliqï is≥ lr we;' A f;dgqmf<a RA0
w.%h m%∞khla (Input) f,i ilid wfkl=;a ishÆ w.% m%;s∞k
while (1) // loop forever
f,i ilid we;' RA0 w.%h yryd fnd;a;u tîfï ix«j
{
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=<g fmfkk ksid th m%∞khla f,i ieliSu
while(LoopCounter <20)
w;HjYH fõ' RA1 yd RA2 w.% u.ska Q1, Q2 g%dkaisiagr
{
ls%hd;aul ùug w∞< md,l ix« ,nd fok neúka tu w.% fol
ssdecode(Digit1); //Display digit 1
m%;s∞k f,i ielish hq;= h' RA3 yd RA4 w.% Ndú; fkd jk
neúka tu w.% leu;s wdldrhlg ielish yels h' Ndú; fkd
PORTA.F1 = 1; //Enable Digit1
lrk w.% m%∞k f,i ilid ;sîu fhda.H fõ' yels kï tajd
m%;sfrdaOl yryd 0V iemhqug iïnkaO ls¯u fyj;a Pull Delay_ms(20); //Small delay
Down fyda 5V iemhqug iïnkaO ls¯u Pull Up jvd;a iq≥iq PORTA.F1 = 0; //Disable Digit1
ls%hdjls' tfy;a th w;HjYH fohla fkd jk nj o wjOdrKh
l< hq;= h' ssdecode(Digit2); //Display digit 2
Number, Digit 1, Digit 2 iy LoopCounter úp,Hhka
0ka wdrïN fldg we;' bkamiqj ksrka;rfhka Ndú; jk m%Odk PORTA.F2 = 1; //Enable Digit2
While f.dkqj ;=< ;j;a While f.dkqjla ;sfí' th While Delay_ms(20); //Small delay
(LoopCounter<20) f,i olajd we;' fuu f.dkqj ;=< ;sfnk PORTA.F2 = 0; //Disable Digit2
Wmfoia LoopCounter kue;s úp,Hfha w.h 20g meñfKk
f;la †.ska †.g u ls%hd;aul lrhs' ta hgf;a uq,ska u is≥ lr LoopCounter++; //Cycle counter
we;af;a Digit 1 ;=<ska w.hla m%or®Ykh ls¯uhs' bkamiqj Digit
2 yryd wfkla w.h o m%or®Ykh lr we;' fufia b,lalï fol }
u jrla m%or®Ykh l< miq LoopCounter úp,Hfha w.h 1lska LoopCounter = 0;// Reset Cycle counter
jeä flfr®' fuf,i jdr 20la is≥ l< miq LoopCounterys
w.h 21 jk ksid th While f.dkqfjka bj;a fõ' bka miqj if(PORTA.F0 == 0) number = number +1;
kej; tu f.dkqjg meñ◊h hq;= ksid LoopCounterys w.%h 0 if(number>99) number=0; // Check for 99
njg m;a fldg we;' ta i|yd LoopCounter=0; Wmfoi Digit1 = number%10; //Remainder
fhd∞f.k we;' Digit2 = number/10; //Quotient
B<Û Wmfoi u.ska tî ;sfí ≤hs n,hs' fnd;a;u Tnd
we;akï m%or®Ykh l< hq;= b,lalu tllska jeä flfr®' tu w.h }
Digit 1 yd Digit 2 i|yd fn∞ fjka lr °ug }
Digit1=number%10; iy Digit2=number/10; Wmfoia fol
fhd∞f.k we;' uq,a Wmfoi u.ska m%or®Ykh l< hq;= w.h 10ka // Sewven Segment Decoder function
fn∞ b;s˙h Digit 1 úp,Hhg ,nd foa' tkï tfla tajd .Kk void ssdecode(int i)
fidhd Digit 1 fj; ,nd foa' by; Wmfoi u.ska oyfha tajd {
switch (i)
{
case 0: PORTB = 0b00111111; break;
case 1: PORTB = 0b00000110; break;
case 2: PORTB = 0b01011011; break;
case 3: PORTB = 0b01001111; break;
case 4: PORTB = 0b01100110; break;
case 5: PORTB = 0b01101101; break;
case 6: PORTB = 0b01111101; break;
case 7: PORTB = 0b00000111; break;
case 8: PORTB = 0b01111111; break;
case 9: PORTB = 0b01101111; break;
}
}
rEm igyk wxl 2
fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 2007 fkdjeïnr® 14

;dlaIK wxYh 17
ú≥y,

MICROCONTROLLERS
14 ,smsh - 8 fldgi

w;=re ì∫ïj,
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;
fuu ,sms fmf<a 6'4" 6'5 iy 6'6 ,sms ;=k ;=<ska w;=re
ì∫ï fyj;a Interrupts ms<sn| ye¢kaùula iy tajdfha
m%dfhda.sl Ndú; lsysmhla úia;r fl˙◊' tys ° wm b†˙m;a rEmigyk wxl 1
l< l%uf,aL Assembly language Ndú;fhka f.dvkÛk ,o
tajd úh' tu l%uf,aLhka u C m˙.Kl NdIdj weiq˙ka
f.dvkxjk wdldrh úia;r lr °u fuu ,smsfha iy ó<Û
,smsfha wruqK fõ' by; i|yka ,sms ;=k yryd w;=re ì∫ï
ms<sn| uQ,sl lreKq b†˙m;a lr we;s neúka tu lreKq
úia;r lss˙u wkjYH hhs yefÛa' Tng w;=re ì∫ï ms<sn|j // Introduce functions and variables
uQ,Or®u ye±¯ug wjYH kï tu ,sms fm< ;=k lshjk fuka void ssdecode(int i); // Function for 7 Segment decoding while (1) // loop forever
wms Wola u b,a,d isáuq' int Digit1; // Variable for digit1 {
rEm igyk wxl 1ka w∞< m˙m: igyk ≤lafõ' fuh int Digit2; // Variable for digit2
l,ska ,smsfhys i|yka m˙m:h u jk w;r fnd;a;ula tîu
int LoopCounter; // Cycle counter ssdecode(Digit1); //Display digit 1
fjkqjg ;;amrhlg jrla ima; LKav m%or®Ylj, †ia jk
w.h tllska jeä ùu fuys ° is≥ fõ' ;;amrhl ld, mrdih PORTA.F1 = 1; //Enable Digit1
u ,nd.ekSu i|yd PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh ;=< // Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
;sfnk Timer 0 kue;s ld, .Klfha iydh ,ndf.k we;' void interrupt() //Delay_ms(20); //Small delay
fuu Timer 0 tallh ms<sn| jeä úia;r i|yd 6'5 ,smsh { PORTA.F1 = 0; //Disable Digit1
lshjkak' if (INTCON.T0IF) // Check for Timer 0 interrupt
Timer 0 tallfhys ìgq 8lska iukaú; fr‚iagrhla mj;S' { ssdecode(Digit2); //Display digit 2
th TMR0 f,i kï lr we;' tu fr‚iagrfhka ≤lafjk
w.h tlska tl jeä lrf.k hdfï ° Wm˙u w.h jk 255g LoopCounter++;
if(LoopCounter > 15) //Check for 15 cycles PORTA.F2 = 1; //Enable Digit2
meñfKa' ^ìgq 8lska 0 isg 255 olajd jQ w.hka ksrEmkh l< //Delay_ms(20); //Small delay
yels h'& tu wjia:dj Timer 0 Over flow f,i ye¢kafjhs' { Digit1 = Digit1 +1; // Increase Digit 1
túg INTCOM kue;s fr‚iagrfha 22 jk ìgqj (TOIF - if(Digit1>9) // if it is 9 then PORTA.F2 = 0; //Disable Digit2
Timer 0 Interrupt flag) ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fõ' tfia jQ { Digit1=0; // reset to 0 and
jyd u w;=reì∫ula m;kh fõ' túg m%or®Ykh jk w.h Digit2++; // increase Digit 2 LoopCounter++;//Cycle counter
1lska jeä lr kej; m%Odk ''''''''''' f.dkqjg meñfKa' if(Digit2>9)// If Digit 2 is 9
Bg w∞< l%uf,aLh rEmigyk wxl 2ka ≤lafõ' tu
Digit2=0;// then reset it to 0 }
l%uf,aLfha Wmfoia f.dkq 3la mj;S' tajd Interrupt main }
iy ssdecode f,i kï lr we;' w;=re ì∫ula ckkh jQ }
jydu interrupt kue;s Wmfoia f.dkqjg meñfKa' tu Wmfoia LoopCounter =0; // Reset Loop Counter
f.dkqfõ ° ckkh jQ w;=re ì∫u Timer 0 ld, .Klfhys } // Sewven Segment Decoder function
w.h 255g meñ”u fyj;a Overflow ùu ksid we;s jQjla void ssdecode(int i)
≤hs m¯CId lr n,hs' ta i|yd If(INTCON.TOIF) Wmfoi INTCON.T0IF = 0; // Clear Timer 0 overflow flag {
fhd∞f.k we;' w;=re ì∫u ckkh jQfha Timer 0 overflow } switch (i)
ksid kï TOIF ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a fõ' túg by; {
i|yka m¯laId ls¯u i;H njg m;a ù ta hgf;a tk Wmfoia case 0: PORTB = 0b00111111; break;
tlska tl ls%hd;aul ls¯ug mgka .kS' fujeks overflow ìÜ case 1: PORTB = 0b00000110; break;
15la is≥ ùug .; jk ld,h ;;amrhlg wdikak fõ' }
tneúka tfia jdr 15la .sh miq Digit 1 fyj;a m%or®Ykh //Main Function case 2: PORTB = 0b01011011; break;
l< hq;= tfla tajd .Kk by< ≤fï' Digit 1 w.h 9 miq void main() case 3: PORTB = 0b01001111; break;
lf<a kï Digit 2 fyj;a oyfha tajd .Kk tllska jeä lr { case 4: PORTB = 0b01100110; break;
tfla tajd .Kk 0 njg m;a flfr®' TRISA = 0b00011001; //RA0 input case 5: PORTB = 0b01101101; break;
w;=re ì∫ul ° l%shd;aul l< hq;= Wmfoia ≤lafjk by;
TRISB = 0; //PORTB output case 6: PORTB = 0b01111101; break;
i|yka Interrupt kue;s Wmfoia f.dkqj Interrupt Service case 7: PORTB = 0b00000111; break;
Routine (ISR) f,i ;dCI◊l jHjydrfha ° ye¢kafõ' OPTION_REG = 0b10000111; //Configure Timer 0
INTCON = 0b10100000; //Enable interrupts case 8: PORTB = 0b01111111; break;
main kue;s m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqfõ iqmqre≥ m˙† A yd B
f;dgqm<j,a m%∞k yd m%;s∞k f,i ilid we;' bka miqj Digit1 = 0; //Start from 0 case 9: PORTB = 0b01101111; break;
OPTION_REG fyj;a OPTION fr‚iagrh 10000111 Digit2 = 0; //Start from 0 }
ìgq ieleiau ,nd ° we;' ta wkqj uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha LoopCounter=0; //Start from 0 }
m%Odk >áldfõ iamkao 256la .sh úg TMR0 fr‚iagrfha
w.h 1lska jeä fõ' tkï m%Odk >áld iamkao 256×256 rEmigyk wxl 2
(65536)la .sh úg Timer 0 overflow ùu is≥ fõ'
INTCON fr‚iagrhg 10100000 ìgq ieleiau ,sùfuka
Timer 0 overflow keue;s w;=re ì∫ï jr®.h ls%hdld¯ m;s%ldj m˙YS,kh l< hq;= h' l%uf,aLfha b;s˙ fldgia wdldrh b†˙m;a flfr®'
;;a;ajhg f.k we;' fuu fr‚iagr® fol iy tajdfha tla miq.sh ,smsfha i|yka jQ tajdg fnfyúka iudk neúka ta fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
tla ìgqj,ska is≥ flfrk ldr®hhka ms<sn| jeä úia;r ms<sn| kej; kej; úia;r ls¯u wkjYH hehs yefÛa' ó<Û .dñ” chisxy
≤k.ekSu i|yd PIC 16F84(A) uhsfl%dfldkafgda,rfha o;a; ,smsh ;=<ska RB0 ndysr w;=re ì∫u m%dfhda.slj fhd∞.kakd flda,s; Or®um%sh
 ;dlaIK wxYh 17
ú≥y,
rEm igyk wxl 1ka w∞< m˙m:h ≤lafõ' th 6'6 ,smsfha
i|yka jQ m˙m:h u fõ' SW 1 fnd;a;u jrla tnQ úg
// Introduce functions and variables
RB0 w.%h yryd ndysr w;=reì∫ula ckkh fõ' túg
ima;LKav m%or®Ylfha olajk w.h tllska jeä jk wdldrhg void ssdecode(int i); //Function for 7 Segment decoding
l%uf,aLh ielish hq;= h' tf,i ieliQ l%uf,aLh rEm igyk int Digit1; // Variable for digit1
wxl 3ka ≤lafõ'
iqmqre≥ m˙† tu l%uf,aLfha uq,ska u Ndú; jk Wmfoia // Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
f.dkq iy úp,Hhka y∫kajd ° we;' ta i|yd void ssdecodec void interrupt()
(int i); iy int Digit 1; Wmfoia fhd∞f.k we;' w;=reì£ï {
i|yd jQ Wmfoia f.dkqj void interrupt () hgf;a b†˙m;a if (INTCON.INTF) // Check for Timer 0 interrupt
lr we;' w;=reì∫ula ckkh jQ jydu m%Odk Wmfoia {
f.dkqfjka fuu Wmfoia f.dkqj meñfKa' tfia meñ◊ úg tu Digit1 = Digit1 +1; // Increase Digit 1
MICROCONTROLLERS w;=reì∫u ckkh jQfha ndysr w;=reì∫ula fyj;a RB0
w.%hg iïnkaO SW iaúph tîu ksid ≤hs m¯CId l< hq;=
if(Digit1>9) Digit1=0;
INTCON.INTF = 0; // Clear RB0 interrupt flag
14 ,smsh - 9 fldgi fõ' tfia m¯CId ls¯u i|yd if(INTCON.INTF) Wmfoi }
fhd∞f.k we;' tfia ù kï ima;LKav m%or®Ylfha o m%or®Ykh }
ndysr w;=reì∫ï l< hq;= w.h ≤lafjk Digit 1 úp,Hfha w.h tllska jeä
flfr®' tfukau tu w.h §10¶g meñ◊ úg kej; "D" njg //Main Function
Ndú; lrk whqre m;a ls¯u o is≥ fldg we;' void main()
PIC 16184(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg ndys˙ka w;=reì∫ula wjidkfha ° INTCON.INTF = 0; u.ska ndysr {
,nd °u iy Bg w∞< l%uf,aLh C m˙.Kl NdIdj weiq˙ka w;=reì∫ula ckkh jQ nj ≤lafjk ìgqj (Interrupt flag) TRISB = 0b00000001; //RB0 input
f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrh fuu ,smsh ;=<ska úia;r flfr®' §0¶ njg m;a lrhs' th wksjdr®hfhka u l< hq;a;ls' tfia INTCON = 0b10010000; //Enable RB0 interrupts
Digit1 = 0; //Start from 0

while (1) // loop forever

{
ssdecode(Digit1); //Display digit 1
Delay_ms(200); //Small delay
}
}

// Sewven Segment Decoder function

rEmigyk wxl 1
fkd l< fyd;a jrla w;=reì∫u ckkh jQ úg
th †.ska †.g u ls%hd;aul fõ' w;=reì∫ï yd
iïnkaO ilials¯ï i|yd INTCON fyj;a
Interrupt Configuration Register keue;s
fr‚iagrh ms<sn|j ≤k isàu w;HjYH fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 2 u.ska tu fr‚iagrfha tla
tla ìgqj u.ska is≥ lrk ldr®hhka ≤lafõ'
m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqfõ ° uq,ska u is≥ fldg
we;af;a B f;dgqmf<a RB0 w.%h m%∞khla f,i
iy wfkl=;a w.% m%;s∞k f,i ilia ls¯uhs' ta
i|yd TRIS B fr‚iagrhg 00000001 hk
ìgq ieleiau ,shd we;' 0 u.ska m%;s∞k f,i o
§1¶ u.ska m%∞k f,i o ilia lrhs' bka miqj
we;s INTCON = 0b10010000; Wmfoi u.ska
INTCON fr‚iagrfha is≥ l< hq;= ilia
ls¯u lrkq ,nhs' tys i;ajk ìgqj fyj;a bit
7 u.ska Global Interrput Enable fyj;a
ishÆ w;=reì∫ï ls%hd;aul ls¯u fyda fkd ls¯u
;SrKh lrhs' tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg m;a
l< hq;= fõ' tfia ls¯fuka wk;=rej wmg
void ssdecode(int i)
{
switch (i)
{
case 0: PORTB = 0b01111111; break;
case 1: PORTB = 0b00001101; break;
case 2: PORTB = 0b10110111; break;
case 3: PORTB = 0b10011111; break;
case 4: PORTB = 0b11001101; break;
case 5: PORTB = 0b11011011; break;
case 6: PORTB = 0b11111011; break;
case 7: PORTB = 0b00001111; break;
case 8: PORTB = 0b11111111; break;
case 9: PORTB = 0b11011111; break;
}
}
rEmigyk wxl 3
wjYH jk w;=reì∫ï jr®. fjk fjk u ls%hd;aul l< hq;=
h' wmg wjYH jk ndysr RB0/INTE ndysr w;=reì∫ï
ls%hd;aul ls¯u i|yd bit 4 fyj;a 4 jk ìgqj o ;dr®lsl 1
njg m;a l< hq;= h' tfia l< miq ndysr w;=reì∫ï ckkh
l< yels ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'
INTCON fr‚iagrfha wfkl=;a ìgq u.ska tla tla
w;=reì∫ï jr®.j,g w∞< ilia ls¯ï is≥ lr.; yels h' tys
bit 1 fyj;a ìgq wxl 1 u.ska RB0 w.%h yryd
w;=reì∫ula ckkh ù ;sfí o keoao hk j. fmkakqï lrhs'
ndysr w;=reì∫ula ckkh jQ jydu tu ìgqj ;dr®lsl 1 njg
m;a fõ' w;=reì∫ug w∞< ldr®hhka fyj;a Interrupt Service
Routine (ISR) is≥ ls¯fuka wk;=rej tu ìgqj §0¶ njg
m;a l< hq;= h'
l%uf,aLh while(1) hgf;a ssdecode(Digit 1); Wmfoi
≤lafõ' tu Wmfoig wkqj ssdecode Wmfoia f.dkqjg f.dia
Digit 1 úp,Hfha w.h wkqj ima;LKav m%or®Ylfha ≤,aúh
hq;= LKavl f;dard tajd ≤,aùu is≥ lrhs' fnd;a;u jrla tnQ
úg m%or®Ykh l< hq;= w.h tllska jeä lrhs' túg tu
w.hg w∞< LKavl ≤,afõ' fuh †.ska †.g u is≥ fõ' tkï
0 isg 9g jeä ù kej; 0g meñfKa' wjYH kï ;j;a
ima;LKavlhla fhd∞ 0 isg 99g .Kka ls¯ug o fuu
l%uf,aLh iy m˙m:h jeä†hqKq fldg we;'

fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha

.dñ” chisxy
rEmigyk wxl 2
flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
 2007 fkdjeïnr® 28

;dlaIK wxYh 17
ú≥y,
void main()
{ unsigned short i;
USART_init(9600); // initialize USART module
// (8 bit, 9600 baud rate, no parity bit... void main()
while (1) {
{ USART_init(9600); // initialize USART module
USART_Write(‘A’); // send data via USART // (8 bit, 9600 baud rate, no parity bit...
Delay_ms(500); while (1)
} {
} if (USART_Data_Ready())
{ // if data is received
MICROCONTROLLERS rEmigyk wxl 2a i = USART_Read(); // read the received data
USART_Write(i); // send back via USART
14 ,smsh - 10 fldgi }
}
} rEmigyk wxl 2b
CIQø md,l m˙.Kl iuÛ
iïnkaO ls¯u
kùk bf,lafg%dksl WmlrK fndfyduhla m˙.Kl yd
iïnkaO ls¯ug yels jk f,i ilid ;sfí' tf,i WmlrK
m˙.Kl yd iïnkaO ls¯fuka jdis lssysmhla w;a fõ'
W∞yrKhla f,i ldurhl WIaK;ajh md,kh ls¯ug ilid
we;s md,l m˙m:hla i,luq' th m˙.Klhla yd iïnkaO
l< yels f,i ksr®udKh fldg we;akï ldurfha WIaK;aj
úp,kh m˙.Klfha igyka lr.; yels h' wjYH kï
rEmigyk wxl 3

m%ia:d˙lj ksrEmKh l< yels h' tfuka u ldurfha WIaK;ajh
md,kh ls¯ug wjYH Wmfoia o m˙.Klh u.ska ,nd †h
yels h' fï wd° jYfhka jQ fndfyda jdis m%udKhla m˙.Kl
yd iïnkaO ls¯fuka ,nd.; yels h'
CIqø md,l m˙.Kl yd iïnkaO ls¯u m%Odk jYfhka
wdldr follg is≥ l< yels h' ta
1' fYa%◊.; wdldrh
2' iudka;r.; wdldrh
fYa%◊.; wdldrhg o;a; yqjudre lr.ekSfï ° ìgq tllg
miq wfkl .uka lrk w;r iudka;r.; wdldrfha ° tu
ìgq ish,a, tljr .uka lrhs' ir, W∞yrKhla f,i mgq
mdrl jdyk tlla miqmi tlla .uka ls¯u iy m<,a mdrl
jdyk tl fm<g .uka ls¯u ≤laúh yels h' o;a; jeä≥r
f.k hdug fyj;a m˙.Klh yd CIqø md,lh w;r ≥r jeä
jk úg fYa%◊.; wdldrh jvd;a fhda.H fõ' 7'1" 7'2" 7'3 iy
7'4 hk ,smsj, ° fuf,i fYa%◊.; wdldrhg m˙.Kl yd
CIqø md,l w;r o;a; yqjudrejg w∞< fndfyduhla lreKq
úia;r fl¯ we;' tneúka tu lreKq kej; jrla fuys °
b†˙m;a ls¯u wkjYH hhs yefÛa' tys ° b†˙m;a l< l%uf,aL
ish,a, Assembly Language keue;s m˙.Kl NdIdj
fhd∞f.k f.dvkxjd we;' tu l%uf,aL u C m˙.Kl NdIdj
fhd∞f.k f.dvkxjd .kakd wdldrh úia;r ls¯u fuu ,smsfha
wruqK fõ'
rEm igyk wxl 1 u.ska w∞< m˙m: igyk ≤lafõ' tys
° PIC 16F628(A) CIqø md,lh yd m˙.Klh w;r
iïnkaOh mj;ajdf.k hdug w;rue†hl= f,i MAX 232
ix.Dys; m˙m:h ls%hd lrhs' tys m%Odk ldr®hh pkqfha
fjda,aàh;d uÜgï ksis m˙† ilid °uhs' Bg fya;=j CIqø
md,lh ;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ ksrEmKh lrk fjda,aàh;djkq;a
m˙.Klfha fYa%◊.; f;dgqm< ;dr®lsl §1¶ yd §0¶ ksrEmKh
lrk fjda,aàh;djhkq;a yd;amiska u fjkia tajd ùuhs' rEm
rEmigyk wxl 1
RB1/RX w.%h yryd
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg msúfia'
rEmigyk wxl 2(a)
fldgiska ≤lafjk l%uf,aLfha
° uq,ska u CIqø md,lfha
fYa%◊.; wdldrhg o;a;
heùug w∞< tallh
USART ksis f,i ilia
fldg we;' tys ° o;a;
hjk fõ.h 9600 f,i
ilid we;' m˙.Klfha
fYa%◊.; f;dgqm< o fuu
fõ.hg u ilia l< hq;=
rEmigyk wxl 4 h' bkamiq †.ska †.g u A
wl=r ;;amrhlg fojrla ne.ska ksl=;a lrhs' m˙.Klfha
igyk wxl 3 u.ska m˙.Klfha fYa%◊.; f;dgqm< ;dr®lsl Hyper Terminal uD≥ldx.h újD; l< úg ;srh u; "A"
§1¶ yd §0¶ ksrEmKh lrk wdldrh wdrïNl ìgqj o;a; ìgq
wl=r †.ska †.g u †iaúh hq;= h'
iy kej;=ï ìgqj olajk wdldrh b†˙m;a lr we;' tf,i u rEm igyk wxl 2(b) fldgiska ≤lafjk l%uf,aLh u|la
tu ishÆ lreKq CIqø md,lhg w∞< jk wdldrh rEm igyk
jeä †hqKq fldg we;' tys i keue;s úp,Hh ìgq 8lska
wxl 4 u.ska ≤lafõ' iukaú; neõ unsigned short hk Wmfoi okajd isà'
tu rEmigyka fol foi ie,ls,af,ka ne¨ úg fmkS hk
bkamiqj m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqfõ ° USART tallh ksis f,i
lreKla kï CIqø md,lh fl<ska u m˙.Klfha fYa%◊.; ilia fldg m˙.Klfhka hï wl=rla ,efnk ;=re n,d isà'
f;dgqm<g iïnkaO l< fkdyels njhs' tfia iïnkaO l<
USART_Data_Ready() hkq hï o;a;hka ,enqKq úg ;dr®lsl
fyd;a tys ;sfnk by< fjda,aàh;d u.ska CIqø md,lhg ydks 1 ,nd fokakls' túg ,enqKq wl=r i úp,Hhg f.k th
is≥ úh yels h' tneúka m˙.Klh yd CIqø md,lh w;rg
kej;;a m˙.Klh fj;g u ,nd foa' tfia fõ kï Hyper
w;rue† m˙m:hka fh°u w;HjYH fõ' Terminal uD≥ldx.h yryd ;srfha igyka flfrk wl=r
CIqø md,lfha isg m˙.Klhg hjk o;a; RB2/TX w.%h
fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<ka uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg f.dia kej;
yryd MAX232 T1In w.%hg f.dia bka miq T1out m˙.Klhg meñK ;srfha †ia jkakls'
w.%fhka ksl=;a ù fY%a◊.; f;dgqmf<a 2 jk w.%fhka
m˙.Klhg msúfia' tfukau m˙.Klfhka ,nd fok o;a; fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
fYa%◊.; f;dgqmf<a 3 jk w.%fhka ksl=;a ù R1In w.%hg .dñ” chisxy
meñK t;ekska R1out w.%h yryd f.dia uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rfha flda,; s Or®um%h s
 2007 foieïnr® 12

;dlaIK wxYh 17
ú≥y,

MICROCONTROLLERS
14 ,smh
s - 12 fldgi

øj iaMál m%or®Yl
Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD)
øj iaMál m%or®Ylj, ls%hdld¯;ajh iy PIC 16F84
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhlg iïnkaO lr wl=re b,lalï iy
ixfla; lsysmhla m%or®Ykh lr.kakd wdldrh 9 jk ,smsh
;=<ska wms b†˙m;a lf<uq' tys ° w∞< l%uf,aLh Assembly
Language kue;s m˙.Kl NdIdj Ndú; lr f.dvkxjd ;snQ
w;r ;rul ixlSr®K njla o Wiq,hs' tu ldr®hh u jvd;a
myiqfjka C m˙.Kl NdIdj fhd∞f.k is≥ lr.kakd wdldrh
úia;r ls¯u fuu ,smsfha wruqKhs'
rEm igyk wxl 1ka w∞< m˙m: igyk ≤lafõ' tys °
PIC 16F877(A) uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhla fhd∞f.k we;s w;r
øj iaMál m%or®Ylh (LCD) 16×2 jr®.fha tlla fõ' 16×2
hkq wl=re 16 ne.ska fma<s 2la we; hkakhs' fï fjkqjg
16×1 fyda 20×4 jeks LCD jQj o .e,fma' flfia fj;;a
iEu LCD tll u w.% msysàu rEm igyfka m˙† fõ' fuu
w.% iy tajdfha ldr®hhka ms<sn| °r®> úia;rhla 9 jk
,smsfhys i|yka jQ neúka hïlsis .egÆjla wef;d;a tu ,smsh
lshùfuka tu .egÆ ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug yels jkq we;'
rEm igyk wxl 2ka w∞< l%uf,aLh olajd we;' tu
l%uf,aLh f.dvkxjd we;af;a C m˙.Kl NdIdj weiqre
lrf.k ùu ksid Wmfoia lsysmhlska wmg wjYH ldr®hh is≥
lr.ekSug yels ù we;'
≤ka wms tla tla Wmfoi fjk fjk u f.k tajdfhka is≥
flfrkqfha l=ula ≤hs n,uq' iqmqre≥ m˙† uq,ska u Void
main() u.ska m%Odk Wmfoia f.dkqj y∫kajd ° we;' bkamiqj
;sfnk LCD8_Init(&PORTC, &PORTD); Wmfoi u.ska
LCD tallh ksis m˙† ilid we;' Assembly Language
Ndú; lf<a kï fï i|yd Wmfoia úYd, m%udKhla ,súh hq;= rEmigyk wxl 1
fõ' tfy;a fuys ° tla Wmfoilska tu ish,a, is≥ fldg we;'
bkamiqj ;sfnk LCD8_cmd(LCD_CLEAR); iy
LCD8_cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); Wmfoia u.ska ;srh void main() u.ska ksrka;rfhka Odjkh jk Loop forever wjia:djka
u; hula ,shù ;sfí kï th uelSu iy Cursor OFF ls¯u { we;s lrhs' ta wkqj fuu l=vd l%uf,aLh u.ska LCD ;srfha
is≥ fldg we;' bkamiqj ;sfnk LCD8_out(1,1,"Hello"); Lcd8_Init(&PORTC, &PORTD); // Initialize LCD connected to PORT Hello hkak m%or®Ykh lrhs' Hello fjkqjg fjk;a jpkhla
Wmfoi u.ska LCD ;srfha m<uqjk fma<sfha m<uq msysàfï C&D jQj o m%or®Ykh lr.; yels h'
isg b†˙hg Hello hk jpkh ,shk f,i uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rhg miq.sh ,sms ,nd.ekSu i|yd
okajd isà' tu Wmfoia ish,af,a u LCD8 f,i uq,ska i|yka LCD8_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display http;//www.ent.mrt.ac.lk/web/knowledgebase/
ù ;sfnk w;r tys ;sfnk 8 b,lalu u.ska ìgq 8la Ndú; LCD8_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off index.xml fjí wvúhg msúfikak'
lr uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,rh yd iïnkaO ù we;s nj yÛjhs' ìgq LCD8_Out(1,1, “Hello”); // Print text to LCD, 1st row, 1st fudrgqj úYajúoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
4lska LCD tallh (D0 - D3) iïnkaO lr l< yels column
wdldrhka o mj;S' jvd;a ir, ìgq 8 l%uh neúka wms tu .dñ” chisxy
while(1); flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
l%uh Ndú; lf<uq' wjidkhg ;sfnk while(1); Wmfoi } rEmigyk wxl 2
rEmigyk wxl 2
 2007 foieïnr® 26
18 ;dlaIK wxYh
ú≥y,

m˙.Kl fudksgr
n, iemhqu fufyhjk
MOSFET cj g%dkaisiagrh
iy
UC3842 ix.Dys; m˙m:h
m˙.Kl fudksgrh ils%h ùu i|yd th ;=< wj fjda,aàh;d
(Low Voltage) n, iemhqula fuka u wê fjda,aàh;d
(High Voltage) n, iemhqula o ls%hd;aul nj wxl 117
,smsfha iúia;rj ≤laú◊' fuu n, iemhqï fol u ls%hd;aul
ùu tajdfha m˙Kdul m%d:ñl oÛrj, .,d hk Odrd iamkao
ksid is≥ jk wdldrh o tu ,smsfha úia;r úh' fuu Odrd
iamkao ksjer† m%n,;djka f.ka yd ksjre† ld,iSudj ;=< bf,lafg%dksl f,dalhg
we;s ùu o is≥úh hq;= h' fï i|yd fuu Odrd iamkao we;s pd˙ldjla - 118
lrk cj g%dkaisiaigrj, fufyhqï w.% fj; ksjer† wdldrfha
fjda,aàh;d iamkao (Voltage Pulses) ,nd †h hq;= h' fuu
iamkao ;j;a kulska tkï fjda,aàh;d y;/ia ;rx. (Square ;s,lr;ak ≤†.u
Waves) f,i o ye¢kafõ'
cj g%dkaisiagr jr®. folla wj fjda,aàh;d n,iemhqïj, we;s jk fjda,aàh;d iamkao ksmoùfï ls%hdj,sh k;r fõ'
≤lsh yels h' ñka tl jr®.hla oaú O%ej (Bipolar) jk ixfõokh jk fjda,aàh;djka Wmfhda.S lrf.k iqúfYaIs ldr®hhla m%Odk m˙m:fha Æyqj;aùï jeks wys;lr ;;a;ajhka yuqfõ
w;r wfkla jr®.h jkqfha FET fyj;a Field Effect bgq lrhs' tys m%:u mshjr jkqfha n, iemhqu ils%h úg Odrd b,aÆï jeä fõ' túg tu Odrd b,aÆï ,nd °ug
g%dkaisiagr h' oaú O%ej g%dkaisiagrfha fufyhqï MOSFET MOSFET g%dkaisiagrfha Drain w.%fha we;s jk fjda,aàh;dj n,iemhqu W;aidy ≤¯fï ° tu g%dkaisiagrh Tiafia ìï
g%dkaisiagrfha G fyj;a Gate w.%h fufyhqï w.%h f,i ixfõokh ls¯uhs' fuu fjd,aàh;dj we;s jkqfha MOSFET .ekafjk Odrd iamkaoj, m%n,;dj jeä fõ' fuhska Drain
ls%hd;aul fjhs' wj fjda,aàh;d n, iemhqfï b;s˙ m˙m: g%dkaisiagrh Tiafia ìï .ekafjk Odrd iamkao ksid h' fuu w.%fha fjda,aàh;dj by< hhs' túg tu wkdrCIs; Odrd
fldgiska iq≥iq wdldrfhka fuu fjd,aàh;d iamkao ksmoùu;a Odrd iamkaoj, m%n,;dj jeäj;a u fuu Drain w.%fha we;s iemhqï fjda,aàhdjla f,i w.% wxl 3 Tiafia ixfõokh lrk
tajd g%dkaisiagr fufyhqï w.% fj; fhduq ls¯u;a is≥ flfr®' jk fjda,aàh;dj o jeä fõ' UC3842 ix.Dys; m˙m:h fjda,aàh;d iamkao ksmoùfï
fudksgr wj fjda,aàh;d n, iemhqï i|yd fï jk úg w.% wxl 3 Tiafia UC3842 wNHka;rhg ixfõokh jk ls%hdj,sh k;r lr ouhs' túg n,iemhqu wls%h jk ksid
jvd;a u fhd∞.kq ,nkafka FET jr®.fha cj g%dkaisiagr h' fuu fjd,aàh;dj tla;rd w.hla blaujk úg wNHka;rfha m%Odk m˙m:hg ;j≥rg;a ≤ä ydks is≥ùu kj;S'
ta tajd by< ldr®hCIu;djlska l%shd;aul jk ksid h' tfiau
fjda,aàh;d iamkao ksmoùu i|yd fuu n,iemhqïj, UC
3842 ix.Dys; m˙m:h o nyq,j Ndú; fjhs' fuu ix.Dys; jr®Ol m˙m:h iómfha isys,k fuu wjodku j<lajd.ekSug ieliqï lrk WIaK;ajhla
m˙m:fha úfYaI;ajh jkqfha th m˙m: wdrCIdj o i,iñka yuqfõ isis,sk mxldjla iajhxlS%hj ils%h ls¯ug;a WIaK;ajh
ls%hd;aul ùu h' tkï th fj; iq≥iq wdldrfhka m˙m: (Cooling) ls%hdld¯;ajhla we;s my< nisk úg th iajhxlS%hj wls%h ls¯ug;a yelshdj fujr
.kajd iq≥iq ir, Odrd iemhqu ,nd ≥ka úg kshñ; fjd,aàh;d lr.ekSu b†˙m;a lrk m˙m:fha we;' isys,k mxldj f,i m˙.Kl
iamkao ksl=;a lrkjd muKla fkd ja wys;lr ls%hdld˙;aj m%n, n, jr®Ol m˙m:j,g tajd ;=< we;s úh yels by< n,iemhqu u.ska bj;a l< mxldjla fuys ° fhd∞ .ekSu
we;s jk úg ta nj ixfõokh lr fjda,aàh;d iamkao WIaK;aj ksid tajdfha Wmdx. ≤ù hdfï wjodkula we;' jvd;a iq≥iq h' fujeks WIaK;aj ixfõol f,i IN 4004
ksmoùu w;aysgqùu u.ska n,iemhqu k;r lr ≤óu o lrkq m˙ir WIaK;ajh 400C muK blaujk úg fuu m˙m:j, vfhdav ls%hd;aul jk w;r isys,kh wjYH WIaK;ajh ieliqï
,efí' fuu.ska m˙m:hg is≥úh yels ≤ä ydks j<lS' wjika jr®Ol wjia:dfõ we;s jk ;dmh Heat Zync Tiafia ls¯u VR 1 100k úp,H m%;sfrdaOhlska is≥ l< hq;= fjhs'
m˙.Kl fudksgrfha wj fjd,aàh;d n, iemhqu ms<sn| j m%udKj;a YS>%;djlska wjgg ksl=;a fkd ùug bv we;' túg bf,lafg%dksl w;ay∞ne,Sï i|yd ckms%h b;d myiqfjka ,nd.;
ir, wjfndaOhla ,nd °u i|yd fï iu. MOS FET cj tl;= jk ;dmh ksid is≥ jk WIaK;ajh by< hdu fuu yels UA741 op amp ix.Dys; m˙m:h fuu wegjqïj,
g%dkaisiagrhla iy UC3842 ix.Dys; m˙m:hla Ndú; jk wjodkug fya;= fõ' isys,k mxldj WIaK;aj ieliqug wkqj fufyhùu lrhs'
fjk;a ir, n,iemhqula b†˙m;a lrñ' fuys uq,ska u
230VAC .Dy ú≥,s iemhqu vfhdav y;rlska RcqlrKh ù
tu Odrdj 400V lemEisgrfha ;ekam;a ùfuka +320VDC
we;s fõ' fufia uq,ska u n, iemhqu ls%hd;aul ls¯ug w∞<
DC m%Njh njg fuu 400V lemEisgrh m;a fjhs' fuu
m%Njfha + w.%h Chopper m˙Kdulfha m%d:ñl oÛrh Tiafia
FET g%dkaisiagrfha S fyj;a Source w.%h fj; iïnkaO fõ'
MOS FET g%dkaisiagrfha D fyj;a Drain w.%h b;d wvq
m%;sfrdaO w.hla jk 0'8500 Tiafia ìï.ekakqu fj; iïnkaO
fõ' UC3842 ix.Dys; m˙m:fha w.% wxl 6 iy tys
m%;sfrdaOh Tiafia MOS FET g%dkaisiagrfha Gate w.%h fj;
fjda,aàh;d iamkao ,efnhs' fïjd ,efnk úg FET g%dkaisiagrh
Tiafia Odrd iamkao ìï.ekakqu fj; .uka ls¯u is≥ fõ' túg
m%d:ñl oÛrfha we;s jk pqïnl fCI;% fjkia ùï ksid tu
m˙Kdul oaú;Shsl oÛrj, fjda,aàh;d fma%rKh fõ'
tfy;a fuu ls%hdld¯;ajh fufia we;s ùug kï UC3842
ix.Dys; m˙m:h fj; iq≥iq w.fhka hq;a ir, Odrd iemhqula
^tu iemhqfï + w.%h w.% wxl 7 fj;;a tys ìï.ekakqu w.%
wxl 5 fj;;a f,i& iemhsh hq;= h' fufia fuu iemhqu we;s
úg il%sh jk UC3842 ix.Dys; m˙m:h w.% wxl 6 fj;ska
fjda,aàh;d iamkao ksl=;a lrk w;r m%Odk m˙m:fha Odrd
b,aÆug i˙,k m˙† tu fjda,aàh;d iamkao iq≥iq wdldrhg
ilia ls¯u o is≥ lrkq ,efí'
fuu ieliSï i|yd w∞< jk Wmdx. fuys w.% wxl 1" 2"
4 iy 8 fj; iïnkaO lr we;' ;j o fuu ldr®hh i|yd uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fmf<a iudma;sh
w∞< jk m%;sfmdaIK fjda,aàh;djka (Feed Back Voltage)
w.% wxl 2 fj; iemhSu o is≥ fõ' l=uk fyda n,iemhqul l,la ;siafia ú≥ir úoHd iÛrdfjys m< jQ úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= h'
we;s UC3842 jeks ix.Dys; m˙m:hla fj; m˙m: iïnkaO;d uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fm< miq.sh i;sfha m< jQ ,smsfhka tu wruqK ;j≥rg;a fmdaIKh ls¯fï mshjrla f,i
we;s jkqfha by; ≤lajQ wdldrhg h' tfy;a tla tla ksudjg m;a úh' fuf;la m< jQ ishÆ ,sms http://www.ent.mrt.ac.lk/web/
ie,iqug wkqj fjkia Wmdx. fhd∞.ekSu is≥ fõ' furgg ^idfmalaIj& kj w;a≤lSula jQ uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r knowledgebase/index.xml fjí wvúh ;=<ska wjYH flkl=g
fuys ° UC3842 ix.Dys; m˙m:h tys w.% wxl 3 Tiafia ms<sn| ≤kqu mdGlhka w;r m%p,s; ls¯fï ms˙is≥ wruq◊ka fkdñf,a ,nd.; yels nj f,aLl .dñ” chisxy uy;d okajd
tu ,sms fm< w∞< f,aLlhka úiska b†˙m;a lrk ,o nj isáhs'
 ú≥y,
2006 cQks ui 28 - n∞∞ msgqj 19
;dlaIK wxYh
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fmf<ys ó <Û w†hr mdGl m%;spdr fï jk úg tu moaO;shg pkaøsld 28la tl;= ù we;' fufia ls¯ug fya;=j jkqfha iEu úg u f,dalfha ´kE u
i,ld n,d Bg wkql+,j kq≥re wkd.;fha ° weröug lsf,daógr® 20180l wrhla iys; tlsfklg fjkia lCI 6l ;eklg wju jYfhka pkaøsld 4lska j;a ix{d ,nd.; yels
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' tf;la mdGlhkag fmd≥fõ jeo.;a úh fuu pkaøsld lCI.; lr we;' ta wkqj tl lCIhl wvq u ùu ;yjqre ls¯ug h' fuu moaO;shg wh;a iEu pkaøsldjlg
yels hehs wm woyia l< iq,n jHjydrfha mj;sk ;dlaI◊l jYfhka pkaøsld 4la j;a mj;S' fï pkaøsld 28ka 24la ks;r u mD:súh jgd tla jghla hEug meh 12la .; fõ' ta w;r
f;dr;=re we;=<;a ,sms fm<la fufia f.k tkafkuq' u ls%hd;aul ;;a;ajfha mj;sk w;r b;s˙ 4 ls%hd;aul ùug mD:súh o N%uKh jk neúka l,ska msysá ia:dkhg meñ”ug
iQ∞kï ;;ajfha mj;S' hï fyhlska tla pkaøsldjla ls%hd meh 24la .; fõ' iEu pkaøsldjl u mrudKql Trf,daiq 4
úrys; jqj fyd;a tu 4ka tlla ta fjkqjg wdfoaY flfr®' ne.ska mj;S' iEu pkaøsldjla u iuuqyqr®;kh ls¯u
by; i|yka l< lCI 6 u iulhg wxYl 55la wdk; j (Synchronize) i|yd mrudKql Trf,daiq ;sîu w;HjYH fõ'
GPS - Global Positioning mj;S' wxl 1 rEmh n,kak' uqΩ moaO;sh u ie,l= úg m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 3la
System mj;S'
1' wjldY fldgi - lCI.; fldg we;s pkaøsld ish,a,
fï hg;g .efka'
wE; w;S;fha isg u ñksid ;uka isák ia:dkh iy .uka 2' md,k fldgi - pkaøsldj, p,s;h" msysàu wd†h
lrk udr®.h oek .ekSu i|yd úúO WmlrK Ndú; l< o ks¯CIKh ls¯u yd md,k ix{d ,nd °u is≥ lrk fmdf<dfõ
tajdfha ;snQ fkdfhl=;a iSudjka yd wvqmdvqlï fya;=fjka ´kE we;s md,l uOHia:dk óg wh;a fõ'
u flkl=g ´kE u fõ,djl ° ;uka isák ia:dkh oek.; 3' wd∞hl fldgi - wdrCIl wxY fyda idudkH ck;dj
yels úYajikSh myiq l%uhl wjYH;dj fndfyda ld,hl isg Ndú; lrk GPS receivers fyj;a wd∞hl WmlrK fï
mej;s◊' hg;g .efka'
uq,a ld,fha ° kdúlhka Ndú; l< tla ir, l%uhla jQfha wxl 2 rEmfhka fuu fldgia ;=k tlsfklg iïnkaO jk
f.dvìug wdikakfha hd;%d ls¯u h' tfy;a ie;mqï oyia wdldrh olajd we;' ta wkqj pkaøsldj, isg GPS receivers
.Kkla ≥r f.jd tla uydoaùmhlska ;j;a tllg hdfï ° olajd 1575.42MHz ixLHd;fhka hq;a úoHq;a ;rx. .uka
tu l%uh m%dfhda.sl fkd fõ' lrk w;r GPS receivers u.ska lsisjla iïfm%AIK fkd
tjeks wjia:dl ° wyfia ;re rgd ks¯CIKh lrk .uka lrhs' tfy;a md,k uOHia:dk yd pkaøsld w;r fo†idjg u
udr®.h ;SrKh ls¯u tla úi∫uls' tfuka u ud,sudjl úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. iïfm%aIKh flfr®'
wdOdrfhka W;=re †Ydj oek.; yels ùu ksid msysgqu flfia fujeks md,k uOHia:dk 5la ia:dk 5l ia:dms; lr we;'
fj;;a .uka l< iy .uka lrk †Ydj ksjer†j oek.; m%Odk uOHia:dkh wefu˙ldfõ fld,rdfvda (Colorado)
yels h' tfy;a fuu l%uh Ndú;fhka o; yelafla wCIdxY m%dka;fha msysgd we;s w;r b;s˙ uOHia:dk 4 f,dalh mqrd
(Latitude) mu◊' tkï iulhg fl;rï ≥rla W;=˙ka fyda úis¯ mj;sk m˙† iulhg wdikak Ascension island
ol=◊ka isákafka o hk f;dr;=r muKls' (w;a,ka;sla id.rh), Diargo Garcia (bka†hka id.rh),
msysgqï ksjer†j oek.ekSu i|yd wCIdx. fukau foaYdxY o wxl 1 rEmh Kwajalein iy Hawai (Ydka;slr id.rh) hk ¥m;aj,
oek .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' by; lS l%uj,ska foaYdxY ,nd.; msysgd we;'
fkdyels ùu fya;=fjka fjk;a l%u fidhd hEug ñksid W;aiql wxl 2 rEmh fuu uOHia:dkj,ska my; i|yka ldr®hhka bgq lrhs'
úh'
1' pkaøsldj, p,s;h ks¯CIKh ls¯u iy tajdfha msysàï
tu W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla f,i 1920 ° muK fr®äfhda .Kkh ls¯u'
;rx. Ndú;fhka .uka udr®. ;SrK ls¯fï l%uhla ìys úh'
th LORAN (Long Range Aid to Navigation) f,i 2' pkaøsldj, we;s mrudKql Trf,daiqj, ld,h ks˙CIKh
ye¢kaú◊' fmdf<dfõ ksYaÑ; ia:dkj, iú lr we;s ls¯u iy tajdfha yeis¯u iïnkaOfhka wjOdkfhka isàu' ^fï
iïfm%aIKd.drj,ska meñfKk .=jka ú≥,s ;rx.j, ld, iSudj i|yd iEu uOHia:dkhl u
Ndú; lr wCIdxY fukau foaYdxY f;dr;=re o ,nd.; yels mrudKql Trf,daiq mj;S&'
ùu fuys ;snQ úfYAI jdishls' tfuka u úúO ld,.=◊l 3' pkaøsldj, ld,h iuuqyqr®;kh
úmr®hdihka uOHfha jqj o msysàu oek.; yels ùu fuu ls¯u'
l%uh ckms%h ùgu ;j;a fya;=jls'
4' pkaøsldj,ska ,efnk tajdfha
fojk f,dal hqo iufha ° keõ fukau .=jka hdkd o ;u msysgqï ms<sn| o;a; .nvd ls¯u'
.uka udr®.h fidhd .ekSu i|yd fuu l%uh Ndú; lrk ,°'
tfy;a fuys ° ;dCI◊l .eg¨ lsysmhla u u;= úh' jvd;a 5' pkaøsldj, ls%hdld¯ ;;a;ajh"
ksjer† f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu i|yd by< ixLHd;hlska hq;a Trf,daiqj, fodaI iy wfkl=;a
fr®äfhda ;rx. fhd∞.; hq;= jqj o tau.ska wdjrKh jk w;HjYH f;dr;=re .nvd lr
mrdih l=vd fõ' tfia u jeä mrdihla wdjrKh ls¯ug .ekSu'
ixLHd;h wvq .=jka ú≥,s ;rx. Ndú; l< úg ksrjoH;dj wdodhl fldgi fyj;a
my< niS' ta fya;=fjka fuu l%uh o idr®:l úi∫ula f,i pkaøsldj,ska ksl=;a lrk ix{d ,nd
ie,lsh fkdyels úh' .kakd fldgi iy tajdfhka ,nd.;a
tfy;a fjkia ;ekaj, isg tk .=jka ú≥,s ;rx.j, ix{dj,ska msysàu ksr®Kh lrk
ld,iSudj fhd∞f.k msysgqu ksr®Kh ls¯fï ixl,amh ;j≥rg;a wkaou ,nk i;sfha úia;r flfr®'
Ndú; fl˙◊' ta Tiafia l< w;ay∞ ne,Sïj, m%;sM,hla f,i
1959 ° muK m%:u jrg pkaøsld ;dCIKh Ndú; fldg
msysgqï ksr®Kh ls¯fï moaO;sh TRANSIT ìys úh' fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a
fuu moaO;shg pkaøsld 6la wka;r®.; ù ;sì◊' tys ° yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
fmdf<dfõ msysá iïfm%aIKd.dr fjkqjg fuu pkaøsldj,ska .dñ” chisxy
fmdf<djg úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. iïfm%aIK lrk ,°' wefu˙ldkq flda,;
s Or®um%h
s
kdúl yuq∞fõ iíue¯kj,g udr®.h fidhd .ekSu i|yd
ksr®udKh lrk ,o fuu l%uh bkamiqj jr®;udk f.da,Sh
ia:dk.; ls¯fï moaO;sh (Global Positioning System YS% ,xld T,sïmshdâ fï i;sfha .◊. .eg¨
(GPS) olajd jeä †hqKq úh' .◊; moku u.ska 19.A mQr®K jr®.hla jk m˙† jQ aabb wdldrfha ixLHdxl
fmd≥fõ Ndú; lrk kduh GPS jqj;a tys iïmQr®K b†˙m;a flfrk fuu y;rlska hq;a ish¨ u ixLHd fidhdkak'
kduh NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation System with .◊; T,sïmshdâ 1 1 1
Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System) fõ' fmryqrej ,sms fmf<ys 19.B 1 + + +.....+ hk ixLHdj 100g jvd úYd,
wruqK jkafka 2 3 N
wefu˙ldkq wdrCIl fomdr®;fïka;=j u.ska md,kh jk cd;Hka;r .◊; jk m˙† jQ N kï Ok ksÅ,hla fidhkak' Tfí ms<s;=r
fuu moaO;sh uq, ° wdrCIl wxYj,g muKla iSud jqj;a T,sïmshdâ uÜgfï ikd: lrkak'
miqj idudkH ck;djg o Ndú; ls¯ug yels jk f,i ilia .◊;h mdi,a isiqkag fuu .eg¨ fol u fyda tlla i|yd jk Tnf.a úi∫ï
lrk ,°' idudkH ck;djg ,nd fok SPS (Standard ióm lrùu yd .◊;h 2006 cq,s 05 ∞ fyda Bg fmr ,efnk f,i
Positioning Service) ix{d fkdñ,fha u ,nd.; yels flfrys iqúfYAI oCI;d
w;r PPS ( Precise Positioning Service) ix{d Ndú; §.◊; T,sïmshdâ fmryqrej¶" .◊; wOHhkxYh"
we;s isiqka y∫kdf.k
l< yelafla wdrCIl wxYj,g iy n,h ,;a rdcH wdh;kj,g Tjqkaf.a oCI;d jvd fld<U úYaj úoHd,hh" fld<U - 03
mu◊' by< uÜgulg kxjd ,Suhs' fuu wruq◊ka hq;= j hk ,smshkg tjkak' úi∫ï tùfï ° ku' jhi" ,smskh yd
1978 fmnrjd˙ 22 jk †k fuu moaO;shg w∞< m<uq wNsfhda.d;aul .◊; .eg¨ folla .◊; T,sïmshdâ fmryqrej bf.kqu ,nk mdi, i|yka ls¯ug wu;l fkd lrkak' fuu
pkaøsldj lCI.; lrk ,°' ;Srh Tiafia m< flfrk w;r ta i|yd Tng úi∫ï túh .eg¨ i|yd fyd| u úi∫u tjk whf.a kï úi∫ï túh
yels h' hq;= wjidk †k isg i;s follska fuys m< fõ'

2006 cQ,s ui 5 - n∞∞
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fmf<ys ó <Û w†hr mdGl m%;spdr
i,ld n,d Bg wkql+,j kq≥re wkd.;fha ° weröug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' tf;la mdGlhkag fmd≥fõ jeo.;a úh
yels hehs wm woyia l< iq,n jHjydrfha mj;sk ;dlaI◊l
f;dr;=re we;=<;a ,sms fm<l fojekakhs fï'
GPS Global Positoning System
f.da,Sh ia:dk.; ls¯fï moaO;sh (GPS) ms<sn|j flá
ye¢kaùula iy tys m%Odk fldgia ;=fkka wjldY fldgi yd
md,k fldgi ms<sn| úia;rhla miq.sh ,smsfhka b†˙m;a fldg
we;' fuu moaO;sfha fiajh ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk wfkla
fldgia jk wd∞hl fyj;a GPS receiversys ls%hdld¯;ajh fujr
úia;r flfr®'
wxl 1 remh uÛska tjeks wd∞hl WmlrKhla olajd we;'
GPSys fiajh idudkH ck;djg újD; ls¯u;a iuÛu fujeks
wd∞hl WmlrKj,g úYd, b,aÆula ,enq◊' ta fya;=fjka fndfyda
ksIamdolfhda úúO wdldrfha myiqlï iys; j wvq ñ,lg GPS
receivers ksIamdokhg keUqre jQ y' ta wkqj jr®;udkfha °
fujeks WmlrKhla remsh,a 10"000lg wdikak uqo,lg ,nd.;
yels h' flfia fj;;a WmlrKfha we;s úúO myiqlï wkqj ñ,
wvq jeä úh yels h'
fndfyda fokl=g .egÆjla jkafka fujeks WmlrKhla ñ, °
.;a miq GPS moaO;sfha fiajh ,nd.ekSu i|yd lsishï f.ùula
l< hq;= o hkakhs' ir, u ms<s;=r jkafka ke; hkakhs' meye†,s
j wyi fmfkk ia:dkhl Tn isákafka kï tu ia:dkfha
wCIdxY" foaYdxY" Wkak;dxY f;dr;=re fuka u fõ,dj o
WmlrKfha †ia fõ' ta i|yd lsis≥ f.ùula l< hq;= ke;'
tfia u Tn .uka lrñka isákafka kï fõ.h o tys igyka
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
^W∞yrKhg wkqj l=reKE.,&
fuh oaúudk ;,fha W∞yrKhls' tfy;a ;s%udK ;,hg o fuu
ixl,amh u fhd∞.; yels h' ;s%udK ;,fha ° jD;a; fjkqjg
,efnkqfha f.da,Sh mDIaG ùu úfYaI;ajhhs' wxl 3 rEm igykg
wkqj Tn i;= GPS receiver WmlrKh pkaøsld 3l msysgqï yd
tajdg ;sfnk ≥rj,a .Kkh lr we;ehs is;kak' m<uq pkaøsldjg
we;s ≥r ie,l+ úg" ta ≥r wrh o" pkaøsldfõ msysgqu flakaøh o
lr.;a f.da,Sh mDIaGhl ´kE u ;ekl Tn isáh yels h' tfuka
u fojk pkaøsldjg we;s ≥r ie,l+ úg tu ≥r wrh o"
pkaøsldj flakaøh o jQ fojk f.da,fha mDIaGh u; o Tn isáh
hq;= fõ' by; i|yka f.da, folg u fmd≥ ia:dk tkï f.da,
fofla f–ok ie,l+ úg wmg ,efnkqfha jD;a;hls' ta wkqj tu
jD;a;fha ´kE u ,CIHhl Tn isáh yels h' ta wdldrhg u
f;jk pkaøsldjg we;s ≥r o ie,l+ úg" tu ≥r wrh o"
pkaøsldj flakaøh o jQ f.da,Sh mDIaGh u;;a Tn isáh hq;= fõ'
tkï by; i|yka l< jD;a;hg;a f;jk f.da,hg;a fmd≥
ia:dkhl tkï f–ok ,CIHhl Tn isáh hq;= fõ' f.da,hl yd
jD;a;hl f–okh ie,l+ úg idudkHfhka f–ok ,CIH folla
mj;S' ta wkqj Tn isáh yels ia:dk folla mj;S' tu ksid fï
ia:dk foflka ksje/† ia:dkh f;dard.ekSug ;j;a o;a;hka
wjYH fõ' tkï ;j;a pkaøsldjl msysàu iy Bg we;s ≥r
msgqj 19
,nd.; hq;= fõ' túg tu f.da,Sh mDIaGh u; by; i|yka l<
,CIH foflka tlla muKla msysghs' ta wkqj mssysàu ksr®Kh ls¯u
i|yd pkaøsld 4l j;a msysgqï iy tajdg we;s ≥rj,a o; hq;= fõ'
tfy;a fndfyda wjia:dj, ° y;rjk f.da,h f,i mD:ßúh o
fhd∞.; yels h' ^Tn mD:ßú mDIaGh u; isákafka hehs fuúg
Wml,amkh flfr®& ta wkqj pkaøsld 3lska muKla ix« ,enqK;a
msysgqu .Kkh lr.; yels fõ' tfy;a ksjroH;dj wvq ùu iy
Wi ms<sn|j ksje/† w.hla fkd ,eîu fuys we;s wjdishhs'
by; i|yka l< wdldrhg msysàu .KKh ls¯u b;d u
ixlSr®K ls%hdj,shls' tfy;a bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKfha †hqKqj;a
iuÛ u ìys jQ CIqø ilik fhd∞.;a úg b;d u flá ld,hlska
ishÆ .Kkh ls¯u is≥ lr mssysàu ,nd.ekSug yelshdj ,eî we;'
tfuka u l,ska .Kkh l< msysgqï u;l ;ndf.k tajd is;shul
,l=Kq lr .uka l< udr®.h o msysgqïj, fjkiaùfï YS>%;dj
wkqj .uka lrk fõ.h o .Kkh l< yels h'
GPSys Ndú; iy iSudjka ms<sn| úia;rhla ó<Û ,smsfhka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
mq;a;,u
8 7km
A
uykqjr
B

42k
fõ' iuyr WmlrKj, is;shï o wka;r®.; fldg we;' túg Tn
isák ia:dkh" ta wjg f;dr;=re" .uka l< udr®.h" idudkH

m
fõ.h wd° úYd, f;dr;=re m%udKhla tuÛska ,nd.; yels h' fld<U
tu ksid jr®;udkfha ° GPS receivers ixpdrlhkag ke;s j u

m
ne˙ WmlrKhla njg m;a ù we;'

100k
≤ka wms GPS receiver WmlrK uÛska by; i|yka
m
f;dr;=re ,nd.kafka flfia ≤ hs n,uq' miq.sh ,smsfhka úia;r wxl 1 rEm igyk 87k
l< m˙† f.da,Sh ia:dk.; ls¯fï moaO;shg iEu úg u ls%hdld¯
pkaøsld 24la wvx.= fõ' tu pkaøsld uÛska úiqrejd y˙k úoHq;a wxl 2 rEm igyk
pqïnl ;rx. by; i|yka wd∞hl WmlrK uÛska ,nd .kS'
fndfyda WmlrKj,g pkaøsld 10la fyda 12la fyda 16la uÛska
úiqrejd y˙k ix« tl jr ,nd.; yels h'
tfia ,nd.kakd úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. uÛska pkaøsldj,
msysàu;a pkaøsldj, isg wd∞hl WmlrKh olajd tu ;rx. .uka
ls¯Sug .; jQ ld,h;a .Kkh flfr®' úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.
jd;fha ° 300"000km/sl fõ.hlska .uka lrkafka hehs ie,l+
úg ≥r } fõ.h × ld,h hk iólrKh Ndú; fldg tla tla
pkaøsldjg ;sfnk ≥r .Kkh lr.; yels h' ^fuys ° ld,h hkq
tla tla pkaøsldfõ isg úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx." wd∞hlhg meñ”ug
.; jQ ld,hhs& msysgqu ms<sn|j f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug wvq
;rñka pkaøsld ;=klska j;a ix« ,nd.; hq;= fõ' tfy;a jvd;a
ksje/† w.hka ,nd.ekSug pkaøsld 4lska j;a ix« ,nd.ekSu
w;HjYH fõ'
by; i|yka l< wdldrhg wvq ;rñka pkaøsld 3l j;a
msysgqï iy tajdg we;s ≥rj,a ≤k.;a miq msysàu .Kkh lrkafka
flfia ≤hs n,uq' fï i|yd >k cHdñ;sh ms<sn|j hï wjfndaOhla
;sìh hq;= h' Bg fya;=j pkaøsldj, msysgqu;a" wd∞hlfha msysgqu;a
ie,l+ úg tajd ;s%udK ;,hl msysàuhs' tfy;a w∞< isoaOdka;h
ir, j f;areï .ekSu i|yd oaúudk ;,fha W∞yrKhka .ksuq'
Tn lsishï ia:dkhl w;rux ù isák úgl ° Tn isákafka
fld<U isg lsf,daógr 100l ≥rlska hehs hfula mjihs' ta wkqj
fld<U flakaøh lr.;a lsf,daógr 100l wrhla we;s jD;a;hl wxl 3 rEm igyk
m˙êfha ´kE u ,CIHhl Tn isáh yels h' ;j≥rg;a úia;r
fidhd ne,Sfï ° Tn isákafka mq;a;,fï isg lsf,daógr 87l ≥˙ka
nj o ≤k .kakg ,efí' ta wkqj mq;a;,u flakaøh lr.;a
lsf,daógr 87l wrhka iys; jD;a;hl m˙êfha Tn isà' ≤ka
uq,ska lS jD;a;fha m˙êh;a miqj lS jD;a;fha m˙êh;a lefmk
fmd≥ ia:dk 2la ,efí' ^A yd B& fuu ,CIH foflka ´kE u
;ekl Tn isáh yels h' tu ksid isák ia:dkh y˙hg u ≤k
.ekSu i|yd ;j;a f;dr;=rla wjYH fõ' tu ksid ;j≥rg;a
úia;r fidhd hEfï ° Tn isákafka uykqjrg lsf,daógr 42l
≥˙ka nj o ≤k.kakg ,efí' túg uykqjr flakaø lr.;a
42km wrhka iys; jD;a;hl m˙êfha Tn isà' ≤ka fuu jD;a;
;=k u lefmk ia:dk we;af;a tlla mu◊' tkï A ,CIHh fõ'
^wxl 2 rEmh n,kak&
wxl 2 rEmfha wdldrhg is;shï.; jD;a; i,l=Kq lr f–ok
,CIHh .;a úg Tn isák ia:dkh ksje/†j ,nd.; yels h'

msgj
q 18
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fmf<ys ó <Û w†hr mdGl m%;spdr
i,ld n,d Bg wkql+,j kq≥re wkd.;fha ° weröug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' tf;la mdGlhkag fmd≥fõ jeo.;a úh
yels hehs wm woyia l< iq,n jHjydrfha mj;sk ;dlaI◊l
f;dr;=re we;=<;a ,sms fm<l f;jekakhs fï'
GPS - Global Positioning System
f;jk fldgi
f.da,Sh ia:dk.; ls¯fï moaO;shg (GPS) wh;a uQ,sl fldgia
yd tajdfha ls%hdld¯;ajhka ms<sn|j ir, ye¢kaùula m<uq ,smsfhka
b†˙m;a fldg we;s w;r fojk ,smsh uÛska mssysgqu ksr®Kh
lr.kakd wdldrh úia;r fldg we;' GPSys Ndú; yd iSudjka
ms<sn|j úia;rhla fuu ,smsfhka b†˙m;a flfr®'
f.da,Sh ia:dk.; ls¯fï moaO;sh Ndú; fldg uQ,sl jYfhka
;uka isák ia:dkh yd fõ,dj ≤k.; yels h' fuys ° ia:dkh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,efnkqfha wCIdxY foaYdxY yd Wi hk
wdldrfhka jk w;r fõ,dj ,efnkqfha UTC fyj;a Universal
Time Coordinated wdldrhg h'
Tn f,dalfha fld;ekl isáh;a Tn isák ia:dkh wdikak ógr
20g ksje/† j ,nd °ug fuu moaO;shg yels jk w;r ld,h
wdikak kefkda ;;amr 60g ,nd °ug o mqΩjk' fujeks
ksrjoH;djlska hq;= j msysàu yd ld,h ,nd †h yels neúka
GPSys fiajh fndfyda fCIa;%j, ckm%sh ù we;'
by; i|yka l< msysàu yd ld,h ms<sn| f;dr;=rej,g
wu;rj .uka lrñka isákafka kï fõ.h" ;ajrKh" .uka
udr®.h" .sh ≥r jeks m%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re rdYshla o ,nd.;
yels neúka .=jka" kdúl" fuka u f.dvìu is≥ lrk .ukaj, °
GPSys fiajh nyq, j fhd∞ .efka'
GPS moaO;sh uq, ° wdrïN lrk ,oafoa wdrCIk wxYj,
m%fhdackh i|yd mu◊' 1990 .,a*a hqo iufha ° i;=re b,lal
fj; myiqfjka <Ûd ùug fuu moaO;sfha fiajh nyq,j fhd∞
.eks◊' kqmqre≥ m%foaYhl is≥ lrk fujeks fufyhqïj, ° hd hq;=
udr®.h" ndOl fuka u fndaïn j<,d we;s ia:dk ms<sn| ksYaÑ;
f;dr;=re wf;a f.k hd yels l=vd WmlrKhlska myiqfjka
≤k.; yels ùu úYd, jdishls' tjeks WmlrK pkaøsldj,ska
úiqrejd y˙k úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. ,nd .kakjd úkd lsis≥
ix«jla ndysrg iïfm%aIKh fkd ls¯u fya;=fjka i;=rdg yiq
ùfï wjodku o wju fõ'
;dCIKfha †hqKqj;a iuÛ u GPSys fiajh hqouh lghq;=j,
° jeä jeäfhka ,nd .eks◊s' jr®;udkfha ° th GPS Guided
missiles olajd o †hqKq ù we;' uq, ° wdrCIl wxYj,g
muKla iSud jQ GPS moaO;sfha fiajh miqj idudkH ck;dj
i|yd o újD; fl˙◊' bkamiqj YS>%fhka ckm%sh jQ fuh
jr®;udkfha ° fCIa;% .Kkdjl u t†fk∞ lghq;= i|yd ke;s j
u ne˙ fohla njg m;a ù we;' tjeks fCIa;% lsysmhla ms<sn|j
flá ye¢kaùula my; ≤lafõ'
.=jka .ukaj, ° hd hq;= udr®.h ksje/†j ≤k .ekSu i|yd
GPS moaO;sfha fiajh ,nd .efka' úúO ld,.=◊l úmr®hdihka
uOHfha jqj o isák ia:dkh yd .uka lrk" .uka l< hq;=
udr®.h ms<sn|j f;dr;=re kshuqjdg myiqfjka ,nd.; yels ùu
fuys we;s úfYaI;ajhhs' GPS moaO;sh fkd ;sì◊ kï ta fjkqjg
fmdf<dfõ ksYaÑ; ia:dkj, iú lr we;s WmlrKj,ska ksl=;a
lrk ix« iy my<ska or®Ykh jk i,l=Kqj, wdOdrfhka .uka
udr®.h ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ' iuyr wjia:dj, ° tjeks
WmlrKj,ska ix« fkd ,eîu;a or®Yk m:h meye†,s fkd ùu;a
fya;= fldgf.k hd hq;= udr®.h fidhd .ekSfï ≥Ialr;d u;= úh
yels h' tfy;a GPS moaO;sfha fiajh ´kE u ;ekl ° ,efnk
neúka by; lS l%u wNsnjd b†˙fhka isà'
tfuka u uqyqfoa is≥ lrk .ukaj, ° o GPS moaO;sfha
fiajh ,nd .efka' jr®;udkfha ° úYd, keõj, fuka u l=vd
fndaÜgqj, mjd GPS Receivers iú lr ;sfnkq ≤lsh yels h'
w;rux ùulska f;dr j ndOl" .,a mr uÛ yer myiqfjka
.ukdka;hg <Ûd ùug wjYH f;dr;=re fï uÛska ,eîu Bg
fya;=jhs'
GPS Recevers nyq, j u Ndú; jkafka f.dvìu is≥ lrk
.ukaj, ° ùu idudkH ;;a;ajhhs' Bg fya;=j jYfhka ≤laúh
yelafla kùk fudagr® r: fndfyduhl u GPS receivers wvx.=
ùu;a tfia fkdue;s kï wÆf;ka iú lr .ekSu;a fõ' jdykhl
iú lr we;s fujeks WmlrKhlska isák ia:dkh is;shul
i,l=Kq lr fmkajk w;r .uka l< udr®.h;a" w∞< ia:dkhg
hdug yels flá u udr®.h;a" ux i,l=Kq;a wd° jeo.;a f;dr;=re
rdYshla ,nd.; yels h' fuu f;dr;=re fndfyda úg ixhqla;
;eáhl (CD Rom) .nvd fldg ;sfnk w;r GPS Receiver
uÛska ,efnk msysgqug wkqj w∞< f;dr;=re lshjd ;srhla u;
ú≥y,
2006 cQ,s ui 12 - n∞∞
;dlaIK wxYh
m%or®Ykh flfr®' fkd okakd
m<d;l is≥ lrk ixpdrhl
° fujeks f;dr;=rej, we;s
jákdlu ñ, l< fkdyels
;rï h' ta fya;=fjka fndfyda
ixpdrlhka w;r GPS
moaO;sfha fiajh jvd;a
ckm%sh ù we;'
jdykj, wdrCIdj i|yd
o GPS moaO;sfha fiajh
,nd.; yels h' ta fufia h'
Tn f.a jdykfha GPS re-
ceiver WmlrKhla iy
cx.u ≥rl:k cd,hlg fyda
pkaøsld moaO;shlg iïnkaO
úh yels ≥rl:khla ^fyda
fjkhï WmlrKhla& ;sfí
kï GPS receiver uÛska
,nd fok msysgqï ms<sn|
f;dr;=re tu ikaksfõok
cd,h yryd m˙.Klhla
fj; heúh yels h' túg
m˙.Kl ;srh u; Tn f.a jdykh ;sfnk ia:dkh" .uka l< yd i|yd fhd∞ .efkkafka o GPS moaO;sfhka ,nd .kakd iïu;
.uka lrk †Ydj †ia fõ' fuu f;dr;=re wkqj jdykh fidrlï fõ,djhs'
lr we;skï fidhd .ekSu jvd;a myiq fõ' tfuka u wjYH kï Bg wu;rj lDIsldr®ñl yd jk ixrCIK lghq;=j, ° udhsï
jdykfha tka‚u ls%hd úrys; l< yels jk m˙† fuejks i,l=Kq ls¯ug yd úfYaIs; m%foaY fidhd .ekSug GPS moaO;sfha
WmlrKhla ilia lr.; yels h' iydh ,nd.; yels h'
by; i|yka l< ls%hdj,sh Automatic vehicle Locating fï wdldrhg úúO fCIa;% .Kkdjla mqrd me;sr .sh
System (AVL) f,i ye¢kafõ' fujeks moaO;s l=,S r: ysñhka ;dCIKhla f,i GPS ;dCIKh y∫kajd †h yels h' tfy;a fuu
w;r jvd;a ckm%sh ù we;' W∞yrKhla f,i hïlsis ;dCIKfha;a hï hï iSudjka iy ≥r®j,;d we;' W∞yrKhla f,i
md˙fNda.slhl= ;ukag úkdä 20la we;=<; hïlsis ia:dkhl l=,S .; fyd;a msysàu ksr®Kh ls¯u i|yd wju jYfhka pkaøsld
r:hla (Taxi) tjk f,i b,a,d isák wjia:djla i,luq' ta ;=klska j;a ix« ,eìh hq;= h' tfy;a Tn f.dvke.s,a,la ;=<
wjia:dfõ ° ;ukag wh;a l=,S r: ta jk úg ;sfnk ia:dk isákafka kï ,efnk ix« b;d ≥r®j, neúka msysàu .Kkh
m˙.Kl ;srh u; †ia fõ kï w∞< ia:dkhg wdikak u r: ls¯u is≥ l< fkdyels h' tfukau úúO fya;= ksid .Kkh lrk
f;dard f.k tys ˙h≥rdg hd hq;= ia:dkh ≤laúh yels h' tf,i w.fha hï hï f∞aI ;sìh yels h' ta i|yd n,mdk fya;=
wdikak u l=,S r:h myiqfjka fidhd.; yels ksid jvd;a idr®:l lsysmhla my; olajd we;s w;r tuÛska we;s úh yels f∞aIhka
ldr®hCIu fiajhla ,nd †h yels h' ms<sn| ñKqula rEm igyka wxl 1ka ≤lafõ'
≥ï˙h fiajdjka i|yd o by; lS AVL moaO;s fhd∞ .efka' 1' whk f.da,fha yd my< jdhqf.da,fha is≥ jk fjkiaùï ksid
tys ° o ≥ï˙h tka‚fï GPS rec eiver WmlrKhla yd cx.u úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. .uka lrk fõ.h wvq ùu'
≥rl:k cd,hlg iïnkaO úh yels WmlrKhla iú lr ;sìh 2' pkaøsldj, mrudKql Trf,daiq ;snqK o 10ns m%udKhl
hq;= h' GPS receiver WmlrKh uÛska ,efnk ia:dkh ms<sn| f∞aIhla uÛska 3ml f∞aIhla we;s úh yels h'
f;dr;=re cx.u ≥rl:k cd,h yryd md,l uOHia:dkfha we;s 3' pkaøsldj, msysàu ,nd.; yelafla wdikak ógr 1g fyda
m˙.Klhla fj; hefõ' túg ≥ï˙h ;sfnk ia:dkh is;shula u; 1'5g ùu'
i,l=Kq flfr®' ta wkqj B<Û ≥ï˙h fmd<g meñ”ug .; jk 4' pkaøsldfõ isg meñfKk ix«j,g wu;rj úúO
ld,h o< jYfhka .Kkh l< yels h' jia;+kaf.ka mrdjr®;kh ù meñfKk úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx. ksid
óg wu;rj uekqï yd is;shï we£fï lghq;=j, ° o GPS f∞aI we;s ùu'
moaO;sfha iydh ,nd.; yels h' tys ° idudkH ksrjoH;dj 5' msysàu .Kkh ls¯ug fhd∞ .kakd pkaøsld y;r u b;d
20m muK ùu m%udKj;a fkd fõ kï Differential GPS wdikakfha msysghs kï we;s jk f∞aIh jeä ùu'
(DGPS) l%uh Ndú; l< yels h' (DGPS ms<sn|j ó<Û fujeks f∞aI yd iSudjka mej;sh o tajd wju lr.; yels l%u
,smsfhka úia;r flfr®'& GPS Receivers uÛska UTC fyj;a mj;S' DGPS tjeks tla l%uhls' ó<Û ,smsfhka ta ms<sn|j
iïu; fõ,dj kefkda ;;amr 60l m%udKhlg ksje/† j ,nd.; úia;r flfr®'
yels ksid fjkia ia:dkj, we;s WmlrK iuuqyqr®;kh ls¯u
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
(Synchronizatoin) i|yd o fhd∞ .efka' cx.u ≥rl:k ix«
.dñ” chisxy
l=¨kqj, iú lr we;s ikaksfõok WmlrK iuuqyqr®;kh ls¯u
udkj iqkL'''
11 jeks msgqfjka
fï w;r iqkL úfYAI w;r uqyqïlrKfhka (Inbreeding)
megjqka ìys lr .ekSu oekg úoHd.drj, is≥ jk w;r fuh
wjdis /ila W∞ lrk ;;a;ajhls' lsÜgq {d;s in|;djka
ork kEkd uiaiskd újdyh wx.úl,;d iys; ≥r®j, orejka
ìys ls¯ug ;=vq fok f,iska u iqkLhska w;r wNsckkfhka
ìys jk megjqka o fndfyda frda. ork nj mr®fhaIlfhda
fmkajd fo;s' ms<sld" jr®K wkaO;dj" yoj;a frda." wefia iqo
u;=ùu" wmiaudrh" yka† wdndO yd ìys˙ nj wd° frda. /ila
lsÜgq úfYAI uqyqï ls¯u ksid Wreu fjhs'
hq.fhka hq.hl ne∫K udkj iqkL ine¢hdj ;j;a
mshjrlska Tíng f.dia ñksidf.a meje;aug Wmld¯ jk
úoHd;aul mr®fhaIK lghq;= i|yd o iqkLhka yjq,a ùu fï
ne£u ;j;a ;yjqre lr.kakla hehs fï nj wkdjrKh lrk
AFP mqj;a fmkajd fohs'
ksoiqkla jYfhka iqkLhska w;r olakg ,efnk fndfyda
m%fõ◊l frda. ñksiqka ;=<ska o yuq jk neúka" iqkLhskaf.a
cdk igyka wOHhkh ñksidf.a m%fõ◊l frda. /ila ms<sn|j
wOHhkhg o fodrgq újr lrhs' fï wkqj m%fõ◊l frda.j,
moku l,a ;shd y∫kdf.k tu frda.ldrl cdk ie,iqï
fjkia ls¯fuka fndfyda frda.j,ska wdrCIdj i,id.; yels h'

2006 cQ,s ui 19 - n∞∞
uhsfl%dfldkafg%da,r ,sms fmf<ys ó <Û w†hr mdGl m%;spdr
i,ld n,d Bg wkql+,j kq≥re wkd.;fha ° weröug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjuq' tf;la mdGlhkag fmd≥fõ jeo.;a úh
yels hehs wm woyia l< iq,n jHjydrfha mj;sk ;dlaI◊l
f;dr;=re we;=<;a ,sms fm<l wjika fldgihs fï'
GPS - Global Positioning System
isújk fldgi
GPSys Ndú; yd iSudjka ms<sn|j miq.sh ,smsfhka úia;r
lf<uq' ta wkqj idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a ° ógr 20l muK
ksrjoH;djlska hq;= j isák ia:dkh ^wCIdxY" foaYdxY iy
Wkak;dxY& ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels h' tfy;a iuyr
wjia:dj, ° ñgr 20l ksjroH;dj m%udKj;a fkd fõ' tjka
wjia:djl ° fhd∞.; yel úi∫ula f,i Differential GPS
fyj;a DGPS y∫kajd ≥kafkuq' fuu ,smsfhka DGPSys
ls%hdld˙;ajh úia;r flfr®' Bg wu;rj GPS receiver
WmlrKhla m˙.Khlg iïnkaO ls¯u iy m˙.Klhg ,efnk
f;dr;=re f;areï .kakd wdldrh úia;r flfr®'
rEm igyk wxl 1 uÛska DGPS ls%hdld˙;ajh ≤lafõ' tys
Reference station hkq msysgqu y˙hg u okakd ia:dkhl
msysgqjd we;s GPS wd∞hlhla (Receiver) .=jka ú≥,s ;rx.
iïfm%aIK WmlrK iy m˙.Klhla fyda ta yd iudk CIqø
ilikj,ska (Microprocessors) iukaú; ixlSr®K moaO;shls'
pkaøsldj,ska tu GPS wd∞hlhg ,efnk ix« wkqj msysgqu
.Kkh lr ,efnk ms<s;=r tu ia:dkfha kshu w.hka iuÛ
ikaikaokh flfr®' túg .Kkh ls¯ïj,ska ,efnk f∞aIh
fldmuK ≤ hs ksr®Kh l< yels h' tu f∞aIh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
ta wjg we;s wfkl=;a iEu GPS receiver WmlrKhlg u
,efnk m˙† .=jka ú≥,s ;rx. Tiafia úlYdkh flfr®' GPS
receiver WmlrK tu f;dr;=re ,enqKq miq pkaøsldj,ska ,efnk
ix«j,g wkqj l< .Kkh ls¯ïj, ;sfnk f∞aIh wvq lr
jvd;a ksje/† ms<s;=rla ,nd foa' fï wdldrhg fikaáógr
lsysmhlg ksje/†j msysgqï ms<sn| o;a; ,nd.; yels h'
fndfyda GPS receiver WmlrKj, msysgqu" ld,h" fõ.h iy
;j;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re m%or®Ykh ls¯u i|yd LCD ;srhla
wvx.= fõ' tfy;a iuyr wjia:dj, ° m˙.Klhlg iïnkaO
ls¯u w;HjYH úh yels h' tu ksid fndfyda GPS receiver
WmlrK m˙.Klhl fY%a◊.; f;dgqm<g (Seril port) iïnkaO
l< yels jk m˙† ilid we;' tfia iïnkaO lr m˙.Klfha
Hyperterminal uD≥ldx.h újD; l< úg rEm igyk wxl 2ys
olajd we;s j.=j ;=< ;sfnk wdldrfha f;dr;=re rdYshla †ia fõ'
iskud rislhkaf.a'''''' 8 jeks msgqfjka
• leurdj
IMAX ;dlaIKfhka É;%mghla rE.; ls¯u o idudkH
leurdjlska l< yels fkd fõ' IMAX leurdjla lsf,da.a?ï
109l muK nrlska hq;= w;r ^idudkH Ñ;%mg ksmojk ñ,sñgr
35 leurdjl nr lsf,da.a?ï 18la mu◊& th /|ùug yd tyd
fuyd p,kh lrùug úfYaI wdOdrl jqjukd flfr®'
IMAX mg,mgh fl;rï úYd, o lsj fyd;a leurdj ;=<
we;s nyd¨u ;=< jrlg .nvd lr ;nd.; yelafla úkdä 3l
Odjk ld,hlg m%udKj;a mg,mg m%udKhla mu◊' fuys wre;
kï lsishï or®Ykhla úkdä 3l ld,hla rE.; l< miq leurdj
l%shd úrys; lr" ;snQ mg,mgh fjkqjg wÆ;a mg,mghla fh°ug
is≥ jk nj h' fufia mg,mg udre ls¯u i|yd .; jk ld,h
o< jYfhka meh Nd.hla muK fõ'
;j o IMAX leurdjla l%shd;aul j mj;sk úg ú≥,s
lsh;la jev lrk úgl ° jeks wêl Yíohla ksl=;a fõ' fï
Yíoh kΩ ks<shkaf.a yd ksIamdol lKavdhfï wjOdkh mj;ajd
.ekSug ndOd muqKqjk ;rï h' fï ksid ish¨ y~leùï is≥
flfrkafka miq ksIamdok w†hrj, ° h'
• m%lafIamK hka;%h ^fm%dfclagrh&
idïm%∞hsl iskud fm%dfclagrhlg mg,mgh m%fõY flfrkafka
tys by<sks' tfy;a IMAX fm%dfclagrhla yryd mg,mgh
†fjkafka isria w;g fkd j ;sria w;g h' ;j o mg,mgfha
wêl úYd,;ajh fya;= fldgf.k th tla rEm rduqjlska b†˙hg
.uka lrùu ms◊i idïm%∞hsl hdka;%sl l%uh fjkqjg ˙la;
(Vacuum) moaO;shl iydh ,nd .efkhs' fï jel=ï moaO;sh
u.ska mg,mgh ù≥re ;yvqjla fj; we,S .uka lrùug i,iajkq
,efí' fï ù≥re ;yvqj ia:dk.; lr we;af;a y˙hg u ldph
tl t,a,fha neúka mg,mgfha wod< fldgi ^tys igyka j we;s
rEm& weo ùulska f;dr j ldph wìhiska .uka lrhs'
ú≥y,
;dlaIK wxYh
rEm igyk wxl 1
fuys ° iEu fma<shla u wdrïN lrkafka $ ,l=◊ka jk w;r
bkamiqj we;s G yd P wl=re fol o iEu fma<shlg u fmd≥ fõ'
GP hkafkka ≤lafjkqfha fuu f;dr;=re GPS WmlrKhlska
,efnk tajd njhs' bka miqj we;s wl=re ;=k uÛska tu fma<sfhys
wvx.= f;dr;=re fudkjd ≤ hs úia;r flfr®' tajd my; ≤lafjk
rEm igyk wxl 2
iïu; fm%dfclagrhl mg,mgh †fjkafka úkdählg wä 90l
fõ.hlsks' IMAX fm%dfclagrhl th úkdählg wä 334ls'
jeä wdf,dal m%udKhla mg,mgh yryd .uka lrùu ms◊i
iïu; fm%dfclagrhl Igrh újD; j we;s ld,hg jvd ishhg
20lska jeä ld,hla IMAX fm%dfclagrhl Igrh újD; j
mj;shs' wdf,dalh bmoùu i|yd fhd∞ we;s fifkdka pdm myk
fjdÜ 15000l laIu;djlska hq;= neúka th c, isis,k moaO;shl
wdOdrfhka isis,a ls¯ug o is≥ j we;'
wr®Of.da,dldr iskud y,l kï fm%dfclagrh ia:dk.; lr
;sfnkafka iskud Yd,dj uOHfhys h' ;j o th wjYH;dfõ m˙†
wä 10;a 23;a w;r Wila olajd by<g tiùug ms<sjk' ≤jeka;
;srhla fj; rEm m%lafIamKh l< hq;= neúka fujeks
fm%dclagrhl fhd∞ we;af;a Fish-eye ldphls'
fï ish¨ ldrKd we;=<;a IMAX fm%dfclagrhl nr fgdka 2
blaujhs' ^l=vd fudagr® r:hl nrg iudk h&
• Yío moaO;sh
IMAX w;a≤lSu fm%laIlhdg Wm˙u jYfhka ú| .ekSug
ie,eiaùu ms◊i thg u i˙,k pek, yfha nyq-ux (Six-
channel, multi-way) ä‚g,a iamSlr moaO;shla iskud y, mqrd
l%shd;aul fjhs' fuh iuQy 6lg fn∞ we;s iamSlr 44lska
iukaú; moaO;shla jk w;r ;srh msgqmi;a Yd,dfõ msgqmi;a
ia:dk.; lr ;sfí' weïma,s*hr® 16lska fjdÜ 13000l n,hla
fuys ° Wmojkq ,efí' fm%laIlhl= isák ´kE u wdikhl isg"
jeis c, ì∫jla jeàfï mgka fyK y~la olajd úúO mrdihkag
wh;a Yío b;d u ;d;aúl f,i Y%jKh ls¯fï yelshdj fï
moaO;sh úiska ,nd fokq ,efí' ;srfhys laIqø is≥re b;s˙ lr
we;af;a ;srh msgqmi we;s iamSlrj, isg tk Yíoh jvd;a
myiqfjka Y%jKh l< yels jkq ms◊i h'
msgqj 19
wdldrhg jr®. 7lg f.dkq
fldg we;'
1. GGA - GPS Fin Data
- fï hgf;a UTC Time
fyj;a iïu; ld,h" foaYdxY"
wCIdxY" .Kkh ls¯fï °
fhd∞.;a pkaøsld .Kk Wi wd°
f;dr;=re we;=<;a fõ'
2. GLL - Geographic Po-
sition - fï hgf;a wCIdxY"
foaYdxY" ld,h iy ,efnk
f;dr;=rej, j,x.=Ndjh ≤lafõ'
3. GSA - .Kkh ls¯ï l<
wdldrh (2D/3D) iy Ndú;
l< pkaøsld iy .Kkh ls˙ïj,
ksrjoH;dj ms<sn| ñkqula
fuuÛska b†˙m;a flfr®'
4. GSV - .Kkh ls¯ï is≥
lrk wjia:dfõ ° olakg ,enqKq
pkaøsld .Kk" tajdg ,nd ° we;s y∫kd .ekSfï wxl" msysgqï iy
,enqKq ix«j, .=Kd;aulNdjh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fï hgf;a
b†˙m;a flfr®'
5. RMC - fï hgf;a ld,h wCIdxY" foaYdxY" Wi" fõ.h"
.uka †Ydj" †kh ms<sn| f;dr;=re b†˙m;a flfr®'
6. VTG - .uka lrk †Ydj" fõ.h ms<sn| f;dr;=re
fuuÛska ≤lafõ'
7. ZDA - UTC Time, †kh" udih iy
wjqreoao fuuÛska ,efí'
by; i|yka l< o;a; f.dkq.; cd;Hka;r
iïu;hlg wkqj f.dvke.+ tajd fõ' th NMEA
- 0183 Standard f,i ye¢kafõ' NMEA hkq
National Marine Electronics Associationys
flá fh≥u fõ' by; i|yka l< o;a; f.dkq y;
u fyda bka lsysmhla muKla ,efnk wdldrhg
GPS receiver WmlrKh ilid .; yels h'
fndfyda ksIamdolfhda ta i|yd wjYH uD≥ldx.
fkdñf,a u ,nd fo;s'
GPS moaO;sh" tys ls%hdld˙;ajh" Ndú;" iSud"
fuka u f∞aI wju ls¯u wd° uD;dld .Kkdjla
w<,d ilia l< GPS ,sms fm< fuf;lska wjika
fõ'
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hfha úoHq;a yd
ú≥,s ixfoaY wxYfha
.dñ” chisxy
• wdik ieleiau
idudkH iskudy,l fuka fkd j IMAX iskudy,l wdik
mkjd we;af;a tl u ;,hl msysgk whq˙ks' ^idudkH iskudy,l
kï uÜgï 8;a 12;a w;r .Kkla mj;S&' wr®O f.da,dldr
Yd,jl kï fm%laIlhd iDcq j ;srhg uqyqK ,d isák njg
j.n,d.kq ms◊i wdik wxYl 23la olajd we, lr iú lr we;'
flfia fj;;a wr®Of.da,dldr Yd,djl mekúh yels wdik m%udKh
iSudiys; w;r or®Ykfhys Wm˙u ;d;aúl njla w;aú¢h yelafla
Yd,dj uOHhg jkakg msysá wiqkaj, isg h'
IMAX ;dlaIKh fu;rï u wdlr®I”h tlla jqj o
f,dalfha u fujeks Ñ;%mg ;ekSug wjYH WmlrK yd iskud
Yd,d we;af;a w;f<diails' thg fya;=j óg w∞< iEu lghq;a;la
u w;sYh úhoïiy.; ùu h'
fujeks Ñ;%mghl" fm%alaIl weig yiq fkd jk fia fydr
fndre m%fhda. fh°u myiq fkd fõ' ukao tjekakla weig
myiqfjka u yiq jk ;rug ;srh w;s úYd, neúks'
T-rex: Back to the Cretaceous, kue;s Ñ;%mgh ksmoùfï
° m˙.Kl wdYs%; m%fhda. ieliSug muKla fgrdnhsÜ 4l
f;dr;=re m%udKhla oDV ;eáfha .nvd ls¯ug is≥ ù we;'
fu;rï f;dr;=re m%udKhla idudkH m˙.Klhl .nvd l< yels
fkd fõ'
fujeks Ñ;%mghl o< ksIamdok úhou fvd,r® ñ,shk 3;a 8;a
w;r jk w;r ;%sudk nj o ≤kfjk whq˙ka ksIamdokh lrkafka
kï th fvd,r® ñ,shk 8;a 15;a w;r .Kkls'
flfia fj;;a fï jk úg idudkH l%uhg ksmojQ Ñ;%mg
IMAX l%uhg fm/<Sfï uD≥ldx.hla y∫kajd fokq ,en we;s
neúka fu;rï úhoulska f;dr j IMAX l%ufhka Ñ;%mg
m%or®Ykh l< yels ,l=Kq my< ù ;sfí' ≤kg †hqKq rgj,a
lsysmhlg ^jdr®;d Ñ;%mg m%or®Ykh ls¯u ms◊i úoHd
fl!;=ld.dr lsysmhl o we;=Ω& iSud ù we;s fï wdldrfha iskud
y,a jeä l,a fkd hd f,dj mqrd jHdma; úh yels h'