Muscular

System
Lecturer: Jerzon G. Villacencio
BSc. Biology
Email Address: jerzon.villacencio@vsu.edu.ph

Class Schedule: 1:30 - 3:00 TTh T3

3:00 – 4:30 TTh S11
 REVIEW!

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Functions

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 Movement

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Motor Neurons Stimulate Muscle Contraction

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 Botox

Polio

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 Muscle Anatomy

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Actin and Myosin

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 Sarcomere

Sliding filament theory

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 Muscle Contraction

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 Step 1. Neuromuscular control

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Step 2. ACh binds with the sarcolemma

 Na+ Channels open and Na+

in
 decrease in the resting
potential

ACh – Acetylcholine

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Step 3. Muscle fiber action
potential

SR- sarcoplasmic
reticulum
- Releases Ca2+

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Step 3. Continuation .. .

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Troponin and tropomyosin

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Step 4. Muscle contraction

Note: Myosin pulls the actin

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Step 5. Action potential ends
- Calcium is removed from the troponin

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Step 6). Ca++ is removed from the cytoplasm
Step 7). Tropomysin blocks the actin site

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Muscle Cells Generate ATP in multiple ways

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

CREATINE PHOSPHATE
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Cardiovascular
System
Lecturer: Jerzon G. Villacencio
BSc. Biology
Email Address: jerzon.villacencio@vsu.edu.ph

Class Schedule: 1:30 - 3:00 TTh T3

3:00 – 4:30 TTh S11
Blood in Maintaining Homeostasis

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Functions

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Blood composition

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Red Blood cell

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Antigen & Antibody

Location:
Antigen (RBC membrane)
Antibodies (Plasma)

*Antibody binds to antigen

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RBC Types

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Agglutination
- a reaction in which the cells clump together
- Blood incompatibility

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White blood cells

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White Blood Cells Fight Infection

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Lifespan and function of WBC

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Hemostasis
- Blood clotting
- by thrombocytes
- keep blood within a
damaged blood vessel

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Hemostasis

 Clotting proteins

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Too rapid: Too slow:
Blockage Hemophilia
 Open circulatory
System: fluid is pumped
through short vessels
that lead to open
spaces in the body
cavity.
Closed circulatory
system: blood remains
within vessels that
exchange materials with
the fluid surrounding
the body’s
ventricle: : blood exchanges
where blood gases at the lungs and
exits returns to the heart

atrium: Systemic
where blood enters Circulation:
blood
circulates
throughout the
rest of the
body and back
to the heart.
 Blood vessels
• Artery – carry blood away from the heart
• Vein – carry blood towards the heart
IN THE CAPILLARIES…
 Oxygen-poor blood trachea
Oxygenated blood

Pulmonary
vein

Pulmonary aorta
artery

Vena cava
System
 THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

CARDIAC MUSCLE
ENDOTHELIUM
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE SYSTEM OF THE HEART
“… atria contract a short time ahead of ventricular pumping”

“pacemaker”
Respiratory
System
Lecturer: Jerzon G. Villacencio
BSc. Biology
Email Address: jerzon.villacencio@vsu.edu.ph

Class Schedule: 1:30 - 3:00 TTh T3

3:00 – 4:30 TTh S11
What is the difference
between breathing and
respiration?

52
53
54
Gas exchange
Additional roles of the respiratory system
• Air moves past vocal cords to enable speech
• We speak or sing as air moves past our vocal cords.
• Additional roles of the
respiratory system
• Inhaled molecules stimulate
olfactory receptors in the
nose
• Contributes to acid-base
balance by expelling waste
CO2
• Contributes to maintenance
of body temperature; water
evaporating from airways has
a cooling effect
• Tiny hairs in the nose filter out large particles
• Mucus captures fine particles and chemicals
Epiglottis
• Flap of tissue at entrance to the larynx
• Closes to direct food to the esophagus
 vocal cords

glottis
(closed)
Epiglottis
base of tongue

glottis glottis
closed open

The glottis is the opening between

the vocal folds
• Trachea branches into two airways
(bronchi)
• One leading to each lung
• Lungs
• Spongy organs in the chest 
Protected by the rib cage and 2-layer-
thick pleural membrane
• Bronchi branch into bronchioles
• Smallest bronchioles end in alveoli
 Air sacs where gases are exchanged
How We Breathe
• One breath in (inhalation) and one breath out (exhalation)
• Inhalation is active and exhalation is usually passive
How We Breathe
 Spirometry – technique for measuring lung volumes,
capacities and ventilation as a function of time.
 Spirometer and Spirograms
Respiratory volumes

• Total lung volume = the maximum amount of air that the

lungs can hold
• Lungs can hold 5.7 liters for men and 4.2 liters for women, on
average
• Vital capacity
• Maximum volume
that can move in
and out in one
cycle
• Tidal volume
• Volume that moves
in and out in a
normal respiratory
cycle
• About 0.5 liter
• Lungs never fully
deflate
 • Neurons in the medulla oblongata of the brain stem act as
the pacemaker for inhalation
• Initiates an action potential 10-20 times per minute

Nerves  action potentials

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

muscles contract, and you inhale

Between signals, the muscles relax

and you exhale.
STIMULUS
CO2 concentration
and acidity rise in the
blood and cerebrospinal
fluid

RESPONSE
Chemoreceptors
in wall of carotid
arteries and aorta
Respiratory center
in brain stem
CO2 concentration
and acidity decline
in the blood and
Diaphragm,
cerebrospinal fluid.
Intercostal muscles

Tidal volume and rate of breathing change

The normal range for
CO2 is 23 to 29
mEq/L (milliequivalent
units per liter of
blood).
Unhealthy respiratory system
Unhealthy respiratory system
Unhealthy respiratory system