Q1.

Which two composite fields (composed of E and H fields) are associated with every
antenna?
A1. Induction field and radiation field.
Q2. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is found stored in the antenna?
A2. Induction field.
Q3. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is propagated into free space?
A3. Radiation field.
Q4. What is the term used to describe the basic frequency of a radio wave?
A4. Fundamental frequency.
Q5. What is the term used to describe a whole number multiple of the basic frequency
of a radio wave?
A5. Harmonic frequency or harmonics.
Q6. It is known that WWV operates on a frequency of 10 megahertz. What is the
wavelength of WWV?
A6. 30 meters.
Q7. A station is known to operate at 60-meters. What is the frequency of the unknown
station?
A7. 5 megahertz.
Q8. If a transmitting antenna is placed close to the ground, how should the antenna be
polarized to give the greatest signal strength?
A8. Vertically polarized.
Q9. In the right-hand rule for propagation, the thumb points in the direction of the E field
and the forefinger points in the direction of the H field. In what direction does the middle
finger point?
A9. Direction of wave propagation.
Q10. What is one of the major reasons for the fading of radio waves which have been
reflected from a surface?
A10. Shifting in the phase relationships of the wave.
Q11. What are the three layers of the atmosphere?
A11. Troposphere, stratosphere, and ionosphere.
Q12. Which layer of the atmosphere has relatively little effect on radio waves?
 A12. Stratosphere.
Q13. What is the determining factor in classifying whether a radio wave is a ground
wave or a space wave?
A13. Whether the component of the wave is travelling along the surface or over
the surface of the earth.
Q14. What is the best type of surface or terrain to use for radio wave transmission?
A14. Radio horizon is about 1/3 farther.
Q15. What is the primary difference between the radio horizon and the natural horizon?
A15. Sea water
Q16. What three factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to
reduce attenuation?
A16. (a) electrical properties of the terrain (b) frequency (c) polarization of the
antenna
Q17. What causes ionization to occur in the ionosphere?
A17. High energy ultraviolet light waves from the sun.
Q18. How are the four distinct layers of the ionosphere designated?
A18. D, E, F1, and F2 layers.
Q19. What is the height of the individual layers of the ionosphere?
A19. D layer is 30-55 miles, E layer 55-90 miles, and F layers are 90-240 miles.
Q20. What factor determines whether a radio wave is reflected or refracted by the
ionosphere?
A20. Thickness of ionized layer.
Q21. There is a maximum frequency at which vertically transmitted radio waves can be
refracted back to Earth. What is this maximum frequency called?
A21. Critical frequency.
Q22. What three main factors determine the amount of refraction in the ionosphere?
A22. (a) density of ionization of the layer (b) frequency (c) angle at which it enters
the layer
Q23. What is the skip zone of a radio wave?
A23. A zone of silence between the ground wave and sky wave where there is no
reception.
Q24. Where does the greatest amount of ionospheric absorption occur in the
ionosphere?
A24. Where ionization density is greatest.
Q25. What is meant by the term "multipath"?
A25. A term used to describe the multiple pattern a radio wave may follow
Q26. When a wide band of frequencies is transmitted simultaneously, each frequency
will vary in the amount of fading. What is this variable fading called?
A26. Selective fading.
Q27. What are the two main sources of emi with which radio waves must compete?
A27. Natural and man-made interference.
Q28. Thunderstorms, snowstorms, cosmic sources, the sun, etc., are a few examples of
emi sources. What type of emi comes from these sources?
A28. Natural.
Q29. Motors, switches, voltage regulators, generators, etc., are a few examples of emi
sources. What type of emi comes from these sources?
A29. Man-made.
Q30. What are three ways of controlling the amount of transmitter-generated emi?
A30. (a) filtering and shielding of the transmitter (b) limiting bandwidth (c) cutting
the antenna to the correct frequency
Q31. What are three ways of controlling radiated emi during transmission?
A31. a) physical separation of the antenna (b) limiting bandwidth of the antenna
(c) use of directional antennas
Q32. What are the two general types of variations in the ionosphere?
A32. Regular and irregular variations.
Q33. What is the main difference between these two types of variations?
A33. Regular variations can be predicted but irregular variations are
unpredictable.
Q34. What are the four main classes of regular variation which affect the extent of
ionization in the ionosphere?
A34. Daily, seasonal, 11-year, and 27-days variation.
Q35. What are the three more common types of irregular variations in the ionosphere?
 A35. Sporadic E, sudden disturbances, and ionospheric storms.
Q36. What do the letters muf, luf, and fot stand for?
A36. Muf is maximum usable frequency. Luf is lowest usable frequency. Fot is
commonly known as optimum working frequency.
Q37. When is muf at its highest and why?
A37. Muf is highest around noon. Ultraviolet light waves from the sun are most
intense
Q38. What happens to the radio wave if the luf is too low?
A38. When luf is too low it is absorbed and is too weak for reception.
Q39. What are some disadvantages of operating transmitters at or near the luf?
A39. Signal-to-noise ratio is low and the probability of multipath propagation is
greater.
Q40. What are some disadvantages of operating a transmitter at or near the muf?
A40. Frequent signal fading and dropouts.
Q41. What is fot?
A41. Fot is the most practical operating frequency that can be relied on to avoid
problems of multipath,absorbtion, and noise.
Q42. How do raindrops affect radio waves?
A42. They can cause attenuation by scattering.
Q43. How does fog affect radio waves at frequencies above 2 gigahertz?
A43. It can cause attenuation by absorbtion.
Q44. How is the term "temperature inversion" used when referring to radio waves?
A44. It is a condition where layers of warm air are formed above layers of cool
air.
Q45. How does temperature inversion affect radio transmission?
A45. It can cause vhf and uhf transmission to be propagated far beyond normal
line-of-sight distances.
Q46. In what layer of the atmosphere does virtually all weather phenomena occur?
A46. Troposphere.
Q47. Which radio frequency bands use the tropospheric scattering principle for
propagation of radio waves?
 A47. Vhf and above.
Q48. Where is the tropospheric region that contributes most strongly to tropospheric
scatter propagation?
A48. Near the mid-point between the transmitting and receiving antennas, just
above the radio horizon.