Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
GENERLAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Marala Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab near the city of Gujrat and Sialkot
2. Marala Headworks is a large hydro engineering project and is used to control water flow and flood
3. Chenab is a 1,086 km (675 mi) long river which originates in the Kulu and Kangra Districts of
Himachal Pradesh in India and is fed by the tributaries Chandra and Bagha as it enters Jammu &
Barrage was built across the river in 1968 with a maximum discharge of 1.1 million ft³/s (31,000
m³/s).
5. Two major water channels originate at the Marala headworks—the Marala-Ravi Link Canal and the
Upper Chenab Canal. Proposals are under consideration to build Mangla Marala Link Canal to
6. Munda Headworks is a headworks on the River Swat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
north of Peshawar.
7. Munda Headworks is used to control water flow in the River Swat for irrigation and flood control
purposes
8. Khanki Headworks is a headworks situated on the River Chenab in Gujranwala District of the Punjab
province of Pakistan. It was constructed in 1889 and is considered to be the oldest headworks in
Pakistan.
10. It is also used to provide water to tributaries such as the Lower Chenab Canal,[1] which originates
from Khanki Headworks. Khanki controls water distribution over 3 million acres (12,000 km²) of
agricultural lands by one main distributary, the Lower Chenab Canal, and 59 minor distributaries.
11. Qadirabad Headworks is a headworks on the River Chenab in Mandi Bahauddin District of the
12. Qadirabad Headworks is used to control water flow in the River Chenab for irrigation and flood
control purposes
13. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965
14. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War and was fought by India and Pakistan over
the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947.
15. The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into
16. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN)
17. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the International
18. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a
number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standof between India and
Pakistan.
19. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing
from air forces, and naval operations. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani
20. On 5 August 1965 between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed
as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir. Indian forces, tipped of by the local
areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Poonch and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass, 8 km into Pakistan-
Administered Kashmir.
24. On 1 September 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called Operation Grand Slam, with the
objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu, which would sever communications and
right time and place"[21][22][23] although by this time Operation Gibraltar had failed and India had
against Indian forces, who were caught unprepared and sufered heavy losses
controlled-access highways in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained and operated federally by
Completion
Course Length Lanes Status Remarks
Year
Peshawar – 155
6 2007 Operational
Islamabad km
Islamabad – 367
6 1997 Operational
Lahore km
Pindi Bhattian
Connects M2 near Pindi
(M-2) – 54 km 4 2003 Operational
Bhattian to Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Faisalabad – 233 Under construction since
4 2014 Under Construction
Multan km 2009
Multan –
Khan
Dera Ghazi 365 4 N/A Planned
Khan – km
Ratodero
270
Dadu – Hub 4 N/A Planned
km
2-lane Ratodero-Khuzdar
in future
Upgradation of existing
Hyderabad – 136
6 2014 Under Construction Super Highway into 6-lane
Karachi km
motorway
M-9 – N-25
Bypass)
28. The Grand Trunk Road is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For more than two
millennia, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, running from
Chittagong, Bangladesh through to Howrah, West Bengal in India, across north India into Peshawar
29. Its former names include UttaraPatha ("The Road to North"), Shah Rah-e-Azam ("Great Road") or
30. The route spanning the GT road existed during the Mauryan Empire,[1] extending from the mouth of
the Ganges to the north-western frontier of the Empire. [2] The modern road was rebuilt by Sher
Shah Suri, who renovated and extended the ancient route in the 16th century. [3]
31. The National Highways of Pakistan are a network of highways in Pakistan that are distinct from its
motorways.
32. The main diference between the two are that, unlike motorways, national highways are not
33. As in the case of motorways, Pakistan's National Highway Authority owns, maintains and operates
34. Pakistan's National Highways include famous highways such as the Grand Trunk Road, the Indus
35. All National Highways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter 'N' (for "National") followed by the
unique numerical designation of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "N-5". Each
numerical designation is separated by five numerals, i.e. N-5, N-10, N-15, etc.
36. National Highways are also distinct from Pakistan's 'Strategic Highways', which begin with the prefix
'S' and are owned, controlled and operated by Pakistan's Ministry of Defence.
Name Route
Extends from Gilgit to Skardu
S-1
Total Length = 167 km
Extends from Kohala to Muzafarabad
S-2
Total Length = 40 km
Extends from Muzafarabad to Chakothi
S-3
Total Length = 55 km
38. Makran Coastal Highway is a 653 km-long coastal highway along Pakistan's Arabian Sea coastline. It
is a part of Pakistan's National Highways network. It runs primarily through Balochistan province
between Karachi and Gwadar, passing near the port towns of Ormara and Pasni.
39. The official and technical designation of the Makran Coastal Highway is N10, which is the
highway that runs along the Indus River in Pakistan connecting the port city of Karachi with the
41. It is part of Pakistan's National Highways network and is maintained and operated by Pakistan's
43. The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. [1] It connects
China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an
elevation of 4,693 m/15,397 ft as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings.[2]
44. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions
45. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to
46. The Karakorum Highway is known informally as the KKH, and — within Pakistan — officially as the
47. The national flag was designed by Syed Ameer uddin kidwai [15] and was based on the original flag of
48. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly[16] on August 11, 1947, just days before independence.
[17][18][19]
49. The flag is referred to in the national anthem as Parcham-e-Sitāra-o-Hilāl in Urdu (lit. Flag of the
51. In the centre is a white crescent moon, representing progress, and a white five-pointed star,
52. The flag symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious
minorities.[20]
53. The flag is flown on several important days of the year including Republic Day and Independence
Day.[21] The flag is also flown on the residences and motor vehicles of many public officials including
Title Symbol
Great Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah[20][29]
Mother of the Nation Fatima Jinnah[30]
National poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal[20]
Official map by Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy[20]
National language Urdu[20]
National flower Common Jasmine[20]
National tree Deodar[20] (Himalayan Cedar)
National animal Markhor[20] (Himalayan Goat-Antelope)
National bird Chukar[20] (Red-legged Partridge)
National game Field hockey[31]
National mosque Faisal Mosque[32][33]
National Mausoleum Mazar-e-Quaid
National monument Bab-e-Pakistan[34][35][36] (Urdu)
National monument Pakistan Monument[37][38]
National Library National Library of Pakistan
Ganda Singh Wala (Urdu: )گنڈا سس نگھ وال, (Shahmukhi: گن دا س نگھ والGurmukhi: ਗਗੰ ਡਡ ਸਸਗੰ ਘ ਵਡਲਡ) is a
The village was named after the soldier Ganda Singh Dat (1830–1903).
It lies on the border with Eastern Punjab (India), opposite the Eastern Punjab village of
In the 1960s and 1970s it was the principal road crossing between India and Pakistan, [1] but was
replaced by the border crossing at Wagah, a little further north. In 2005 there were proposals to
More recently the Chief Minister of Punjab Shahbaz Sharif proposed the reopening of the border
Since 1970 there has been a daily Retreat Ceremony at the border crossing, similar to the Wagah
border ceremony.[3]
With the construction of a new road from Lahore to Kasur road the village, now 45 minutes drive
from Lahore, has gained economic importance. A nearby village named Burj Naamdaar is noted for
the cultivation of bamboo. Burj Bamboo Company is the leading producer of bamboo in Pakistan.
[citation needed]
The Sutlej River flows by Ganda Singh Wala, and the area is prone to flooding. [
56. The village is on the border with Pakistan, opposite the Pakistani village of Ganda Singh Wala.
57. The town is named after Imam Hussain grandson of the Prophet Muhammad
58. Munabao is a village in the Barmer district in Rajasthan in India bordering Pakistan
59. Wagah (Punjabi (Gurmukhi): ਵਡਘਡ, Hindi: ववाघवा, Urdu: )واہگہis the only road border crossing between
Pakistan and India,[1] and lies on the Grand Trunk Road between the cities of Amritsar, Punjab, India
60. Wagah, named Wahga in Pakistan, is a village through which the controversial Radclife Line, the
boundary demarcation line dividing India and Pakistan upon the Partition of India, was drawn.[2]
61. The village was divided by independence in 1947. Today, the eastern half of the village remains in
62. It is particularly known for the elaborate Wagah border ceremony that happens at the border gate
63. The Durand Line (Pashto: د ډیورنډ کرښه, Urdu: )ڈیورنڈ لئانrefers to the 2,640 kilometers (1,640 mi)
64. It was established after an 1893 agreement between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan
Amir Abdur Rahman Khan for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence.
65. It is named after Mortimer Durand who was the Foreign Secretary of colonial British India at the
time. The single-page Durand Line Agreement, which contains seven short articles was signed by
Durand and Abdur Rahman Khan, agreeing not to exercise interference beyond the frontier Durand
Line.[1]
66. A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some 800 miles
of the border.[2][3]
67. The resulting line later established the "Great Game" bufer zone between British and Russian
interests in the region.[4] The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas, dividing ethnic
western Pakistan from the eastern and southern provinces of Afghanistan. From a geopolitical and
geostrategic perspective,
69. it has been described as one of the most dangerous borders in the world. [5][6][7][8] Although shown on
maps as the western international border of Pakistan, it remains unrecognized by the Government
of Afghanistan
70. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) (Pashto: منځنۍ پښتونخوا، ;وسطي قبایلي سیمېUrdu: قبائالی
provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan to the east and south, and Afghanistan's
provinces of Kunar, Nangarhar, Paktia, Khost and Paktika to the west and north.
71. The Federally Administered Tribal Areas comprise seven tribal agencies (districts) and six frontier
regions, and are directly governed by Pakistan's federal government through a special set of laws
72. The territory is almost exclusively inhabited by the Pashtuns, who also live in the neighboring
73. Afghanistan claims the territory as its own. Afghanistan was the only country to vote against
Pakistan’s accession to the United Nations after Pakistan's independence because of Kabul’s claim
74. Main towns of the territory are Parachinar, Miranshah, Razmak, Kaniguram, Wana, Kalaya, Landi
The Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) are Pakistani administrative subdivisions
province has mandate parallel to the authority President of Pakistan has over Federally
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
Tribal Area adjoining Mansehra District (Battagram, Allai and Black Mountain of Hazara, Upper
Balochistan
Zhob District
Loralai District (excluding the Duki Tehsil)
Dalbandin Tehsil of Chagai District
Kohlu District (former Marri Tribal Territory in Sibi District)
Dera Bugti District (former Bugti Tribal Territory in Sibi District)
1. The modern Olympic Games (French: les Jeux olympiques, JO[1]) is the leading international sporting
event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes participate
in a variety of competitions.
2. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost sports competition with more than
3. The Olympic Games are held quadrenially, (every four years) with the Summer and Winter Games
alternating, meaning they each occur every four years but two years apart.
4. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece,
from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement, with
5. The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter.
6. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings and
represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (Africa, America, Asia, Oceana, Europe).
7. The colored version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the
Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its
national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer
9. The Olympic moto, Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning "Faster, Higher, Stronger"
was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924. The motto was
coined by Coubertin's friend the Dominican priest Henri Didon OP, for a Paris youth gathering of
1891
10. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), also known as the coalition forces, is a NATO-led
security mission in Afghanistan that was established by the United Nations Security Council in
11. Its main purpose is to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in
rebuilding key government institutions but is also engaged in the 2001-present war with insurgent
groups.
12. ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al Qaeda and
factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration
13. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout
Afghanistan,[4] and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of
the country.[5]
14. From 2006 to 2011, ISAF had been involved in increasingly more intensive combat operations in
Cooperation")
15. Joseph F. Dunford, Jr. (born 1955) is a four-star general in the United States Marine Corps and
16. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A).[2] Prior to that, served as the 32nd Assistant Commandant of the
Marine Corps.[3]
17. He has commanded several units, and is noted for leading the 5th Marine Regiment during the 2003
invasion of Iraq.
18. The term Line of Control (LOC) refers to the military control line between the Indian and Pakistani-
controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which, to this day, does
not constitute a legally recognized international boundary but is the de facto border.
19. Originally known as the "Cease-fire Line", it was redesignated as the "Line of Control" following the
20. The part of the former princely state that is under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu
and Kashmir.
21. The two parts of the former princely state that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit–
23. Another cease-fire line, one that separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from
the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin, lies further to the east and is known as the Line of
Actual Control (LAC). It has been referred to as one of the most dangerous places in the world.[1][
24. The Line of Actual Control (LAC)(also known as the MacCartney-MacDonald Line) is the efective
25. The LAC is 4,057-km long and traverses three areas of northern Indian states: western (Ladakh,
Kashmir), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal).[1] Chinese Prime
Minister Zhou Enlai first used the phrase in a letter addressed to Indian Prime Minister Nehru dated
24 October 1959.
26. Golf is a precision club and ball sport in which competing players (or golfers) use many types of
clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes.
27. Golf is defined, in the rules of golf, as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the
28. It is one of the few ball games that does not require a standardized playing area.
29. Instead, the game is played on a "course", generally consisting of an arranged progression of either
9 or 18 "holes".
30. Each hole on the course must contain a "tee box" and a "putting green" with the actual hole, and
there are various other standardized forms of terrain in between such as the fairway, rough, and
hazards, but each hole on a course and indeed among virtually all courses is unique in its specific
31. Golf competition is generally played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known
simply as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes during a complete round by
32. Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at virtually all levels of play, although variations of
match play such as "skins" games are also seen in televised events.
33. Polo (Persian: چوگان, Chōwgān), is a team sport played on horseback in which the objective is to
34. Sometimes called "The Sport of Kings", it was started by Persians, and was popular in Iran until
1979, after which its popularity there declined sharply due to the Iranian Revolution. Players score
by driving a small white plastic or wooden ball into the opposing team's goal using a long-handled
mallet.
35. The traditional sport of polo is played at speed on a large grass field up to 300 yards long by 160
yards wide, and each polo team consists of four riders and their mounts.
36. Field polo is played with a solid plastic ball, which has replaced the wooden ball in much of the
sport. In arena polo, only three players are required per team and the game usually involves more
maneuvering and shorter plays at lower speeds due to space limitations of the arena.
37. Arena polo is played with a small air-filled ball, similar to a small soccer ball.
38. The modern game lasts roughly two hours and is divided into periods called chukkas (occasionally
rendered as "chukkers"). Polo is played professionally in 16 countries. It was formerly, but is not
39. Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field, at the centre of
40. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields,
trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team.
41. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of
the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting
42. In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six bowling deliveries per side
43. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone
Cricket Club (MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day
Internationals.[1]
44. Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it
had developed into the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket
being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held.
45. The ICC, the game's governing body, has 10 full members.[2] The game is most popular in Australasia,
England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa.
46. Buzkashi is the Afghan national sport but also played among the south Central Asians such as the
47. The Turkic name of the game is Kökbörü; Kök = "blue", börü = "wolf", denoting the grey wolf—the
holy symbol of the Turkic people. Other Turkic names of the game are Ulak Tartish, Kuk Pari, Kök
48. In the West, the game (Turkish: Cirit) is also played by Kyrgyz Turks who migrated to Ulupamir village
49. Buzkashi is often compared to polo. Both games are played between people on horseback, both
involve propelling an object toward a goal, and both get fairly rough.
50. However, polo is played with a ball, and buzkashi is played with a headless goat carcass.
51. Polo matches are played for fixed periods totaling about an hour; traditional Buzkashi may continue
for days, but in its more regulated tournament version also has a limited match time.
52. In western China, there is not only horse-back Buzkashi, but also yak Buzkashi among Tajiks of
Xinjiang.[citation
53. Nishan-e-Haider or Nishan-e-Hyder (Urdu: نشششان حیششدر, translated as "Emblem of Haider, where
Haider is the epithet of Hazrat Ali and means Lion", abbreviated as NH) is the highest military
decoration given by Pakistan (it is the equivalent to the Victoria Cross and the Medal of Honor
under the British Honours System and the United States Honors System respectively).
54. It was established in 1957 after Pakistan became a Republic, however, it was instituted
56. The award is considered to be the highest military award and has only been awarded to those who
57. Its exclusivity may be gauged by the fact that since it was established only 11 awards have been
58. To date all awards have been made posthumously. However, death of the individual during the act
59. Of the 11 recipients, 10 have been from the Pakistan Army, one has been from the Pakistan Air
o Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed (1951–August 20, 1971), PAF Training Squadron
o Naik Saif Ali Janjua is also considered as a Nishan-e-Haider award recipient because he got
Nishan-e-Haider.
Raja Muhammad Sarwar Khan Bhati (1910–27 July 1948) (Urdu: )محمد سرورwas born in Singhori
village, Tehsil Gujar Khan, District of Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Muhammad Sarwar[1] was a
captain in the newly formed Pakistani Army. Commissioned: 1944, Punjab Regiment. In 1947, he
volunteered to take part in the battalion organised by the Pakistani Army that entered Kashmir on
the order of the then Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah with the object of taking over
Kashmir.[citation needed]
His regiment managed to outflank the unorganized Indian troops and forced
them to retreat out of the parts which are now known as Northern Areas in one of the battles of the
First Kashmir War. He was killed by machine gun fire while advancing through a barbed wire
barricade.
60. During the Kashmir Operations soon after the birth of Pakistan, as Company Commander[citation needed]
of the 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment, Captain Sarwar launched an attack causing heavy
casualties against a strongly fortified enemy position in the Uri Sector under heavy machine gun,
grenade and mortar fire. But on 27 July 1948, as he moved forward with six of his men to cut their
way through a barbed wire barrier, he died when his chest was riddled by a burst of heavy machine
gun fire.
61. In recognition for his valor, Sarwar was postmumously awarded the Nishan-E-Haider, Pakistan's
62. In addition Sarwar Shaheed College was named after his honor.
63. Tufail Mohammad (Urdu: ;طفیل محمدc. 1914 – 7 August 1958) was born in Hoshiarpur, Punjab.
64. Mohammad was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award and
is the only person to win the award for an action outside the Indo-Pakistan Wars. In 1958, Major
Tufail Muhammed was posted to East Pakistan as the Company Commander of a battalion of East
Pakistan Rifles (a Para military force for border security). During his command, Indian troops
violating international borders captured a village in the area of Laskhmipur of East Pakistan. On
August 7, 1958 Major Tufail launched an assault to force withdrawal of Indian troops from the
village; He divided his men into three groups and attacked Indian troops during the dark hours of
August 7. Their groups was able to reach the enemy without being detected but as the firefight
started, the group came under heavy fire and Major Tufail received three bullets in his stomach.
Despite being shot in stomach, he kept moving and was able to silence the incoming fire from
machine gun. By tactically using grenades, Major Tufail was able to destroy key enemy posts. When
he saw an enemy commander inflicting heavy casualties to his men he crawled towards enemy
posting and engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand battle which resulted in the killing of a commander
of the Indian Army. He killed him by hitting him with his steel helmet on the face. He continued the
operation with his men which resulted in the withdrawal of Indian forces. Despite being heavily
injured, he called his junior officer “I have completed my duty; the enemy is on the run.” He was
65. Major Muhammed Tufail was buried with full military honors in his native city Burewala. His native
town has been named after him and is now known as Tufailabad. Major Muhammed Tufail was
posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider and he is the only person to get this award for an
66. Major Raja Aziz Bhat (1928 - September 10, 1965) [1] (Punjabi, Urdu: )عزیز بھٹیwas a Hong Kong-
born Pakistan Army's Staf officer who received Pakistan's highest award for valor. He was born in
Hong Kong in 1928.[2][3] He moved to Pakistan before it became independent in 1947, living in the
village of Ladian, Kharian, Gujrat. There he enlisted with the newly formed Pakistani Army and was
Aziz Bhatti choose to stay with his forward platoon under incessant artillery and tank attacks for five
days and nights in the defence of the strategic BRB Canal. Throughout, undaunted by constant fire
from enemy small arms, tanks and artillery. He was reorganizing his company and directing the
gunners to shell the enemy positions. In order to watch every move of the enemy, he had to place
himself in an elevated position, where he was exposed to Indian fury. He led his men from the front
under constant attack from Indian Artillery batteries. Although he tried to counter every Indian
ofensive in his area, he was hit by an enemy tank shell in the chest while watching the enemy's
69. Each year, Major Bhatti is honoured in Pakistan on 6 September, also known as Defence Day of
Pakistan. Major Raja Aziz Bhatti was awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, the nation's highest military
70. Major Muhammad Akram (Urdu: ;محمد اکرمc. 1938–1971), was a Pakistan Army officer who was
posthumously awarded Pakistan military's highest decoration, the Nishan-e-Haider, for his actions
during the 1971 Indo-Pak War. Akram was sent on several missions in the India-Pakistan War, and
71. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, the 4th FF Regiment, which Akram commanded, was
placed in the forward area of the Hilli Municipality (under Hakimpur Upozila, Dinajpur District), in
what was then East Pakistan.[citation needed] The regiment came under continuous and heavy air, artillery
and armor attacks from the Indian Army. Despite enemy superiority in both numbers and firepower,
Akram and his men repulsed many attacks, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy. [2] Called the
historian, has referred to Akram in his books Tareekh-e-Jhelum and Shohdai Jhelum.
72. Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas or Rashid Minhas Shaheed, NH, (Urdu: ( )راشد منہاسFebruary 17, 1951 –
August 20, 1971) was a Pilot Officer in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) during the 1971 Pakistan-India
War. Minhas, a newly commissioned officer at that time, is the only PAF officer to receive the
highest valour award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He is also the youngest person and the shortest-serving
officer to have received this award. He is remembered for his death in 1971 in a jet trainer crash
while struggling to regain the controls from a defecting pilot: Matiur Rahman
73. Having joined the air force, Minhas was commissioned on March 13, 1971, in the 51st GD(P) Course.
He began training to become a pilot. On August 20 of that year, in the hour before noon, he was
getting ready to take of in a T-33 jet trainer in Karachi, his second solo flight in that type of aircraft.
Minhas was taxiing toward the runway when a Bengali instructor pilot, Flight Lieutenant Matiur
Rahman, signalled him to stop and then climbed into the instructor's seat. The jet took of and
74. Minhas radioed PAF Base Masroor with the message that he was being hijacked. The air controller
requested that he resend his message, and he confirmed the hijacking. Later investigation showed
that Rahman intended to defect to India to join his compatriots in the Bangladesh Liberation War,
along with the jet trainer. In the air, Minhas struggled physically to wrest control from Rahman; each
man tried to overpower the other through the mechanically linked flight controls. Some 32 miles
(51 km) from the Indian border, the jet crashed near Thatta. Both men were killed.[2]
75. Minhas was posthumously awarded Pakistan's top military honour, the Nishan-E-Haider, and
became the youngest man and the only member of the Pakistan Air Force to win the award.
Similarly, Rahman was honoured by Bangladesh with their highest military award, the Bir Sreshtho.[3
76. Major Shabbir Sharif Rana (Urdu: ;شبیر شریف راناborn April 28, 1943) was a Pakistani officer who
77. Sharif was born April 28, 1943 in Kunjah, Gujrat District) to Major(r) Muhammad Sharif.[1]
Completed his O Levels from St. Anthony's High School, Lahore and while he was at Government
College Lahore that he received a call to join Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) Kakul. He was
commissioned in Pakistan Army on April 19, 1964 and after successfully completing his training,
including a receipt of Sword of Honor, he was posted to the 6th Battalion of the Frontier Force
Regiment.
78. Sawar Muhammad Hussain Janjua (Urdu: )محمد حسینwas born in Janjua family of Dhok Pir Bakhsh
(now Dhok Muhammad Hussain Janjua named after him in commemoration of his Gallantry) near
Jatli in Gujar Khan on June 18, 1949. He joined Pakistan Army as a driver on September 3, 1966 at a
79. Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed was born in Pind Malikan (now Mahfuzabad) in
Rawalpindi District on October 25, 1944. Muhammad Mahfuz joined Pakistan Army on October 25,
80. At the time of India-Pakistan War of 1971, Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was serving in Company
“A” of 15 Punjab Regiment deployed on the Wagah-Attari Sector. On the night of December 17–18,
his company was assigned the task of occupying Phul Kanjri village located in the same sector. Lance
Naik Muhammad Mahfuz was assigned to Platoon No. 3, which was designated as the forward unit
in the assault. Thus this Platoon had to face torrential volleys of enemy fire from concrete Pill boxes.
When the entire Company “A” was about 70 yards from the Indian position, it was pinned down by
an unceasing frontal and cross fire from automatic weapons. On top of that the enemy artillery also
opened up its fire with the break of dawn. Mahfuz, whose machine-gun was destroyed by an enemy
shell, charged towards the Indian defences. Muhammad Mahfuz advanced towards an enemy
bunker whose automatic fire had inflicted heavy casualties. Even though wounded in both legs by
shell splinters, when he reached the bunker he stood up and pounced on the enemy, in the
encounter he was hit with a bayonet. Although unarmed, he got hold of the enemy but sufered
another bayonet wound while trying to strangle an Indian soldier. Due to serious injuries he died on
81. For his supreme courage, Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed was awarded Nishan-i-Haider,
82. Karnal Sher Khan (1970–1999) (Urdu: )کرنل شیر خانwas a Pakistan Army officer who is one of only
eleven recipients of Pakistan's highest gallantry award, the Nishan-e-Haider. He was a Captain in the
83. Captain Sher Khan was posthumously awarded Pakistan's highest gallantry award, the Nishan-e-
Haider, for his actions during the Kargil Conflict with India in 1999.
84. The following is the official statement by the Pakistan Army: [1]
85. "Captain Karnal Sher Khan emerged as the symbol of mettle and courage during the Kargil conflict
on the Line of Control (LoC). He set personal examples of bravery and inflicted heavy losses on the
enemy. He defended the five strategic posts, which he established with his Jawan's at the height of
some 17,000 feet at Gultary, and repulsed many Indian attacks. After many abortive attempts, the
enemy on July 5 ringed the post of Capt. Sher Khan with the help of two battalion and unleashed
heavy Mortar firing and managed to capture some part of the post. Despite facing all odds, he lead
a counter-attack and tried to re-capture the lost parts. But during the course he was hit by the
machine-gun fire and embraced Shahadat or martyrdom at the same post. He is the first officer
86. Havaldar Lalak Jan Shaahed (Urdu: 7 – 1967 ; للاک جانJuly 1999) was born in Yasin, in the Ghizer
District, of the Northern Areas of Pakistan (now called Gilgit-Baltistan). After school he joined the
88. Tiger Hill in the Kargil Sector had been occupied by around 130 men of 12th NLI (Northern Light
Infantry) unit of the Pakistan Army. These men were under the command of Subedar Sikander, who
was given the responsibility to capture Indian territory (which was under Indian control after the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971). Havaldar Major Lalak Jan was his 2IC (second in command). The men
of 12th NLI were ordered by the Subedar to change their positions while firing back at the Indian
forces
89. Lalak Jan put a bag of explosives on his back, and while shouldering an AK-47 descended Tiger Hills
for the second time, again amidst heavy Indian shelling. Managing to avoid being seen by the Indian
forces, and utilizing his knowledge of the surrounding hills to take cover, he located the secret
90. The bunker, which incidentally was also an ammunition dump, blew up in a very big blast. Lalak Jan
managed to take cover, and the Indian Army lost 16 men inside and nearby the bunker. The other
Indian soldiers saw Lalak Jan and opened fire on him. Surrounded from all sides by Indian fire, Lalak
92. On 15 September 1999, the commanding officer of 12th NLI sent two Special Service Group
Comando groups to Tiger Hills to recover the body of Lalak Jan. The two forces were designated
'Ababeel' and 'Uqaab'(Eagle). Ababeel provided the fire cover while Uqaab went into the destroyed
enemy bunker to retrieve the body of Lalak Jan. When his body was found, Havaldar Lalak Jan had
gallantry. Only ten soldiers have ever received this honour. Jan was the first person from the
94. Naik Saif Ali Janjua Pakistan Army Azad Kashmir Regiment (Sher-e-Riasti Battalion) was a platoon
commander during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He received the Hilal-e-Kashmir from the
government of Azad Kashmir, which is equal to Nishan-e-Haider, the highest military award given by
Pakistan. He fought in the Kashmir sector during the 1948 War and was killed there.
95. Janjua and his few jawans defended his post and repulsed many aggressive ventures by the Indians
and imposed colossal losses on them. The enemy used every mean to capture the post with two
companies attack and heavy artillery bombardment, but was unsuccessful. During the course of
action, despite being hit in the chest by artillery fire, Janjua retained his position and frustrated the
96. On 14 March 1949, the Defence Council of Azad Jammu and Kashmir adorned him with Hilal-e-
Kashmir (posthumous) and on 30 November 1995, the Government of Pakistan initiated the gazette
97. The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the
enemy" to members of the armed forces of various Commonwealth countries, and previous British
Empire territories.[3]
98. It takes precedence over all other orders, decorations and medals.
99. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and to civilians under military command.
100. The VC is usually presented to the recipient or to their next of kin by the British monarch at
102. Since then, the medal has been awarded 1,356 times to 1,353 individual recipients. Only 13
medals, nine to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army, have been awarded
103. The traditional explanation of the source of the gunmetal from which the medals are struck
104. at the siege of Sevastopol. Recent research has thrown doubt on this story, suggesting a
variety of origins for the material actually making up the medals themselves. [4
105. The Medal of Honor is the United States of America's highest military honor, awarded for
106. The medal is awarded by the President of the United States in the name of Congress to US
107. There are three versions of the medal, one for the Army, one for the Navy, and one for the
Air Force. Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy Medal of Honor.
108. The Medal of Honor is usually presented by the President at the White House in a formal
ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the American people, with posthumous
presentations made to the primary next of kin. [4][5] In 1990, Congress designated March 25 annually
109. Due to its prestige and status, the Medal of Honor is aforded special protection under U.S.
law against any unauthorized adornment, sale or manufacture, which includes any associated
ribbon or badge.[7]
110. Although the medal is sometimes referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor, the
111. The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest military decoration awarded for the highest
113. The PVC was established on 26 January 1950 (the date of India becoming a republic), by the
President of India, with efect from 15 August 1947 (the date of Indian independence).
114. It can be awarded to officers or enlisted personnel from all branches of the Indian military. It
is the second highest award of the government of India after Bharat Ratna (amendment in the
115. It replaced the former British colonial Victoria Cross (VC), (see List of Indian Victoria Cross
recipients).
116. Provision was made for the award of a bar for second (or subsequent) awards of the Param
Vir Chakra. To date, there have been no such awards. Award of the decoration carries with it the
117. The Ashoka Chakra is the peace time equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra, and is awarded for
the "most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent valour or self-sacrifice" other than in
118. The decoration may be awarded either to military or civilian personnel and may be awarded
posthumously.
119. Subedar Major Bana Singh of the Eighth Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry was the only
serving personnel of the Indian defence establishment with a Param Vir Chakra till the Kargil
operations.
The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains at about
120. 35°25′16″N 77°06′34″E35.421226°N 77.109540°E, just north-east of the point NJ9842 where
the Line of Control between India and Pakistan ends.[4] At 70 km (43 mi) long,
121. it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas.
[5]
122. It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its head at Indira Col on the
123. The Siachen Conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict
between India and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.
124. A cease-fire went into efect in 2003. The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful
Operation Meghdoot during which it wrested control of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and not
demarcated area).
125. India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all
of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of
126. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge. [5][6] According to
TIME magazine, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km 2) of territory because of its
approximately 460 km (290 mi) west of Karachi, 75 km (47 mi) east of Pakistan's border with Iran
and 380 km (240 mi) km northeast of the nearest point in Oman across the Arabian Sea.
128. It is situated on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead-shaped Peninsula protruding into
129. Gwadar Port is situated near the strategic Strait of Hormuz and its busy trading and oil
shipping lanes.
130. The surrounding region is home to around two-thirds of the world's oil reserves. It is also the
nearest warm-water seaport to the landlocked, but energy rich, Central Asian Republics and
landlocked Afghanistan.[1]
131. A river delta is a landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into
132. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves
133. Over long periods of time, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a
river delta.
134. The Indus River Delta (Sindhi: )سنڌو ٽٽڪِور, forms where the Indus River flows into the Arabian
Sea in Pakistan.
135. The delta covers an area of about 41,440 km² (16,000 square miles), and is approximately
210 km across where it meets the sea. The active part of the delta is 6,000 km² in area.
136. The climate is arid, the region only receives between 25 and 50 cm of rainfall in a normal
year. The delta is home to the largest arid mangrove forests in the world,[1] as well as many birds,
137. The Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) refers to the current position that divides Indian
and Pakistani troops in the Siachen Glacier region. The line extends from the northernmost point of
138. The Siachen Glacier and the bordering Saltoro Range first saw military action in 1984 when
the Indian Army occupied the glacier and the Saltoro range to pre-empt a Pakistani action to do the
same.
139. This operation was codenamed Operation Meghdoot (Divine Messenger of the clouds).
There have been several minor changes to the held positions, however the Indian Armed forces
140. This line runs across the edge of the Saltoro range which is a mountainous plateau with
141. The Indian soldiers hold onto the heights on the plateau, preventing the Pakistani soldiers
142. The current position of the AGPL follows the general line:
143. Indira Col - Sia La pass - Saltoro Kangri 1 - Bilafond La pass - K12 - Gyong La pass - NJ9842[1]
144. The Siachen Conflict, sometimes referred to as the Siachen War, is a military conflict
between India and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir.
145. A cease-fire went into efect in 2003. The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful
Operation Meghdoot during which it wrested control of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and not
demarcated area).
146. India has established control over all of the 70 kilometres (43 mi) long Siachen Glacier and all
of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of
147. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge. [5][6]
148. During her tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Ms Benazir Bhutto, visited the area west of
Gyong La, making her the first premier from either side to get to the Siachen region.
149. On June 12, 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister
150. In 2007, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area.
151. The Chief of Staf of the US Army, General George Casey on October 17, 2008 visited the
Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General Deepak Kapoor.
152. The US General visited for the purpose of "developing concepts and medical aspects of
153. The Cuban missile crisis—known as the October crisis in Cuba and the Caribbean crisis
(Russian: Kарибский кризис, tr. Karibskiy krizis) in the USSR—was a 13-day confrontation between
the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side, and the United States on the other, in October 1962. It is
one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, and is generally regarded as the moment in which
the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict.[2] It is also the first documented
instance of the threat of mutual assured destruction (MAD) being discussed as a determining factor
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations began in August 1947 after British India was partitioned into the Republic of
India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan and Afghanistan are usually described as inseparable
states due to their historical, religious, cultural, linguistic, and ethnic ties, as well as their multiple trade and
economic ties.[1] Both neighbouring states are Islamic republics and part of the South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation. However, the relationship between the two countries has been afected by the
Durand Line, the issues of Pashtunistan and Baluchistan, the 1980s Soviet war, the rise of the Taliban, the
2001-present war, and the growing influence of India in Afghanistan.
History
Arachosia and the Pactyans during the 1st millennium BCSouthern and eastern Afghanistan is
predominately a Pashto-speaking region, like the adjacent Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered
Tribal Areas, and northern Balochistan regions in Pakistan. This entire area is inhabited by the indigenous
Pashtuns who belong to diferent Pashtun tribes.[2] The Pashtuns have lived in this region for thousands of
years, since at least the 1st millennium BC.[3][4][5]
Border dispute
The Durand Line border was established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between Mortimer Durand
of colonial British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan for fixing the limit of their respective
spheres of influence. The single-page agreement which contains seven short articles was signed by Durand
and Khan, agreeing not to exercise interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and what
was then colonial British India.[6] Pakistan inherited this agreement after its partition from India in 1947
but there has never been a formal agreement or ratification between Islamabad and Kabul. The Afghan
government still refuses to recognize the poorly-marked Durand Line as the international border between
the two states, claiming that the Durand Line Agreement has been void in the past due to violations by
Pakistan as well as other reasons.[7] Pakistan, on the other side, issued a warning to Afghanistan in 2008
that it would not "tolerate any violations of its borders". Pakistani Prime Minister, Yusuf Raza Gilani,
explained that the Durand Line border was too long to police.[8] Relations have continued to be strained,
as several top Afghan officials stated that they are weary of Pakistan's negative influence in the country. The
Afghan government often accuses Pakistan of using its spy network, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), in
aiding Taliban and other militants. Pakistan has denied the allegations but has said that it does not have full
control of the actions of the ISI. Relations became even more strained as the United States supports an
Afghan invasion of rogue tribal regions.[9] There have been many reports in the last decade about the Pak-
Afghan border skirmishes, which usually occur when army soldiers are in hot pursuit chasing insurgents
who cross the border back and forth for their own advantages. This leads to tensions between the two
states, especially after hearing reports of civilian casualties which is the result of carelessness of the
soldiers on the front line.[10]
Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the Pakistani government played a vital role in
supporting the Mujahideen and assisting Afghan refugees. Pakistan absorbed an estimated 3 million
refugees and provided shelters to them at various regugee camps, mainly around Peshawar in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa.[11] After the Soviet withdrawal in February 1989, Pakistan, with cooperation from the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), continued to host the refugees. In 1999, the
United States provided approximately $70 million in humanitarian assistance to Afghan refugees in
Pakistan, mainly through multilateral organizations and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs).Afghan
President Hamid Karzai with U.S. President Barack Obama and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari during a
US-Afghan-Pakistan Trilateral meeting at the White House in Washington, DC.Pakistani strategists view
Afghanistan as providing "strategic depth" to develop greater access and links to Central Asia and in the
event of a war with neighboring India. In the event that the Indian Army crosses into Pakistan, the Pakistan
Army would temporary locate supplies in Afghanistan and prepare for a counter-ofensive. Furthermore,
many Pakistanis see in Afghanistan and Afghans a common bond based on religion, history, culture,
language and ethnic ties. At various times, Pakistan backed the mujahedeen against the Soviets,
mujahedeen against each other and the Taliban against the Iranian-backed Northern Alliance.The
overthrow of the Taliban regime in November 2001 has seen somewhat strained relations between
Pakistan and Afghanistan. The present Karzai administration feels that the remnants of the former Taliban
government are being supported by factions within Pakistan for the same above reasons. However,
Pakistan has said the government cannot control all elements of its intelligence agency, the ISI, which the
United States and others accuse of contributing to the instability in Afghanistan. In 2006 Afghan President
Hamid Karzai warned that "Iran and Pakistan and others are not fooling anyone" when it come to
interfering in his country. “If they don’t stop, the consequences will be … that the region will sufer with us
equally. In the past we have sufered alone; this time everybody will sufer with us.… Any efort to divide
Afghanistan ethnically or weaken it will create the same thing in the neighboring countries. All the
countries in the neighborhood have the same ethnic groups that we have, so they should know that it is a
diferent ball game this time."
Many prominent Afghan figures were assassinated in 2011, including Burhan Uddin Rabbani, Ahmad Wali
Karzai, Jan Mohammad Khan, Mohammed Daud Daud, Ghulam Haider Hamidi and others.[12] Also in the
same year, many large scale attacks by the Pakistani based Haqqani network took place around the country.
After the September 2011 attack in Kabul, the United States warned Pakistan of a possible military action
against the Haqqanis in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.[13] The U.S. blames Pakistan's
government, mainly Pakistani Army and its ISI agency, for many of the attacks inside Afghanistan.[14]"In
choosing to use violent extremism as an instrument of policy, the government of Pakistan, and most
especially the Pakistani army and ISI, jeopardizes not only the prospect of our strategic partnership but
Pakistan's opportunity to be a respected nation with legitimate regional influence. They may believe that by
using these proxies, they are hedging their bets or redressing what they feel is an imbalance in regional
power. But in reality, they have already lost that bet."[15]
U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan, Cameron Munter, told Radio Pakistan that "The attack that took place in
Kabul a few days ago, that was the work of the Haqqani network. There is evidence linking the Haqqani
Network to the Pakistan government. This is something that must stop."[16] Other top U.S. officials such as
Hillary Clinton and Leon Panetta made similar statements.[17][14] Despite all of this, Afghan President
Hamid Karzai labelled Pakistan as Afghanistan's "twin brother".[18] Such words in diplomatic talks mean
that Afghanistan cannot turn enemy against the state of Pakistan to please others.
In July 2010, a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) was reached between Pakistan and Afghanistan for
the Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA), which was observed by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton. The two states also signed a MoU for the construction of rail tracks in Afghanistan to connect with
Pakistan Railways (PR)[19], which has been in the making since at least 2005.[20]In October 2010, the long-
awaited Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) between the two states was finally inked. The
landmark agreement was signed by Pakistani Commerce Minister Makhdoom Amin Fahim and Anwar ul-
Haq Ahady, Afghan Ministry of Commerce. The ceremony was attended by Richard Holbrooke, U.S. Special
Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan, and a number of foreign ambassadors, Afghan
parliamentarians and senior officials.[1] It would allow each nation's shipping trucks into the others; Afghan
trucks will be allowed to drive through Pakistan to the Wagah border with India, including to the port cities
of Karachi and Gwadar.[21]In November 2010, the two states formed a joint chamber of commerce to
expande trade relations and solve the problems traders face.[22][23] The APTTA agreement has taken
efect after several Afghan trucks delivered fruits from Afghanistan to the Wagah border with India in June
2011. With the completion of the APTTA, the United States and other NATO member states are planning to
revive the Silk Road. This is to help the local economy of Afghanistan, as well as Pakistan, by connecting
South Asia with Central Asia and the Middle East.[24]
Distinguished participants,
I am greatly honored to deliver the Keynote address at this international seminar organized by the
Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies on the Economic, Political and Security Perspectives of the China
Pakistan Economic Corridor.
I should start with the disclaimer that I am not an expert on this subject. Nor am I privy to the finer
details of the agreements and the MOUs signed by the two sides. As such, I would request you to overlook
and correct any errors of fact or judgement on my part.
The CPEC is a part of the vision articulated by President Xi Jinping of China to create linkages and
connectivity among the nations of the world through the implementation of the ‘One Belt One Road’
concept, which would include the revival of the age old Silk Route and also establish a maritime Silk Route
in the Indian Ocean.
Economic:
Let us look at the economic aspects of the CPEC project first. It has been widely reported that 51
MOUs and agreements worth a total of $ 46 billion were signed between the two sides during the visit of
the President Xi Jinping to Pakistan in April this year. A cursory glance at this list of 51 agreements and
MOUs reveals that more than twenty of these agreements are on programmers and projects which have no
bearing on either the Economic Corridor or the Energy projects. .
Among the 51 MOUs there are only four projects for which the Chinese government has ofered
concessional loans. These are:
Gwadar Airport;
Gwadar East Bay Expressway of around 19kms;
Sukkhar-Multan Motorway; and
KKH expansion project Phase-2.
I understand that the total commitment of the Chinese government for these projects may come to
around $ 12 billion spread over the next few years.
The CPEC is expected to have three routes i.e. the Eastern, the Central and the Western, merging
into one road at Havelian where the KKH begins. China is only committed to building the Sukkhar-Multan
Motoway on the Eastern Route. The Chinese President in his remarks at the signing ceremony in April 2015,
also clearly stated that the Central and the Western routes were medium and long term projects. China
probably believes that the Cargo traffic in the next few years will not be sufficiently large to warrant the
simultaneous completion of all three routes leading to the KKH. It would follow that if the government of
Pakistan wishes to give priority to the Western and the Central routes, following the consensus reached at
the All Parties Conference, it has to find the money to complete the routes from its own cofers.
It is worth noting that as far as China is concerned the carrying capacity of the CPEC for Chinese
imports and exports will only be equal to the carrying capacity of KKH, since that will be the only road
leading into China from Pakistan.
It is significant that the agreements so far relate only to the building of the road and the
infrastructure at Gwadar. Unlike the grand original concept of the Corridor, with the road, railways and
pipelines running parallel to each other there is no mention in the agreements of either the laying of any
pipeline or the building of a railway linkage to China. These may, perhaps, be considered at a later stage
depending on their economic feasibility and the cost-benefit analysis by China.
There is also some confusion about the total outlays from the Chinese side for the CPEC. Even some
Chinese economic analysts are said to be somewhat bemused by the figure of $ 46 billion that have been
tossed about by our side and are said to be wondering at how we have arrived at this figure. The confusion
perhaps arises out of the fact that we have chosen to lump under the rubric of CPEC, the envisaged official
loans for the Corridor with a large number of private sector Energy projects that are to be undertaken by
Chinese Corporations, and perhaps some ongoing projects, which have no bearing on the Corridor.
Trade Diversion:
Now let us look at the issue of usage of the corridor. CPEC, as I stated earlier will become a single
artery at the KKH which will limit the amount of Cargo that can travel to China. I am not aware of any
research organization in Pakistan having done any calculations about the tonnage that can annually be
transported over the widened KKH, which will finally determine the number and the capacity of routes
needed from Gwadar to KKH. We need to work out the capacity of the KKH to carry cargo to and from
China. How many trucks will be loaded at Gwadar and Karachi every day to undertake the long and difficult
journey through high mountains to Western China? What will be the transit fees accruing to Pakistan? In
my limited readings on the subject I have not come across such studies. Perhaps some of the experts will
provide more information on these issues.
It is my view that the CPEC is not being established to fulfil the needs of China. It is primarily meant
to promote economic growth in Pakistan. I say this because the diversion of Chinese exports from and
imports into western China through Gwadar/Karachi and the CPEC is going to be a slow process. China has
been catering to the import and export requirements of Western China through the existing sea lanes. The
CPEC will indeed reduce transport time and costs and provide an alternative route for transport of goods.
But all said and done only a small percentage of Chinese worldwide trade or even the requirements of
Western China can or will pass through Gwadar and CPEC.
Duty Free Economic Zones and Industrial Parks:
The new infrastructure of roads which will run through many underdeveloped areas with little or no
facilities available can become viable only if there are large and humming industries producing goods for
exports which need the road to carry the goods to the ports. While there is talk about Industrial Parks and
Free Economic Zones etc. there is no indication yet of where the investors are coming from. Perhaps we are
hoping that as China moves up the technological ladder some of the basic Chinese industries can be shifted
to Pakistan. This may or may not happen. I believe that we must persuade our own entrepreneurs,
businessmen and the rich that instead of siphoning of their financial resources – ill-gotten or otherwise –
to foreign lands, they should invest in the industrial parks and economic zones etc. to be established along
the CPEC.
Energy:
Let us now talk about the energy projects where the bulk of the money is to be spent and which
may be the first priority of the government in order to win the next elections.
The energy related projects are expected to cost more than 30 billion dollars and are being financed
by Chinese Corporations. These include Solar and Wind energy parks, Coal fired power plants, nuclear
power plants and two Hydel power projects at Suki Kinari and Karot. While the Chinese government is
ofering soft and concessionary loans for the CPEC, the energy companies of China are investing in Pakistan
for profits. They are not philanthropic agencies seeking their recompense in the hereafter.
The government of Pakistan has argued that the energy projects being financed by Chinese
Corporations are not loans being incurred by the Government and would not add to our debt burden. This
is factually correct, as long as the government does not provide sovereign guarantees for these projects.
But it is also a fact that private investors expect to make sizeable profits on their investment and repatriate
the profits out of the country for many years after having recouped their initial investment in the first few
years of their operations. Whether the Government pays interest on loans in foreign exchange or private
investors repatriate profits in foreign exchange the result is the same - a drawdown of our somewhat
meagre FE reserves.
I mention this not because I am against foreign private investment since FDI is essential for growth
but only because we are not known for safeguarding our national interests in our negotiations and
agreements with foreign or even local investors. Whether it is the IPPs or the Rental Power projects or the
more recent LNG terminal, the privatization of PTCL, KESC, Banks and other assets, or a host of other
projects, the interests of the business corporations and investors have invariably taken precedence over the
interests of the people of Pakistan. We can only hope that the same pattern is not being repeated with the
Chinese investors and the rates of return on their investment will be attractive but reasonable.
Furthermore, some analysts argue, validly, that the country has enough installed energy production
capacity but that the line losses due to faulty transmission lines, theft of electricity, non-payment of bills by
the government departments and the influential class, and the free provision of electricity to hundreds of
thousands of workers in the energy sector and perhaps their relatives are the major culprits in the
shortages being faced by the country. Producing more energy without addressing these crucial issues will
only compound the losses to the exchequer because the government will be paying to the energy
producers whether the energy is used or not. At a minimum, we must install new transmission lines with
the capacity to distribute the additional energy production and to minimize line losses which alone run to
more than 20% of the production. I have found only one MOU in the list of 51 which deals with the
transmission issue.
In any event it is my view that our energy requirements will continue to surge in the future and the
additional electricity production will certainly reduce shortages, give a fillip to our industry and production
lines and hopefully enhance our exports.
Problem areas:
Now let us look at some of the problems confronting the CPEC.
Provincial disharmony:
The controversy over the route of the CPEC has the potential of creating inter-provincial disharmony
and feeding the feeling, particularly in Balochistan, of discrimination by the federal government and
Punjab. Although the Prime Minister had, at an All Parties Meeting, given the assurance that the western
corridor would be given priority over the Eastern corridor which passes through Punjab, it has been
claimed by the politicians belonging to KPK and Balochistan that no money had been allocated for the
construction of the Western route. Meanwhile, as noted earlier, China has committed to build only the
Sukkher-Multan motorway as part of its CPEC contribution.
In a report issued by the government of Balochistan on 26 th July, titled the CPEC: The Route
Controversy, it is alleged that ‘despite denials (by the federal Government) the route has been changed to
pass through central Punjab.’ Unless the grievances of KPK and Balochistan are addressed quickly and
visibly the sense of deprivation and resentment will be strengthened which would not bode well for the
federation.
Capacity:
I understand that there are also capacity problems which might hinder the completion of the civil
works required for the projects on time. Even the regular and assured supplies of basic requirements like
Sand, Cement, Bajri and electricity are not assured. When the Chinese raise these issues they are assured
that everything will be arranged. When they ask who will make the arrangements there are no satisfactory
answers.
Bureaucracy at work:
The bureaucracy in Pakistan is better known for throwing spanners in the works and impeding work
rather than facilitating foreign investors. There are already some stories doing the rounds about how some
bureaucrats in order to curry favour with their political masters are presenting ‘innovative ideas’ to ‘reduce
costs’. Committees are established to examine the proposals. The Committees proceed to undertake visits
to China to discuss the ‘new ideas’ and enjoy Chinese hospitality. The innovations instead of reducing costs
result in delaying the implementation of the projects and cost escalation.
Militancy and Security threats:
There are some internal threats to the safety and security of the CPEC and those working on it from
some terrorist organisations and insurgents. As such the CPEC will require security since, when it becomes
functional, thousands of heavy vehicles and trucks are expected to ply over it on a daily basis. Which
agency will provide security to the Corridors? Will it be the army or the police? The COAS has announced
the raising of a 10,000 strong force to provide security to the Chinese while they work on the projects
undertaken by them. The Balochistan Chief Minister has announced that he will ask the centre to provide
two billion rupees to raise a new special force of 1,100 for the Gwadar Safe City Project. Will the provinces
be expected to provide security to the parts of the road that run through each province? Have any
informed estimates been made of the number of security personnel required to patrol the entire length of
the three pronged CPEC? I believe that there should be a central mechanism for the security of the
Corridors.
The same applies to the security to the more than 30 billion dollars worth of energy projects in
various parts of the country. I understand that some private security companies are also in the process of
being hired to provide security to the Chinese workers, engineers and others involved in the projects.
Political:
I have already spoken about possibility of disharmony among the provinces over the route of the
CPEC.
I personally do not believe that the project causes too much concern in the outside world.
There is India, of course, which has made no secret of its opposition to the CPEC. It spuriously
claims that the CPEC will traverse through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir which is under the illegal
occupation of Pakistan. India has lodged a protest with China also in this regard. But in practical terms we
can discount its opposition as a political restatement of the Indian position and its discomfort over the
possibility of economic progress in Pakistan, which hopefully will not translate into any physical threat.
There are those in Pakistan who believe that the United States would be upset and unhappy at this
turn of events which is likely to bring China and Pakistan even closer. However, to my knowledge the United
States has given no indication of any apprehensions or reservations over the project, which will improve
Pakistan’s road network and help the Pakistani economy through meeting its energy shortages without any
financial burden on the United States.
Our other neighbours namely Iran and Afghanistan should clearly have no problems with better
roads and improved electricity production in Pakistan.
In recent days, however, the Prime Minister, the COAS as well as the Chief Minister of Punjab have
declared that they will not allow any impediments in the implementation of the CPEC. It is not clear
whether they are warning the native trouble makers or some foreign powers.
Conclusion:
Pakistan needs to follow the Chinese example and develop an export oriented economy based on
production of industrial and value added goods. The services sector will not be our saviour. Over the years
our imports have shot up while our exports have become stagnant. According to the latest figures this year
our exports have actually gone down. This is an unsustainable situation.
Increasing remittances from Pakistanis working abroad and the low prices of oil have provided
partial relief from our huge trade deficits. But remittances can be a fickle source of foreign exchange and
could go down for a number of reasons. Similarly, oil prices may rise again. We need to diversify, value-add
and enlarge the base of export goods and that can be done only through the establishment of export
oriented industries.
China has like a true friend provided Pakistan with the means to improve its road infrastructure as
well as to overcome its energy shortages. Both are vital for economic progress and can have a multiplier
efect on the economy by creating jobs as well as by increasing production and output.
At a time when many Pakistani businessmen are taking their capital out of the country to invest
elsewhere, China has given us a life line. We should admire the Chinese leaders who have stepped in to
help a friend despite the economic and security risks.
There may be some who, are not happy about and are critical of Chinese investment in Pakistan.
One hopes that their criticism is not at the behest of some outsiders to besmirch China and is meant in the
spirit of constructive suggestions. They should, instead of being critical of Chinese investments, bring
alternative investors to Pakistan who ofer better terms and match the quantum of Chinese investments.
There can be no doubt that the Chinese leadership and particularly President Xi Jinping are
committed to make the CPEC and the related energy projects a success. Encouraged by and following their
government’s lead Chinese private sector Banks and Corporations are making large investments in Pakistan.
This is a lifetime opportunity for us.
A huge responsibility now rests on the shoulders of the government, opposition politicians, the
bureaucracy, the entrepreneurs and the people of Pakistan to lay their diferences and concerns aside and
make this huge and daring enterprise a success. Only time will tell whether as a nation we have the ability
to rise to the occasion.
Allow me to conclude by recalling that the great Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping is reported to have
said: ‘Foreign investors are like sparrows. You gather them by putting out food for them. Gaining their trust
is a difficult and delicate process which takes time. To scatter them you just have to throw one pebble at
them and they will all fly away and may never return because you have lost their trust.’
I hope we will not be throwing too many pebbles.
Thank you.
1. Establishment of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was first proposed by Chinese Premier Li
Keqiang during his visit to Pakistan in May 2013. The proposed project of linking Kashgar in northwest
China with Gwadar Port on Arabian Sea coastline in Baluchistan was approved on July 5, 2013 during the
visit of PM Nawaz Sharif to Beijing, which included construction of 200 km long tunnel.
China’s Investments
2. In December 2013, China committed $6.5 billion for the construction of a major nuclear power
project in Karachi. In May 2014, another agreement was signed to supplement Orange Line metro train
project in Lahore worth $1.27 billion. In November 2014, the two countries signed 19 agreements related
to CPEC. In addition, Chinese firms started work on six mega power projects in Gilgit-Baltistan such as
Dassu, Phandar, Bashu, Harpo, Yalbo to tackle Pakistan’s energy crisis.
Quest for Warm Waters3. Mindful of the under development of its western provinces which are its soft belly
and ongoing Uighur movement, China wants speedy 50modernizations of Xingjiang and other under developed
provinces to bring them at par with eastern provinces. For the accomplishment of these dreams, China needs access
to warm waters in Arabian Sea through Gwadar since this route to world markets is the shortest and the cheapest.
This access was never granted to Russia.
Visit of Xi Jinping
4. With this objective in view, President Xi Jinping visited Islamabad on April 20-21, 2015 and raised
the level of investment from $ 26 billion to $ 46 Billion. He signed 51 agreements/MoUs worth $28 billion,
with $17 billion in pipeline spread over 15 years.
His visit achieved the milestone of the groundbreaking of historic 3,000 km-long strategic CPEC.
Projects in Hand
5. It includes $ 33 billion worth energy projects such as coal, solar, hydroelectric power projects which
will inject 10,400 MW electricity in the national grid by 2017/18, and hydro power projects. Other projects
are fibre optic cable from Xingjiang to Rawalpindi, 1240 km long Karachi-Lahore motorway, metro and bus
service in six major cities, up gradation of 1300 km long Karakorum Highway, oil/gas pipelines to connect
Kashgar to the seaport of Gwadar, 1,800-km railway line, commercial sea-lanes, special economic zones,
dry ports and other infrastructure.
Routes
6. Three routes have been marked:-
a. Western route originating from Gwadar will pass through Turbat, Panjgur, Naag, Basima,
Sohrab, Kalat, Quetta, Qila Saifullah, Zhob DIK, Mianwali, Hasanabdal, Isbd.
b. Central route will originate from Gwadar, Quetta, and reach DIK via Basima, Khuzdar, Sukkar,
Rajanpur, Liya, Muzafargarh, Bhakkar, DIK.
c. Eastern route will include Gwadar, Basima, Khuzdar, Sukkar, RYK, Bwp, Multan, Lahore/Fsbd,
Isbd, Mansehra.
Importance of Gwadar.
7. Gwadar is one of the least developed districts in Baluchistan province. It sits strategically near the
Persian Gulf and close to the Strait of Hormuz, through which 40 per cent of the world’s oil passes. Work on
Gwadar deep-seaport had started in 2002 with China’s investment. In 2013, management of the seaport
which was in the sloppy hands of Singapore PSA International was handed over to China’s Port Holdings. It
is planned to develop Gwadar into free trade zone with a modern airport on the model of Singapore or
Hong Kong and a gateway to CPEC. It will be largest, deep seaport, overshadowing Chahbahar and Dubai
seaports.
Analysts’ Views 8. Some analysts perceive Gwadar seaport turning into China’s naval base in the Indian Ocean,
enabling Beijing to monitor Indian and American naval activities and thus frustrating their ambition to convert the
ocean into exclusive Indian lake. Modernization of Pak Navy by China is seen as a step in that direction.
9. Analysts say the projects conceived under CPEC will ease Pakistan’s energy shortages and make a
substantial diference in the long term. Experts opine this initiative can bring greater cohesion in South
Asia, one of the world’s least economically integrated regions. It is also feared that clashing geo-economic
interests may lead to unhealthy competition.
Gains for China
10. While the CPEC may be ‘monumental’ for Pakistan, for China it is part of more ambitious plans to
beef up the country’s global economic muscle. Chinese officials describe the corridor as the “flagship
project” of a broader policy — “One Belt, One Road” — which seeks to physically connect China to its
markets in Asia, Africa, Europe and beyond. The New Silk Road will link China with Europe through Central
Asia and the Maritime Silk Road to ensure a safe passage of China’s shipping through the Indian Ocean and
the South China Sea. CPEC will link China with nearly half of the population of the world.
11. Access to Indian Ocean via Gwadar will enable China’s naval warships and merchant ships to bypass
Malacca Strait and overcome its “Malacca Dilemma”.
Development of Gwadar seaport and improvement of the infrastructure in the hinterland would help
China sustain its permanent naval presence in the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
12. At the same time, the new silk roads are bound to intensify ongoing competition between India and
China –and to a lesser extent between China and the US – to invest in and cultivate influence in the broader
Central Asian region.
Indian Concerns
13. Modi is at the horns of dilemma; whether to bow to RSS agenda of Hindutva and remain captive to
entrenched interest groups and lobbies in India with hardened mindset who are doggedly resisting any
paradigm shift in relations with rising China and cling to the myth of Mahabharat. The dice of connectivity
loaded by China has left India confused and bewildered, whether to remain tied to the aprons of declining
super power which is not in a position to make big investments, or to hitch the bandwagon of ascending
power which promises a lot.
14. Modi’s position will become more vulnerable when Pakistan starts politically stabilizing and
economically shining and Lahore turning into a regional capital and he unable to fulfill the development
agenda.
15. India is also concerned about China’s huge investment in Pakistan, particularly its recent decision to
fund a new batch of nuclear reactors. Pakistan plans to add four new nuclear plants by 2023, funded by
China, with four more reactors in the pipeline (adding up to a total power capacity of 7,930 MW by 2030).
China is helping Pakistan in producing plutonium at Chinese built Khushab reactor and will also sell 8
submarines worth $5 billion, which will give a quantum jump to Pak Navy’s sea capability.
16. Possibility of India making another somersault after finding the dicey US Asia-Pacific pivot less
attractive and China’s policy of peace and friendship more beneficial cannot be ruled out. However, this
strategic shift will take place only when China agrees to give preference to India over Pakistan (as had
happened in 1990 when the US ditched Pakistan and befriended India).
Pakistan’s Travails
17. Pakistan has remained under a dark star for a long period. It has bravely sailed past the period of
trials and tribulations but at a very heavy cost. Pakistan has acted as the frontline state against the Soviets
and against global terrorism and sufered enormously, but in the process it allowed China 35 free years to
develop and prosper unobtrusively.
Intro
1 Pak has remained under a dark star for a long pd. It has bravely sailed past the pd of trials and tribulations
but at a very hy cost. Pak has acted as a frontline state against the Soviets and against terrorism and
sufered enormously, but in the process it allowed China 35 free yrs to dev and prosper unobtrusively. Geo
– pol scenario is fast changing and things are brightening for Pak after its long and rocky journey. China has
entered into a new era of geo – eco relationship with Pak and plan to boost two-way trade from $12 billion
to $20 billion, a positive shift for the eco growth of Pak.
Aim
2. To analyze CPEC with regards to its impediments and impact on our eco.
b. Analysis.
c. Recoms.
Now when Pak is in dire need of another maj round of infrastructure (First being Indus Water Treaty), CPEC
can serve the purpose in befitting manner. The $46 billion investment in CPEC against our total res of $17.5
billion makes it a potential game changer for Pak. The world media is declaring that Pak can be the next
Asian tiger after the materialization of CPEC. Now when the China has incl Pak in its larger regional plan
titled “One Belt One Rd”, Pak can serve as a br b/w new Silk rd for Euro Asian connectivity and a Meritime
Silk rd b/w ASEAN ctys. It is a win-win sit for both Pak and China.
For the dev nation like ours this proj with its Early Harvest of $28 billion will soon yield. A gist of the salient
aspects related to Pak is:-
c. Stra and eco ties with China on the basis of mutual trust and mutual collaboration.
Analysis
CPEC will not only enhance the Pak’s image in intl community but will also have a lasting efect on the
socio-eco growth within cty. It has the potential to dev jobs, infrastructure and provincial harmony.
Provided if the deeds at our end match the imp of the proj.
Security Sit.
a. Route from Gawadar to Kashgar is passing through volatile region and it is a long route to be
supervised.
b. Non state actors with the help of other states eg India are likely to sabotage the proj; as the
eco growth / prosperity will hamper mischievous designs of non-state actors
Pol lack of Will. The dilemma of safeguarding own pol interests is hampering the proj. The pol
parties lack the foresight or tend to turn blind to gain cheap popularity. Various talk shows and news
conf have pessimistically hyped the issue.
Involvement of foreign Agencies. Various foreign agencies and Indian in specific have taken this proj
as thorn in her pawn. World media has unveiled the new office in Delhi to counter / disrupt CPEC
with the initial budget of $300 million last month. The salient concerns for the foreign agencies are:-
Tech manpower – Void. Owing to the imp of this proj the tech manpower is insufficiently trained /
equipped. This will not only slow the proj but will also result in sub std product.
Huge infrastructure – req Continuous Maint. CPEC is a huge proj. It involves dev of port, rd and rly
infrastructure, dry ports, eco zones, power sector etc, the maint of all this will be a challenge.
Reservations of Provinces. Provinces first showed their grievances on the route followed by land
and various other minor issues. The fuel was added by the govt by calling these grievances as
“irritants”. For a dev nation like ours, where this proj can be a turning pt for the eco growth these
little issues will cause delay.
Reservations of Masses. Fol the footsteps of their ldrs / pol the masses too showed reservations.
These reservations were mainly because of ignorance and to get undue / extra favour from the govt.
Role of Foreign Office. CPEC is not only a win – win proj for Pak and China but it involves around 60
ctys and half of the world’s population. With this proj running a number of nations will have stakes dir
related to Pak. This is where the role of foreign office comes and without a second thought this role
will be demanding.
Role of Media. Media at first hyped the proj followed by projecting negative side of the proj, by
focusing on a number of reservations pertaining to this proj. Various talk shows and press conf just
added in confusing the masses.
Recoms
d. Security agencies and the newly raised div to be well equipped to meet any ctgy / untoward sit.
Estb of Pol will. There can be no altn for the devoted and fair pol. One of the prime factors to
determine the success of CPEC will always be the pol stability. This vital proj is the morale obligation
and as well as the need of time for our pol ldrs. Fol is recomd in this regard:-
e. APC has to be very proactive and all parties to be taken in confidence prior to taking any decision
concerning CPEC.
f. Debates on national lvl incl high ups of all imp facets of life.
g. A bill should be passed in the national assy to streamline / run the proj unhindered.
Proactive role of own Security/Int Agencies. To counter Indian hegemonic designs and to nullify the
efects of foreign agencies u/m is recom:-
h. Special / designated outfit in ISI to have a check and counter Indian eforts to disrupt CPEC.
j. This special / designated outfit should work under / in coop with the div raised for the
protection of CPEC proj.
Trg of Manpower. For the betterment of this proj we need to train our manpower. This can be
achieved by getting the asst of the Chines tech advice. Moreover the Pak working abroad may be
called by ofering lucrative pay and privileges.
An Org for Maint. The essence of proj will die down or will have the short term efects if we failed
to maint what we will construct. So, there is a need to have outfits which should look after the
infrastructure. These org / outfits should fulfill u/m criteria:-
b. All the infrastructure ie rds, rly, dry ports, Gawadar port etc should be supervised by the separate
org, with manpower having expertise in respective fd.
Provincial Harmony. “United we stand divided we fall”, this saying will be the decisive factor in the
success of CPEC proj. Grievances of provinces must be solved, by incorporating them in planning.
Moreover the provincial assy be briefed by the experts on the impact of the decision taken.
Jobs for Locals. Jobs for the locals will not only help in countering the reservations of the masses but
will also improve the socio – eco condition of the locals. Fol is recom in this regard:-
b. Tech jobs for locals in the org for the maint of the infrastructure.
c. Labour involved in various tires of this proj be taken from the local areas. d. Free trg camps for the
interested manpower to get the best results.
Proactive Foreign Office. Our foreign office has to be very proactive to deal efficiently with the
demanding job ahead. Foreign office should try to get the membership of both SCO and BRICKS,
which will serve as a platform to resolve many issues. Furthermore we should also have cordial
relations with CAR states, Gulf states and ASEAN states as these all states will be directly involved in
this proj; one way or the other.
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Ceylon.
Plankton.
213. Which country was originally named Cathay?
China.
214. Sinhalese is a language spoken in which country?
Sri Lanka.
215. The Sao Francisco river flows through which
country?
Brazil.
216. In which sport do teams compete for the Dunhill
Cup?
Golf.
217. Of
222. Which
whichShakespeare character's
Middle East, country islast words the
Baghdad are:
'The rest is silence'?
capital?
Hamlet.
Iraq.
218. How
223. In economics, whose
many arms doeslaw states
a squid that: 'bad money
have?
drives out good money'?
Ten.
Gresham's
224. Which indoor game is played with a shuttlecock?
219. Who made the first navigation of the globe in the
Badminton.
vessel Victoria?
Magellan.
225. Do stalactites grow upwards or downwards?
220. Which mountaineer on being asked why he
Downwards.
wanted to climb Everest said: 'Because it's there'?
226. What food is also called garbanzo?
Chick-pea. Rabat.
227. What is the quality rating for diesel fuel, similar 234. How many balls are on the table at the start of a
to the octane number for petrol?
game of pool?
Catane number. Sixteen.
228. Which German city and port is at the confluence 235. In which country is the volcano Mount Aso?
of the rivers Neckar and Rhine?
Mannheim. Japan
229. Where in Europe are the only wild apes to be 236. What name is given to inflammation of one or
found? more joints, causing pain, swelling and restriction of
movement?
Gibraltar.
Arthritis.
230. The Brabanconne is the national anthem of
which country? 237. Which mineral is the main source of mercury?
Belgium. Cinnabar.
231. In which country is the River Spey? 238. What A is the national airline of Russia, code
name SU?
Switzerland.
Aeroflot.
232. Which international environmental pressure
group was founded in 1971? 239. What would be kept in a quiver?
Greenpeace.
233. What is the capital of Morocco?
Arrows. 253. What is the technical name for abnormally high
blood presure?
240. What 'ology' is concerned with the study of
unidentified flying objects? Hypertension.
Ufology. 254. What part of eye is responsible for its color?
241. Coal and longtailed are types of which bird The iris.
family?
256. The letter RF on a stamp would indicate it is from
Tit. which country?
242. In the game of darts, what is the value of the
outer bull? France.
Twenty five 257. What is the meaning of the musical term
243. In which part of the human body is the cochlea? cantabile?
Ear. In a singing style.
244. What is the modern name of the rocky fortress 258. San Juan is the capital of which island in the West
which the Moors named Gabel-al-Tarik (the Rock of Indies?
Tarik)? Puerto Rico.
259. Which profession gets its name from the Latin
Gibraltar. word for lead?
245. What was the name of German terrorist Andreas Plumbing.
Baader's female partner? 260. On which part of the body do grasshoppers have
Ulrike Meinhof. their ears?
246. And what was the name of the urban guerrilla Hind legs.
organisation they headed? 261. Who wrote children's stories about the land of
Narnia?
The Red Army Faction.
C.S. Lewis.
247. Which German bacteriologist discovered
Salvarsan, a compound used in the treatment of 262. What is the second planet from the sun?
syphilis, before the introduction of antibiotics? Venus.
Paul Ehrlich. 263. What is the highest mountain in the Alps?
248. Which ancient Roman satirist wrote the 16 Mont Blanc.
Satires?
Juvenal. 264. Of which Caribbean country is Port-au-Prince the
capital?
249. Who became the Queen of Netherlands in 1980? Haiti.
Beatrix. 265. Which German city is asscociated with the legend
250. Who was the last Bristish king to appear in of the Pied Piper?
battle? Hameln, or Hamelin.
George II. 266. What name is given to the wind pattern that
251. What is the art of preparing, stuffing and brings heavy rain to South Asia from April to
mounting the skins of animals to make lifelike models September?
called? Monsoon.
Taxidermy. 267. What is the first book of the New Testament?
252. What is the Beaufort scale used to measure? The Gospel according to Saint Matthew.
Wind speed.
268. What name is given to the time taken for half the Algebra.
atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay?
283. What does the abbreviation RAF stand for?
Half-life.
Royal Air Force.
269. Who was president of Kenya from 1964 to 1978?
284. What name is given to the use of live animals in
Jomo Kenyatta. the experiments?
270. Which German author wrote the anti-war novel Vivisection.
All Quiet on the Western Front?
285. Viti Levu is the largest island of which country?
Erich Maria Remarque.
Fiji.
271. Which country had a police force called the
Tonton Macoutes? 286. The Golden Arrow was a famous train that ran
from Paris to which destination?
Haiti.
Monte Carlo.
272. What would you find in formicary?
287. Which country fought on both sides during World
Ants. War II?
273. Who was the first British sovereign to make Italy.
regular use of Buckingham Palace when in residence
288. What centigrade temperature is gas mark 6 equal
in London?
to?
Queen Victoria.
200 degrees C.
274. Of where is Sofia the capital?
289. In the game of chess, which piece is called
Bulgaria. springer in Germany?
275. What is meant by the musical term andante? Knight.
At a moderate tempo. 290. What is the meaning of the Russian word 'mir'?