Lecture – 16

Conic Section
A conic section is the locus of a point which moves in a plane
in such a way that its distance from a fixed point bears a
constant ratio to its distance from a fixed straight line .
The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line
is called the directrix of the conic . The constant ratio is
called the eccentricity of the conic and is denoted by ‘ e ’ .
If
 e  1 , the conic is called the Parabola
 e  1 , the conic is called the Ellipse
 e  1 , the conic is called the Hyperbola
 e  0 , the conic is called the Circle
 e   , the conic is called the Pair of Straight lines

Important Terms
1. Axis of Symmetry is the straight line passing through
the focus and perpendicular to the directrix of the conic .
2. Vertex is the point of intersection of a conic with its axis.
3. Centre is the point which bisect every chord of the
conic passing through it .
4. Focal Chord is a chord passing through the focus .
5. Latus Rectum is the focal chord which is perpendicular
to the axis .
Standard x2  4 p y , x2  4 p y , y2  4 px , y2  4 px ,
Equation
p  0 , open upward p  0 , open downward p  0 , opens to right p  0 , opens to left
Shapes of
Parabola

Vertex V (0,0) V (0,0) V (0,0) V (0,0)

Focus F (0,p) F (0, p) F (p,0) F (p,0)

Equation of
directrix y =p y =p x =p x =p

Axis of y – axis y - axis x - axis x - axis

Symmetry
Equation of
axis x=0 x=0 y=0 y=0

Eccentricity e=1 e=1 e=1 e=1

Standard ( x  h) 2  4 p ( y  k ) ( x  h) 2  4 p ( y  k ) ( y  k ) 2  4 p ( x  h) ( y  k ) 2  4 p ( x  h)
Equation
p  0 , open upward p  0 , open downward p  0 , opens to right p  0 , opens to left
Shapes of
Parabola

Vertex V (h,k) V (h,k) V (h,k) V (h,k)

Focus F(k,k+p) F(k,k+p) F(k+p,k) F(k+p,k)

Equation of y =k  p y =k  p x =h  p x =h  p
directrix
Axis of Parallel to y-axis Parallel to y-axis Parallel to x-axis Parallel to x-axis
Symmetry ( y’-axis ) ( y’-axis ) ( x’-axis ) ( x’-axis )

Equation of
axis x=h x=h y=k y=k

Eccentricity e=1 e=1 e=1 e=1

Standard x2 y2 y2 x2
Equation  2  1 , a  b 0  2 1, a  b 0
a2 b a2 b
Shapes of
Ellipse

Centre C (0,0) C (0,0)

Vertices V(  a , 0 ) V( 0 ,  a )
Foci F(  c , 0 ) , c  a  b c 2  a 2  b2
2 2 2
F( 0 ,  c ) ,

Equation of x=  a/e y=  a/e

Directrices
Equation of y=0 x=0
Major Axis
Length of Major 2a 2a
Axis
Equation of x=0 y=0
Minor Axis
Length of 2b 2b
Minor Axis
Eccenricity e=c/a < 1 e=c/a < 1
Standard ( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2 ( y  k )2 ( x  h) 2
Equation   1 , a  b 0   1 , a  b 0
a2 b2 a2 b2

Shapes of
Ellipses

Centre C (h,k) C (h,k)

Vertices V( h  a , k ) V( h , k  a )
Foci F( h  c , k ) , c  a  b c 2  a 2  b2
2 2 2
F( h , k  c ) ,

Equation of x=h  a/e y=k  a/e

Directrices
Equation of Parallel to x-Axis , y = k Parallel to y-Axis , x = h
Major Axis
Length of 2a 2a
Major Axis
Equation of x=h y=k
Minor Axis
Length of 2b 2b
Minor Axis
Eccenricity e=c/a < 1 e=c/a < 1
Standard x2 y2 y2 x2
Equation  2  1 , a  0 , b 0  2  1, a  0 , b  0
a2 b a2 b

Shapes of
Hyperbolas

Centre C (0,0) C (0,0)

Vertices V(  a , 0 ) V( 0 ,  a )
Foci F(  c , 0 ) , c  a  b c 2  a 2  b2
2 2 2
F( 0 ,  c ) ,

Equation of x=  a/e y=  a/e

Directrices
Equation of Horizontal , y=0 Vertical , x=0
Transverse Axis
Length of 2a 2a
Transverse Axis
Equation of Vertical , x=0 Horizontal , y=0
Conjugate Axis
Length of 2b 2b
Conjugate Axis
Eccenricity e=c/a > 1 e=c/a > 1
Length of 2 b2 2 b2
Latus Rectum
a a
Asymptotes b a
y  x y  x
a b
Standard ( x  h) 2 ( y  k )2 a  0 , b 0 ( y  k )2 ( x  h) 2  0 , b 0
 1 ,  1,a
Equation a2 b2 a2 b2

Shapes of
Hyperbolas

Centre C(h,k) C(h,k)

Vertices V( h  a , k ) V( h , k  a )
Foci F(h  c , k ) , c  a  b c 2  a 2  b2
2 2 2
F( h , k  c ) ,

Equation of x=h  a/e y=k  a/e

Directrices
Equation of Parallel to X-axis , y=k Parallel to Y-axis , x=h
Transverse Axis
Length of 2a 2b
Transverse Axis
Equation of x=h y=k
Conjugate Axis
Length of 2b 2a
Conjugate Axis
Eccenricity e=c/a > 1 e=c/a > 1
Asymptotes b a
( y  k)   ( x  h) ( y  k)   ( x  h)
a b
 Exercises

Q – 1 : The point of a parabola which is closest to the focus is

the __________ of the parabola.

(A) Vertex
(B) Latus Rectum
(C) Directrix
(D) Eccentricity

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Q – 2 : The eccentricity of an ellipse is ?
(A) e=1
(B) e<1
(C) e>1
(D) 0<e<1
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Q – 3 : The line y = m x + c intersects the circle x2+ y2 = a2 at

the most of __________ points.

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
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Q – 4 : The center of the circle 4x2+4y2−8x+12y−25=0 is ?
(A) (1,−3)
(B) (−1,3)
(C) (−1,3/2)
(D) (1,−3/2)
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Q – 5 : The radius of the circle 4x2+4y2−8x+12y−25=0 is ?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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Q – 6 : The focus of the parabola y2=−8(x−3) is ?
(A) (0,0)
(B) (1,0)
(C) (0,1)
(D) (1,1)

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Q – 7 : Which equation below represents a parabola that opens
upward with a vertex at (0, -5)?
(A) y = x2 + 5
(B) y = x2 - 5
(C) y = (x - 5)2
(D) y = (x + 5)2
 Q – 8 : The equation 6y2 – 5x – 2y + 5 = 0 represents

(A) Parabola
(B) Circle
(C) Hyperbola
(D) Ellipse
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Q–9:

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Q – 10 :

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Q – 11 :

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Q – 12 :

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Q – 13 :

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Q – 14 :

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Q – 15 :
Q – 16 :

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Q – 17 :

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Q – 18 : What is the distance between the centers of the circles
x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y – 3 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2x – 8x – 6y + 7 = 0?
(A) 7.07 (B) 7.77 (C) 8.07 (D) 7.87

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Q – 19 :

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Q – 20 :

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 Q – 21 : The shortest distance from A (3, 8) to the circle

x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y = 12 is equal to?

(A) 2.1 (B) 2.3 (C) 2.5 (D) 2.7

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Q – 22 : At which of the following x- values does the
parabola defined by y  ( x  3)  4 cross the x- axis ?
2

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 9

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Q – 23 : Points S and T lie on the circle with the
equation x  y  16 . If S and T have identical
2 2

y-coordinates but distinct x-coordinates , then which of

the following is the distance between S and T ?

(A) 4 (B) 5.6 (C) 8 (D) Can not be determine

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Q – 24 : How long is the major axis of the ellipse with a

x2 y2
formula of  1
16 25

(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 10

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