Advanced Wireless Communications

MSEE- 24

Dr. Adnan Ahmed Khan

adnankhan@mcs.edu.pk
Summer 2019
Week-1
Introduction to the students
 Course Details
Text1 : Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice,
2/e, Theodore S. Rappaport, Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR,
Copyright: 2002, 736 pp., ISBN: 0-13-042232-0
Chapter 3 available at:
http://vig.pearsoned.com/samplechapter/0130422320.pdf
Text2 : Wireless Communications by Andrea Goldsmith ,
Cambridge University press 2005

Reference Text:
1) Fundamentals of Wireless Communications by David Tse
and Viswanath, Cambridge University press
2) Notes for advanced topics
 Tentative Grading Policy

• Mid 30%

• Research Paper 20%

• Final Exam: 50%

 Course Details

• Class Timings – Tue & Thurs 5:00 to 8:00 PM

• Pre-Requist – Digital Communications
• Please adhere to class timings, no late submission of assignments
• Course Research Project
– Matlab Simulation will be a must
– Get Research paper/ project approved between second week from
now
– Course project write up submission and presentations in last weeks
 Course Overview
This course is an introduction to the design, analysis,
and fundamental concepts of wireless
communications. Topics to be covered include:
cellular system design, wireless channel, diversity,
multiple-antenna, 5G waveforms and few advanced
topics
 Course Outline
•Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
•The Cellular Concept: System Design Fundamentals
•Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
•Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and
Multipath
•Statistical channel models
•Spread Spectrum Systems
•Antenna Diversity (Receive and Transmit Diversity)
• Multiple Antenna Systems
• OFDM
• 5G Waveforms
• Advanced Topics like Green Communications, etc
 This Weeks Course

• Introduction to Wireless Communication

• An Overview of Applications and Examples of Wireless
Communication
• Historical Evolution and Trends in Wireless
Communications
• A survey of 3G and WiMAX
• Terminology and Definitions of Wireless
Communication Systems
Introduction to Wireless
Communication

Cut the WIRE

 Digital Communication: Transmitter
From Other
Channels

1010010 10110 01101

Analog to Source
Digital Encrypt Multiplex
Encode
Analog Converter Bits Encoded Encrypted
input Bits Data
01101
Multiplexed
01010
Data
10101
Pulse Channel Scrambled
Digital Bandpass modulated Encoded data
waveform waveform Data
Bandpass Bit to Sym. Channel
modulate Encode Scrambler

1001101 10001
 Digital Communication: Receiver

Digital Digital Channel

Bandpass Baseband Bits Decoded
waveform waveform Equalizer, Data
De-modulate Channel De-scramble
Timing and
Decode
Sym. to Bits 01101

Descrambled
Bits 10001

Digital De-
Decrypted
Baseband multiplexed
Bits
waveform Bits
Source
D/A De-
Analog Decode Decrypt
10110 Multiplex
output 1010010
To other
Channels
 Wireless History
 Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, …
• Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi
 Many sophisticated military radio systems were
developed during and after WW2
 Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since
1988, with almost 3 billion users worldwide today
 Ignited the wireless revolution
 Voice, data, and multimedia becoming ubiquitous
 Use in third world countries growing rapidly
 WiFi also enjoying tremendous success and growth
 Wide area networks (e.g. Wimax) and short-range
systems other than Bluetooth
 Historical Background
Evolution of Voice Oriented Wireless Networks
 Marconi’s demonstration in 1897 Radio’s communication ability to provide
continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel.
 Mobile telephone service was first offered by AT&T in 1946. This service was
mobile, but not cellular. The base station had a coverage of about 100 km.
 Early systems, based on FM, required 120 KHz of spectrum for an information
bandwidth of 3 kHz.
Large equipment (mounted in cars)
Low capacity: 50 users or more cause overloading
 High call blocking probability.
Multiple Access method used was FDMA.
 Next step was the introduction of trunking - relaxing the
constraint of using a channel for each user. Frequency-agile radio
to search for free channels.
Cellular concept emerges in early 1970s. Replication of the
wide-area network concept. Cellular concept leads to frequency-
reuse concept. By late 60's there were 70,000 users throughout
US
Digital control link emerged, regulatory obstacles were cleared
and 1 st generation (1 G) systems were deployed in 1983.
 Early 1990s digital voice was developed - 2nd generation (2G)
systems. Smaller and longer-life batteries. Miniaturization of the
handset.
Mobile telephone penetration
History and Growth
Mobile Companies
The current status of Wireless Communication

 Modern era has seen extremely rapid growth in Wireless

Communication, especially in Cellular communication.
 Wireless Communication is enjoying the fastest growth
period in history.
 It is also the fastest growing field, by any measure, of
today’s world.
 Wireless mobile services grew from 11 million subscribers
worldwide in 1990 to more than 3 billion in 2005
 Income of wireless industry surpasses that of wired
telephone industry.
Subscriber growth
Examples and Applications of
Mobile Radio Systems
Examples of Wireless Communication Systems
 Paging
 Amateur Radio
 Citizen Band (CB) Radio
 Cordless Phones
 Mobile Cellular System
 Satellite Communication Systems
 Radio Communication with aircrafts and ships
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Wireless Networks (both LANs and WANs)
Mobile devices
 Multiple Access
• Multiple access techniques
– Multiple users to share a finite spectrum
– To achieve high capacity (to accommodate more users)
– Without severe performance degradation

• Types of multiple access

– FDMA: frequency division multiple access
– TDMA: time division multiple access
– CDMA: code division multiple access
 Multiple Access and Duplexing
• Multiple access and duplexing
– Multiple access: cell-wide frequency sharing
– Duplexing: system-wide frequency sharing
• Duplexing techniques
– FDD: frequency division duplexing
– TDD: time division duplexing
Multiple Access Overview - A Party !
Consider a number of students at a party.The goal of the
students is to have intelligible conversation.The house at
which the party is being held is the resource available.
FDMA : Each pair of students has a separate room to talk
TDMA : Everyone is in the same room and each pair has a
limited time slot to converse
CDMA : Everyone is in the same room,talking at the same
time,but each pair talks in a different language.
 Current Wireless Systems
• Cellular Systems
• Wireless LANs
• WIMAX
• Satellite Systems
• Paging Systems
• Bluetooth
• Ultrawideband radios
• Zigbee radios
 Paging Systems
• Broad coverage for short messaging
• Message broadcast from all base stations
• Simple terminals
• Optimized for 1-way transmission
• Answer-back hard
• Overtaken by cellular
A Wide Area Paging System
 Cellular Systems:
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
• Geographic region divided into cells
• Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations.
• Co-channel interference between same color cells.
• Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
• Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE
STATION
MTSO
 Cellular Phone Networks
San Francisco

BS
BS

Internet
New York
MTSO MTSO
PSTN

BS
UNIVERSAL FREQUENCY REUSE
 Why 3G?
• Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!
• For the consumer
– Video streaming, TV broadcast
– Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
– Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
• For business
– High speed teleworking
– Video conferencing
– Real-time financial information
Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G
- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery
for revenue growth
market share

TDMA EDGE
EDGE Evolution
3GPP Core
GSM GPRS Network 90%
WCDMA HSDPA
PDC

CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x EV/DV 10%
cdmaOne
1x CDMA2000
1x EV/DO
2G First Step into 3G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
 Services roadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery

Broadband
3G-specific services take
in wide area
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
Multitasking multimedia and games
WEB browsing Multicasting
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
MMS picture / video
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
Voice & SMS
Typical peak
dara rates GSM GPRS EGPRS WCDMA HSDPA
9.6 171 473.6 2 1-10
kbps kbps kbps Mbps Mbps
2000 1x
CDMA

CDMA

CDMA
EVDO

EVDV
2000-

2000-
 GSM evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Maximum data rate per timeslot=14.4
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~
(4x14.4)=57.6 kbps (maximum rate)
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

GSM Uses 8PSK modulation
HSCSD 3x improvement in data rate on short distances
9.6kbps (one timeslot)
GSM Data Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Also called CSD Maximum data rate for one TS= 59.2Kbps
For 8 TSs data rate upto 8 x 59.2=473.6 kbps

GSM GPRS
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Typical Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps (average) EDGE
Max data rates= 160 Kbps (Theoretical)
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
 Integrating GPRS
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks

MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM

PLMN
EIR HLR AUC

GGSN Internet
SGSN
+
SD

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

 EDGE
• EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
– EDGE is add-on to GPRS
– Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions
– Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK – 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol)
– Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps
– Modulation Bit rate – 810kbps
– Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9)
– MCS(1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS(5-9) uses 8PSK modulation.
– Uses Link adaptation algorithm
– User data rate per time slot – 59.2kbps (MCS9)
– User data rate (8 time slots) – 473.6kbps
• New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core
network and the rest remains the same
• EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core
 CDMA2000 Evolution to 3G

IS-95B CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data Optimised

Uses multiple code channels Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution
Data rates up to 64kbps Standardised version of Qualcomm High Data Rate (HDR)
Many operators gone direct to 1xRTT Adds TDMA components beneath code components
Good for highly asymmetric high speed data apps
IS-95B Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a “3G” system
Use new or existing spectrum
CDMA
IS-95A CDMA2000
1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
3xRTT
IS-95A
14.4 kbps 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV
Core network
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTT Development Terminated due to lack of
re-used in
First phase in CDMA2000 evolution demand (source wikipedia)
CDMA2000
Easy co-existence with IS-95A air interface
Release 0 - max 144 kbps
Release A – max 384 kbps
Same core network as IS-95
 3G Cellular Systems
• Mobile operators have/are upgrading their networks to 3G/4G
technology.
• Mobile operators using GSM are deploying
– UMTS (universal mobile telephone system) and
– HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) technologies as part of their 3G
evolution.
– HSPA, LTE
• CDMA operators are deploying 1x EV-DO (1x evolution data
optimized) as their 3G solution
• In China and parts of Asia, several operators look to TD-SCDMA
(time division-synchronous CDMA) as their 3G solution.
• All these 3G solutions provide data throughput capabilities on the
order of a few hundred kilobits per second to a few megabits per
second.
 HSDPA
• HSDPA is a downlink-only air interface defined in the Third-
generation Partnership Project (3GPP) UMTS Release 5
specifications
• HSDPA - peak user data rate (layer 2) 14.4Mbps on 5MHz
channel
• HSDPA is a downlink-only interface
– until an uplink complement the peak data rates on the uplink < 384kbps
– averaging 40kbps to 100kbps
• An uplink version, HSUPA (high-speed uplink packet access),
supports peak data rates up to 5.8Mbps and is standardized as
part of the 3GPP Release 6 specifications
• HSDPA and HSUPA together are referred to as HSPA (high-
speed packet access)
• 3GPP is developing the next major revision to the 3G standards.
• The long-term evolution (LTE) will support
– A peak data rate of 100Mbps in the downlink and 50Mbps in the uplink
– An average spectral eff that is 3/4 times that of Release 6 HSPA.
• In order to achieve these high data rates and spectral efficiency, the
air interface will likely be based on
– OFDM/OFDMA
– MIMO (multiple input/ multiple output)
– with similarities to WiMAX.
 1xEV-DO
• 1x EV-DO is a high-speed data standard defined as an evolution
to second-generation IS-95 CDMA systems by the 3GPP2
standards organization
• It supports a peak downlink data rate of 2.4Mbps in a 1.25MHz
channel.
• Typical user-experienced data rates are in the order of 100kbps
to 300kbps.
• Revision A of 1x EV-DO supports a peak rate of 3.1Mbps to a
mobile user
• Revision B will support 4.9Mbps. These versions can also
support uplink data rates of up to 1.8Mbps.
• 1x EV-DO Rev A enables voice and video telephony over IP
• 3GPP2 also has longer-term plans to offer higher
data rates
• The objective is to support:
– Upto 70Mbps to 200Mbps in the downlink and
– Upto 30Mbps to 45Mbps in the uplink in EV-DO
Revision C, using up to 20MHz of bandwidth.
UMTS & CDMA-2000 TIMELINE
 STANDATDS OVERVIEW
2.5G-GPRS • 280 Kbps , 200 KHz , GMPSK

2.75 G-EDGE • 384 Kbps , 200 KHz , 8PSK

• 384 Kbps , 5.0 MHz , QPSK

3 G-HSDPA • 2.0 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , QPSK

• 5.76 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , Adaptive

3.5 G-HSPA • 14.4 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , Adaptive

4G-WiMAX • 70 Mbps , 1.75-20 MHz , 64 QAM

• 50 Mbps , 1.25-20 MHz , 16 QAM
4G-LTE • 100 Mbps , 1.25-20 MHz , 64 QAM
 Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLANs)
01011011 0101 1011

Internet
Access
Point

 WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)

 Breaks data into packets
 Channel access is shared (random access)
 Backbone Internet provides best-effort service
 Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
 Wireless LAN Standards
• 802.11b (1990s)
– Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
– Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
– Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range Many WLAN
cards have
• 802.11a/g (Middle Age– mid-late 1990s) all 3 (a/b/g)
– Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)
– OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes
– Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

• 802.11n (Recent)
– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHzband
– Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas)
– Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range
– Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.
 Broadband Wireless
• It is about bringing the broadband experience to a wireless
context, which offers users certain unique benefits and
convenience.
• Two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services.
– The first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional
fixed-line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission.
– This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive
alternative to DSL or cable modem.
– The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the
additional functionality of portability, nomadicity, and mobility.

• WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access)

technology, is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile
Broadband applications.
 What is WiMAX Technology?
• WiMAX has two Flavors
– 802.16d (Not Forward Compatible)
– 802.16e 802.16m

• Fixed WiMAX is expected to • Mobile WiMAX is expected to

deliver deliver

– 40 Mbps in 3-10 Km cell – 15 Mbps in 1.3-3 Km cell

– Last mile broadband connections – Vehicular speeds > 120
– Hotspots and Cellular backhaul
km/hr
– OFDM
– NLOS
– OFDMA
• 802.16j is another Standard for
Multi-hop relay
Fixed/Mobile Scenario

50 of 106
 Wimax (802.16)
• Wide area wireless network standard
– System architecture similar to cellular
– Hopes to compete with cellular
• OFDM/MIMO is core link technology
• Operates in 2.5 and 3.5 MHz bands
– Different for different countries, 5.8 also used.
– Bandwidth is 3.5-10 MHz
• Fixed (802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) Wimax
– Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius
– Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius
 Bluetooth
• Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)
• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
• 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
• 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels
• Widely supported by telecommunications, PC,
and consumer electronics companies
• Few applications beyond cable replacement
 Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)
• UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of
picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)

• Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a technology for transmitting

information spread over a large bandwidth (>500 MHz)
• Low emission levels currently allowed by regulatory
agencies
• UWB systems tend to be short-range and indoors
applications
• However, due to the short duration of the UWB pulses, it
is easier to engineer extremely high data rates
 IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios
• Low-Rate WPAN
• Data rates of 20, 40, 250 kbps
• Star clusters or peer-to-peer operation
• Support for low latency devices
• CSMA-CA channel access
• Very low power consumption
• Frequency of operation in ISM bands
 Emerging Technologies
• SDR & Cognitive Communication systems
• MIMO & STBC
• Cooperative Networks
• Pico Cells
• Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks
• Sensor networks
• HARQ
 Few Topics of Research Interest
• Cooperative Communications
• Virtual MIMO
• MIMO-OFDM
• Sensor/Adhoc Networks
• IEEE 802.16e
• Software Defined Radios
• STBC / MIMO
• MIMO in Satellite Comm
• Spread Spectrum Systems
• etc