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Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
• Introduction
• Reasons for Microencapsulation
• Release Mechanisms
• Coating Materials
• Coating Material Properties
• Techniques to Manufacture
• Application
• References
INTRODUCTION
Defination
Microencapsulation is a process by which very tiny droplets or particles
of liquid or solid material are surrounded or coated with a continuous film
of polymeric material.
biodegradable in nature
a) Core material.
The solid core can be mixture of active constituents, stabilizers,
diluents, excipients and release-rate retardants or accelerators.
Stabilizers
Coating Material
Disadvantages
• It is an expensive process
• Requires skill
• Difficult to obtain continuous and uniform film
Morphology of Microcapsules
There are two methods for coacervation are available, namely simple and
•- complex processes.
SEPARATION
Homogeneous Coacervate
Polymer Solution Droplets
Droplets
MEMBRANE
FORMATION
Polymeric
Membrane
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(FLUIDISED BED COATING )
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Used by companies including the
NCR Company,
Gavaert Photo - Production NV, and
Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
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Solvent Evaporation process…..
Core material
Dissolved Or Dispersed
With Agitation
Microencapsulation
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SOLVENT EVAPORATIONS
Active
Ingredient
Polymer
+ Volatile organic solvent
Step 1:
Formation of a solution/dispersion
of the drug into an organic polymer
Organic Polymeric Phase phase.
Addition into an aqueous
Step 2:
phase (+o/w stabilizer)
Emulsification of the
Formation of Oil-in-Water polymer phase into an aqueous
Emulsion
phase containing a suitable
Temperature increase stabilizer, thus, forming a o/w
Solvent Evaporation
emulsion.
Step 3:
Removal of the organic
Particle Formation by Polymer solvent from the dispersed phase by
Precipitation extraction or evaporation leading to
polymer precipitation and formation
of the microspheres.
RECOVERY OF POLYMERIC
MICROPARTICLES
Solvent evaporation
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Pan coating
Oldest industrial procedures for forming small, coated particles or tablets.
The particles are tumbled in a pan or other device while the coating material is
applied slowly.
Solid particles greater than 600 microns in size are generally considered
essential for effective coating.
Medicaments are usually coated onto various spherical substrates such as
nonpareil sugar seeds, and then coated with protective layers of various
polymers.
It is used for preparation of controlled- release beads.
Coating is applied as solution by automized spray to desired solid core
material in coating pan.
Usually warm air is passed over the coated material as the coating are being
applied in the coating pan.
1. Solid particles are mixed with a dry coating material.
2. The temperature is raised so that the coating material melts and encloses
the core particles, and then is solidified by cooling.
Or,
the coating material can be gradually applied to core particles tumbling in a
vessel rather than being wholly mixed with the core particles from the start
of encapsulation.
Drug
Monomer(s) (e.g. acrylamide, methacrylic acid)
+ Cross-linker (e.g. methylenebisacrylamide)
Monodisperse microgels in the
micron or submicron size range.
Preparation of the
Polymerization Mixture Alcohol
1) Interfacial polymer
In Interfacial polymerization, the two reactants in a
…..polycondensation meet at an interface and react rapidly.
2) In-situ polymerization
In a few microencapsulation processes, the direct
…..polymerization of a single monomer is carried out on the
…..particle surface.
e.g. Cellulose fibers are encapsulated in polyethylene while .
immersed in dry toluene. Usual deposition rates are about
…..0.5μm/min. Coating thickness ranges 0.2-75μm.
3) Matrix polymer
In a number of processes, a core material is imbedded in a
…..polymeric matrix during formation of the particles.
Prepares microcapsules containing protein solutions by
incorporating the protein in the aqueous diamine phase.
National Lead Corporation- utilizing polymerization techniques
Interfacial In- situ polymerisation
polymerisation
The multifunctional monomer In this process no reactive agents are
dissolved in liquid core material which added to the core material.
will be then dispersed in aqueous phase
containing dispersing agent. polymerization occurs exclusively in the
continuous phase and on the continuous
A co reactant multifunctional amine phase side of the interface formed by the
will be added to the mixture. dispersed core material and continuous
phase.
This results in rapid polymerization at
interface and generation of capsule shell Initially a low molecular weight
takes place. prepolymer will be formed, as time goes
on the prepolymer grows in size.
A polyurea shell will be formed when
isocyanate reacts with amine, it deposits on the surface of the
dispersed core material thereby generating
solid capsule shell.
polynylon or polyamide shell will be
formed when acid chloride reacts with
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amine.
Polymerization
Single emulsion method
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Double emulsion method
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Spray Drying and Spray Congealing
Spray Drying:
The coating solidification effected by
rapid evaporating of solvent in which
coating material is dissolved.
Spray Congealing:
The coating solidification is effected
by thermally congealing a molten
coating material. The removal of
solvent is done by sorption,
extraction or evaporation technique. Figure Schematic diagram of a Spray Dryer
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In modern spray dryers the viscosity of the solutions to be
sprayed can be as high as 300mPa.s
Steps:
1- Core particles are dispersed in a polymer solution and sprayed into
a hot chamber.
2- The shell material solidifies onto the core particles as the solvent
evaporates.
- The microcapsules obtained are of polynuclear or matrix type.
Spray congealing can be accomplished with spray drying
equipment when the protective coating is applied as a melt.
Core material is dispersed in a coating material melt rather than
a coating solution.
Coating solidification (and microencapsulation) is accomplished
by spraying the hot mixture into a cool air stream.
Proteins like whey proteins, soy proteins, sodium caseinate can be used
as the wall material in spray drying.
Spray-Drying
SPRAY DRYING & CONGEALING ( COOLING)
Encapsulation efficiency =
Actual Drug Content / Theoretical Drug Content ×100
Estimation of Drug Content
Then the filtrate was assayed for drug content by measuring the
absorbance at 254 nm after suitable dilution.
Invitro Drug release Studies
Drug release was studied by using USP type II dissolution test apparatus
(Electrolab TDT 08L) in Phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 (900 ml). The paddle speed at
100 rpm and bath temperature at 37 ± 0.5°c were maintained through out the
experiment.
All studies were conducted in triplicate (n=3). The release of drug from marketed
sustained release tablet was also studied to compare with release from
microcapsules.
APPLICATION OF MICROENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES:
Applications of Microcapsules and Microspheres
1. Agricultural Applications
63 Reduce insect populations by disrupting their mating process.
Protects the pheromone from oxidation and light during storage and
release.
2. Catalysis
Safe handling, easy recovery, reuse and disposal at an acceptable
economic cost.
Metal species such as palladium (II) acetate and osmium tetroxide
have been encapsulated in polyurea microcapsules and used
successfully as recoverable and reusable catalysts without
significant leaching and loss of activity.
3. Food Industry
Adding ingredients to food products to improve nutritional value
64 can compromise their taste, colour, texture and aroma.
Sometimes they slowly degrade and lose their activity, or become
hazardous by oxidation reactions.
Ingredients can also react with components present in the food
system, which may limit bioavailability.
4. Pharmaceutical Applications
Potential applications of this drug delivery system are
replacement of therapeutic agents (not taken orally today like
insulin), gene therapy and in use of vaccines for treating AIDS,
tumors, cancer and diabetes.
The delivery of corrective gene sequences in the form of plasmid
DNA could provide convenient therapy for a number of genetic
diseases such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia.
Lupin has already launched in the market worlds first Cephalexin
(Ceff-ER) and Cefadroxil (Odoxil OD) antibiotic tablets for
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treatment of bacterial infections.
Aspirin controlled release version ZORprin CR tablets are used
for relieving arthritis symptoms.
Quinidine gluconate CR tablets are used for treating and
preventing abnormal heart rhythms.
Niaspan CR tablet is used for improving cholesterol levels and
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thus reducing the risk for a heart attack.
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Microencapsulation has been employed to provide protection to the core
materials against atmospheric effects, e.g., Vitamin A Palmitate.
Separation of incompatible substance has been achieved by encapsulation
To mask the bitter taste of drugs like Paracetamol, Nitrofurantoin etc.
To reduce gastric and other gastro intestinal (G.I) tract irritations, For eg,
sustained release Aspirin preparations have been reported to cause
significantly less G.I. bleeding than conventional preparations.
A liquid can be converted to a pseudo-solid for easy handling and storage.
eg.Eprazinone.
Hygroscopic properties of core materials may be reduced by
microencapsulation e.g. Sodium chloride.
Carbon tetra chlorides and a number of other substances have been
microencapsulated to reduce their odour and volatility
To reduce volatality of liquids like peppermint oil
Helps to prepare SRDF and enteric coated products, controlled release
products
Used to improve flow properties before compression into tablets 68
Brand name API Manufacturer