(1) Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method for catchments more than 25 sq.km.

(A) FLOOD ESTIMATION

Name and number of
Upper Indo- Ganga Plains Subzone 1 (e)
subzone
Existing Chainage 21/103 & 21/249
Proposed chainage 21.258 & 21.442
River/Stream LOCAL RIVER
Type Major Bridge

(1) By Unit Hydrograph Method

Step : - 1 Determination of Physiographic Parameter

Area, A = 124.00 sq km
Length of longest stream, L = 19.50 km
Length of main stream from bridge gauging site to a point nearest
to centriod of the stream basin along stream course, Lc
10.25 km
=

Equivalent stream slope

Reduced Level of River Bed

(Di)=Difference Between the

Reduced Distance Starting

Datum Line and its R.L (m)

From Bridge Site (Point of

Length of Each Segment

Height Above Datum*

Li x (Di-1 + Di) (m*km)

(Di-1 + Di) (m)
Study) (km)

(Li) (km)
Sl No

(m)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

1 0.00 247.00 - - - -
2 19.50 266.00 19.50 19.00 19.00 370.50

SUM 19.50 370.50

(*) Reduced level of river bed at the point of study, i.e. 247m

S = [Sum(Li x (Di-1 + Di))]/L2

= 0.97 m/km
Step : - 2 Determination of Synthetic (1-hr) Unitgraph Parameterrs
Time from the center of Unit rainfall duration to the peak of Unit Hydrograph
tp = 1.858*qp^-1.038
= 6.648 hrs
say 6.50 hrs
Peak discharge of hydrograph per unit area
qp = 2.030*(L/sqrt(S))^-0.649
= 0.293 cumecs per sq km
Width of U. G. measured at 50% maximum discharge ordinate
W 50 = 2.217*qp^-0.990
= 7.48 hrs
say 7.50 hrs
Width of U. G. measured at 75% maximum discharge ordinate
W 75 = 1.477*qp^-0.876
= 4.33 hrs
say 4.50 hrs
Width of the rising side of U. G. measured at 50% of maximum discharge ordinate
W R50 = 0.812*qp^-0.907
= 2.47 hrs
say 2.50 hrs
Width of the rising side of U. G. measured at 75% of maximum discharge ordinate
W R75 = 0.606*qp^-0.791
= 1.60 hrs
say 1.60 hrs
Base width of Unit Hydrograph
TB = 7.744*tp^0.779
= 33.41 hrs
say 34 hrs
Time from start of rise to the peak of unit hydrograph
Tm = tp + tr/2
= 7 hrs
Peak discharge of Unit Hydrograph
Qp = qp * A
= 36.31 cumecs
say 36.00 cumecs

Step : - 3 Drawing of Synthetic Unitgraph

Estimated parameter of Unitgraph in step-2 were plotted to scale. The plotted points were joined to draw synthetic
unitgraph. The discharge ordinates of unitgraph at ti=tr=1 hr interval were summed up and compared with the
volume of 1.00 cm direct runoff

1-hr
Synthetic
Time (in hrs)
U.G.
ordinates
0.00 0
1.0 3
2.0 6
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
40
3.0 10
4.0 15
5.0 23
6.0 30 35
7.0 36
8.0 33
9.0 29
30
10.0 25
11.0 21
12.0 18
13.0 16 25
Discharge (cumecs)

14.0 14
15.0 12
16.0 11
20
17.0 10
18.0 9
19.0 8
20.0 7 15
21.0 6
22.0 5.5
23.0 5.0
24.0 4.5 10
25.0 4.0
26.0 3.5
27.0 3.0 5
28.0 2.5
29.0 2.0
30.0 1.5
31.0 1.0 0
32.0 0.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
33.0 0.3 Time (hrs)
34.0 0
Sum 375.50 cumecs ……1
Sum(Qi) = (A*d)/(tr*0.36)
= 344 cumecs ……2
Since Eq-1 = Eq-2, so unitgraph drawn is in order
 Step : - 4 Estimation of design storm duration
The design storm duration
TD = 1.1 * tp
= 7.15 hrs
Say 7.00 hrs
Step : - 5 Estimation of point rainfall and areal rainfall
100-yr, 24-hr rainfall = 24.00 cm (From Plate-9)
Ratio of 7-hr rainfall to 24-hr rainfall = 0.710 (from Fig-10)
So, 100-yr 7-hr point rainfall = 17.04 cm
Areal reduction factor corresponding to area 124sq km and TD=7 hrs
= 0.895 (From Table A-2)
So, 100-yr 7-hr areal rainfall = 15.25 cm

Step : - 6 Time distribution of Areal Rainfall and Calculation of Rainfall Excess

This 100-yr 7-hrs areal rainfall is distributed as below (from Annexure 4.1)

Storm Design Loss Rainfall

Distribution Hourly Rainfall
Duration (hrs) Rainfall Rate Excess
coefficient Increament (cm)
(cm) (cm/hr) (cms)
1 0.52 7.93 7.93 0.30 7.63 #REF!
2 0.63 9.61 1.68 0.30 1.38 #REF!
3 0.80 12.20 2.59 0.30 2.29 #REF!
4 0.85 12.96 0.76 0.30 0.46 #REF!
5 0.93 14.18 1.22 0.30 0.92 #REF!
6 0.97 14.79 0.61 0.30 0.31 #REF!
7 1 15.25 0.46 0.30 0.16
Note: Design loss rate in this zone is recommended as 0.30 cm/hr

Step : - 7 Estimation of base flow

The design base flow

qb = 0.0500 cumec per sq km
Total base flow
Qb = 6.20 cumecs

Step : - 8 Estimation of 100-yr Flood Peak

For the estimation of the peak discharge the effective rainfall units were re-arranged against the ordinates such that
the maximum effective rainfall was placed against the maximum U.G. ordinates, the next lower value of effective
rainfall against the next maximum discharge value and so on.

Direct
U.G. Ordinates 1-hr effective
Runoff
(cumec) rainfall (cm)
(cumecs)
23 0.31 7.13
30 1.38 41.40
36 7.63 274.69
33 2.29 75.57
29 0.92 26.68
25 0.46 11.50
21 0.16 3.36
Total = 425 cumecs
Base Flow = 6 cumecs
100-yr peak flood = 432 cumecs say 432 cumecs
NOTE:

The catchment area is common for Bridges 35 & 36. The design flood gets distributed equally between these two
bridges. As such, the design flood for each bridge is 216 cumecs.
 HFL CALCULATION

Major Bridge at - 0
Location at- 0
Cross section: AT Bridge
Design HFL = 250.420 m Lowest Bed Level= 247.833 m

Mean Depth of Distance Level Difference

River Bed Level water between between the Sectional Area, between Wetted
Chainage (m) HFL - RBL (m) X2 Y2 X2 + Y2
(m) adjacent points, adjacent points, XD (sq.m.) adjacent points, perimeter, P (m)
D (m) X (m) Y (m)

0 251 -0.580

5 249.5 0.920

9.5 248 2.420 1.670 4.500 7.51 -1.500 20.25 2.25000 22.50 4.74

14 247.833 2.587 2.503 4.500 11.27 -0.167 20.25 0.02789 20.28 4.50

70.4 247.833 2.587 2.587 56.400 145.91 0.000 3180.96 0.00000 3180.96 56.40

77.6 250.233 0.187 1.387 7.200 9.99 2.400 51.84 5.76000 57.60 7.59

83.6 251.133 -0.713

SUM 72.60 174.67 73.24

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF RIVER= 174.67 SQ.M.

WETTED PERIMETER = 73.24 M
WATER SPREAD AT HFL= 72.60 M Average depth of flow= 2.037 m
HYDRAULIC RADIUS = 2.39 M
AVERAGE SLOPE OF RIVER = 0.00097 M/M
VELOCITY IN RIVER = 1.24 M/SEC
DISCHARGE IN THE RIVER = 216 CUMECS

Design Discharge, Q = 216 cumecs

252

251
WATER ELEVATION, M

250
HFL = 250.420 M
249

248

247
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
STATION, M
 CLEAR WATER-WAY CALCULATIONS

A) Lacey Width, W = (4.84*Q^0.5) m

Design Flood, Q = 216.00 cumecs

Therefore, W = 71.13 m
Lacey's Equation shall not be taken into account as it only considers the discharge of the
river. The equation does not take into consideration the return period for which discharge
is calculated and also the type of river bed material.

B) Water spread at HFL between banks= 72.60 m

C) Proposed Waterway, L = 61.00 m

D) Clear Waterway = 61.00 m Obstructed area due to structure = 13.65 sq.m.

Number of piers proposed = 4 no. Unobstructed area= 174.67 sq.m.
Width of pier proposed= 1.375 m Reduction in ratio = 7.82% <30%
Width of abutment in flow area = 0.6 m

E) Design Velocity= Q/A

Cross Sectional Area of flow=
A= 161.023 sq.m. Average depth of flow @HFL,m= 2.03687
V= 1.34 m/sec

F) Discharge Intensity, q= Q/Clear Waterway

q= 3.54 cumecs/m
 AFFLUX CALCULATIONS
INPUT DATA:
A) Unobstructed Cross Sectional area of flow, A= 174.67 sq.m.
B) Width of flow at HFL, W= 72.60 M
C) Design flood = 216 cumecs
D) Area of flow under the bridge, a= 161.02 m
E) Mean velocity of flow prior to bridge, V= 1.24 m/sec
F) High Flood Level, HFL = 250.420 m

CALCULATIONS:
AS PER IRC 5: 2015, CL. 106.6.2 MOLESWORTH FORMULA IS GIVEN BY

2 2
h = {V /17.88 + 0.01524} x {(A/a) – 1}

h = afflux in meters
V = is the mean velocity of flow in the river prior to bridge construction i.e.
corresponding to normal HFL
A = Area of flow section at normal HFL in the approach river section.
a= Area of flow section under the bridge.
Therefore,
Afflux, h= 0.018 m
Design HFL= 250.44 m
Adopt HFL= 250.44 m

A MINIMUM free board of 0.60 m shall be sufficient between the road deck
and HFL INCLUDING AFFLUX.
 SCOUR CALCULATION
Total span of the bridge (m) 61.00
Number of spans = 3
Number of piers = 4
Width of pier (m) = 1.375
Width of abutment in flowing area (m) = 0.6
Number of abutments = 2
HFL @ design discharge (m) = 250.42
Unobstructed cross sectional area of flow (Sqm) = 174.67
Clear Water way (m) = Span - (No. of Pier x width of pier)
61.00
- (No. of Abutments x width of abutment)
Silt factor for abutment and pier (Refer Geotechnical
0.90
Report), f =
Design discharge for foundation (cumecs) = 280.80
Discharge intensity (cumecs/m), q = Design discharge for
4.60
foundation / Clear Water way
Normal Scour Depth (m), R =1.34 (q^2/f)^(1/3) 3.84
MSL @ pier (m) = HFL @ design discharge - 2 x Normal
242.74
Scour Depth
MSL @ abutment (m) = HFL @ design discharge - 1.27 x
245.54
Normal Scour Depth