INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

PERFORMANCE OF 30MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

K.Swetha 16841A0127

K.Pruthvidhar 16841A0125

M.Ajay kumar 16841A0135

M.Yamini 16841A0136

V.Akshay reddy 16841A0157

T.Sai sree 16841A0145

Under the esteemed guidance of

MR. NARAHARI

Deputy general manager

HMWS&SB, Nallacheruvu STP, uppal.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AURORA’S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(Permanently affiliated to JNTU-HYD) parvathapur(v),uppal,hyderabad.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AURORA’S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(Permanently affiliated to JNTU-HYD) Parvathapur (v), peerzadiguda road, Hyderabad-TELANGANA, INDIA.

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the following students are completed their internship program in “30MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
NALLACHERUVU, and UPPAL”. In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of technology in civil
engineering to AURORA’S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, UPPAL affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University during the academic year 2018-2019.

INTERNSHIP COORDINATOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

P.VENU MADHAV Prof.N.KRANTHI KUMAR

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Professor &head

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report would be incomplete without the mention of those who directly or indirectly helped us during the project .We
thank our management for their kind supervision and encouragement during the period of our project work.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to the Chief General Manager (E) Mr.L.Prasanna kumar , General manager
Mr.P.Kondandarami Reddy and DY .General Manager (E) Mr.A.NARAHARI, for giving us permission for carrying out the
mini project at HMWS&SB LIMITED,Hyderabad.

We are grateful to, Prof.KRANTHI KUMAR Head of civil engineering department, for his valuable suggestions and
encouragement during the course of the work.

We gratefully acknowledge the inspiring guidance, encouragement and continuous support of Mr.V.LINGARAJU and
Mr.U.VIJAY KRISHNA site guide at 30MLD CAPACITY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AT NALLA CHERUVU, UPPAL, and
Hyderabad. His helpful suggestion and constant encouragement have gone a long way in the completion of this
dissertation. It was a pleasure working under this alert, human and technical supervision.

We owe our hearty regards to all other professors and staff on their encouragement at each step and their assistance in
completion of the project work. Last but not least; we would like to thank Mr.venu madhav Assistant professor, for his co-
operation and consistent support.

Lastly, we would thank every one of our department who are involved in progress of our project and whose contribution
have added a lot of value.

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 ABSTRACT

This internship presents about the performance of the 30MLD sewage treatment plant located in uppal, along with the
design of the sewage treatment plant and its various components. The project is installed in an area of 18acres which gets
the wastewater from mainly four catchment area i.e. Uppal , Ramanthapur , Habsiguda , and some part of Nacharam and
even from Chilakanagar.

With an increase in the population in the city of Hyderabad there has been a huge increase in the generation of waste
water which created a heavy havoc in the vicinity of the city. The entire sewage once upon a time was directly discharged in
to the river Musi . The river, which once upon had clean water, receives nearly 1400 million litres per day of sewage water.
According to a study, the river Musi is the eighth most polluted water. The river Musi a tributary of the river krishna , is now
sarcastically referred as city’s sewage drain.

With concern of the city’s people and the river ecology, the government of Telangana has taken up several steps towards
establishing sewage treatment plants and as a part of it, Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board
(HMWSSB) installed three major sewage treatment plants at Amberpet , Nagole and Uppal.

The domestic water produced in the city of Hyderabad is treated in this STP reduces the contaminant from the waste water
and makes it less dangerous which is then again discharged into the river Musi making it less polluted . The wastewater
passes through different processes like coarse screens, Fie screens, UASB reactors, Detroiter tank and etc.

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 INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS……………………………….. 1-2

2 INTRODUCTION………………………………………….. 3-5

2.1 SEWARAGE GENERAL CONSIDERATION DEFINATION

2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2.3 IMPORTANCE OF SEWER SYSTEM

2.4 SITE FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS

3 SEWAGE TREATMENT STEP’S……………………………… 6

4 PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION 7-9

FOR STP AT NALLACHERUVU………………………

4.1 CONTRIBUTING AREA AND POPULATION

4.2 WASTEWATER FLOWS

4.3 DESIGN FLOW FOR THE YEAR 2005

4.4 AUGMENTATION OF WATERSUPPLY TO TWIN CITIES

BY 2005

4.5 WASTE WATR CHARACTERISTICS

4.6 LAND AVAILABILITY

4.7 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

4.8 SOIL INVESTIGATION

5 SELECTION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS……………….. 10-13

5.1 TREATMENT OPTIONS

6 TREATMENT PROCESS USED AT STP-NALLACHERUVU 14-30

6.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

6.2 GENERAL LAYOUT OF STP-NALLACHERUVU

6.3 FLOW CHART OF STP-NALLACHERUVU

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 6.3.1 TOPVIEW OF THE NALLA CHERUVU STP @ UPPAL

6.4 PROCESS UNIT DESCRIPTION

6.5 POST-TREATMENT

6.6 UTILIZATION OF SLUDGE BIO GAS

7 TREATMENT PROCESS DESIGN…………………………….. 31

7.1 DESIGN DISCHARGE

7.2 TREATMENT SCHEME

8 DESIGN DETAILS OF PLANT UNIT’S…………………………….. 31-42

8.1 INLET PUMP, COARSE SCREEN CHANNEL & MAIN

PUMPING STATION

8.2 FINE SCREEN CHANNEL

8.3 DETRITOR TANK

8.4 WASTE WATER FLOW DISTRIBUTION

8.5 DIVISION BOX-1

8.6 DIVISION BOX-2

8.7 DISTRIBUTION BOX

8.8 FEED INLET BOX

8.9 UASB REACTORS

8.10 UASB DESIGN CRITERIA

8.11 CALCULATION OF DIMENSION’S

8.12 FEED INLET BOXE’S

8.13 BIOGAS ESTIMATION

8.14 SLUDGE DRYING BEDS

8.15 FACULATATIVE AERATED LAGGON

8.16 CHLORINE MIXING TANK

8.17 CHLORINE CONTANT TANK

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 8.18 SLUDGE PUMPING STATION

8.19 GAS HOLDER

8.20 SEWER LINE FROM STAFF QUARTER / ADMINISTRATION BLOCK

8.21 TREATMENT EFFICIENCY

9 METHODOLOGY AND TEST CONDUCTED IN LABORATORY………… 43-49

9.1 PH VALUE

9.2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN

9.3 SULPHIDE’S

9.4 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

9.5 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

9.6 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

9.7 ALKALINITY

10 INTERPREATATION OF RESULTS………………. 50

10.1 RESULTS OF THE TEST CONDUCTED IN LABORATORY

11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION……………… 51

12 RECOMMENDATIONS……………………. 52

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6.2 GENERAL LAYOUT OF STP-NALLACHERUVU:

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FLOW CHART OF STP –NALLACHERUVU:

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 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

HMWSSB - Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Treatment plant

MLD - Million Litres Per day

STP - Sewage treatment plant

UASB - Upflow Anerobic Sludge Blanket

ASP - Activated Sludge Process

DO - Dissolved oxygen

COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand

TSS - Total Suspended Solids

TOC - Total Organic Solids

SBR - Sequencing Batch reactors

SRT - Solids Retention Time

CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board

CCT - Chlorine Contact Tank

EPTRI - Environmental Protection Training and Research Institute

GSW - Glazed stoneware pipe

I&D - Interception and Diversion Network

LCC - Life Cycle Cost

MLSS – Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids

MPN - Most Probable Number

NRCD - National River Conservation Department

OLR - Organic Loading Rate

FRP - Fibre Reinforced Plastic

HDPE – High Density poly Ethylene

LDPE - Low Density Poly Ethylene

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KWH - Kilo Watt Hour

MPS – Main Pumping Station

HRT – Hydraulic Retention Time

MAP – Musi Action Plan

SDB – Sludge Drying Bed

FGL – Finished Ground level

SBC – soil Bearing Capacity

FAL – Facultative Aerated Lagoon

VOC – Volatile Organic Chemicals

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 2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 SEWARAGE – GENERAL CONSIDERATION DEFINITION:

Sewage (domestic wastewater) is a type of wastewater that is produced from a community of people.
The word “sewage” and “sewer” came from Old French essouier which means “to drain” . It is characterized by volume or
rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents, and its bacteriologic status. It consists mostly of grey water
(from sinks, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), black water (the water used in flush toilets, combined with
the human waste that it flushes away), soaps and detergents, and toilet papers.

Sewage usually travels from buildings plumbing either into a sewer, which will carry it
elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility. Sewage may include storm water runoff or urban runoff . Sewerage systems
capable of handling storm water are known as combined sewer systems.

SEWAGE TREATMENT:

Sewage treatment (wastewater treatment ) is the process of removing contaminants from waste water ,
primarily from household sewage. The process involves physical , chemical and biological treatments to remove the
contaminants and produce treated wastewater that is safer for the environment . A by product of sewage treatment is
usually a semi-solid waste or slurry , called sewage sludge . The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being
suitable for disposal or application to land . For most cities , the sewer system will also carry a portion of industrial
effluents to the sewage treatment plant which has usually received pre-treatment at the factories themselves to reduce
the pollutant pond.

Sewage can be treated at the place where it is created , which is called a “decentralized” system or “on-
site” system. Alternatively sewage can be transported by a network of sewer pipes and pump stations to a municipal
treatment plant , which is called a “centralized” system.

REUSE:

In arid countries , treated wastewater is often used in agriculture .For example , n Israel , about 50 percent of
agriculture water use in provided through reclaimed sewer water . In order to meet growing water demand , the
sustainable option is recycling and reuse of waste water . The waste water recycling and reuse concept, is currently gaining
recognition in India . Industrial segment is the fore runner in utilizing treated sewage for its water needs. Industrial end
users procure treated sewage from the municipalities , further treat it and reuse it for non portable applications such as
boiler feed water and cooling towers in a power plant . For instance , chennai’s water Board supplies 45 MLD of treated
water to companies such as Madras refineries and Madras fertilizers.

Waste water is being treated and recycled within residential compounds for applications such as
landscaping/watering plants. Constructed wetlands fed by waste water provide both treatment and habitats for flora and
fauna. An example of reuse combined with treatment of sewage is the East Kolkata Wetlands in India. These wetlands
contain nutrients which sustain fish farming ad agriculture.

2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:

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 Basic sewer system was used for removal of waste in ancient Mesopotamia , where vertical shafts carried the
waste away into cesspools. Similar systems existed in Indus Valley civilization in modern day India and in ancient Crete and
Greece . Modern sewer systems were first built-in mid- nineteenth century as a reaction to the exacerbation of sanitary
conditions brought on heavy industrialization and urbanization. Due to the contaminated water supply, the Metropolitan
commission of sewers appointed sir Joseph Bazalgette to construct vast underground sewage system for the sale removal
of waste. One of the first attempt at diverting sewage for use as a fertilizer in the farm was made by the cotton mill owner
James Smith in the 1840s . The idea was officially adopted by the Health of towns commission and various schemes were
trailed by different municipalities over the next 50 years.

2.3 IMPORTANCE OF SEWER SYSTEM:

The sewage system has a very important role in our lives as it protects both our health and environment
. Water scarcity is the major problem that is faced all across the world. Above this major part of the water is being polluted
and untreated water causes a abundant water borne disease which further results in causing a huge climatic change. Also
because of improper use of water and lack of waste water treatment , the problem of the sewage water will further
increases the pollution and even causes a huge havoc in the society. It will even damage the environmental ecology and
might also increase the death rate . Thus it is very important to establish proper sewer systems and treatment plants to
have a proper control on the maintenance of the sewage water . The main purpose of sewer system is to maintain such
environments as will not affect the public health in general . Thus the sewer system aims at the creation of such conditions
of living which will not result into serious outbreak of epidemic or other words , it is a preventive measure for the
prevention of health of community in general and individual in particular.

The following are the 10 important points in any public sanitation project

1. Financial aspect
2. Population
3. Present methods of disposal
4. Quality of sewage
5. Rainfall
6. Rate of sewage
7. Source of sewage
8. Topography of the area
9. Treatment methods
10. Trends of town development

2.4 SITE FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS:

The following are the points to be considered at the time of its final selection

1. The available foundation soil should be good for various sewage treatment units to rest firmly on the ground and
thus , to grant the structural stability to them.
2. The general slope of the site should neither be too steep nor too flat. It will assist in placing various treatment
units as such levels that the sewage may flow from one unit to the other by gravity only.
3. The general slope of the site should be the lowest level area of the town or city so that the sewage from the entire
town or city can be collected and conveyed by gravity only.

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 4. The location of site should be appropriate with respect to the method of sewage treatment to be adopted for the
project
5. The location of the site should be such that enough area is available nearby when it becomes necessary in future
to expand the existing project
6. The proximity of water course near the site or enough waste land for irrigation will considered as an advantage
7. The site should be safe from floods for all the time
8. The site should be situated on the lowest side of the wind so that undesirable odours will be prevented from
entering the town or city
9. The site should not be , as far as possible , far away from the city or town.

3. SEWAGE TREATMENTS STEPS

Sewage treatment generally includes three stages , Called Primary , secondary and Tertiary treatment.

 In primary treatment , the larger solids from sewage are removed during the treatment process. The more
complex compounds are broken up and converted into simpler compounds by decomposition . The
primary treatment includes screens, grit chambers, Detritus tanks, skimming tanks and sedimentation
tanks with or without the use of chemicals. Some treatment plants have a bypass arrangement after the
primary treatment unit.
 Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment is
typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed habitat. Secondary
treatment may require a separate process to remove the micro organisms from the treated water prior to
discharge or tertiary treatment.
 Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment in
order to allow ejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs..
). Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physical prior to discharge into streams ,river, bay
, lagoon or wetland or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park.

4. PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION FOR STP AT NALLAVCHERUVU

4.1 COMTROLLING AREA AND POLLUTION :

The catchment area for this site includes three major municipalities. This includes catchment areas of Uppal
Municipality (100%) . Malkajgiri Municipality (100%), Kapra Municipality (30%), Osmania University (90%), and
cantonment(10%). Some of the major localities contributing are Uppal, Habisguda , Ramanthapur, Osmania University,
some parts of Nacharam and Chikanagar.

As per the master plan proposals , population contribution to Nallacheruvu STP for the planning years of
2001, 2011 and 2021 are given below in the table.

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POPULATION CONTRIBUTION TO NALLACHERUVU STP

S.No DESCRIPTION 2001 2005 2011 2021

1 Uppal Municipality 134000 164000 194000 265000
2 Malkajgiri Municipality 200000 238000 276000 36000
3 Kapra Municipality 77500 90250 103000 130000
4 Osmania Municipality 10800 11700 12600 13500
5 Cantonment 18400 19050 19700 20800
Total 440700 523000 605300 465300

4.2 WASTEWATER FLOWS:

All the major water drains draining into River Musi within the sewarage project area are proposed to be diverted to five
identified STP sites as per their location and topography of the area. The present dry weather flows, which are proposed to
be diverted to Nallacheruvu STP site are as given below in the table.

MEASURED DRY WEATHER FLOWS TO NALLACHERUVU STP SITE BASED ON THE PROPOSED DIVERSION OF DRAINS.

S.No DRAINS PROPOSED TO BE DIVERTED SEWAGE FLOW, MLD 2001

1 Paddacheruvu Nala 12.00
2 Ramantapur Nala 7.00
3 Sewage flow to Nallacheruvu STP 19.00

4.3 DESIGN FLOWS FOR THE YEAR 2005 :

It is proposed to design STP units for the flows expected to be generated in the year 2005 as the operation of STP
units likely to be started in 2005. It is also proposed to have STP units on modular basis for the year 2011.

Hence the flows for the site have been projected for the years 2005 and 2011. Present measured dry weather
flows have been taken as base flows to arrive at 2005 flows.

4.4 AUGMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY TO TWIN CITIES BY 2005:

There is a proposal for addition water supply for 205 MLD to twin cities of Hyderabad from Krishna river .
According to this additional supply , the sewerage project area will get 164MLD of water. The addtion sewage generation
within the sewage project will be 131.2MLD . This will be distributed among the STP’s proportional to their contributory
population. Thus , the design flows to Nallacheruvu STP site for the year 2005 is as given below in the table.

DESIGN FLOW FOR THE YEAR 2005 TO NALLACHERUVU STP

S.NO STP SEWAGE FLOW ADDITIONAL FLOW TOTAL DESIGN

2001(MLD) BY 2005(MLD) FLOW(MLD)
1 Nallacheruvu 19.0 10.39 29.39

4.5 WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS:

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 Composite samples of dry weather flows from all the drains contributing to Nallacheruvu STP have been
collected and analyzed as per the NRCD guide lines.

Weighted averages of these have been worked out as per their proportions flows to arrive at the design
characteristics of raw sewage at Nallacheruvu STP . Thus the design characteristics of waste water reaching Nallacheruvu is
given below in the table.

DESIGN RAW SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS AT NALLACHERUVU STP

SL.NO PARAMETERS VALUE mg/l

1 BOD 285
2 COD 525
3 TSS 350
4 Fecal coll form 3x10 MPN/100ml
5 DO 0.20

DISPOSAL STANDARD’S

SL.NO PARAMETER’S VALUE mg/l

1 BOD <30
2 TSS <50
3 Fecal coll form <10000MPN/100ml
4 COD <250
5 DO >4

4.6 LAND AVALIABILITY:

The extent of land available at Nallacheruvu STP site is about 30.02 acres. The process of land acquistion
is being made by HMWSSB.

4.7 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY:

Ground level survey has been carried out at STP to find out the spot levels at every 20m grids. All the
levels have been transferred to the digital STP site plan 1:2000 scale and contours have been drawn at 0.5m interval. This
will facilitate to draw the lay out and hydraulic flow diagram for the proposed STP.

4.8 SOIL INVESTIGATION:

Sub soil studies have been carried in the treatment plant site to find out the the Geo-technical properties and
safe bearing capacity of the soil for the construction of various unit of units of sewerage treatment plants.

Drilling of bore holes, trails pits and infiltration tests were carried out in the field and laboratory tests were
conducted to find out the following properties of soil.

1. Special gravity
2. Field moisture content
3. Dry density
4. Grain size distribution
5. Atterberg’s limits

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 6. Shear parameters

5. SELECTION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS

The selection of a particular type of treatment depends upon the techno-economic feasibility of
the process selected for the treatment . The techno-economic feasibility can be attributed to the
following parameters.

I. Degree of treatment required

II. Capital and Operation & maintenance cost
III. Mechanical equipment requirement
IV. Power requirement
V. Land requirement

5.1 TREATMENT OPTIONS:

There are various treatment options available for the treatment of sewage water . Various treatment
options that are considered for techno-economic evaluation as under

a. Primary treatment followed by Facultative Aerated Lagoon.

b. Activated Sludge Process.
c. UASB followed by short detention Aerated Lagoon.
d. Facultative aerated lagoon.
a. Primary treatment followed by facultative aerated lagoon:

The scheme included following units

1. Screening
2. Degritting
3. Sedimentation
4. Sludge digestion
5. Biological oxidation using aerated lagoons
6. Sludge drying

b. Activated sludge process:

The activated sludge is mixed with raw or partially treated sewage . the sewage is given the usual primary
treatments in the activated sludge process. When activated sludge is mixed properly with sewage containing ample or
sufficient quantity of oxygen , the micro-organisms present in the activated sludge multiply rapidly. As a result of the
phenomena , the following effects take place.

1. Organic solids present in sewage are rapidly oxidized , and

2. Suspended and colloidal matters coagulants and they form a ready settle able precipitate.

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 After such precipitate settles down, the effluent which is obtained is clear and sparkling. The effluent contains very low
amount of organic matter and it is generally not given any further treatment expect chlorination in some cases. A portion of
settled sludge is sent for recirculation and the remaining part is sent to the sludge digestion tanks. The digestion sludge is
harmless and it does not produce any nuisance.

An Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is a type of Aerobic Suspended Growth System. The ASP plant essentially consist of the
following

1. Aeration tank containing micro-organisms in suspension in which the reaction takes place.
2. Activated sludge recirculation system to maintain the sufficient micro-organisms in aeration tank.
3. Excess sludge wasting and disposal facilities.
4. Aeration system to transfer oxygen ,and
5. Secondary settling tank to separate and thicken activated sludge
6. Gas digester for gas production and gas holder for gas storage

The option consist of the following treatment units

1. Inlet chamber
2. Fine screens
3. Detractor tank
4. Primary clarifier
5. Aeration tank
6. Secondary clarifiers
7. Sludge pumping stations
8. Filtration pumping stations
9. Digester , and
10. Sludge drying beds

c. UASB followed by facultative type aerated lagoon:

The development of the up flow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASB) reactor dates back from early 1970’s . Pre-
sedimentation , anaerobic waste water treatment and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially
combine din one reactor making it most attractive high-rate waste water treatment option. It produces high value by
product viz.

 Treated waste water usable for gardening purpose or for pisci-culture after a sample post treatment
 Methane enriched biogas having high calorific value is converted into a usable energy resources like heat energy,
electricity etc…. and
 Mineralized excess sludge produced in UASB reactor for its usage as manure for agriculture purpose

UASB initially was developed for the anaerobic treatment of industrial waste water with a moderate to high COD and BOD
concentrations. The basic idea is flocculent or granular sludge developed in the reactor depending on the waste water
characteristics and operational parameters will tend to settle under gravity when applying moderate upward velocities in
the reactor. In this way no separate sedimentation basin is necessary . Anaerobic bacteria are developed in the reactor and
are kept in the biological reaction compartments for sufficient time .Organic compounds present in the waste water are
absorbed on the sludge particles in the reaction zone during its passage through the sludge bed . Organic compounds there

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after get an aerobically biodegraded converting it into methane-enriched biogas and a small part into the new bacteria
mass. Bio mass consists of methane CH4 , Carbon dioxide CO2 , Hydrogen H2 , Hydrogen sulfide H2S and traces of ammonia
NH4 and Nitrogen N2 . The biogas can be used as energy source and for this reason is collected in gas collectors .

A gas, liquid and solids separator (GLSS) is provided below the gas collectors in order to provide an opportunity to the
sludge particles to which the biogas bubbles are attached to lose bio gas and settle back into the reaction compartments. In
between two gas collector a settling zone is provided where virtually no gas bubbles are present in the liquid. The sludge
particles carried along with the waste water flow are settled in the settling zone and slide down into the biological reaction
zone. Waste water enters the UASB reactor from the bottom and travels through the reactor in the upward direction. In
order to ensure sufficient contact between the incoming waste water and the anaerobic bacterial mass present in the
reactor , the waste water is fed uniformly all over the bottom of the reactor. Further mixing in the reaction zone is achieved
by the production of the biogas travelling the upward direction , settling velocity of the sludge particles and the density
currents in the sludge mass.

With proper seed material available at the time of start -up of the UASB reactor, the microbial population is
developed within three months period. Proper care is taken while designing the UASB reactor to absorb estimated shock
loads in terms of hydraulic and organic contents in the waste water. The reactor is having the following zones

 Gas collector zone

 Clarification zone
 Sludge blanket zone

UASB alone cannot achieve desired results in terms of effluent discharge standards pre described for BOD and TSS hence
a simple post treatment in the form of Facultative type of Aerated Lagoon is considered after UASB reactors.

D. Facultative Type of Aerated Lagoon:

This is the simplest of all four alternatives chosen for comparison. In this process primary treatment
consists of only screening and degritting. All BOD and suspended removal is carried out in facultative aerated lagoon. A
land requirement is higher in this method when compared to other options. The process consists of following steps

 Screening
 Degritting
 Biological oxidation in multi celled aerated lagoon

6.TREATMENT PROCESS USED AT STP-NALLA CHERUVU

6.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION:

From the above described four processes UASB followed by short detention aerated lagoon is found out to
be economical among the other technologies. Associated industrial consultants prepared a conceptual design report in
November 1933 under Rehabilitation and strengthening program of sewerage system in Hyderabad. Block cost
comparison of the four treatment processes considered then is reproduced as shown in the below table which shows
that UASB followed by short detention aerated lagoon is most economical among the other technologies.

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COST COMPARISON OF TREATMENT PROCESS FOR 100MLD STP

SL.NO DESCRIPTION PST+FAL ASP UASB+FAL FAL

1 Capital cost (Rs 158.12 226.47 90.64 96.22
in millions)
Civil piping
mechanical and
electrical total
2 O & M cost ( 51.58 71.36 32.76 44.89
Rs in million/yr)
3 Total capitalized 709.96 991.03 463.84 574.92
cost

Looking the cost comparison and other factors influencing selection of treatment process it has been decided to adopt
the sewage treatment scheme consisting of primary units, UASB process followed by facultative type aerated lagoon and
chlorination.

Total of 30MLD sewage flow will be treated in the STP proposed at Nallacheruvu. A main pumping station is
proposed at the sewage treatment plant. A single rising main deliver the sewage into the inlet chambers. The treated
waste water after UASB reactors is further treated in the facultative type of aerated lagoon. Chlorine mixing tank and the
chlorine contact tank.

The treatment units at the Nallacheruvu STP will consists of the following treatment units

1. Inlet chamber for gravity sewer line

2. Coarse screen channel
3. Main pumping station
4. Rising main
5. Inlet chamber
6. Fine screen channel
7. Detritor rank
8. Division boxes
9. Distribution box
10. UASB reactor
11. Sludge pumping station
12. Sludge drying beds
13. Gas holders
14. Biogas utilization system
15. Facultative aerated lagoon
16. Chlorine tank
17. Chlorine mixing tank
18. Chlorine contact tank

The inlet chamber will receive the raw sewage in gases to pass further to screen channel and subsequently to
the detritor tanks. In screen channel floating matters are trapped and removed whereas in Detritor tank, grit
is removed. The sewage after being treated in the screens and grit removal is then biologically in UASB
reactor. The treated waste water from UASB reactor is further treated in the facultative type of aerated
lagoon. The effluent then after overflows into the chlorine mixing and contact tank to meet the fecal coli form

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limit lot less than 10000 MPN/100ml. The treated water from the chlorine contact tank is then after dispose
into the musi river. The sludge from UASB reactor is dewatered using sludge drying beds before disposal. The
biogas generated in the UASB is stored in gas holder. This biogas is utilized for generation of electricity using
pure gas engine or burned.

6.4 PROCESS UNIT DESCRIPTION:

1.INLET:

The waste water enters the STP through the inlet pipe having a dimension of 1800mm. The influent waste
water enters into the STP through the inlet. As the capacity of the STP is limited to 30MLD the excess water
which enters the inlet is diverted through the by-pass sewer.

DESIGN DISCHARGE:

Average flow = 30MLD

Average velocity = 0.347m3 /s

Peak flow = 67.5MLD

Peak velocity = 0.781m3/s

Peak factor = 2.25

SCREENCHANNELS:

Screening is an essential step in sewage treatment to remove large size floating materials which otherwise
should damage pump and interfere with the satisfactory operation of various treatment units.

22
COARSE SCREEN CHANNEL: The main purpose of the screens is to remove the floating matter of
comparatively large size. If such materials are not removed, they choke up the small pipes or affect seriously
the working of sewage pumps . Thus the main idea of providing screens is to prevent the pumps and other
equipments from the possible damage due to floating matter of sewage. Coarse screen of 20mm clear
opening are provided ahead of the main pumping station to protect the pumps from mal functioning . These
screens are arranged below the ground level and are mechanically cleaned . Standby facility for the 50% of the
flow is provided for the screening operation.

The coarse screens are also known as the racks , it also reduces the organic load to some extent. This is of
rectangular cross sectional area having 6mm height and 1mm width. The thickness of the rods are 10mm with
a clear openings of 20mm c/c the coarse screen also includes a conveyor belt which cleans the floating
particles from the screen mechanically . The conveyor belt has dimensions of6m length and 1mm wide with a
thickness of 8mm which rotates at a speed of 20rps.

MAIN PUMPING STATION:

The waste water entering which enters through the inlet under the gravity flow is pumped into inlet chamber
using Main pumping Station. The MPS generally consist of 11submersible pumps which raises the waste water
along with the sewage to the inlet chamber . A single raising pump having a pipe of 800 mm with a no return
valve is also provided to feed the sewage to the inlet of the STP. The pump power is 40HP and 16m head of
417m3.d

23
INLET CHAMBER:

An inlet chamber is provided ahead of the fine screens to receive the sewage from the main pumping station
via raising main. The inlet chamber is of 3.4m in length and 2.15 m in width with a depth of 7.5m.

FINE SCREEN CHANEEL:

24
 Screening is an essential step in sewage treatment to remove large size floating particles like wooden pieces
, rags , plastics , tobacco , pouches etc., which otherwise damages pumps and interface with the satisfactory
operation of various treatment units. Screen channel consists of bars places across the channel to trap the
floating particles. The spacing of the bars is kept depending upon the type of the degree of treatment
required. The plant consists of three fine screens ( 2 working and 1 stand by ) which are run through hydraulic
system . These fine are generally made of stainless steel and have a perforated opening of 6mm with thickness
of the plates being 1mm the fine screens also consists of a conveyor similar to coarse screen which conveys
the collected particles to other place.

DETRITOR TANK:

The purpose of the detritor tank is the same as that of a grit chamber . In fact , a detritor tank may be
considered as a grit chamber having such velocities of flow that an appreciable amount of organic matter also
settles down as its bottom along with the grit particles. The detritor tank consisting of mechanical grit removal
system. Grit in sewage consists of coarse particles of sand , ash and clinker, egg shells and many inert
materials in organic in nature . Grit is a non putrescible substance and has a higher hydraulic subsidence valve
than organic substances.

25
 UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET(UASB) REACTOR :

The development of the Up flow anaerobic sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) dates back from early 1970’s . Pre
sedimentation, anaerobic waste and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially
combined in one reactor making it most attractive high-rate wastewater treatment opinion . It produces high
value by-products viz.

 Treated waste water useable for agriculture and gardening purpose or for pisci-culture after
a simple post treatment.
 Methane enriched with high calorific valve is converted into a usable energy resource like
heat energy or electricity etc.,, and
 Mineralized excess sludge produced in UASB for its usage as manure for agriculture purpose

The UASB process was initially developed for the anaerobic treatment of industrial waste water with a moderate
COD and BOD concentrations. The basic idea is that flocculent or granular sludge developed in the reactor
depending on the waste water characteristics and operational parameters will tend to settle under gravity when
applying moderate upward velocities in the reactor. In this way no sedimentation basis is necessary . Anaerobic
bacteria are developed in the reactor and are kept in the biological reaction compartment for sufficient time.
Organic compounds present in the waste water are absorbed on the sludge particles in the reaction zone during its
passage through the sludge bed. Organic compounds there after get an aerobically biodegrated converting it into
methane-enriched biogas and a small part into the new bacterial mass. Biomass consists of Methane CH 4 , Carbon
Dioxide CO2 , Hydrogen H2, Hydrogen sulfide H2S and traces of Ammonia NH4 and Nitrogen N2 . A gas liquid and
solids separator (GLSS) is provided below the gas collectors in order to provide an opportunity to the sludge
particles to which biogas bubbles are attached to lose biogas and settle back into the reaction compartments . In
between two gas collectors a settling zone is provided where virtually no gas bubbles are present in the liquid. The
sludge particle carried along with the waste water flow is settled in the settling zone and slide down into the
biological reaction zone. Waste water enters the UASB reactor from the bottom and travels through the reactor in
the upward direction. In order to ensure sufficient contact between the incoming waste water and anaerobic
bacterial mass present in the reactor , the waste water is fed uniformly all over the bottom of the reactor . further
mixing in the reaction zone is achieved by the production of the biogas travelling in the upward direction settling
velocity of the sludge particles and density currents in the sludge mass.

26
 The plant consists of 4 UASB reactor units which are further provided with 12 feed inlet boxes in each
reactor. This feed inlet boxes are further connected to 12outlet boxes of 90mm diameter. The gas produced in the
UASB is collected in Gas Holders through pipes.

SLUDGE DEWATERING SYSTEM :

Sludge dewatering system consists of the following

 Sludge pumping station

 Sludge drying beds

A sludge station is provided for the transfer of sludge. Sludge sump is a concreter tank adequate to hold
sludge form the reactors to the sludge drying beds. Sludge pumps are provided to pump the slump form
the reactors to the sludge drying beds. The sludge pumping station is provided with 100% stand-by
pumping capacity in case of failure or maintenance of operating pumps. A 250mm size LDPE sheet is
spread over the floor of the drying beds to prevent the seepage of the filtrate into the ground as ground
water table is found at higher level in this area. A 150mm thick layer of gravel having a size of 12-30mm
on the top of this layer of gravel a 22cm thick layer of sand having 0.30-0.75 mm size is laid . when wet
sludge is spread on the top of the bed major portion of water drains off in few hours after which drying of
sludge commences by evaporation . The dried sludge is then carried away in trucks for disposal to
sanitary landfills for use as manure on agriculture lands. This filtrate is collected is an open jointed GSW
pipe having 200mm diameter. The filtrate that is drained off to the sump well of Main Pumping station via
200mm diameter GSW gravity pipeline. There are 12 drying beds installed in the plant for drying of
sludge.

27
GAS HOLDER :

Three floating type gas holders will be provided floating tank with a holding capacity of six hours of
biogas production. It will be provided with inlet, gas outlet, water drain, pressure and vacuum relief
values arrangements.

28
 GAS FLARING SYSTEM :

A gas flaring system will be provided consisting of the following,

 Pressure Regulator and water seal,

 Flame check
 Pilot gas flame ad value along with the electronic lighter,
 Gas flare at 6.0m height from ground level and
 Moisture trap

GAS UTILIZATION SYSTEM :

Biogas generated in the UASB reactor is stores I the gas holder. The bio gas is utilized for the
generation of electricity using a dual fuel genset. Biogas blowers are also provided to boost the pressure of biogas to 0.4 to
0.6kg/cm2 before it is feed into the engines. Provisions for pressure measurement , gas flow measurements, hydrogen
sulphide scrubbers and biogas blowers are provided at the biogas utilization system before it is feed to biogas engineers.

6.5 POST-TREATMENT:
Design of a proper treatment system is important for the success of any project involving an anaerobic
step. Post-treatment required is given to various forms to meet effluent discharge standards. In order to
meet the inland water discharge standards of BOD and suspended solids, polishing of UASB effluents to
further remove the residual BOD & TSS will be required. The post treatment units will consist of the
following units.

29
1.FACULTATAIVE TYPE OF AERATED LAGOON:

The flow from the UASB reactors will be treated in a facultative type of aerated lagoon of 1 day hydraulic
retention time to provide aeration and settlement of suspended solids for further treatment of the effluent from
UASB reactors. In facultative type of aerated lagoon water treatment water , some solids leave along with the
effluent stream and some settle down in the lagoon since aeration power is sufficient for oxygenation and some
settle down in the suspension. The lower part of the lagoon is anaerobic while the upper layer is aerobic. The
oxygen demand of the bacteria is met by the surface aeration and algae photosynthesis, but it is not met when the
latter is active. The water environment is aerobic during day but turns out to be anaerobic during night.
Biodegredation of the bacteria is due to facultative bacteria, which can operate under both aerobic and anaerobic
condition.

30
 2.POLISHING POND:

Polishing is tertiary effluent waste water treatment stage before the waste water can eventually be discharged
into normal water bodies. Polishing process involves removal of remaining suspended solids and biological oxygen
demand (BOD) that may be left after secondary effluent treatment. The helps in making the water more hygienic
and environmentally safe before release. During this time, sedimentation of non-degradable and degraded
suspended particles at the bottom of this pond is facilitated in the natural way. Further aquatic plants,
invertebrates and weed eating fish are introduced in polishing pond to absorb and consume any remaining
particulate matter.

3.CHLORINATION SYSTEM:
Chlorination system has been given in the design to meet the fecal coli form standards incase the treated water
from the FAL, does not meet the fecal discharge standards. Chlorination system includes mainly of three units namely
chlorine house , mixing tank and chlorine tank .It is done in order to control the odour by the prevention of formation
of hydrogen sulphide that it is being produced. It controls the possible fly nuisance due to sewage , prevent the spread
of epidemic.

4.CHLORINE HOUSE:
Chlorine house is provided in the plant in order to supply the chlorine to the treated water. It incorporates
vacuum type gaseous chlorinator along with all accessories and required number of chlorine tonner.

5.CHLORINE MIX TANK:

chlorine mix tank is provided with slow speed mechanical mixer to mix, the chlorine solution with treated effluent
of FAL. From the chlorine mix tank water will flow to chlorine contact tank. The quantity of chlorine mixed is 2mg/lit.
For 30MLD of waste water 60kg/day. Chlorine is mixed. Chlorine mixing tank has an area of 20.82m2 with a depth of
2.0m

31
5.CHLORINE CONTACT TANK:
In chlorine contact dual actual disinfection of treated waste water will take place by keeping
water in contact with chlorine. The main purpose of chlorine contact is to keep the chlorine in contact
with the water so that the disinfectant may complete its work the area of the chlorine mixing tank
is249.84m2 with a depth of 2.5m.

6.6UTILIZATION OF SLUDGE AND BIOGAS:

Techno-economic evaluation of various options of utilization of sludge and bio-gas has been done
to select the best suitable alternative.

6.5.1 SLUDGE UTILIZATION:

The various alternatives available for the disposal of sludge are
1.LAND FILLING:
Sludge can be finally disposed of for the purpose of landfill, which is the most
common method of solid waste disposal in India. Sludge disposal in the manner requires
additional yearly operation and maintenance cost in terms of staff and vehicle for loading,
unloading and transportation.
2.SLUDGE AS MANURE:
Sludge produced from the UASB reactor will be digested sludge and rich in
nutrients(N,P,K) which are beneficial to plant growth. Digested sludge of sewage
treatment plants is now acceptable to local farmers to be used as manure in the field. By
selling the sludge at a nominal rate, department can generate yearly revenue which will
help in operation and maintenance of the plant. Keeping in the view the above two
options use of sludge as manure is found most techno-economical alternative.

6.5.2 BIOGAS UTILIZATION:

The various alternatives available for the disposal of biogas generated in the plant are
1.FLARING:
Bio-gas generated from the UASB reactor can be directly flared to the sky in the plant is
manner.
2.AS A COOLING GAS:
Bio-gas can be utilized as a cooking gas in the individual households. Due to the
psychological reasons, biogas generated from the sewage is not acceptable to consumer in
India and also to consume huge quantity of biogas a complete infrastructure is required
for distribution and supply.
3.FUEL AS A POWER GENERATION:
Bio-gas can be used as a fuel for the electricity generation which can be utilized in the
plant itself. Use of biogas for power generation fulfills the power requirement of the plant
partially depending upon the quantity of biogas generated which reduces the external
power requirement and makes the system self-sustainable. Keeping in view the various
options available, utilization of bio gas for power generation seems most suitable
alternative and hence adopted in the present scheme.

32
 7.TREATMENT PROCESS DESIGN

7.1DESIGN DISCHARGE:

Average flow = 30MLD

Average flow velocity = 0.347 M/SEC

Peak flow = 67.5MLD

Peak flow velocity = 0.781 M/SEC

Peak factor = 2.25

7.2 TREATMENT SCHEME:

Natural ground level of the treatment site is undulating with a medium slope towards North 9 (i.e. River
Musi ). Various units of STP will be constructed at different levels using the existing ground slope. Finished
ground level considered for different units are:

Inlet screen , detritor & division box -1 = 470.00m

Division box – 2 = 470.00m

Distribution box & UASB reactor = 469.00m

Sludge pumping station = 469.00m

Sludge drying beds = 468.00m

FAL -1 = 468.50m

FAL - 2 = 467.00m

Chlorine mix and contact tank = 46.00m

33
 8.DESIGN DETAILS OF PLANT UNITS
8.1 INLET SUMP, COARSE SCREEN CHANNEL & MAIN PUMPING STATION:

1.INLET SUMP:

Incoming sewer diameter = 1800mm

Design discharge = 30cu3/day

Peak factor = 2.25

Invert level of incoming sewer = 466.0m

Ground level of MPS = 470.00m

Floor level of inlet sump = 465.50m

Floor level of screen channel = 465.70m

2.COARSE SCRREN CHANNEL:

Average flow = 30MLD

Peak factor = 2.25

Peak factor = 0.781 m3/sec

Minimum approach velocity @ avg flow = 0.3m/sec

Minimum velocity through screens = 0.6m/sec

Minimum velocity through screens = 1.2m/sec

Clear opening = 20mm

Cross sectional area of coarse screens = m2/sec

Number of units working and stand-by units = 2nos and 1 no’s respectively

Liquid depth and width =0.60m and 1.0m respectively

Approach velocity @ avg flow = 0.29m/sec

Approach velocity @ peak flow = 0.65m/sec

Velocity through screens @ peak flow = 0.98m/sec

Head loss = 0.039m

Water level at the u/s of screens & max water level at d/s of screen = 466.60m & 466.30m

Free fall to MPS = 0.30m

34
Max water level in sump well = 465.40m

3.MAIN PUMPING STATION:

Design flow = 30000cum/day

Hydraulic retention time = 11 min

Capacity of sump = 234.38cum

Depth of the sump = 3.0m

Area of sump = 78.13sq.m

Number of sumps = 1

Length of the sump = 22.0m

Width of the sump = 3.6m

FGL at sump = 470.50m

Max water level in sump = 465.50m

Min water level in sump = 462.40m

Top level of sump = 471.50m

Dead water zone for pump = 1.20m

Floor level of sump = 461.20m

A main rising main of 800mm diameter for a total length of 75.0m is provided to convey the waste water to
the inlet chamber at the STP site where the sewage is further treated in screen channel , detritor tank , UASB ,
FAL and chlorination unit.

8.2 FINE SCRREN CHANNEL:

Average flow = 30MLD

Peak factor = 2.25

Peak flow = 0.781m3/sec

Minimum approach velocity @avg flow = 0.3m/sce

Minimum velocity through screens = 0.6m/sec

Minimum velocity through screens = 1.2m/sec

Clear opening = 6mm

Cross sectional area of coarse screens = 1.16m2/sec

35
Number of units working and stand- by units = 2 nos and 1 no’s respectively

Liquid depth and width = 0.60m and 1.0m respectively

Approach velocity @ avg flow = 0.29m/sec

Approach velocity @peak flow = 0.65m/sec

Velocity through screens @ peak flow = 1.19m/sec

Head loss = 0.4m

8.3DETRITOR TANK:

Average flow = 30MLD

Average flow = 0.347 cm/day

Peak flow = 2.25

Peak factor = 0.781cum/day

Velocity through detritor tank = 0.30m/sec

Particle size to be removed = 0.15mm

Specific gravity of grit = 2.65

Settling velocity of particles = 0.125cum/sq.m/day or 0.0168m/sec

Coefficient “n” = 0.125

Efficiency = 75%

Surface loading = 958.95cum/sq.m/day

Area of tank = 70.39sq.m

Number of working units = 1

Number of stand-by units = 1

Liquid depth = 0.70m

8.4 WASTE WATER FLOW DISTRIBUTION:

Average flow = 30MLD

Peak factor = 2.25

Peak flow = 0.781cum/day

Number of UASB reactors = 4 nos

36
Number of feed inlet boxes = 144 nos

Number of feed boxes per reactor = 12nos

Number of outlets per feed box = 12nos

Number of distribution boxes per reactor = 2nos

Number of outlets per distribution box = 6nos

Number of division box-2 = 4nos

Number of division box-1 = 1nos

Number of outlet per division box – 1 = 4 no’s

8.5 DIVISIONAL BOX-1 :

Number of outlets = 4

Flow per outlet = 0.195cum/sec

Weir length = 1.50m

Diameter of CI pipe to distribution box = 500mm

Maximum velocity = 0.99m/sec

Overflow weirs of same weir lengths are provided for equal division of incoming flow. Crest of the overflow
weirs is provided at same level to ensure equal division.

8.6DIVISION BOX-2:

Number of outlets = 2nos

Flow per outlet = 0.098cum/sec

Weir length = 1.0m

Diameter of CI pipe to distribution pipe = 350mm

Velocity = 1.01m/sec

Overflow weirs of same weir lengths are provided for equal division of incoming flow. Crest of the overflow
weirs is provided at same level to ensure equal division.

8.7DISTRIBUTION BOX:

Number of outlets = 6 no’s

Flow per outlet = 0.098cum./sec

Weir length = 1.0m

37
Diameter of CI pipe to distribution pipe = 160mm

Velocity = 1.01m/sec

Overflow weirs of same weir lengths are provided for equal division of incoming flow. Crest of the overflow
weirs is provided at same level to ensure equal division.

8.8 FEED INLET BOX:

Number of outlets = 12 no’s

Flow per outlet = 0.0014cum/sec

Angle of V-notch = 900

Outer diameter of HDPE pipe = 90mm

Crest of the V notch is provided at the same level to ensure equal distribution of flow.

8.9UASB REACTOR’S:

Average flow = 1250.0cum/hr

Peak factor = 2.25

Peak flow = 2812.5cum/hr

COD = 270 mg/lit

BOD = 100mg/lit

TSS = 350mg/lit

VSS = 210.0mg/lit

Ash content = 40%

SO4 = 150mg/lit

PO4 =12mg/lit

TKN = 20mg N/I sludge production assumption

Y total = 0.08kg VSS kg/COD influent

Y meth = 0.03kg VSS kg/COD influent

Degradation non-sludge VSS =50%

Sludge ash content = 57%

Minimum temperature = 230c

38
Ph = 7.0

8.10 UASB DESIGN CRITERIA :

Solids retention time = 32.92days

Sludge bed concentration = 60kg TSS/ cum

Max sludge bed height = 80% of height to gas collector

Average up flow velocity = 1.24m/hr

Max bio gas loading = 1.00m/hr

Average aperture velocity = 2.22m/hr

Max aperture velocity = 5.0m/hr

Angle gas collector = 500

Hood width = 0.44m

Settling zone surface percentage = 75%

Feed inlet point distance (max) = 2.0m

Overlap = 0.15m

UASB reactor height (SWD) = 4.90m

Free board in reactor = 0.50m

Total height of UASB reactor provided = 5.40m

Gas collected height = 2.10m

8.11 CALCULATIONS OF DIMENSIONS:

Number of reactors = 4 nos

Approximate reactor surface = 568.18 sq.m

Reactor volume = 2784.10cum

8.12 FEED INLET BOXE’S:

Feed outlet pipes per reactor = 144

Feed inlet boxes = 48

Feed inlet boxes per reactor = 12

Service area per box = 48.0sq.m

39
Inlet distance = 2.0m

Feed inlet per gas collector width = 2

8.13 BIOGAS ESTIMATION:

TSS removal in UASB = 75%

Effluent TSS = 90.0mg TSS/I

Sludge growth = 9279kg/day

Sludge to be removed = 6279 kg/day

8.14 SLUDGE DRYING BEDS:

Frequency of sludge withdrawn in a week = 6.0days

Volume of sludge to be withdrawn in a day = 122.09cum/day

Excess sludge produced in the plant per year = 38092.08cum

Cycle for the sludge drying and removal = 7days

Volume of sludge per cycle = 761.84m3

Depth of sludge application = 0.2m

Sludge drying area = 380921m2

No of sludge drying beds = 12nos

8.15 FACULTATIVE AERATED LAGOON:

Average flow = 30MLD

Influent BOD in the lagoon = 160mg/lit

Soluble BOD in lagoon = 15 mg/lit

Sulphides in influent to lagoon = 45 mg/lit

Temperature in the lagoon = 230 c

Hydraulic retention time = 1 day

Volume of lagoon = 45,000m3

Depth of the lagoon = 3.8 m for 1 day pond

Surface area of one day pond = 8571.43m2

Surface area of half day pond = 10000.0m2

40
Soluble BOD in effluent = 30mg/lit

BOD in effluent = 15

BOD removal per day = 4350kg/day

Sulphide removal per day = 1245 kg/day

Oxygen required = 1867.50kg/day

Total oxygen required = 3694.5 kg/day

Power required = 172.49HP

No of aerators = 12 aerators of 20HP

8.16 CHLORINE MIXING TANK:

Average flow = 0.347 m3/sec

Detention time at average flow = 2min

Volume =41.64 m3

Depth = 2.0m

Area = 20.82 m3

Width = 4.60m

Length = 4.60m

8.17CHLORINE CONTACT TANK:

Average flow = 0.347 m3/sec

Detention time at average flow = 30.0min

Volume = 624.60m3

Depth = 2.5m

Area = 249.84m3

Width = 11.20m

Length = 22.40m

8.18 SLUDGE PUMPING STATION:

No of sludge pumping stations =1nos

No of per stations = 1

41
Flow rate = 100m3/hr

A pump discharge excess sludge produced from two reactors from the sump to lsudge drying beds within 61
minutes

Solids having capacity = 40mm hard & incompressible

80mm soft & compressible

Capacity of sump = 61m3

Effective depth of sump = 5.75m

Area of the pump = 10.62m2

Length of the pump = 4.5m

Width of the pump = 3.0m

Ground level of the sump = 469m

Slope of sludge line = 1:300

Minimum sludge level in the sump = 465.3m

Maximum sludge level in the pump = 471.48m

Top of the sump = 471.98m

Bottom of the sump = 464.53m

Conveyance of sludge from sludge sump to sludge drying beds

Provide diameter of CI pipe = 200mm

Velocity through pipe = 0.88m/sec

Head provided = 6.0m

8.19 GAS HOLDER :

Bio gas produced per day = 512m3/day

Retention time = 6hours

Capacity of gas holder = 128.0m3

No of gas holder = 1

Cross sectional area of gas holder = 49.23m3

Diameter of gas holder = 8m

42
Height of dome = 0.8m

Water seal = 0.40m

Freeboard = 0.30m

Height of gas holder above walkway = 0.60m

Total depth of gas holder = 2.6m

8.20 SEWER LINE FROM STAFF QUARTER /ADMINISTRATION BLOCK:

Diameter of GSW pipe = 200mm

Length of the sewer from admin block to staff quarter = 50m

Length of sewer pipe from staff quarter to last manhole of MPS = 100mm

Slope of sewer = 1 in 200

Ground level near admin block = 470.00m

Invert level of first manhole near admin block = 469m

Invert level of manhole near staff quarter = 468.75m

Invert manhole of sewer near MPS sump well = 468.25m

8.21 TREATMENT EFFICIENCY :Treatment efficiency of various parameters in UASB reactor and facultative
type of aerated lagoon is tabulated below

SL.NO PARAMETER INFLUENT UASB UASB FAL FAL

VALUE
% REMOVAL %EFFLUENT %REMOVAL EFFLUENT
VALUE VALUE

1 BOD 400 60 160 60 22.5

2 TSS 350 75 8.50 60 350
3 Fecal coli 3x105 80 60,000 * *
form

Fecal coli form removal efficiency in the UASB reactor based on existing plant performance in INDIA. For
achieving discharge standards for fecal coli forms chlorination system is provided after FAL.

43
 9.METHODOLOGY AND TEST CONDUCTED IN LABORATORY
The following materials and methods were used in fulfillment of the major project work.

 Interacted with HMWSSB authorities to seek the permission to complete our project in one of their sewage
treatment plant
 Site visit to the nallacheruvu STP and understanding the different concepts and engineering aspects used for the
treatment of sewage water.
 Learning and observation about the functions and process of different units under the guidance of the STP in
charge.
 Demonstration by laboratory staff, on different techniques for sampling and analysis of various characteristics of
sewage water according to their standards.
 Carried out different laboratory analysis to determine different parameters of the sewage water
(BOD,COD,TSS,PH,SULPHIDES,DO,ALKALINITY etc….)
 Both instrumental and chemical analysis were performed to determine the parameters of the sewage water. The
methods and equipments used for the analysis of the parameters are stated below:

9.1 PH VALUE:
The PH value of the sewage water is determined by using an instrument known as ph pen. The ph value of sewage
water generally varies from 5.9-9.0 as per the design of the plant. Initially the ph pen is dipped into the distilled water
and then into the buffer solution to calibrate the ph pen (i.e., pH= 7.00). After the ph pen is calibrated the pen accepts
the value of pH equal to 7.00. After calibrating the ph pen, it is then dipped into the sample of sewage water. The pH is
completed when the pH pen shows a stable reading. After this the value of the pH is recorded.

9.2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN :

The determination of the quantity of dissolved oxygen present in the sewage water is
determined by using DO meter. Simultaneously DO meter also displays the temperature of the sample. DO meter is
provided with a probe which consist of KCI solution and membrane’s filter paper. It includes a magnet inside a box on which
the sample is placed for testing. For determining the DO present in the waste water a sample of waste water is taken in a
borosil glass along with a stirrer and is placed on the DO meter. After that the probe is places on the top of the borosil glass
and the data is analyzed. As the DO meter consists of a magnet it stirs the sample and measures the amount of dissolved
oxygen present in the water. Generally the test is conducted for the influent sewage water and for the treated water.

As per the standards the DO limits for the influent and effluent are as follows

For influent DO = 0

For effluent DO>4mg/lit as per the design

9.3 SULPHIDE’S :

The amount of sulphides present in the sewage water is determined by using spectro photo meter. A spectro photo
meter is commonly used for the measurement of reflectance of solutions. It determines the amount of molecules present in
the sewage water as a function of wavelength . the wavelength of spectro photo meter generally varies from 320nm-

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820nm. For determination of sulphides in waste water ,initially spectro photo meter is calibrated using distilled water.
Distilled water is taken in a glass cell and is placed in the spectro photo meter. After the calibration of the spectro photo
meter a sample of sewage water is taken in 10mm glass cell in which 5ml of sample along with three reagents are added to
it such that 2 drops of reagent 1,5 drops of reagent 2 , and 5 drops of reagent 3 are added. After adding of the reagent to
the sample the sample is kept for 1min for dilution of the reagent with the water. On adding the reagent to the sample
taken in glass cell the colour of the waste water changes from its initial colour.

For influent the colour changes to light blue and for effluent it changes to light pink. The limit of sulphides in influent varies
from 0.50-1.00 mg/lit and for effluent it varies from 0.10 -0.20mg/lit. after the above steps are performed the glass cell
consisting of the sample is placed in the spectrometer and the results are recorded.

The above described procedure is same for effluent and influent waste water.

9.4TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS:

Total suspended solids(TSS) is the dry-weight of suspended solids that are not dissolved in a sample of water that can be
trapped by a filter. It is a water quantity parameter used to assess the quality of a specimen of any type of water.

The determination of total suspended solids (TSS) present in the sewage water is also conducted using spectro photo
meter. The process of determining the TSS in sewage water is similar to that of the process used for the determination of
sulphides. After calibrating the spectro photo meter with distilled water, a sample of sewage water is taken in a 20mm glass
cell and is placed in the spectro photo meter.

The limit of the TSS present in the sewage water as follows:

For effluent sewage water the amount of TSS should be less than 50mg/lit

For influent sewage water TSS varies from 300mg/lit-500mg/lit

9.5 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND:

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is defined as the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of organic matter
present in the sewage water and the oxidation of in inorganic chemicals. The amount of COD present in the sewage water is
determined using Digestor. COD measures organic matter by using a chemical oxidant. It’s critical that a strong enough
oxidant is used to react with virtually all organic material in the sample. Most COD tests use potassium dichromate as the
oxidant. Potassium dichromate is a hexavalent chromium salt that is bright orange in color and very strong oxidant. Once
dichromate is oxidizes a substance is converted to a trivalent form of chromium, which is a dull green color. Digestion is
performed on the samples with a set amount of the oxidant, sulfuric acid, and heat (150). The digestion typically take 2
hours to complete.

The test is performed as given below:

An acid reagent(A) of 1.5ml and digestion solution (B) of 2ml is added to 5ml of sample water. Acid reagent (A) includes
sulphuric acid and silver sulphate. Digestion solution (B) includes sulphuric acid , mercuric sulphate and potassium
dichromate. Three glass tubes of 16mm diameter are taken in which 1.5ml acid reagent (A) and 2ml of digestion solution
(B) is added.

The composition taken in each glass tube is given below:

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 Glass tube 1

1.5ml-acid reagent (A) +2ml-digestion solution(B)+2ml of distilled water.

Glass tube 2

1.5ml-acid reagent (A) +2ml-digestion solution(B)+2ml of influent sample.

Glass tube 3

1.5ml-acid reagent (A )+2ml-digestion solution(B)+2ml of effluent sample.

The test tubes are then placed in the digestor and are heated for two hours at a temperature of 150 0c

The results are thus recorded and the amount of COD is determined.

9.6 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND:

Bio chemical oxygen demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time
period. It is most commonly expressed in mg/lit.

The determination of BOD includes the preparation of a buffer solution. The buffer solution is prepared as given below:

In 100ml of distilled water 0.85gm of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2PO4),2.175 mg of dipotassium hydrogen
phosphate (K2HPO4), 5.028 mg of disodium hydrogen phosphate (NH4PO4), and 0.17gm of ammonium chloride (NH4CL)
is added.

After the preparation of buffer solution, a solution of 2.25mg of magnesium sulphide with 100ml of distilled water is
prepared. Similarly another solution of 0.025mg of ferric chloride and 100ml of distilled water is prepared. Same is
done with 2.75 mg of calcium chloride.

After the above procedure is completed the BOD for outlet is determined as follows:

Two BOD bottles are taken and indicated as A and B to which the following components are added in each bottle.

For outlet(effluent or treated sewage water)

BOTTLE-A BOTTLE-B
196ml of distilled water 196ml of distilled water
50ml of outlet water sample 50ml of outlet water sample
1ml of each chemicals prepared as above 1ml of each chemicals prepared as above

After preparing the sample as given above bottle A is placed in the DO meter and quantity of DO is determined which is
considered as initial DO. The bottle B is placed in an incubator at 27 0 for 3days or 5 days at 200. After placing the bottle B in
the incubator the quantity of DO present in the bottle B is determined and considered as final DO.

The amount of BOD thus can be calculated as:

BOD = (initial DO – final DO) / dilution factor

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Where, dilution factor = amount of water sample taken /total amount of sample in the bottle

The same procedure can be used for determining the BOD present in influent

For influent (inlet sewage water)

BOTTLE-A BOTTLE-B
290ml of distilled water 290ml of distilled water
5ml water sample 5ml water sample
1ml of each chemical as prepared above 1ml of each chemical as prepared above

9.7 ALKALINITY:
Alkalinity can be defined as the ability of a water to neutralize acid or a absorb hydrogen ions. It is the sum of all acid
neutralizing bases. In municipal waste water the factors that contribute to alkalinity include type of dissolved inorganic
and organic compounds present in the water , the amount of suspended organic matter in the water. To determine the
alkalinity of sewage water the following procedure is followed in the plant.

A 250ml of distilled water is taken in a measuring jar to which 7ml constant H2SO4 of 1 normality is added. In an
another measuring jar having 250ml of distilled water 5ml of above solution is added thus making the solution 0.02
normality.

50ml of sewage water sample is taken in a conical flask and 2 drops of phenolphthalein and 2 drops of methyl orange is
added which changes the color of the sample to light yellow.

The above prepared H2SO4 of 0.02 normality is filled in the burette. The water sample is then titrated with the H 2SO4
solution filled in the burette until the color of the water sample changes from light yellow to light pink. When the color
of the sample is changed titration is stopped and the value of the burette reading is recorded and alkalinity is
calculated using the formula.

Alkalinity=(burette reading / volume of the sample )x 1000ml

10.INTEPRETATION OF RESULTS

10.1 RESULTS OF THE TEST CONDUCTED IN LABORATORY:

PARAMETER UNIT’S VALUE

BOD(INFLUENT) Mg/lit 251.25
BOD(EFFLUENT) Mg/lit 27.25
COD(INFLUENT) Mg/lit 570
COD( EFFLUENT) Mg/lit 190
TSS(INFLUENT) Mg/lit 389
TSS (EFFLUENT) Mg/lit <25

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 20
DO( INFLUENT) Mg/lit 0.21
DO(EFFLUENT) Mg/lit 3.83
ALKALINITY(INFLUENT) Mg/lit 400
ALKALINITY(EFFLUENT) Mg/lit 340

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 11.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
With the available four different types of process for the treatment of the sewage water it was found that the UASB
followed by Facultative Aerated Lagoon has advantages compared to other techniques in all aspects. It was found that
UASB+FAL is the techno economical and best suited for the treatment of the sewage water that enters the plant.
Further using this method about 75% of BOD is removed resulting in the production of methane gas which is further
useful for the production of electricity and also for cooking gas. The main advantage of this process is it almost runs
through mechanical systems, less man power is required.

Looking at the cost comparison and other factors influencing of treatment process it has been decided to adopt the
sewage treatment scheme consisting of UASB and facultative Aerated lagoons. The facultative aerated lagoon system is
suited for municipal and industrial wastewater of low to medium strength , but in FAL water treatment , some solids
leave along with the effluent stream and 50-60% of BOD is removed in this treatment.

The construction vision is not only limited to beauty of the residential/industrial plans but us also environment
friendly. This Visit gave us the knowledge about the purification of sewage water on a large scale. We came to know
about the importance of the purification of water which was carried out at the plant under various process. Proper
design,engineering , operation and maintenance are absolutely imperative for successful and satisfactory performance
of the treatment plant. Each and every unit in the plant performed as its optimal and most efficient design for overall
satisfactory of the treatment plant. Each and every unit in the plant is directly or indirectly related to other units.

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 13. RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations are made for the STP Nallacheruvu based on its performance and other aspects.

Though the STP is proposed and designed on the modular basis for the year 2011 and 2005, the treatment plants is
working with good efficiency and gives good results. However , as only 18 acres of the available land is being used and the
excess waste water is left untreated, it is recommended to increase the plant capacity can be further increased by
increasing the units which can be helpful in treating more amount of waste water.

The methane gas which is generated during the treatment of waste water is not sufficient for the generation of electricity
and hence the gas is burned/flared in the flaring system. This is because of no strong raw sewage water is entering the
plant. The production of the gas can be increased by conduction bench scale and pilot student on co-treatment of waste
water. If it found to be successful, selected industries may be allowed to discharge their high strength organic waste water
into the sewer after the removal of toxic components in their high strength organic waste water into the sewage after
removal of toxic components in pre-treatment of the waste water in their factory premises. With increase in the production
of the gas can be used for the production of the electricity which can be further used for the running of the plant.

As the sewage water after the treatment is again discharged into the river Musi alternatively the water can be made to
divert into the agriculture land for the growth of plants.

It is further recommended to improve the efficiency of waste water services by extending the formation of plurimunicipal
bodies to the whole territory , by applying the polluter pay principle which can reduce the pollution of the water. It is also
recommneded to promote the use of economic intruments such as pollution charges from industries and withdrawal
charges for agriculture and to implement national pollution reduction programmes for all hazardous substances discharged
into the water.

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