Lecture for Quiz 2

Boyle’s Law
If the temperature of a given weight of gas remains constant, the
Absolute Pressure of the Gas is Inversely Proportional w/ the Volume of the
same Gas,

According to this law, the pressure exerted by a gas held at a

constant temperature varies inversely with the volume of the gas. For
example, if the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if the volume
is doubled, the pressure is halved. The reason for this effect is that a gas is
made up of loosely spaced molecules moving at random. If a gas is
compressed in a container, these molecules are pushed together; thus, the
gas occupies less volume. The molecules, having less space in which to
move, hit the walls of the container more frequently and thus exert an
increased pressure.
Hence:
1
𝑃𝛼
𝑉
Mathematically:
1
𝑃=𝐶×
𝑉
Where C is the Proportionality Constant. That is

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝐶

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑖 = Initial Absolute Pressure

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑖 = Initial Volume
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑓 = Final Absolute Pressure
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓 = Final Volume
Sample Problem
• A 3m high cylindrical tank having a diameter of 1.50m has a closed
flat top and an open bottom end. The tank is placed in sea water
(Sw=1.03) with open end down until the top is submerged 1m below
the water surface. In the submerged position, determine the height of
the water inside the tank.
Sample Problem
• A vertical tube 3m long its
upper end closed and the
lower end open, has its lower
end submerged in a tank of
water to such a depth that a
mercury gage connected with
the upper end of the tube
reads 150 mm. neglecting
vapour pressure, how far is the
lower end of the tube below
the water surface in the tank?
HYDROSTATICS
Hydrostatic Force
Inertias of Different Shapes

0.11𝑟 4
Hydrostatics Force Problems
1. A rectangular gate of dimension 1 m by 4 m is held in place by a stop
block at B. This block exerts a horizontal force of 40 kN and a vertical
force of 0 kN. The gate is pin-connected at (, and the weight of the gate
is 2 kN. Find the depth h of the water.
2. A container is formed by joining two plates, each 4 ft
long with a dimension of 6 ft in the direction normal to
the paper. The plates are joined by a pin connection at (
and held together at the top by two steels rods (one on
each end). The container is filled with concrete (2 = 2.4)
to a depth of 1.5 ft. Find the tensile load in each steel
rod.
3. As shown, a round viewing window of diameter D =
0.8 m is situated in a large tank of seawater (S = 1.03).
The top of the window is 1.2 m below the water
surface, and the window is angled at 60° with respect
to the horizontal. Find the hydrostatic force acting on
the window and locate the corresponding CP
4. Assume that wet concrete (γ = 150 lbf/ft3) behaves
as a liquid. Determine the force per unit foot of length
exerted on the forms. If the forms are held in place as
shown, with ties between vertical braces spaced every
2 ft, what force is exerted on the bottom tie?
5. A rectangular gate is hinged at the water line, as
shown. The gate is 4 ft high and 10 ft wide. The specific
weight of water is 62.4 lbf/ft3. Find the necessary force
(in lbf) applied at the bottom of the gate to keep it
closed.
Problem
Based on the Figure shown determine the following:
a. Location of CG from Liquid Surface
b. Total Hydrostatic Force
c. Location of Center of Pressure from the bottom of plate
Hydrostatic Force with Different Liquids
Gate AB 5m wide into the board is hinged at point A. the gate
supporting liquids as shown has a force Fb applied at point B to keep
the gate from opening. Neglecting the weight of the gate, calculate the
required magnitude of Fb.
Pressure Prism Method
Pressure Prism Method
Sample Problem
• A rectangular gate is hinged at the water line, as shown. The gate is 4
ft high and 10 ft wide. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lbf/ft3.
Find the necessary force (in lbf) applied at the bottom of the gate to
keep it closed.
Sample Problem
• A cubical box, 1.50 m on each edge, has its base its base horizontal
and is half-filled with water. The remainder of the box is filled with air
under a gage pressure of 0.84 kg/cm^2. One of the vertical sides is
hinged at the top and is free to swing inward. To what depth can the
top of this box be submerged in an open body of fresh water without
allowing any water to enter?
Forces on Curved Surfaces
This section describes how to calculate forces on surfaces that have
curvature. These results are important for the design of components such as
tanks, pipes, and curved gates.

Consider the curved surface AB in Fig. 3.17a. The goal is to

represent the pressure distribution with a resultant force that passes
through the center of pressure. One approach is to integrate the pressure
force along the curved surface and find the equivalent force. However, it is
easier to sum forces for the free body shown in the upper part of Fig. 3.17b.
The lower sketch in Fig. 3.17b shows how the force acting on the curved
surface relates to the force F acting on the free body. Using the FBD and
summing forces in the horizontal direction shows that
The line of action for the force FAC is through the
center of pressure for side AC, as discussed in the
previous section, and designated as ycp.
Liquid Below Curve Surface
Liquid Above Curve Surface
Liquid Above and Below Curve Surface
Sample Problem
1. Surface AB is a circular arc with
a radius of 2 m and a width of 1
m into the paper. The distance EB
is 4 m. The fluid above surface AB
is water, and atmospheric
pressure prevails on the free
surface of the water and on the
bottom side of surface AB. Find
the magnitude and line of action
of the hydrostatic force acting on
surface AB.
Sample Problem
2. The profile of a dam is an arc of a circle having a radius
of 30m and subtending an angle of 60deg at the center
of curvature which lies in the water surface
a. Determine the load on the dam
b. Position of the line of action
c. Depth of center of pressure
Sample Problem
3. A hemispherical Cap AC is located on the side of the tank which is
under a pressure of 8KPa. Calculate the total hydrostatic force acting on
the cap AC and specify its line of action
Sample Problem
• The 1 m diameter cylinder in figure below is 8m long into the paper
and rests in static equilibrium against a frictionless wall at point B.
Compute the specific gravity of the cylinder.
Sample Problem
• Curved wall ABC in figure is a quarter circle 9ft wide into the paper.
Compute the horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces on the wall
and the line of action of the resultant force