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AWARENESS AND PERCEPTION OF HEALTH ISSUES AMONG RURAL WOMEN
C. Review of Literature education the lower was the utilization of the government
The researchers reviewed the following literature for the services.World Bank (2008) examines the health benefits of
study and presented below. Smith (2015) studied that having latrines for women and children. Access to sanitation
stunting is commonly referred to as an indicator of reduces the risk of being exposed to the pathogens in human
“malnutrition,” evidence is accumulation for a vital role of waste that spread waterborne diseases.GuhaMazumdar et al.,
the disease environment in shaping nutritional outcomes. (2007) in their study shows that, for the majority of
Coffey (2014) stated that according to joint UNICEF and women‟s health problems biomedicine is regarded as the
WHO (2012) estimates for 2010, 15% of the world first choice, failure of which leads clients to seek treatment
population and 19% of people in developing countries from Indian system of medicine (ISM) as a final resort.
defecate in the open without using any toilet or latrine. Of Nevertheless, women showed a preference for ISM
these 1.1 billion people, nearly 60% live in India, which treatment for certain specific health problems, strongly
means they make up more than half of the population of backed by a belief in their efficacy.Shefali Chopra (2018)
India. People in India are much more likely to defecate in the expressed that the key aim is to contribute to improving
open than even people in much poorer sub-saharam African health and equity in India. It differentiates and address both
countries, on average, and open defecation in India has the challenges to releasing India‟s potential globally and the
declined little despite rapid economic growth.LewandoHundt challenges like malaria, TB, water borne diseases,
et al., (2012) found in their study that there are issues of inadequate nutrition, high infant and child mortality rates,
accessibility in terms of distance, and of acceptability in sanitation, clean drinking water and iodine related
relation to the lack of local and female staff, lack of cultural deficiencies to solving long-standing health and health
competencies and poor communication. Also, they found that services distribution problems internally. In this above
provision of accessible acceptable health care in rural areas literature review, it is very clear that in general all the
poses a challenge to health care providers and these providers previous reviews related to specific rural health issues like
of health care have a developing partnership that could malnutrition, sanitation, hygiene, malaria and dengue were
potentially address the challenge of provision to this rural discussed in some northern parts of India. But in particular,
area.MeenakshiGautham et al., (2011) in their study found so far no research were conducted on awareness and
that most rural persons seek first level of curative healthcare perception of health issues among rural women in Vellore
close to home, and pay for a composite convenient service of district, Tamil Nadu in India. In this background, the
consulting-cum-dispensing of medicines. Non-Degree present study aims to study the awareness and perception of
allopathic practitioners (NDAPs) fill a huge demand for health issues among rural worm in Vellore.
primary curative care which the public system does not
D. Statement of Problem
satisfy and are defector first level access in most cases.Ray et
al., (2011)analysed in their study that large number of After literature review, the researchers identified and
patients did not avail any services when they fall sick presented the research problems for the study. In the
especially in the tribal district where distance, poor situation of rural health services, the challenge of
knowledge about the availability of the services and non- government health care scheme is that there are numerous
availability of the medicine in addition to the cost of gaps in primary health services and the health care facilities
treatment and transport. Utilization of government health are mainly urban centric. The alterations in health status in
facilities was around 38% followed by unqualified urban and rural areas are created on various factors such as
practitioners and private practitioners. Referral was mostly by availability, accessibility and affordability of health
self or by close relatives/ families. amenities, literacy and educational status, poverty,
According to Jennings et al., (2010) demonstrated in their employment and source of livelihood, income and family
study that the messages provided to pregnant women size, food intake and nutritional status, gender inequality,
significantly improved in birth preparedness, dander sign housing, access to fresh water and sanitation facilities,
recognition and new born care and authors concluded that a material and knowledge for health programmes. These
job aids-focused intervention can be integrated into routine factors have direct impact on health status of the rural
antenatal care with positive outcomes on provider population. In addition to this, health is an important
communication and maternal knowledge. Efforts are needed component for safeguarding better quality of life. Large
to address time constraints and other communication barriers, crowds of the Indian poor continue to fight and continually
including introduction of on-going quality assessment for losing the battle for survival and health. The problems
long-term sustainability.Kaveri Gill (2009) concluded in their begins even before birth, as the malnourishment of the
study that the National Rural Health Mission is on the right mother decreases life chances of the foetus. Even with
track of addressing the rural health care with the institutional world-wide progress, an increasing proportion of child
changes it has brought within the health system. But there are deaths occur in Africa and Southern Asia. Globally, the
problems in implementation, so that delivery is far from what occurrence of major infectious diseases has declined since
it ought to be with respect to physical infrastructure, 2000, with malaria and TB, but the challenge of these and
medicines and funding. Whereas with respect to human new diseases remains in many regions of the world, one of
resources and to the extent these impacts actual availability of them being India. In general the main health issues related
services, structural issues of some complexity need careful in rural India are: lack of primary health care services,
resolving with a definite log-term investment in the training proximity of health facilities, sanitation and hygiene, water
and education of paramedical and medical staff.Srivastava et borne sicknesses and in specific key problems related to
al., (2009) study revealed that the utilization of RCH services women and children
in the government facilities was higher among the backward
classes than the general category, and higher the level of
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: ES2116017519/19©BEIESP
13 & Sciences Publication
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-7 Issue-5S, January 2019
in rural areas like reproductive health, inadequate nutrition, H. Period of the Study
HIV, high infant and child death rate, malnutrition, sanitation The study was done during January 2018 to April 2018
and fresh drinking water, protein energy malnutrition and timeline.
iodine related deficiencies. Based on the above specific
issues on women and children health, the researchers wants I. Limitations of the Study
to study the awareness and also their perception on health The study was restricted to Vellore district in Tamil
related issues among women and children in rural area. In Nadu only. The sample size is restricted to 100 that to
this direction, an attempt is made to fill the above research from rural women only. The results of the study may not
gap and intends to study in Vellore district. be similar if it is conducted in any other district of Tamil
Nadu.
E. Research objectives
1. To study the demographic profile of the respondents. J. Reliability Test
2. To identify the awareness on key health issues related to In order to measure the internal consistency among the
women and general health issues relating to women and research variables, the researchers applied Cronbach Alpha
children in rural area. Test. The output value of Cronbach Alpha from SPSS was
3. To find out the perception of women about the various 0.792. This results a good and unbiased degree of internal
government schemes and initiatives for tackling health reliability amongst the items and this leads to further
analysis of the data.As per Hair et al (1998), the generally
issues in rural area.
agreed upon lower limit is 0.70.
F. Testing of Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant association between educational K. Data Analysis and Interpretation
qualification and general health issues relating to women and The data pertaining to demographic profile of the
children in rural area. respondents were presented in table 1.
Ho1: There is significant association between educational Table 1. Demographic profile
qualification and general health issues relating to women and
children in rural area. Demographic
Category Frequency Percentage
variables
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Nature of the Study Educational
Illiterate 62 62
Qualification
Descriptive
10thStd 16 16
B. Area of the Study: th
12 Std 12 12
Maniyampattu village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu
having total population of the state is 24,68,965 as per 2011 Degree 8 8
censes, with seven Taluksand 75% of the district people are PG 2 2
educated living in rural area. The important source of work
are cultivation of paddy and sugar cane. Total 100 100
C. Sampling Method: 15 to 20 13 13
E. DataCollection Self-
23 23
Both primary and secondary data used for the study. Occupation employment
F. Sample Size
Daily wager 14 14
The researchers issued 143 questionnaires and collected
only 109 and taken for analysis only 100 questionnaires for Private 21 21
the study and the remaining 9 questionnaires were not taken
due to incompleteness. Farmer 5 5
Total 100
G. Statistical Tools Used
Source: Primary data
Statistical tools like percentage analysis, frequency
distribution, mean score with rank correlation and one way
ANOVA was applied by using SPSS software for the study.
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: ES2116017519/19©BEIESP
14 & Sciences Publication
AWARENESS AND PERCEPTION OF HEALTH ISSUES AMONG RURAL WOMEN
L. Inference Table 3 Mean score with rank correlation and one way
From the above table it is inferred thatwith regard to ANOVA
educational qualification 62% of the respondents belongs to Mea Rank
illiterate, 16% of the respondents belongs to the 10th standard, Variables 5 4 3 2 1 n correlatio Sig.
12% of the respondents belongs to 12thstandard, 8% of score n
respondents belongs to degree and 2% of respondents belongs
Reproductiv 1 2 5 1 0.00
to PG only. Similarly, 13% of the respondents belongs to the 0 2.61 6
e health 0 2 5 3 3
age group of 15 to 20, 8% of the respondents belongs to the
age group of 21 to 25, 22% of the respondents belongs to the Inadequate 3 4 1 0.02
4 7 3.75 1
age group of 26 to 30, 31% of the respondents belongs to the nutrition 0 4 5 1
age group of 31 to 40 and only 16% of the respondents 2 7 0.00
HIV 0 0 0 1.37 8
belongs to the age group of above 41.Based on the 9 1 0
respondent‟s occupation, 8% of the respondents belongs to High infant
student, 19% of the respondents belongs to business, 10% of and child 1 2 4 2 0.01
4 2.26 7
the respondents belongs to government service, 23% of the mortality 0 0 0 6 7
respondents belongs to self-employment, 14% of the rate
respondents belongs to daily wager, 21% of the respondents 2 4 2 0.00
belongs to private and only 5% of the respondents belongs to Malnutrition 6 9 3.52 2
5 0 0 5
farmer. It is inferred from the above analysis that majority Sanitation
(62%) of the respondents were illiterate, majority (31%) of the and clean 1 1 4 2 0.03
respondents belongs to the age group between 31 to 40 and 1 2.62 5
drinking 6 9 0 3 1
majority (23%) working as self-employment.
water
L. Awareness on Key Health Issues among Rural Iodine
Women 1 3 1 3 1 0.04
related 2.93 4
The data pertaining to key health issues of the respondents 2 0 1 3 4 2
deficiencies
were presented in table 2.
Protein
Table 2 Mean score with rank correlation energy 1 2 4 0.01
7 3 3.49 3
Mean malnutrition 7 8 5 0
Variables 5 4 3 2 1 Total Rank
score (PEM)
Lack of Source: Primary data, at 5% level of significant
primary
52 15 3 18 12 100 3.77 1 The findings of the study reveals that, the first and foremost
health care
important variable on awareness on general health issues
facilities
among women and children in rural area is inadequate
Proximity
nutrition with mean score value 3.75 was ranked
of health 45 21 5 20 9 100 3.73 4
1,malnutrition with mean score value 3.52 was ranked
facilities
2,protein energy malnutrition with mean score value 3.49
Sanitation
30 42 10 12 6 100 3.74 3 was ranked 3,iodine related deficiencies with mean score
and hygiene
value 2.93 was ranked 4,sanitation and clean drinking water
Water
with mean score value 2.62 was ranked 5,reproductive
borne 53 37 8 2 0 100 3.75 2
health with mean score value 2.61 was ranked 6,high infant
diseases
and child mortality rate with mean score value 2.26 was
Source: Primary data
ranked 7 andHIV with mean score value 1.37 was ranked 8.
N. Findings In addition to mean score with rank correlation, the
The findings of the study revealed that, lack of primary researchers also applied one way anova. The results exhibits
health care facilities is the first and foremost important
in table 3, that the calculated value on one way anova for all
awareness on key health issues among rural women with
the eight variables at 5% level of significant is less than the
mean score value 3.77 was ranked 1,water borne diseases,
hypothetical value at 0.05. Hence, there is significant
like cholera, malaria and dengue were thesecond big
association between educational qualification and general
awareness keyissues with mean score value 3.75 was ranked health issues relating to women and children in rural area.
2,sanitation and hygiene with mean score value 3.74 was
P. Women Perception about the Various Government
ranked 3 and proximity of health facilities is the forth key
Schemes and Initiatives for Tackling Health Issues
issues among rural womenwith mean score value 3.73 was
ranked 4. The data pertaining to women perception were presented
O. Awareness on General Health Issues among Women in table 4.
and Children in Rural Area
The data pertaining to general health issues among the
respondents were presented in table 3.
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: ES2116017519/19©BEIESP
15 & Sciences Publication
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-7 Issue-5S, January 2019
Table 4 Mean score with rank correlation just and fair health care to rural women, the government
Mean needs to do more budgetary allocation and development of
Variables 5 4 3 2 1 Total Rank
score infrastructure as per need and demand.
(ICDS) 35 36 0 19 10 100 3.67 4
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(2011), First we go to the small doctor, First contact for curative
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a lot in the recent past. The real change will come when 15. Shashi Rani (2017), Rural health: Health infrastructure, equity and
public and private sectors come together to fill in the gaps quality, Kurukshetra: A Journal on Rural Development, Vol.65, No.9,
and ensure that medical personnel are deployed in adequate pp.29-33.
numbers in rural India so that the rural women get complete 16. Shefali Chopra (2017), Tackling health hazards in rural India,
Kurukshetra: A Journal on Rural Development, Vol.65, No.9, pp.22-
benefits and full aware about government schemes and 25. Health care for all: The national health policy 2017
initiates. In addition to this, the study also conclude that, to 17. Srinivas, V (2017), Health care for all: The national health policy
improve the prevailing situation, the problem of rural health 2017, Kurukshetra: A Journal on Rural Development, Vol.65, No.9,
is to be addressed both at the macro (national and state) and pp.8-11.
18. World Bank (2008), Environmental health and child survival:
micro level (district and regional), in a holistic way, with epidemiology, economics, experience. Washington, DC, World Bank,
genuine efforts to bring the poorest of the population to the 135.
centre of the fiscal policies. A paradigm shift from the current
„biomedical model‟ to a „sociocultural model‟ is required, to
meet the needs of the rural population. A comprehensive
revised national health policy addressing the existing
inequalities and work towards promoting a long-term
perspective plan exclusively for rural health is the current
need. The policy makers should focus more on quality
provision of rural women health care for all rather than
quantitative coverage of all. Above all, in order toprovide
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Retrieval Number: ES2116017519/19©BEIESP
16 & Sciences Publication
AWARENESS AND PERCEPTION OF HEALTH ISSUES AMONG RURAL WOMEN
AUTHOURS PROFILE
Dr.V.Selvam, Professor, Department of Commerce, SSL, Vellore
Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Retrieval Number: ES2116017519/19©BEIESP
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