SUMMARY OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Cell Organization and Structure

"A cell is the basic unit of life." In the cell organization and structure the two types of cells are
eukaryotic and prokaryotic, bacteria fall under prokaryotic cells, moreover animals and plants
are composed of eukaryotic cells. "Eukaryotic cell is much larger in size (1,000 to 10,000 times
larger than prokaryotic cell) much more complex, metabolic processes are organized into
compartments with each compartments dedicated to a particular function (enabled by a system
of membranes) and possess a nucleus, the repository of cells genetic material which is
distributed among a few or many chromosomes" from
https://www.edu/predrag/classes/2004falli400/lecture...

Prokaryotic cells has no nucleus and they are typically intracellular structure lacks organelles
while Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and are characterized by several different intracellular
organelles. The major elements and features of a typical animal cell are the following:
extracellular matrix, cell (plasma) membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus,
endoplasmic reticulum ER, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. In the plant
cell (only what differs from the animal cell are the following: cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria,
and vacuole.

Functional System of the Cell

If a cell is to live and grow and reproduce, it must obtain nutrients and other substances from
the surrounding fluids. As stated in Wikipedia through diffusion and active transport, cell obtains
nutrients and other substances from the surrounding fluids. Diffusion involve simple movement
through the membrane caused by the random motion of the molecules of the substance. Active
transport involves the actual carrying of a substance through the membrane by a physical
protein structure that penetrates all the way through the membrane. Furthermore active
transport consist of endocytosis- very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of
the cell membrane. The principal form of endocytisis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
February 28, 2015. Functional system of the cell. Retrieved from
https://Biologywriteup.blogspot.com/2015/02/functional-system-of-cell-endocytosis.html

Types of Tissue
"A tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function."
The four basic types of tissue are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial
tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most interval cavities. Connective tissue
is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissue. Muscle tissue, 3 types of
M.T: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not
only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body.
Https://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/lc/humanbio/4/lchb439.html
Growth Development and Reproduction
all living organisms are capable of growing and producing off spring. All eukaryotic organisms
including aquatic plants and algae grow through the process of mitosis- process where one cell
divides into two cells. Some organisms can use mitosis to reproduce asexually. Sexual
reproduction is production of off spring through the combination of sex cells or gametes. Melosis
is the process of producing gametes. In summary mitosis produces two identical cells, each with
the full amount of DNA. Melosis produces four genetically unique cells, each with half the
amount of DNA.
https://manoa.hawaii.edu/eexplirinourfluidearth/biological/aquatic-plants-and-algae/growth-
development-and-reproduction.

VERONICA L. LAMBAN -BSP 1

HUMAN ANATOMY 1